ࡱ> 7 MbjbjUU 7|7|G;l  PEEE(FF P|HH""H"H"H"H"H"H{{{{{{{$| ~{"H"H"H"H"H{M"H"H{MMM"H"H"H{M"H{Mn MWw0+{"HG mPP\BELx$+{\{0|x@M+{MPPI. ABSOLUTISM, ENLIGHTENMENT, AND REVOLUTION Divine Right Absolutism France: Louis XIV Spain: Philip England Elizabeth, James I and Charles I Austria: Frederick the Great Russia: Peter the Great For each monarch review the following: How did they establish absolute power? [political, social, economic and cultural] How did they use divine right theory and similar ideas to justify their power? England In what ways was Englands experience of absolutism different from that of other European countries? How did a limited monarchy develop in Britain? Magna Carta, Parliament English Civil War and execution of the king Oliver Cromwell and the Commonwealth The Restoration The Glorious Revolution English Bill of Rights Toleration Act Absolutism: Key Concepts absolutism mercantilism import export subsidy balance of trade tariff balance of power joint-stock company Act of Uniformity Act of Supremacy Mary Stuart Armada Puritan Sea Dogs William Shakespeare Globe Theater Divine right James I King James Bible Charles I Petition of Right William Laud Cavalier Roundhead Oliver Cromwell New Model Army habeas corpus Bill of Rights absolute monarchy The Restoration Tory Whig Glorious Revolution Thomas Hobbes John Locke Louis XIV Versailles Boyar Serf Peter the Great Russian Orthodox Church Junker Holy Roman Empire Hapsburg Hohenzollern Maria Therese Frederick the Great Scientific Revolution How did the scientific revolution change the way Europeans looked at the world? Nicolas Copernicus Galileo Galilei Isaac Newton How did the Scientific Method offer a new approach to solving problems? Rene Descartes natural laws Key Concepts scientific method heliocentric theory law of the pendulum law of gravity Enlightenment What were the beliefs of the Enlightenment philosophers? John Locke Jean Jacques Rousseau Baron de Montesquieu Thomas Jefferson Voltaire Enlightened Despots: How did these rulers attempt to apply enlightenment ideals to reforms in their governments? [Catherine the Great and Maria Theresa] Key Concepts philosophe salon baroque physiocrat free trade supply laissez-faire enlightenment constitution prime minister market economy separation of powers enlightened despotism constitutional monarchy demand executive legislative judicial cabinet federal Five Basic Ideas Of: Reason Nature Happiness Progress Liberty Newton Voltaire Marie Therese Geoffrin Diderot Bach Handel Mozart Beethoven Adam Smith Baron de Montesquieu Jean Jacques Rousseau Catherine the Great Frederick II The American Revolution Navigation Acts Stamp Act Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson Continental Congress Articles of Confederation Great Compromise Bill of Rights French Revolution Causes of the Revolution Political Social Economic Major events: Calling of the Estates General Storming of the Bastille Tennis Court Oath Declaration of the Rights of Man Constitution of 1791 Reign of Terror Development of the Directory Effects of the Revolution On Democracy On Nationalism Key Concepts: The Estates bourgeoisie sans-cullottes corvee radical emegres guillotine coalition coup plebescite concordant blockade guerrilla scorched earth policy Bastille Louis XVI Old Regime Marie Antionette National Assembly Great Fear Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen Legislative Assembly Paris Commune Jacobin Club Maximilien Robespierre Georges Danton Jean Paul Marat Committee on Public Safety Reign of Terror Napoleon How did Napoleon rise to power? What were Napoleons achievements How did Napoleon fall? Impact on France, Europe, and Latin America. Key Concepts Directory Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleonic Code Continental System Peninsular War The Hundred Days Waterloo II. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Factors: Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England? What were the positive and negative effects of Industrial Revolution? Three Major Economic Systems/Theories: identify positive and negative for each capitalism (Adam Smith, laissez faire, market economy) socialism (command economy) communism (Karl Marx) also possible = [mixed economy] Reforms in British Society Labor laws Expansion of the franchise (the right to vote) Start of the womens suffrage movement Industrial Revolution industrialization enclosure crop rotation Jethro Tull seed drill Royal Society Edward Jenner and small pox vaccination factory entrepreneur Eli Whitney cottin gin James Watt Samual Slater union Factory Act 1833 Mines Act of 1842 laissez-faire government stock corporation emigration immigration Great Exhibition Robert Fulton Suez Canal Samuel Morse socialism utopian socialism scientific socialism Karl Marx The Communist Manifesto bourgeoisie proletariat suffrage communism realism III. NATIONALISM A. How can nationalism be both unifying and divisive? 