╨╧рб▒с>■   mo■   `abcdefghijkl                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ье┴#` °┐ё<bjbjmеmе .а╧╧╦4%      дh h h h h h h | фцфцфц8ч0ыt| 1j░ьюlЮY"└Y└Y└Y└Yт вd$╞f╘╓╓╓╓╓╓Ыhd╓h юu└Y└Yюuюu╓h h └Y└YыJУJУJУюu╠h └Yh └Y╘JУюu╘JУJУ & Ьh h Ж└Yдь а-ў─╔фц║П╚┬b`t01$bgВТpg─ЖЖЮgh $<┌gЮxlLJУ─oдhrЖ┌g┌g┌g╓╓ЄТX┌g┌g┌g1юuюuюuюu| | | ─o@zдl| | | @z| | | h h h h h h      Science fiction Science fiction is a form of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fi/fiction.html" \o "Fiction" fiction which deals principally with the impact of imagined  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_1.html" \o "Science" science and/or  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/te/technology_1.html" \o "Technology" technology upon society or individuals. Table of contents  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \l "Scope#Scope" 1 Scope  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \l "Term#Term" 2 Term  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \l "Types of science fiction#Types of science fiction" 3 Types of science fiction  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \l "Hard science fiction#Hard science fiction" 3.1 Hard science fiction  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \l "Soft science fiction#Soft science fiction" 3.2 Soft science fiction  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \l "Other types#Other types" 3.3 Other types  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \l "History of science fiction#History of science fiction" 4 History of science fiction  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \l "Forerunners of science fiction#Forerunners of science fiction" 4.4 Forerunners of science fiction  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \l "Early science fiction#Early science fiction" 4.5 Early science fiction  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \l "The Golden Age#The Golden Age" 4.6 The Golden Age  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \l "The post-war era#The post-war era" 4.7 The post-war era  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \l "The modern era#The modern era" 4.8 The modern era  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \l "Fandom#Fandom" 5 Fandom  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \l "Genres and subcategories#Genres and subcategories" 6 Genres and subcategories  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \l "Related topics#Related topics" 7 Related topics  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \l "Reference#Reference" 8 Reference  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \l "External links#External links" 9 External linksScope Sometimes the characters involved are not even human, but are imagined aliens or other products of Earth evolution. The term is more generally used to refer to any literary fantasy that includes a  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_1.html" \o "Science" scientific factor as an essential orienting component, and even more generally used to refer to any  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fa/fantasy.html" \o "Fantasy" fantasy at all. Such literature may consist of a careful and informed extrapolation of scientific facts and principles, or it may range into far-fetched areas flatly contradictory of such facts and principles. In either case, plausibility based on science is a requisite, so that such precursors of the genre as  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/ma/mary_wollstonecraft_shelley.html" \o "Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley" Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley's Gothic novel  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fr/frankenstein.html" \o "Frankenstein" Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/18/1818.html" \o "1818" 1818) and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ro/robert_louis_stevenson.html" \o "Robert Louis Stevenson" Robert Louis Stevenson's The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/18/1886.html" \o "1886" 1886) are plainly science fiction, whereas  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/br/bram_stoker.html" \o "Bram Stoker" Bram Stoker's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/dr/dracula.html" \o "Dracula" Dracula ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/18/1897.html" \o "1897" 1897), based purely on the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/su/supernatural.html" \o "Supernatural" supernatural, is not. Sometimes  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/u/ut/utopia.html" \o "Utopia" utopic and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/dy/dystopia.html" \o "Dystopia" dystopic literature is also regarded as science fiction, which is accurate insofar as sociology also is a science. Term The earliest known usage of term "science fiction" is in 1851 (in Chapter 10 of William Wilson's A Little Earnest Book upon a Great Old Subject), in which he writes: "Science-Fiction, in which the revealed truths of Science may be given interwoven with a pleasing story which may itself be poetical and true." However this appears to be an isolated usage and the term appears to have been recoined in the 1920s where it appeared in the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/am/amazing_stories.html" \o "Amazing Stories" Amazing Stories. Types of science fiction Hard science fiction Hard science fiction, or hard SF, is a subgenre of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \o "Science fiction" science fiction characterized by an interest in  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_1.html" \o "Science" scientific detail or accuracy. Many hard SF stories focus on the natural sciences and technological developments, although many others leave the technology in the background. Some authors scrupulously eschew such implausibilities as faster-than-light travel, while others accept such plot devices but nonetheless show a concern with a realistic depiction of the worlds that such a technology might make accessible. Character development is sometimes secondary to explorations of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/as/astronomy.html" \o "Astronomy" astronomical or  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/ph/physics_1.html" \o "Physics" physical phenomena, but other times authors make the human condition forefront in the story. However a common theme of hard SF has the resolution of the plot often hinging upon a technological point. Writers attempt to have their stories consistent with known science at the time of publication. Interestingly, some hard science fiction stories are set in an alternate universe where different physical laws apply; however, in such cases the author makes use of current physics to design a universe that is at least potentially realistic. Hard science fiction is largely a literary genre, as the complexities of physics rarely translate well to the screen. One of the notable exceptions is , however the movie still leaves out much of the examination of the physics, computer science, and other scientific analyses present in the novel version. Well known authors often said to be practitioners of hard SF, include  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/po/poul_anderson.html" \o "Poul Anderson" Poul Anderson  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/i/is/isaac_asimov.html" \o "Isaac Asimov" Isaac Asimov  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/i/ia/iain_banks.html" \o "Iain Banks" Iain M. Banks  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/jo/john_barnes__author_.html" \o "John Barnes (author)" John Barnes  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/st/stephen_baxter.html" \o "Stephen Baxter" Stephen Baxter  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/gr/greg_bear.html" \o "Greg Bear" Greg Bear  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/gr/gregory_benford.html" \o "Gregory Benford" Gregory Benford  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/da/david_brin.html" \o "David Brin" David Brin  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/ar/arthur_c__clarke.html" \o "Arthur C. Clarke" Arthur C. Clarke  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/ha/hal_clement.html" \o "Hal Clement" Hal Clement  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/gr/greg_egan.html" \o "Greg Egan" Greg Egan  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/mi/michael_flynn.html" \o "Michael Flynn" Michael Flynn  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ro/robert_forward.html" \o "Robert Forward" Robert Forward  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ro/robert_a__heinlein.html" \o "Robert A. Heinlein" Robert Heinlein  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/ja/james_p__hogan.html" \o "James P. Hogan" James P. Hogan  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/na/nancy_kress.html" \o "Nancy Kress" Nancy Kress  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/la/larry_niven.html" \o "Larry Niven" Larry Niven  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/pa/paul_preuss.html" \o "Paul Preuss" Paul Preuss  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/al/alastair_reynolds.html" \o "Alastair Reynolds" Alastair Reynolds  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/k/ki/kim_stanley_robinson.html" \o "Kim Stanley Robinson" Kim Stanley Robinson Joan Slonczewski Allen Steele  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/ju/jules_verne.html" \o "Jules Verne" Jules Verne  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/ma/masamune_shirow.html" \o "Masamune Shirow" Masamune Shirow ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/ma/manga.html" \o "Manga" manga artist). His works often examine the impact of advanced future technology in society, particularly cybernetics and information networks. He is known for going into great technical and scientific detail, to the point of using numerous captions and footnotes to explain technical aspects to the reader or even suggest possible theories/implementations for fictional technology. This extends to his drawings, where he will sometimes make a note to explain the function of a stylistic feature of a weapon or robot. He has also created the Neurohard project, a world in the hard science fiction style to be used by him and other artists. Shirow's work is unique in that it develops in equally great depth the social/cultural aspects in a 'hard' style, again providing notes on ideas, philosophy, etc. and using a somewhat techical approach in discussing ethics and social issues. The  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/gh/ghost_in_the_shell.html" \o "Ghost in the Shell" Ghost in the Shell manga (but not the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/an/anime.html" \o "Anime" anime) is a good example of his serious work. Appleseed is another story featuring heavy use of advanced technology in which, ironically, the critical moment is resolved by clever use of an actual apple seed in the midst of hardcore robotic chaos. See the article on  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/ha/hal_clement.html" \o "Hal Clement" Hal Clement for a description of how one hard science fiction author viewed his craft. One science-fiction  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/te/television.html" \o "Television" television show which has consciously attempted to portray physics correctly is  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/j_/j__michael_straczynski.html" \o "J. Michael Straczynski" J. Michael Straczynski's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/ba/babylon_5.html" \o "Babylon 5" Babylon 5, albeit inconsistently especially in later seasons of its half-decade run. The sequel series, Crusade, went so far as to formally enter into a working partnership with  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/na/nasa.html" \o "NASA" NASA's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/je/jet_propulsion_laboratory.html" \o "Jet Propulsion Laboratory" Jet Propulsion Laboratory to ensure scientific accuracy. Certain dramatic elements such as sounds in space, visible lasers in a vacuum, etc., are probably to be expected or even demanded by the casual viewer not deeply familiar with the real science involved, and any television or film SF producer must tread a gray line between pleasing the lowest and highest common denominators in his audience. However, even in these cases, the producers came up with an explanations which attempted to produce a consistent physics (i.e. the sounds in space were background music and the lasers were not lasers but plasma bolts). An example of a web-based hard science fiction project (where many people contribute different pieces of what becomes a coherent story) is  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/o/or/orion_s_arm.html" \o "Orion's Arm" Orion's Arm. A fan organization that has grown up around Hard Science Fiction is  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/ge/general_technics.html" \o "General Technics" General Technics, populated by scientists, technical folks, and others with a specific interest in this area. General Technics' name is taken from the organization that created a global-scale computer in  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/jo/john_brunner.html" \o "John Brunner" John Brunner's novel,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/st/stand_on_zanzibar.html" \o "Stand on Zanzibar" Stand on Zanzibar. General Technics, though concentrated in the American Midwest, has a global membership. Soft science fiction Soft science fiction is  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \o "Science fiction" science fiction whose plots and themes tend to focus on  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/ph/philosophy_1.html" \o "Philosophy" philosophy,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/ps/psychology.html" \o "Psychology" psychology,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/po/politics_1.html" \o "Politics" politics and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/so/sociology.html" \o "Sociology" sociology while de-emphasizing the details of technological hardware and physical laws. It is so-called 'Soft' Science Fiction, because these subjects are grouped together as the Soft Sciences or Humanities. For instance,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fr/frank_herbert.html" \o "Frank Herbert" Frank Herbert in  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/du/dune.html" \o "Dune" Dune, uses the plot device of creating a universe which has rejected conscious machines and has reverted to a Feudal organisation. Consequently Herbert uses the Dune saga to comment about the human condition and makes direct and accurate parallels to current socio-political realities. As early as  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1908.html" \o "1908" 1908 the famous  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/u/un/united_states.html" \o "United States" United States author  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/ja/jack_london.html" \o "Jack London" Jack London wrote  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_iron_heel.html" \o "The Iron Heel" The Iron Heel, a dystopic novel set in a future where a totalitarian capitalist state, controlled by a small ruling class of the very rich, crushed democracy and any form of liberty in the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/u/un/united_states.html" \o "United States" United States. Technological change was barely mentioned in this novel, and in short stories also based in this dark future. The stress was placed instead on class warfare and human emotions. Soft Science fiction may explore the reactions of societies or individuals to problems posed by natural phenomena or technological developments, but the technology will be a means to an end, not an end itself. Authors often thought of as exemplifying soft science fiction:  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ra/ray_bradbury.html" \o "Ray Bradbury" Ray Bradbury  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/u/ur/ursula_k__le_guin.html" \o "Ursula K. Le Guin" Ursula K. Le Guin  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fr/frank_herbert.html" \o "Frank Herbert" Frank Herbert  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/o/or/orson_scott_card.html" \o "Orson Scott Card" Orson Scott Card  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/na/nancy_kress.html" \o "Nancy Kress" Nancy Kress  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/lo/lois_mcmaster_bujold.html" \o "Lois McMaster Bujold" Lois McMaster Bujold  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/jo/joan_d__vinge.html" \o "Joan D. Vinge" Joan Vinge L. E. Modesitt, Jr  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/da/david_zindell.html" \o "David Zindell" David Zindell  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/ge/georgia_byng.html" \o "Georgia Byng" Georgia Byng  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/ja/janusz_a__zajdel.html" \o "Janusz A. Zajdel" Janusz A. Zajdel  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/ed/edmund_wnuk_lipinski.html" \o "Edmund Wnuk-Lipinski" Edmund Wnuk-Lipinski Space opera For other meanings of this term see  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sp/space_opera__disambiguation_.html" \o "Space Opera (disambiguation)" Space Opera (disambiguation). Space opera is subgenre of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \o "Science fiction" science fiction that emphasizes romantic adventure, faster-than-light travel and space battles where the main storyline is interstellar conflict and character drama. Table of contents  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sp/space_opera_1.html" \l "History#History" 1 History  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sp/space_opera_1.html" \l "Characteristics#Characteristics" 2 Characteristics  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sp/space_opera_1.html" \l "Sample space opera backgrounds#Sample space opera backgrounds" 3 Sample space opera backgrounds  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sp/space_opera_1.html" \l "Books#Books" 3.1 Books  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sp/space_opera_1.html" \l "Television#Television" 3.2 Television  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sp/space_opera_1.html" \l "Film#Film" 3.3 Film  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sp/space_opera_1.html" \l "Other#Other" 3.4 Other  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sp/space_opera_1.html" \l "Articles#Articles" 4 ArticlesHistory "Space opera" was originally a derogatory term, a variant of "horse opera" and " HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/so/soap_opera.html" \o "Soap opera" soap opera". Wilson Tucker suggested the term in 1941. It meant action-oriented tale of space adventure instead of "respectable"  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \o "Science fiction" science fiction story that concentrated on effects of technological progress and inventions. However there is no sharp dividing line and many authors manage to combine the space adventure and the respectable elements, ensuring that the best written space opera is represented among the best of science fiction generally. Originators of the first space opera stories were  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/e_/e__e__smith.html" \o "E. E. Smith" E. E. Smith, with his  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sk/skylark.html" \o "Skylark" Skylark and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/le/lensman.html" \o "Lensman" Lensman series;  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/ed/edmond_hamilton.html" \o "Edmond Hamilton" Edmond Hamilton;  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/ja/jack_williamson.html" \o "Jack Williamson" Jack Williamson;  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/jo/john_w__campbell.html" \o "John W. Campbell" John W. Campbell; and later  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/le/leigh_brackett.html" \o "Leigh Brackett" Leigh Brackett. Characteristics The scientific veracity of various backgrounds varies. In some cases, the only violation of the known laws of physics is the faster-than-light travel. At the other end of the scale, protagonists use various mystical powers and destroy whole planets and alien species.