ࡱ> ;=:y bjbj 4.{{NN$$ f$r$"":,  c3m w0 R" "  "X  "N n: SAT Vocab List #5 Laconic: adjective, using very few words Verbose: adjective, using or expressed in more words than are needed Insolent: adjective, showing a rude and arrogant lack of respect Jocular: adjective, fond of or characterized by joking; humorous or playful Magnanimous: adjective, very generous or forgiving, esp. toward a rival or someone less powerful than oneself Austere: adjective, severe or strict in manner, attitude, or appearance Labyrinth: noun, a complicated irregular network of passages or paths in which it is difficult to find one's way Odious: adjective, extremely unpleasant; repulsive Impugn: verb, to dispute the truth, validity, or honesty of (a statement or motive); call into question Phlegmatic: adjective, having an unemotional and stolidly calm disposition Lassitude: noun, a state of physical or mental weariness; lack of energy Sycophant: noun, a person who acts attentively toward someone important in order to gain advantage. Indelible: adjective, making marks that cannot be removed, as with a pen or ink Paradigm: noun, a typical example or pattern of something; a model Panacea: noun, a solution or remedy for all difficulties or diseases Unfetter: verb, to release from restraint or inhibition Palpable: adjective, able to be touched or felt Bemoan: verb, to express discontent or sorrow over something Contrite: adjective, feeling or expressing remorse or penitence; affected by guilt Guffaw: noun, a loud and boisterous laugh 21.Redolent: adjective, strongly reminiscent or suggestive of something Apostrophe: The apostrophe ( ) has three uses:contractions,plurals, andpossessives. Contractions: Contractions (e.g.,lets, dont, couldnt, its, shes) have a bad reputation. Many argue that they have no place at all in formal writing. You should, of course, observe your publishers or instructors requirements. An absolute avoidance of contractions, however, is likely to make your writing appear stilted and unwelcoming. Example: Its often said that every dog has its day. In informal writing, it is acceptable to indicate a year with only the last two digits preceded by an apostrophe (e.g.,the class of 85, pop music from the 80s). Plurals: The apostrophe is seldom used to form a plural noun. Incorrect: Since the 1980s, the Thomass, both of whom have multiple PhDs, sell old books and magazines at the fair on Saturdays and Sundays. Correct: Since the 1980s, the Thomases, both of whom have multiple PhDs, sell old books and magazines at the fair on Saturdays and Sundays. The rare exception to the rule is when certain abbreviations, letters, or words are used as nouns, as in the following examples. Unless the apostrophe is needed to avoid misreading or confusion, omit it. Examples: He received four As and two Bs. We hired three M.D.s and two D.O.s. Be sure to cross your ts and dot your is. Do we have more yess than nos? Possessives The formation of possessives is treated in different ways by different authorities. The rules below are based onThe Chicago Manual of Style, 16th edition, and are appropriate for most writing. The general rule for forming possessives: The general rule is that the possessive of a singular noun is formed by adding an apostrophe ands, whether the singular noun ends insor not. Examples: the lawyers fee the childs toy Xeroxs sales manager Tom Joness first album Jesuss disciples Aeschyluss finest drama anyones guess a week's vacation The possessive of a plural noun is formed by adding only an apostrophe when the noun ends ins, and by adding both an apostrophe andswhen it ends in a letter other thans. Examples: excessive lawyers fees childrens toys the twins parents the student teachers supervisor the Smiths vacation house the boys baseball team the alumnis fundraising someone with twelve years experience Exceptions to the general rule: Use only an apostrophe for places or names that are singular but have a final word in plural form and ending with ans. Examples: Beverly Hills current mayor the United States lingering debt problem Cisco Systems CEO Nouns that end in anssound take only an apostrophe when they are followed bysake. Examples: for goodness sake for conscience sake A proper noun that is already in possessive form is left as is. Examples: T.G.I. Fridays menu was recently changed. Shared or individual possessives Joint possession is indicated by a single apostrophe. Examples: Robert Smith and Rebecca Greens psychology textbook. (they coauthored the book) Stanley and Scarletts house. (they share the house) Individual possession is indicated by apostrophes for each possessor. Examples: Frances and Italys domestic policies are diverging. Chriss and Johns houses were designed by the same architect. Avoid awkward possessives Correct but awkward: St. Patricks Cathedrals Fifth Avenue entrance. Better: The Fifth Avenue entrance for St. Patricks Cathedral. The apostrophe with other punctuation The apostrophe should never be separated from the word to which it attaches by adjacent punctuation. Correct: The house on the left is the Smiths, but the house at the end of the street is the Whites. 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