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Aerobic exercise is associated with more consistent reductions in state anxiety that is anaerobic exercise reductions in state anxiety might be due to the time-out effect Activities such as weightlifting and yoga have been found to be associated with positive psychological well-being all of the above a and b Which of the following regarding the relationship between exercise and depression is (are) true? both acute and chronic exercise are related to reductions in depression only acute exercise is related to reductions in depression exercise is better for reducing depression in women than in men a and b a and c The relationship between exercise and hardiness has recently been investigated. A hardy personality style is characterized by a sense of personal control over external events a sense of commitment and purpose in daily life the flexibility to adapt to unexpected changes in life all of the above a and c The "runner's high" has been described as complete joy in the run mind very alert free of worry and guilt all of the above a and c Which of the following physiological explanations has NOT been put forth to help describe the positive relationship between exercise and psychological well-being? increases in cerebral blood flow reductions in muscle tension structural changes in the brain increases in endorphins decreased maximal oxygen consumption to the tissues Which of the following psychological explanations has NOT been put forth to help describe the positive relationship between exercise and psychological well-being? enhanced feeling of control "time-out" positive changes in personality positive social interactions feelings of competency If a person feels withdrawal symptoms after 24 to 36 hours without exercise, they are considered positively addicted to exercise negatively addicted to exercise neurotic psychotic none of the above A negative addiction can result in depression strains on interpersonal relationships decrease in work productivity all of the above a and c What conclusion have researchers reached concerning the effects of exercise on cognitive functioning? intense exercise bouts enhance cognitive functioning overall, there is a moderate relationship between exercise and improved cognitive functioning exercise programs conducted over longer periods of time are associated with gains in cognitive functioning b and c a and b New research on exercise and sleep has found that exercise has no effect on the time it takes to fall asleep produces small increases in total sleep time (about 10 minutes) produces large increases in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep all of the above a and b According to research on adherence to exercise programs, what percentage of individuals starting an exercise program will likely drop out after 6 months? 50% 75% 25% 10% 65% Which of the following will have a positive effect on adherence to a new exercise program? previous participation in supervised exercise programs participation in intercollegiate sports class size b and c a and b The Health Model has as its basic premise that individuals will engage in preventive health behaviors depending on the individual's perception of the severity of past illnesses time available to exercise social support network previous exercise history none of the above In terms of environmental factors affecting adherence, which of the following is (are) FALSE? people exercising in groups display higher adherence than people exercising alone people in walking programs have lower adherence than people in running programs people who perceive their exercise leader as knowledgeable and likable exhibit higher levels of adherence a and b b and c The key elements in social cognitive theory are that the environment affects behavior and behavior affects the environment. This is known as reciprocal control reciprocal interception self-efficacy reciprocal determinism perceived behavioral control Which of the following is NOT a stage in the Transtheoretical Model? contemplation precontemplation action and reaction preparation action According to class discussion, Joe likely will never take up which form of exercise? swimming running biking parasailing cross-country skiing The two major categories of the processes used by individuals for behavior change are cognitive and physiological cognitive and behavioral social and physiological behavioral and social cognitive and social Which of the following statements is (are) true regarding the determinants of exercise adherence? higher income is associated with more active lifestyles college-educated individuals have lower participation rates in exercise than those individuals having only a high school education high self-efficiency is associated with high levels of physical activity a and b a and c The Surgeon General's Report found that individuals exercising at ____ or lower of their aerobic capacity had the best adherence rates. 40% 50% 20% 60% 70% The Surgeon General's Report found that people exercising for ____ at a time had the best adherence rates. 20 to 30 minutes 30 to 60 minutes 10 to 20 minutes 15 to 45 minutes 30 to 45 minutes Which of the following is NOT an approach used to enhance exercise adherence? social support decision making contingency management goal setting behavior consequence Which of the following findings using behavior antecedent approaches to exercise adherence is (are) true? a poster encouraging stair climbing instead of taking the elevator immediately increased taking the stairs from 6% to 34% people willing to sign a statement of intent to comply with the exercise program had significantly better attendance that those refusing to sign such a statement individuals given a choice concerning the activities they participated in has higher levels of adherence than individuals not given a choice a and b b and c Based on research findings, which of the following statements is (are) true? attendance contracts and lotteries are successful in improving adherence rates individual feedback produces more adherence than group feedback self-reward increases adherence rates all of the above a and b According to research on goal setting and adherence, flexible goals are better than rigid goals distance-based goals are better than time-based goals short-term goals (weekly) are better that long-term goals (six weeks) all of the above none of the above According to research on association and dissociation strategies and adherence, dissociation produces better attendance than association does association produces better attendance than dissociation does dissociation produces better long-term maintenance than association does a and c b and c The major barrier to physical activity is a lack of energy a lack of motivation injury or illness a lack of time a lack of facilities Which of the following is (are) recommended for school and community programs promoting physical activity in young people? include parents in physical activity instruction implement a health education curriculum about healthy lifestyles eliminate extracurricular activities since they distract from the school's physical education instruction a and c a and b F;,ћјCJ5CJFGHйъћ&./РЬлъї  ŽФ [ltuœ§§њњѕ№№№№№§ѕыыыыы§ѕццццц§ѕ & F & F & F & F$FGHйъћ&./РЬлъї  ŽФ [ltuœр[уыь 0 ? d ­ ќљѓэчсливЬЦРКЗБЋЅŸ™–Š„~xuoic                                                                           %œр[уыь 0 ? d ­   `  м $ – ž Ÿ   Ё Ђ Ѓ Є д њњњњњјѓюююююјѓщщщщщјјјјјјѓ & F & F & F & F­   `  м $ – ž Ÿ   Ё Ђ Ѓ Є д  J Ў З Ш Щ  ? Ќ р § Teu‹œ­Ў>c‡њєёыхпйгаЪФОИВЏЉЃ—‘Žˆ‚|vpmg                                                                         &д  J Ў З Ш Щ  ? 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