1. As a unifying force: France (Revolution, Napoleon) Third Republic Unification of Italy Mazzini Cavour Victor Emmanual II Napoleon III Garibaldi Unification of Germany Realpolitik Junker Dual monarchy Kaiser Bismarck Zollverein Seven Weeks War Franco-Prussian War Second Reich As a divisive force within empires Russia Austrian Empire: including Hungarian nationalism, pan-Slavism in Balkans, etc. B. More negative aspects of nationalism Anti-Jewish pogroms within Russia A cause of WWI During WWI: Armenian massacre at the hands of nationalistic Turks IV. IMPERIALISM imperialism industrialization cash crops (versus subsistence crops) mercantilism racism Social Darwinism missionaries "White Man's Burden" (concept/poem) methods of imperial control colony protectorate sphere of influence economic imperialism Stanley & Livingstone Congo: King Leopold of Belgium Berlin Conference: "Scramble for Africa" direct control (ex. French) assimilation paternalism indirect control (ex. British) Nigeria Ibo, Yoruba, Hausa-Fulani Royal Niger Company Ethiopia Menelik II Italy Battle of Adowa Liberia South Africa Boers British diamonds & gold Cecil Rhodes Boer War apartheid Why did the European become so interested in Africa in the late 1800s? What were the internal and external factors which allowed the Europeans to conquer Africa? What were the positive and negative effects of imperialism on Africa? V. TURN OF THE CENTURY Inventions Changed Ways of Life dynamo mass production interchangeable parts assembly line Henry Bessemer Thomas Edison Alexander Graham Bell Guglielmo Marconi Henry Ford Orville and Wilbur Wright Science Presented New Ideas anesthesia bacteria natural selection evolution social Darwinism element atom radioactivity Charles Darwin special creation theory of evolution Friedrich Nietzsche Marie and Pierre Curie Womens Rights Florence Nightengale Susan B. Anthony Carrie Chapman Catt Emmeline Pankhurst New Art and Entertainment Impressionaism cubism movies mass culture VI. WORLD WAR I What were the causes of WWI? Immediate Cause: Assassination Long-term causes: M-A-I-N Militarism Alliances/Anarchy Imperialism Nationalism Various Outcomes Belgian neutrality Central Powers Allied Powers Balfour Declaration Wilsons 14 Points Armistice What were the effects of WWI? Paris Peace Conference Treaty of Versailles League of Nations Territorial changes: German (and Russian) loss of territory, plus collapse of Ottoman Empire, division of Austro-Hungarian Empire War guilt Reparations Hyper-inflation VII. RUSSIAN REVOLUTION Contributing Factors for Dissent emancipation of the serfs pogroms Tsar Nicholas What were the causes and effects of the March Revolution (1917)? Lenin Peace, land, and bread Bolsheviks What were the causes and effects of the November Revolution (1917)? USSR (Soviet Union) Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Civil war: Reds versus Whites Soviet constitution Nationalization Collectivization New Economic Policy (NEP) Stalin The Terror Forced famine (Ukraine) Five Year Plans, central planning VIII. BETWEEN THE WARS Changes in Society Political and economic difficulties in recovery from WWI Weimar Republic Dawes Plan Steps taken to achieve permanent peace in Europe Kellogg-Briand Pact The Depression Identify the weaknesses in the American economy that led to Great Depression Wall Street stock speculation standard of living overproduction and underconsumption plight of the farmer Compare and contrast the responses of the America, British and French governments to the Great Depression Roosevelt and the New Deal free enterprise Great Britain National Government protective tariffs increased taxes regulated currency lowered interest rates France agricultural economy Popular Front Rise of Fascism Characteristics of Fascism Compare and contrast the careers of Mussolini and Hitler censorship propaganda nationalism militarist secret police indoctrination Kristallnacht: causes and consequences Anti-Semitism Nuremburg Laws Drift Towards War Why was the League of Nations weak? Basic Premise: peace could be maintained if all nations acted together to stop aggression Invasion of Manchuria What was the impact of Mussolinis invasion of Ethiopia? test of collective security [League of Nations] How