ࡱ> >@=#` bjbjmm ..,$Eh4$$$4I$F$ Vj_0[[[T>),U$y44 $$$$  Literary Devices (in alphabetical order) Alliteration: The repetition of the beginning sound in two or more words in a line of verse. Allusion: A reference to a previous great work or to history. An author uses allusion to deepen his/her meaning. Analogy: Corresponding in some respects, especially in function or position, between things otherwise dissimilar. Ex: Because the way you grow old is kind o like an onion or like the rings inside a tree trunk or like my little wooden dolls that fit one inside the other, each year inside the next. (Eleven by Cisneros) Apostrophe: Addressing someone or something as if s/he were present or could hear you. Assonance: The repetition of a vowel sound in two or more words. Assonance is sometimes called partial or near rhyme. Ex: Lake and stake are rhymes. Lake and fate are examples of assonance. Ex: Base and face are rhymes. Base and fade are examples of assonance. Complexity of Characterization: Writer plays upon your emotions either to persuade you to one characters side or to make it difficult to definitely side with one over the other. The writer manipulates the reader into deciding who is the protagonist and antagonist or makes it difficult for the reader to come to a conclusive answer on that issue. Connotation: The associations that come with a word other than its meaning. Ex: The connotation of yacht is wealth and glamour. Consonance: The repetition of consonant sounds in the middle or at the end of words. (Spies hiss in the stillness.) Foreshadowing: To indicate, suggest, hint at somethings occurrence before it actually happens. Hyperbole: [hi-per-bo-le] Exaggeration to heighten feeling. Ex: All went lame, all blind. (from Dulce et Decorum Est) Imagery: Sensory details that enable the reader to see, hear, touch, taste and/or smell whatever is being described. Ex: The whiskey on your breath Could make a small boy dizzy. (My Papas Waltz by Theodore Roethke) The desired effect of metaphors, similes, personification, etc. When a writer uses one or more of the literary devices to paint a picture in the mind of the reader. Irony (Regular): When the reader expects one thing to happen, but the opposite occurs. Dramatic Irony: When a character believes something to be true, but the reader/audience knows the character is wrong. The reader/audience really knows the truth. Irony of Situation: When a character in a piece of literature expects one thing to happen, but the opposite occurs. Verbal Irony: When an author uses a word or a phrase that is the opposite of what s/he means. Ex: my friend in Dulce et Decorum Est. Metaphor: Describing a thing by comparing it to an unlike thing (without using the words like as or than.). The metaphor can be expressed in four different ways: Type 1Both the literal and the figurative types are specifically named. Ex: Her skin is petal soft. Type 2Only the literal term is named. Ex: Leaves got up in a coil and hissed, Blindly struck at my knees and missed. (Bereft by Robert Frost) Type 3Only the figurative term is named. Ex: All throughout the poem Caged Bird by Maya Angelou, the figurative term bird is used but the literal term human or person is never mentioned. Type 4RARE! Neither the literal nor the figurative term is named. Ex: It sifts from leaden sieves. Snow=literal term Flour, sugar=figurative term implied Type 5Extended Metaphor Onomatopoeia: The use of a word to represent or imitate natural sounds. Ex: buzz, crunch, tinkle, gurgle, sizzle, hiss Paradox: A statement that is contradictor but it somehow true. Ex: The child is the father of the man (line, 7, my Heart Leaps Up) Personification: Describing an inanimate object as though it had animate (human or animal) qualities. Refrain: The repetition of one or more phrases or lines at intervals in a poem, usually at the end of a stanza. The refrain often takes the form of a chorus. Rhyme: The similarity or likeness of sound existing between two words. A true rhyme should consist of identical sounding syllables that are stressed and the letters preceding the vowel sounds should be different. Thus fun and run are true to perfect rhymes because the vowel sounds are identical preceded by different consonants. Simile: Describing a thing by comparing it to an unlike thing, using the words, like, as or than. Ex: Her skin is as soft as a petal. Soliloquy: When a character speaks to himself and/or to the reader/audience. It is an opportunity for the reader/audience to know a characters inside thoughts. Symbolism: A symbol may be said to have two separate meanings: literal and figurative. Ex: A rectangular flag with red and white stripes and a field of 50 stars on a blue background is the U.S. flag literally. 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