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/st/star_wars.html" \o "Star Wars" Star Wars, with its Death Star and Force lies close to the original pulp science fiction. Character development and description varies as well.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/lo/lois_mcmaster_bujold.html" \o "Lois McMaster Bujold" Lois McMaster Bujold and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/i/ia/iain_banks.html" \o "Iain Banks" Iain M. Banks write about very human conflicts. A popular subset of space opera stories concentrate on large-scale space battles with futuristic weapons. Some of them take their military tone and weapon system technology very seriously. See  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/mi/military_science_fiction.html" \o "Military science fiction" military science fiction. Many science fiction writers use variants of space opera background with less military fervor and planet-busting xenophobia. In its best, it is a speculation about future war in space or effects of war on humans. At its worst it consists of the use of non-science fiction plots in a superficially SF background. Many of the TV science fiction series from  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/ba/battlestar_galactica.html" \o "Battlestar Galactica" Battlestar Galactica to  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/st/star_trek.html" \o "Star Trek" Star Trek are variants of space opera.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/ha/harry_harrison.html" \o "Harry Harrison" Harry Harrison and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/do/douglas_adams.html" \o "Douglas Adams" Douglas Adams parody space opera clichщs.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fr/fritz_leiber.html" \o "Fritz Leiber" Fritz Leiber's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/w/wa/wanderer.html" \o "Wanderer" Wanderer tells a story about a situation when Earth sees one episode of interstellar conflict. Others, like  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sa/samuel_r__delany.html" \o "Samuel R. Delany" Samuel R. Delany in  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/no/nova__disambiguation_.html" \o "Nova (disambiguation)" Nova, refer to mythological concepts. In his  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1965.html" \o "1965" 1965 story Space Opera,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/ja/jack_vance.html" \o "Jack Vance" Jack Vance parodied the genre by writing about an interstellar operatic company which brought culture to deprived worlds. Sample space opera backgrounds Books  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/a_/a_fire_upon_the_deep.html" \o "A Fire Upon the Deep" A Fire Upon the Deep and " HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/a_/a_deepness_in_the_sky.html" \o "A Deepness in the Sky" A Deepness in the Sky" by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/v/ve/vernor_vinge.html" \o "Vernor Vinge" Vernor Vinge The Alliance-Union Universe by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/c_/c__j__cherryh.html" \o "C. J. Cherryh" C. J. Cherryh  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/ba/barsoom.html" \o "Barsoom" Barsoom (Mars) series by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/ed/edgar_rice_burroughs.html" \o "Edgar Rice Burroughs" Edgar Rice Burroughs  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/be/berserker__saberhagen_.html" \o "Berserker (Saberhagen)" Berserker series by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fr/fred_saberhagen.html" \o "Fred Saberhagen" Fred Saberhagen Cities in Flight series by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/ja/james_blish.html" \o "James Blish" James Blish  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_culture.html" \o "The Culture" Culture series by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/i/ia/iain_banks.html" \o "Iain Banks" Iain M. Banks Dies Irae trilogy by Brian Stableford Dorsai series of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/go/gordon_r__dickson.html" \o "Gordon R. Dickson" Gordon Dickson  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/du/dune__novel_.html" \o "Dune (novel)" Dune by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fr/frank_herbert.html" \o "Frank Herbert" Frank Herbert -  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/ga/galactic_empire.html" \o "Galactic empire" Galactic Empire '' HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_foundation_series.html" \o "The Foundation Series" Foundation series of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/i/is/isaac_asimov.html" \o "Isaac Asimov" Isaac Asimov  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_gorrideon.html" \o "The Gorrideon" The Gorrideon of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/ba/barry_stephen_nieuport.html" \o "Barry Stephen Nieuport" Barry Stephen Nieuport '' HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/le/legend_of_the_galactic_heroes.html" \o "Legend of the Galactic Heroes" Legend of the Galactic Heroes by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/ta/tanaka_yoshiki.html" \o "Tanaka Yoshiki" Tanaka Yoshiki (also  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/ma/manga.html" \o "Manga" manga and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/an/anime.html" \o "Anime" anime - see below)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/ho/honor_harrington.html" \o "Honor Harrington" Honor Harrington series by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/da/david_weber.html" \o "David Weber" David Weber Humanx Commonwealth series by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/al/alan_dean_foster.html" \o "Alan Dean Foster" Alan Dean Foster  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/hy/hyperion_cantos.html" \o "Hyperion Cantos" Hyperion Cantos of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/da/dan_simmons.html" \o "Dan Simmons" Dan Simmons (Hyperion and sequels)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/k/kn/known_space.html" \o "Known Space" Known Space series of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/la/larry_niven.html" \o "Larry Niven" Larry Niven, and its spin-off Man-Kzin Wars.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/le/lensman.html" \o "Lensman" Lensman series of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/e_/e__e__smith.html" \o "E. E. Smith" E. E. Smith (possibly the prototype of all others) Light by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/m_/m__john_harrison.html" \o "M. John Harrison" M. John Harrison  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_night_s_dawn_trilogy.html" \o "The Night's Dawn Trilogy" Night's Dawn trilogy by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/pe/peter_f__hamilton.html" \o "Peter F. Hamilton" Peter F. Hamilton  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/pe/perry_rhodan.html" \o "Perry Rhodan" Perry Rhodan series Rim worlds of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/a_/a__bertram_chandler.html" \o "A. Bertram Chandler" A. Bertram Chandler ''The Serrano Legacy by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/el/elizabeth_moon.html" \o "Elizabeth Moon" Elizabeth Moon Uplift series of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/da/david_brin.html" \o "David Brin" David Brin  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/mi/miles_vorkosigan.html" \o "Miles Vorkosigan" Vorkosigan Saga series of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/lo/lois_mcmaster_bujold.html" \o "Lois McMaster Bujold" Lois McMaster Bujold Television  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/ge/gene_roddenberry.html" \o "Gene Roddenberry" Gene Roddenberry's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/an/andromeda__television_series_.html" \o "Andromeda (television series)" Andromeda  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/j_/j__michael_straczynski.html" \o "J. Michael Straczynski" J. Michael Straczynski's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/ba/babylon_5.html" \o "Babylon 5" Babylon 5 Banner of the Stars aka Seikai no Senki by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/mo/morioka_hiroyuki.html" \o "Morioka Hiroyuki" Morioka Hiroyuki ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/an/anime.html" \o "Anime" anime) Banner of the Stars II aka Seikai no Senki II by Morioka Hiroyuki (anime)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/ba/battlestar_galactica.html" \o "Battlestar Galactica" Battlestar Galactica  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/bl/blake_s_7.html" \o "Blake's 7" Blake's 7  