did Hitler defy the Treaty of Versailles? Militarism The Anschluss Czechoslovakia Sudetenland The Munich Conference negotiation Neville Chamberlain appeasement IX. WORLD WAR II How did Hitler come to power? What were the causes of WW2 Treaty of Versailles Weimar Republic: weak democracy Great Depression Elections Chancellor Remilitarization of the Rhineland, Anschluss (unification) with Austria Appeasement policy: Munich Agreement 1938 (Sudetenland) Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, or the Molotov-Ribbentrop Agreement (1939) Attack on Poland (Sept. 1, 1939) What were the effects of World War 2? Defeat of Fascism; occupationa and democratization of defeated powers (Germany, Japan) Boundary changes in Eastern Europe Start of Nuclear Age Europes hold on its colonies weakened during war; strengthening of independence movements in India, elsewhere in Asia, Africa. Holocaust --> creation of state of Israel War crimes trials (Tokyo and Nuremburg) Creation of the United Nations (replaces League of Nations) Two superpowers remain: US & USSR. Start of the Cold War X. THE COLD WAR Superpowers: US and USSR Occupation of Germany and Japan Truman doctrine Marshall Plan Berlin Blockade and Berlin Airlift Communist victory in China and North Korean invasion of South Korea (see last years review packet) Collective security arrangements: NATO Alliance/Warsaw Pact 1956 Hungarian Revolt: crushed 1959 Cuban Revolution: see last years review packet 1961 Soviets build the Berlin Wall Domino theory, Vietnam War: see last years review packet 1968 Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia during Prague Spring (Brezhnev Doctrine) Soviet human rights violations: treatment of dissidents nuclear arms race nuclear arms agreements (from 1960s to 1990s): Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), START (Strategic Armaments Reductions Talks?), etc. detente 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan Ronald Reagan versus the evil empire Star War program (Strategic Defense Initiative) Lech Walesa and Polands Solidarity movement Mikhail Gorbachev perestroika glasnost 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall. What were the causes and effects of the fall of the Berlin Wall? 1990 Reunification of Germany. Collapse of the Soviet Union. What were the causes and effects of the fall of communism in the USSR? Commonwealth of Independent States (C.I.S.) Transition: from command to market economy, from communist dictatorship to democracy Post-communist nationalism in the former USSR and Eastern Europe separatism: ex. Chechnya Boris Yeltsin Czechoslovakia: splits peacefully into Czech Republic and Slovakia Yugoslavia splits violently: Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, Bosnia, + Yugo ( Serbia+Maced.) Slobodan Milosevic Bosnia: multi-ethnic state (Croat, Serbian, Muslim/Bosniak) ethnic cleansing United Nations NATO Dayton Accords Kosovo (a province within Serbia): Albanians v. Serbians XI. CHANGE AND CONFLICT Japan WWI & Treaty of Versailles League of Nations Germanys former colonies sphere of influence Second World War Factors leading to Japanese aggression arable land (limited) lack of natural resources population boom Great Depression Manchuria, or Manchukuo (1931) Invasion of China (Oct. 1937) Rape of Nanking (Dec. 1937-Jan. 1938) Pearl Harbor (Dec. 7, 1941) Battle of Midway island hopping kamikaze Manhattan Project Hiroshima & Nagasaki (Aug. 6 & 9, 1945) laws of war (ex. Hague & Geneva Conventions) U.S. Occupation Gen. Douglas MacArthur occupation policies demilitarization democratization new constitution: constitutional monarchy Emperor Hirohito (figurehead) punishment (Tokyo War Crimes Trials) Post-occupation Japan (1950s to today) economic miracle (causes) trade deficit/surplus China (1911 Revolution to Today) Chinese Revolution (1911) Puyi (last Qing Emperor) Reasons for revolution Sun Yat-Sen, or Sun Yixian (dies 1925) 1917 Russian Revolution (Communists/Bolsheviks) Civil War (1927-1949) Nationalists (Kuomintang - KMT - or Guomindang) Chiang Kai Shek (or Jiang Jieshi) Communists Mao Tse Tong (or Mao Zedong) The Long March (1933) 1937 Japanese invasion (--> pause in civil war) 1945 - end of WW2, civil war resumes Cold War (U.S. vs. U.S.S.R.) since end of WW2 Chinese Communist victory (1949) - Why did Communists win? Two Chinas: Red China and Taiwan communism / socialism / capitalism Mao's version of communism (Maoism) agrarian reform (landlords v. peasants) collective farms (or collectives) nationalization (verb - nationalize) Great Leap Forward (1958) communes Cultural Revolution (1966-76) Red Guards Deng Xiao Ping (1980-97) One child policy Four Modernizations Tiananmen Square (1989) Hong Kong (1997) Korea North & South Korea Korean War (1950-1953) political/economic changes since 1953 nuclear issue Southeast Asia: Vietnam War (1964-75) & Cambodias Killing Fields (1975) domino theory Ho Chi Minh independence/partition (1954) North & South Vietnam Vietcong (VC) Gulf of Tonkin incident (1964) My Lai Massacre (1968) Vietnamization Paris Peace Agreement (1973) Fall of Saigon (1975) Why did U.S. lose? Cambodia Pol Pot/Killing Fields India World War I & Indian nationalism Mohandas K. Gandhi Amritsar Massacre civil disobedience (satyagraha) boycott The Salt March independence/partition (1947) Pakistan/Mohammed Ali Jinnah India/Jawaharlal (Pandit) Nehru 1998 nuclear tests, arms race Africa Decolonization Nigeria 1957 Kenya 1963 South Africa 1994 Middle East Zionism Ottoman Empire Arab nationalism Balfour Declaration League of Nations mandate territories Holocaust Arab-Israeli Conflict Israel (David ben Gurion, first P.M.) Palestine Arab-Israeli conflict and the peace process 1948-1949: Israelis war for independence Suez Crisis (1956). Suez Canal had been built at end of 1800s, was nationalized by Egyptians in 1956 Six Day War (1967) - Golda Meir (Israeli Prime Minister), Anwar Sadat (Egyptian president) Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) under Yasser Arafat Yom Kippur War Camp David Accords: Jimmy Carter, Anwar Sadat (Egypt), and Menachem Begin (Israel) Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon, full-scale invasion in 1981 (1982?) to wipe out PLO headquarters, bases, terrorist training camps. (PLO leadership flees to Tunisia.) the intifada (Palestinian uprising in the occupied territories) Israeli-Palestinian peace talks: peace for land - Oslo Accords, Wye River Agreement Arafat, Bill Clinton, Yitzhak Rabin (assassinated by an Israeli for trying to make peace with the Palestinians). Rabin was succeeded by the right-wing Binyamin Netanyahu who was replaced in the last Israeli elections by Ehud Barak. final status talks: status of Jerusalem, security for Israeli settlers in the West Bank, water rights, right of return for Palestinian refugees, etc. Oil Production OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries cartel oil embargo (after Yom Kippur War) Gulf War Desert Storm Embargo No fly zone Kurds Islamic fundamentalism: The Iranian Revolution. What were the causes and effects of the Islamic Revolution in Iran? Shah Ayatollah Khomeini: Afghanistan: the Taliban (strict fundamentalist) Fundamentalist terrorism: Algeria, Egypt, etc. Latin America What political problems did most Latin American countries face in the early 1900s? caudillo Mexican Revolution 1910 Rule of Profriro Diaz Rule of Alvaro Obregon nationalize How did United States Policy in Latin America affect its development? Monroe Doctrine Good Neighborhood Policy Roosevelt Corollary development of single resource economies Liberation Theology Argentina Juan Peron economic program descamisados (poor workers) nationalists Cuba Batista U.S. Support Fidel Castro Cold War Cuban Missile Crisis Nicaragua Anastasio Somoza Sandinistas Daniel Ortega 1990 Election compromise government Chiapas Revolutionaries Zapatista National Liberation Army Native Ethnic minority (29%) XII. NEW WORLD ORDER Ethnic Tensions: Cause, Characteristics, Effects Ireland Chechnya Breakup of Yugoslavia Bosnia Herzogovina Kosovo Kurds in Iraq Rawanda The Congo Sierra Leone Science and Technology the information society Green Revolution medicine and vaccinations Global Problems Development of Less Developed Countries [LDCs] Problems: weak infrastructures; government instability; urbanization; civil wars. Ethnic rivalries; cash crops; lack of diversification Effects: international debt; illicit drug production; low standard of living; poverty; hunger and famine; low literacy rates; slow progress for womens rights and health care over-population pollution human rights violations racism terrorism environment: desertification, deforestation, green house effect  Note: We didnt cover Lebanon at all in class, but its relevant. Lebanon, once a stable nation, had become a chaotic place with Christians fighting Muslims in the 1970s. After the Islamic revolution in Iran, the Iranian-backed Hezbollah, or Party of God, organized and began attacking Israeli troops and the Israeli-backed Southern Lebanon Army. The recent Israeli pull-out from Southern Lebanon has been seen as a great victory for Hezbollah. 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