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/co/cowboy_bebop.html" \o "Cowboy Bebop" Cowboy Bebop (anime)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/cr/crest_of_the_stars.html" \o "Crest of the Stars" Crest of the Stars aka Seikai no Monshou by Morioka Hiroyuki (anime)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fa/farscape.html" \o "Farscape" Farscape  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fi/firefly__television_series_.html" \o "Firefly (television series)" Firefly  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/gu/gundam.html" \o "Gundam" Gundam  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/ca/captain_harlock.html" \o "Captain Harlock" Harlock Saga by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/le/leiji_matsumoto.html" \o "Leiji Matsumoto" Leiji Matsumoto (anime)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/le/legend_of_the_galactic_heroes.html" \o "Legend of the Galactic Heroes" Legend of the Galactic Heroes by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/ta/tanaka_yoshiki.html" \o "Tanaka Yoshiki" Yoshiki Tanaka (anime)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_super_dimension_fortress_macross.html" \o "The Super Dimension Fortress Macross" Macross (anime)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/o/ou/outlaw_star.html" \o "Outlaw Star" Outlaw Star (anime)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ro/robotech.html" \o "Robotech" Robotech (anime)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/st/star_trek.html" \o "Star Trek" Star Trek, created by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/ge/gene_roddenberry.html" \o "Gene Roddenberry" Gene Roddenberry Film  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/st/star_wars.html" \o "Star Wars" Star Wars, created by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/ge/george_lucas.html" \o "George Lucas" George Lucas Other  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/tr/traveller__role_playing_game_.html" \o "Traveller (role-playing game)" Traveller  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ro/role_playing_game.html" \o "Role-playing game" role-playing game setting created by Marc W. Miller Kai%2C_Death_of_Dreams - Redefining the term space opera See also:  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/ga/galactic_empire.html" \o "Galactic empire" Galactic Empire,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/ha/hard_science_fiction.html" \o "Hard science fiction" hard science fiction,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/so/soft_science_fiction.html" \o "Soft science fiction" soft science fiction Articles Dave Langford: Fun With Senseless Violence Military science fiction Military science fiction is a subset of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \o "Science fiction" science fiction/ HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sp/space_opera_1.html" \o "Space opera" space opera where interstellar or interplanetary conflict and its (usually) armed solution make up the backdrop of the story. Typically, the conflict is assumed to be inevitable (Humans vs. inhuman bugs, Democracies vs. Dictatorships, ...), and the military approach is not questioned. Traditional military values (discipline, courage, chain of command) are stressed, and the action is described from the point of view of a soldier or officer. Technology is advanced, but fairly static, wars are not primarily won by R&D or even  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/lo/logistics.html" \o "Logistics" logistics, but by willpower and military virtues. Thus, while the original  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/st/star_wars.html" \o "Star Wars" Star Wars movies have an armed conflict as backdrop, they would not usually be considered military sf. Most  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/st/star_trek.html" \o "Star Trek" Star Trek series are not part of this genre, although  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/de/deep_space_nine.html" \o "Deep Space Nine" Deep Space Nine borrows some of the genre conventions in later seasons. Similarly,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/ba/babylon_5.html" \o "Babylon 5" Babylon 5 is a borderline case. is clear military sf, but the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/le/lensman.html" \o "Lensman" Lensmen cycle by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/e_/e__e__smith.html" \o "E. E. Smith" E.E. Doc Smith is not. A very popular series, and a recommended intro to this subgenre is  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/da/david_weber.html" \o "David Weber" David Weber's on-going  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/ho/honor_harrington.html" \o "Honor Harrington" Honor Harrington series, which comes with 'reasonably' logical technology, believable plot, and (disputed by some) outstanding character depth. Another of the defining authors of the genre is  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/da/david_drake.html" \o "David Drake" David Drake, especially with his Hammer's Slammers series, but also with many of his other works. While much military science fiction is pure entertainment, and caters to a similar audience as historical and modern military novels, some authors manage to work within the genre conventions while posing interesting new questions. An example is  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/o/or/orson_scott_card.html" \o "Orson Scott Card" Orson Scott Card's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/en/ender_s_game.html" \o "Ender's Game" Ender's Game novel, where children are trained from a young age to fight for humanity. Many current military science fiction books are published by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/ba/baen_books.html" \o "Baen Books" Baen publishing house. List of military science fiction positions: The Aldenata series by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/jo/john_ringo.html" \o "John Ringo" John Ringo  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/ar/armour.html" \o "Armour" Armor ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1984.html" \o "1984" 1984) by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/jo/john_steakley.html" \o "John Steakley" John Steakley  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/bi/bill__the_galactic_hero.html" \o "Bill, the Galactic Hero" Bill, the Galactic Hero, ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1965.html" \o "1965" 1965)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/ha/harry_harrison.html" \o "Harry Harrison" Harry Harrison's parody of the whole genre  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/br/broken_angels.html" \o "Broken Angels" Broken Angels ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/2/20/2003.html" \o "2003" 2003) by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ri/richard_morgan.html" \o "Richard Morgan" Richard Morgan Clash by Night ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1943.html" \o "1943" 1943) by Lawrence O'Donnell (a penname of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/he/henry_kuttner.html" \o "Henry Kuttner" Henry Kuttner), depicting companies of mercenaries used to fight wars between fortified city states beneath the surface of the Venusian ocean after the nuclear destruction of Earth.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/cr/crest_of_the_stars.html" \o "Crest of the Stars" Crest of the Stars by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/mo/morioka_hiroyuki.html" \o "Morioka Hiroyuki" Morioka Hiroyuki ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/an/anime.html" \o "Anime" anime)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/ga/gaunt_s_ghosts.html" \o "Gaunt's Ghosts" Gaunt's Ghosts by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/da/dan_abnett.html" \o "Dan Abnett" Dan Abnett Hammer's Slammers series by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/da/david_drake.html" \o "David Drake" David Drake  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/ho/honor_harrington.html" \o "Honor Harrington" Honor Harrington series by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/da/david_weber.html" \o "David Weber" David Weber, one of the most popular series of that genre  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_forever_war.html" \o "The Forever War" The Forever War ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1975.html" \o "1975" 1975) by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/jo/joe_haldeman.html" \o "Joe Haldeman" Joe Haldeman '' HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/le/legend_of_the_galactic_heroes.html" \o "Legend of the Galactic Heroes" Legend of the Galactic Heroes by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/ta/tanaka_yoshiki.html" \o "Tanaka Yoshiki" Tanaka Yoshiki (anime) Parts of the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/mi/miles_vorkosigan.html" \o "Miles Vorkosigan" Miles Vorkosigan series (especially Borders of Infinity) by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/lo/lois_mcmaster_bujold.html" \o "Lois McMaster Bujold" Lois McMaster Bujold The Serrano Legacy by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/el/elizabeth_moon.html" \o "Elizabeth Moon" Elizabeth Moon '' TV series  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/st/starship_troopers.html" \o "Starship Troopers" Starship Troopers ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1959.html" \o "1959" 1959) by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ro/robert_a__heinlein.html" \o "Robert A. Heinlein" Robert A. Heinlein  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/w/wa/warhammer_40_000.html" \o "Warhammer 40,000" Warhammer 40,000 universe, started as a ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/w/wa/wargaming.html" \o "Wargaming" wargame) and spawned many comics and books (including the mentioned Gaunt's Ghosts series) Science fantasy For the magazine of the same name see  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fantasy__magazine_.html" \o "Science Fantasy (magazine)" Science Fantasy (magazine) Science fantasy is the merging of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \o "Science fiction" science fiction and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fa/fantasy.html" \o "Fantasy" fantasy, two popular  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/ge/genre.html" \o "Genre" genres of writing. The two are notoriously difficult to define, and possibly even more difficult to distinguish. One might claim that science fiction provides a scientific explanation for all phenomena, whereas fantasy mostly takes the supernatural for granted. However, the "science" behind these explanations is often no more than mumbo-jumbo, especially in the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/pu/pulp_magazine.html" \o "Pulp magazine" pulp magazines. Hence, it might be said that the difference is more one of stage props: on the one hand we have spacecraft and phasers, on the other hand magic carpets and wands of smiting. Now, since  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/ar/arthur_c__clarke.html" \o "Arthur C. Clarke" Arthur C. Clarke claims that "any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic", this distinction also becomes blurred, and the area in which it is most blurred is science fantasy. Here, we find the props that are typical for fantasy explained in a manner typical for science fiction: monsters become aliens, and magic artifacts become relics of forgotten science. The Martian stories of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/le/leigh_brackett.html" \o "Leigh Brackett" Leigh Brackett might be regarded as science fantasy, as well as  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/m_/m__john_harrison.html" \o "M. John Harrison" M. John Harrison's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/v/vi/viriconium.html" \o "Viriconium" Viriconium novels, or  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/ge/gene_wolfe.html" \o "Gene Wolfe" Gene Wolfe's Book of the New Sun. Many works by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/ed/edgar_rice_burroughs.html" \o "Edgar Rice Burroughs" Edgar Rice Burroughs, especially his  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/ba/barsoom.html" \o "Barsoom" Barsoom novels, clearly fall into this category.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/te/terry_brooks.html" \o "Terry Brooks" Terry Brooks' world depicted in "The Sword of Shannara" sits on this line as well. Perhaps the most well-known example of science fantasy is  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/st/star_wars.html" \o "Star Wars" Star Wars. Cyberpunk Cyberpunk (a  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/po/portmanteau.html" \o "Portmanteau" portmanteau of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/cy/cybernetics.html" \o "Cybernetics" cybernetics and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/pu/punk.html" \o "Punk" punk) is a sub- HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/ge/genre.html" \o "Genre" genre of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \o "Science fiction" science fiction which uses elements from the hard-boiled  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/de/detective_fiction.html" \o "Detective fiction" detective novel,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fi/film_noir_1.html" \o "Film noir" film noir, Japanese  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/an/anime.html" \o "Anime" anime, and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/po/postmodernism.html" \o "Postmodernism" post-modernist prose. It describes the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/ni/nihilism.html" \o "Nihilism" nihilistic, underground side of the digital society which started to evolve in the last two decades of the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/2/20/20th_century.html" \o "20th century" 20th century. The  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/dy/dystopia.html" \o "Dystopia" dystopian world of cyberpunk has been called the antithesis of the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/u/ut/utopia.html" \o "Utopia" utopian  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \o "Science fiction" science fiction visions of the mid-20th century as typified by the world of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/st/star_trek.html" \o "Star Trek" Star Trek. Table of contents  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/cy/cyberpunk.html" \l "History#History" 1 History  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/cy/cyberpunk.html" \l "Notable precursors to the genre#Notable precursors to the genre" 2 Notable precursors to the genre  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/cy/cyberpunk.html" \l "Cyberpunk writers and works#Cyberpunk writers and works" 3 Cyberpunk writers and works  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/cy/cyberpunk.html" \l "Quote#Quote" 4 Quote  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/cy/cyberpunk.html" \l "See also#See also" 5 See also  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/cy/cyberpunk.html" \l "External links#External links" 6 External linksHistory The term was originally coined in  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1980.html" \o "1980" 1980 by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/mi/minnesota.html" \o "Minnesota" Minnesota writer  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/br/bruce_bethke.html" \o "Bruce Bethke" Bruce Bethke for his  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sh/short_story.html" \o "Short story" short story, "Cyberpunk," which was first published in Amazing Science Fiction Stories, Volume 57, Number 4, November 1983, although it was quickly appropriated as a label to be applied to the works of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/w/wi/william_gibson.html" \o "William Gibson" Gibson,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ru/rudy_rucker.html" \o "Rudy Rucker" Rucker, and others. In cyberpunk literature, much of the action takes place  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/o/on/online.html" \o "Online" online, in  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/cy/cyberspace.html" \o "Cyberspace" cyberspace - the clear borderline between the real and the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/v/vi/virtual_reality.html" \o "Virtual reality" virtual becomes blurred. A typical (though not universal) feature of the genre is a direct connection between the human brain and computer systems. Cyberpunk's world is a sinister, dark place with networked computers that dominate every aspect of life. Giant multinational corporations have replaced governments as centres of power. The  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/al/alienation.html" \o "Alienation" alienated outsider's battle against a totalitarian system is a common theme in science fiction; however, in conventional science fiction those systems tended to be sterile, ordered, and state-controlled. In sharp contrast, Cyberpunk shows the seamy underbelly of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/co/corporatocracy.html" \o "Corporatocracy" corporatocracy, and the Sisyphean battle against their power by disillusioned renegades. Cyberpunk literature tends to be strongly dystopian and pessimistic. It is often a metaphor for the present day, reflecting worries about large corporations, corruption in governments, and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/al/alienation.html" \o "Alienation" alienation. Some cyberpunk authors also intend their works to act as warnings of possible futures that may follow from current trends. As such, cyberpunk is often written with the intention of disquieting the reader and calling him to action. Cyberpunk stories are seen by some social theorists as fictional forecasts of the evolution of the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/i/in/internet.html" \o "Internet" Internet. The  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/v/vi/virtual_world.html" \o "Virtual world" virtual world of the Internet often appears in cyberpunk under various names, including "cyberspace," the "Metaverse" (as seen in  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sn/snow_crash.html" \o "Snow Crash" Snow Crash), and the "Matrix" (originally from  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/ne/neuromancer.html" \o "Neuromancer" Neuromancer, but further popularized by the movie  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_matrix.html" \o "The Matrix" The Matrix). Notable precursors to the genre  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/ge/george_orwell.html" \o "George Orwell" George Orwell ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/ni/nineteen_eighty_four.html" \o "Nineteen Eighty-Four" 1984,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1948.html" \o "1948" 1948)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/al/alfred_bester__author_.html" \o "Alfred Bester (author)" Alfred Bester ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_stars_my_destination.html" \o "The Stars My Destination" The Stars My Destination (Tiger! Tiger!),  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1956.html" \o "1956" 1956)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/w/wi/william_s__burroughs.html" \o "William S. Burroughs" William S. Burroughs ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/na/naked_lunch.html" \o "Naked Lunch" Naked Lunch,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1959.html" \o "1959" 1959, The Soft Machine,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1961.html" \o "1961" 1961)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ro/roger_zelazny.html" \o "Roger Zelazny" Roger Zelazny ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/dr/dream_master.html" \o "Dream Master" Dream Master (He Who Shapes))  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/ph/philip_k__dick.html" \o "Philip K. Dick" Philip K. Dick ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/do/do_androids_dream_of_electric_sheep_.html" \o "Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?" Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/bl/blade_runner.html" \o "Blade Runner" Blade Runner))  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/da/david_drake.html" \o "David Drake" David Drake (Lacey and His Friends,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1974.html" \o "1974" 1974)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/jo/john_brunner.html" \o "John Brunner" John Brunner ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_shockwave_rider.html" \o "The Shockwave Rider" The Shockwave Rider,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1975.html" \o "1975" 1975)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/k/k_/k__w__jeter.html" \o "K. W. Jeter" K. W. Jeter (Dr. Adder, published in the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1980s.html" \o "1980s" 1980s but written earlier)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/v/ve/vernor_vinge.html" \o "Vernor Vinge" Vernor Vinge ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/tr/true_names.html" \o "True Names" True Names,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1981.html" \o "1981" 1981) Cyberpunk writers and works  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/w/wi/william_gibson.html" \o "William Gibson" William Gibson with his novel  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/ne/neuromancer.html" \o "Neuromancer" Neuromancer ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1984.html" \o "1984" 1984) is likely the most famous writer connected with the term cyberpunk. He emphasized style, character development and atmosphere over traditional science-fictional tropes, and Neuromancer was awarded the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/hu/hugo_award_1.html" \o "Hugo Award" Hugo,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/ne/nebula_award_1.html" \o "Nebula Award" Nebula, and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/ph/philip_k__dick_memorial_award.html" \o "Philip K. Dick Memorial Award" Philip K. Dick Awards.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ra/raymond_chandler.html" \o "Raymond Chandler" Raymond Chandler with his bleak, cynical worldview and staccato prose strongly influenced the creators of the genre. The world of cyberpunk is the dystopian, hopeless world of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fi/film_noir_1.html" \o "Film noir" film noir, but pushed just a little bit into the future. Other famous cyberpunk writers include  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/br/bruce_sterling.html" \o "Bruce Sterling" Bruce Sterling (who functioned as cyberpunk's chief ideologue with his  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fa/fanzine.html" \o "Fanzine" fanzine  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/ch/cheap_truth.html" \o "Cheap Truth" Cheap Truth),  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/ph/philip_k__dick.html" \o "Philip K. Dick" Philip K. Dick,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ru/rudy_rucker.html" \o "Rudy Rucker" Rudy Rucker,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/pa/pat_cadigan.html" \o "Pat Cadigan" Pat Cadigan, and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/ne/neal_stephenson.html" \o "Neal Stephenson" Neal Stephenson. The film Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic science fiction Apocalyptic science fiction is a  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/ge/genre.html" \o "Genre" sub-genre of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \o "Science fiction" science fiction that is concerned with the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/en/end_of_the_world.html" \o "End of the world" end of the world or civilization, through  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/nu/nuclear_warfare.html" \o "Nuclear warfare" nuclear war,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/bu/bubonic_plague.html" \o "Bubonic plague" plague, or some other general disaster. Post-apocalyptic science fiction is set in a world or civilization after such a disaster. The time frame may be immediately after the catastrophe, focusing on the travails or psychology of survivors, or considerably later, often including the theme that the existence of pre-catastrophe civilization has been forgotten or mythologized. The fall of civilization may also be the fall of a space based civilization. This plot device allows writers to write  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/so/soft_science_fiction.html" \o "Soft science fiction" Soft science fiction while accounting for the lack of technological advancement and thus remain relevant to the present day no matter how far in the future the events are set. The use of post-apocalyptic contexts in movies is now so common as to be trite and the subject of frequent parody. The use of it to convey the director's opinion that nuclear war or environmental devastation are inevitable if trends continue of if humans do not "mend their ways" can seem particularly patronizing, paternalistic and pretentiously "caring". There is a considerable degree of blurring between this form of science fiction and that which deals with false utopias or  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/dy/dystopia.html" \o "Dystopia" dystopic societies. Table of contents  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/ap/apocalyptic_and_post_apocalyptic_science_fiction.html" \l "Examples (listed by nature of the catastrophe)#Examples (listed by nature of the catastrophe)" 1 Examples (listed by nature of the catastrophe)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/ap/apocalyptic_and_post_apocalyptic_science_fiction.html" \l "World War III#World War III" 1.1 World War III  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/ap/apocalyptic_and_post_apocalyptic_science_fiction.html" \l "Pandemic#Pandemic" 1.2 Pandemic  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/ap/apocalyptic_and_post_apocalyptic_science_fiction.html" \l "Astronomic impact (meteorites)#Astronomic impact (meteorites)" 1.3 Astronomic impact (meteorites)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/ap/apocalyptic_and_post_apocalyptic_science_fiction.html" \l "Alien invasion#Alien invasion" 1.4 Alien invasion  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/ap/apocalyptic_and_post_apocalyptic_science_fiction.html" \l "Ecological catastrophe#Ecological catastrophe" 1.5 Ecological catastrophe  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/ap/apocalyptic_and_post_apocalyptic_science_fiction.html" \l "The Computers take over#The Computers take over" 1.6 The Computers take over  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/ap/apocalyptic_and_post_apocalyptic_science_fiction.html" \l "The decline and fall of the human race#The decline and fall of the human race" 1.7 The decline and fall of the human race  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/ap/apocalyptic_and_post_apocalyptic_science_fiction.html" \l "After the Fall of Space Based Civilization#After the Fall of Space Based Civilization" 1.8 After the Fall of Space Based Civilization  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/ap/apocalyptic_and_post_apocalyptic_science_fiction.html" \l "Various#Various" 1.9 Various  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/ap/apocalyptic_and_post_apocalyptic_science_fiction.html" \l "To be categorized#To be categorized" 1.10 To be categorizedExamples (listed by nature of the catastrophe)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/w/wo/world_war_iii.html" \o "World War III" World War III  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/w/wa/walter_miller.html" \o "Walter Miller" Walter M. Miller, Jr's novel  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/a_/a_canticle_for_leibowitz.html" \o "A Canticle for Leibowitz" A Canticle for Leibowitz  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ru/russell_hoban.html" \o "Russell Hoban" Russell Hoban's novel  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ri/riddley_walker.html" \o "Riddley Walker" Riddley Walker Pat Frank's novel  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/al/alas__babylon.html" \o "Alas, Babylon" Alas Babylon The Planet Of The Apes film series The  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/ma/mad_max.html" \o "Mad Max" Mad Max trilogy  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/ha/harlan_ellison.html" \o "Harlan Ellison" Harlan Ellison's short story and 1975 film  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/a_/a_boy_and_his_dog_1.html" \o "A Boy and His Dog" A Boy and His Dog. Mordecai Roshwald's novel  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/le/level_7.html" \o "Level 7" Level 7  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/da/david_brin.html" \o "David Brin" David Brin's novel  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_postman.html" \o "The Postman" The Postman  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/ph/philip_k__dick.html" \o "Philip K. Dick" Philip K. Dick Dr Bloodmoney Deus Irae (in collaboration with  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ro/roger_zelazny.html" \o "Roger Zelazny" Roger Zelazny).  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/do/do_androids_dream_of_electric_sheep_.html" \o "Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?" Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep The Penultimate Truth The World Jones Made and many of his short stories  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ro/roger_zelazny.html" \o "Roger Zelazny" Roger Zelazny's novel Damnation Alley and the film made of it The  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/po/poland.html" \o "Poland" Polish movie  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/se/seksmisja.html" \o "Seksmisja" Sexmisja  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/an/andrzej_ziemianski.html" \o "Andrzej Ziemianski" Andrzej Ziemianski's short story Autobahn nach Poznan Robert J. Szmidt's novel Apokalipsa wedlug Pana Jana Marc Caro's black comedy  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/de/delicatessen__movie_.html" \o "Delicatessen (movie)" Delicatessen The  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/co/computer_role_playing_game.html" \o "Computer role-playing game" computer role-playing game  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fa/fallout__computer_game_.html" \o "Fallout (computer game)" Fallout series The  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/co/computer_role_playing_game.html" \o "Computer role-playing game" computer role-playing game  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/w/wa/wasteland__computer_game_.html" \o "Wasteland (computer game)" Wasteland The  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ro/role_playing_game.html" \o "Role-playing game" Role-playing game from Game Designer's Workshop: . The  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/po/poland.html" \o "Poland" Polish  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ro/role_playing_game.html" \o "Role-playing game" Role-playing game from Portal Publishing: Neuroshima. The  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ro/role_playing_game.html" \o "Role-playing game" Role-playing game from Timeline Ltd.:  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_morrow_project.html" \o "The Morrow Project" The Morrow Project The  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/am/amtrak.html" \o "Amtrak" Amtrak Wars epic novel series by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/pa/patrick_tilley.html" \o "Patrick Tilley" Patrick Tilley  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_day_after.html" \o "The Day After" The Day After, a 1983 film about the effects of nuclear war on a Kansas town the film  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/te/testament__film_.html" \o "Testament (film)" Testament the Shanarra Series by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/te/terry_brooks.html" \o "Terry Brooks" Terry Brooks, a fantasy book set after WWIII destroys all technology and warps the human race into other species. the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/v/va/vampire_hunter_d.html" \o "Vampire Hunter D" Vampire Hunter D novels and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/an/anime.html" \o "Anime" anime films, set ten thousand years after a nuclear war occurs in  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1999.html" \o "1999" 1999.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/pe/pebble_in_the_sky.html" \o "Pebble in the Sky" Pebble in the Sky by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/i/is/isaac_asimov.html" \o "Isaac Asimov" Isaac Asimov. (A later book,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ro/robots_and_empire.html" \o "Robots and Empire" Robots and Empire, gave a different explanation.) The novel Children of The Dust by Louise Lawerence  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/ne/nevil_shute.html" \o "Nevil Shute" Nevil Shute's novel  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/o/on/on_the_beach.html" \o "On the Beach" On The Beach, and the films based on it. William F. Nolan and George Clayton Johnson's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/lo/logan_s_run.html" \o "Logan's Run" Logan's Run, and the film based on it.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/pa/pandemic.html" \o "Pandemic" Pandemic The novel  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_last_man.html" \o "The Last Man" The Last Man by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/ma/mary_shelley.html" \o "Mary Shelley" Mary Shelley The novella The Scarlet Plague (1912) by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/ja/jack_london.html" \o "Jack London" Jack London. The novel Earth Abides (1949) by George R. Stewart. The novel  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/i/i_/i_am_legend.html" \o "I Am Legend" I Am Legend by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ri/richard_matheson.html" \o "Richard Matheson" Richard Matheson, filmed as  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/i/i_/i_am_legend.html" \o "I Am Legend" The Last Man On Earth and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/i/i_/i_am_legend.html" \o "I Am Legend" The Omega Man. The films  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/la/la_jetee.html" \o "La Jetщe" La Jetщe,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/tw/twelve_monkeys.html" \o "Twelve Monkeys" Twelve Monkeys and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/2/28/28_days_later.html" \o "28 Days Later" 28 Days Later The novel and miniseries  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_stand.html" \o "The Stand" The Stand by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/st/stephen_king.html" \o "Stephen King" Stephen King The novel  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/a_/a_gift_upon_the_shore.html" \o "A Gift Upon the Shore" A Gift Upon the Shore by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/m_/m__k__wren.html" \o "M. K. Wren" M.K. Wren The  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/bb/bbc.html" \o "BBC" BBC television series  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/su/survivors.html" \o "Survivors" Survivors, written by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/te/terry_nation.html" \o "Terry Nation" Terry Nation The novel  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_children_of_men.html" \o "The Children of Men" The Children of Men, written by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/p_/p__d__james.html" \o "P. D. James" P.D. James The  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sh/showtime.html" \o "Showtime" Showtime cable television series  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/je/jeremiah__series_.html" \o "Jeremiah (series)" Jeremiah, based off the comic of the same name. The novel  HYPERLINK "http://www.geocities.com/jeanboyle2/Index.html" Full Circle by Michael Boyle The novel  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/do/do_androids_dream_of_electric_sheep_.html" \o "Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?" Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/ph/philip_k__dick.html" \o "Philip K. Dick" Philip K. Dick  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/2/20/2004.html" \o "2004" 2004 film version of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/da/dawn_of_the_dead__2004_.html" \o "Dawn of the Dead (2004)" Dawn of the Dead The  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/ma/manga.html" \o "Manga" manga by Hiroki Endo Astronomic impact (meteorites) The film When Worlds Collide ''Lucifer's Hammer by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/la/larry_niven.html" \o "Larry Niven" Larry Niven and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/je/jerry_pournelle.html" \o "Jerry Pournelle" Jerry Pournelle  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_forge_of_god.html" \o "The Forge of God" The Forge of God by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/gr/greg_bear.html" \o "Greg Bear" Greg Bear The film  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/ar/armageddon__movie_.html" \o "Armageddon (movie)" Armageddon The film  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/de/deep_impact__movie_.html" \o "Deep Impact (movie)" Deep Impact The  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/an/animated_series.html" \o "Animated series" animated series  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/thundarr_the_barbarian.html" \o "Thundarr the Barbarian" Thundarr the Barbarian  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/al/alien_invasion.html" \o "Alien invasion" Alien invasion  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/h_/h__g__wells.html" \o "H. G. Wells" H. G. Wells'  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_war_of_the_worlds.html" \o "The War of the Worlds" The War of the Worlds (in several media)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sa/samuel_youd.html" \o "Samuel Youd" John Christopher's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_tripods.html" \o "The Tripods" The Tripods  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ro/robert_a__heinlein.html" \o "Robert A. Heinlein" Robert A. Heinlein's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_puppet_masters.html" \o "The Puppet Masters" The Puppet Masters The  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/te/television_program.html" \o "Television program" TV-series  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/v/v_/v__television_series_.html" \o "V (television series)" V The film  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/i/in/independence_day__movie_.html" \o "Independence Day (movie)" Independence Day  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/i/in/invasion_of_the_body_snatchers.html" \o "Invasion of the Body Snatchers" Invasion of the Body Snatchers The anime  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/ge/genesis_climber_mospeada.html" \o "Genesis Climber Mospeada" Genesis Climber Mospeada The  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/co/computer_game.html" \o "Computer game" computer game  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/ma/manhunter__game_.html" \o "Manhunter (game)" Manhunter Ecological catastrophe The novel Greybeard by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/br/brian_aldiss.html" \o "Brian Aldiss" Brian Aldiss, in which the human race becomes sterile. The novel The Sheep Look Up by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/jo/john_brunner.html" \o "John Brunner" John Brunner, in which the United States is overwhelmed by environmental irresponsibility and authoritarianism. The novel In the Drift by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/mi/michael_swanwick.html" \o "Michael Swanwick" Michael Swanwick (also an  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/al/alternative_history.html" \o "Alternative history" Alternate history story; the premise is that the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1979.html" \o "1979" 1979  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/three_mile_island.html" \o "Three Mile Island" Three Mile Island reactor incident resulted in a large release of radioactivity.) The novel  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/o/or/oryx_and_crake.html" \o "Oryx and Crake" Oryx and Crake by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/ma/margaret_atwood.html" \o "Margaret Atwood" Margaret Atwood The collection of stories Flight of the Horse by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/la/larry_niven.html" \o "Larry Niven" Larry Niven The film  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/si/silent_running.html" \o "Silent Running" Silent Running The film  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/q/qu/quintet__film_.html" \o "Quintet (film)" Quintet The  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/k/ke/kevin_costner.html" \o "Kevin Costner" Kevin Costner film  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/w/wa/waterworld.html" \o "Waterworld" Waterworld The  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/thomas_vinterberg.html" \o "Thomas Vinterberg" Thomas Vinterberg film  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/i/it/it_s_all_about_love.html" \o "It's All About Love" It's All About Love The  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ro/roland_emmerich.html" \o "Roland Emmerich" Roland Emmerich film  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_day_after_tomorrow.html" \o "The Day After Tomorrow" The Day After Tomorrow The novel Dust by Charles Pellegrino, in which all the insect species on Earth die out, and the ecology crashes as a result. The film No Blade Of Grass, based off the book The Death Of Grass by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sa/samuel_youd.html" \o "Samuel Youd" John Christopher, in which a virus that destroys plants causes massive famine and societal breakdown. The novel  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/ca/cat_s_cradle.html" \o "Cat's Cradle" Cat's Cradle, by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/k/ku/kurt_vonnegut.html" \o "Kurt Vonnegut" Kurt Vonnegut, in which all the water on Earth freezes. The  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/ha/harry_harrison.html" \o "Harry Harrison" Harry Harrison novel Make Room! Make Room! and the 1973 film  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/so/soylent_green.html" \o "Soylent Green" Soylent Green.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_computers_take_over.html" \o "The computers take over" The Computers take over The  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1909.html" \o "1909" 1909  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sh/short_story.html" \o "Short story" short story  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_machine_stops.html" \o "The Machine Stops" The Machine Stops by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/e_/e__m__forster.html" \o "E. M. Forster" E. M. Forster (more machinery than computers) The  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/no/novel.html" \o "Novel" novel and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fi/film_1.html" \o "Film" movie, (not exactly an apocalypse, however) The  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/no/novel.html" \o "Novel" novel  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/this_perfect_day.html" \o "This Perfect Day" This Perfect Day by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/i/ir/ira_levin.html" \o "Ira Levin" Ira Levin The future depicted in the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_terminator.html" \o "The Terminator" Terminator film series The film  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/al/alphaville__une_etrange_aventure_de_lemmy_caution.html" \o "Alphaville, une щtrange aventure de Lemmy Caution" Alphaville, une щtrange aventure de Lemmy Caution by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/je/jean_luc_godard.html" \o "Jean-Luc Godard" Jean-Luc Godard The film  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_matrix.html" \o "The Matrix" The Matrix  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/ha/harlan_ellison.html" \o "Harlan Ellison" Harlan Ellison's short story  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/i/i_/i_have_no_mouth_and_i_must_scream.html" \o "I Have No Mouth and I Must Scream" I Have No Mouth and I Must Scream The  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/po/poland.html" \o "Poland" Polish  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ro/role_playing_game.html" \o "Role-playing game" role-playing game from Portal Publishing: Neuroshima. The decline and fall of the human race  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/pl/planet_of_the_apes.html" \o "Planet of the Apes" Planet of the Apes The latter part of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/h_/h__g__wells.html" \o "H. G. Wells" H. G. Wells'  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_time_machine.html" \o "The Time Machine" The Time Machine The  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1970s.html" \o "1970s" 1970s movie  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/z/za/zardoz.html" \o "Zardoz" Zardoz The films  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/da/dawn_of_the_dead__1978_.html" \o "Dawn of the Dead (1978)" Dawn of the Dead and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/da/day_of_the_dead__movie_.html" \o "Day of the Dead (movie)" Day of the Dead by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/ge/george_a__romero.html" \o "George A. Romero" George Romero After the Fall of Space Based Civilization  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/i/is/isaac_asimov.html" \o "Isaac Asimov" Isaac Asimov's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fo/foundation__novel_.html" \o "Foundation (novel)" Foundation series Gene Roddenberry's Andromeda television series Various Much of the work of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/j_/j__g__ballard.html" \o "J. G. Ballard" J. G. Ballard, in which the current era is sometimes described as the pre-Third, referring to  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/w/wo/world_war_iii.html" \o "World War III" World War III. Much of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/jo/john_wyndham.html" \o "John Wyndham" John Wyndham's work, e.g.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_day_of_the_triffids.html" \o "The Day of the Triffids" The Day of the Triffids, The Chrysalids, later reprinted in the US as  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/re/re_birth.html" \o "Re-Birth" Re-Birth After London by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ri/richard_jefferies.html" \o "Richard Jefferies" Richard Jefferies; the nature of the catastrophe is never stated, except that apparently most of the human race quickly dies out, leaving England to revert to nature. The Purple Cloud by M.P. Shiel (A volcanic eruption floods the earth with cyanide gas, leaving only two survivors) The manga and movie Dragon Head, by Mochizuki Minetaro To be categorized First Spaceship on Venus The novel In The Country of Last Thing by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/pa/paul_auster.html" \o "Paul Auster" Paul Auster Ape and Essence by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/al/aldous_huxley.html" \o "Aldous Huxley" Aldous Huxley '' HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/af/aftermath.html" \o "Aftermath" Aftermath by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/gr/gregory_benford.html" \o "Gregory Benford" Gregory Benford Nosutoradamusu no daiyogen a.k.a. The Last Days of Planet Earth, a 1974 Japanese film. ''See also:  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/ti/timeline_of_fictional_future_events.html" \o "Timeline of fictional future events" Timeline of fictional future events The computers take over The computers take over is a  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \o "Science fiction" science-fiction  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/scenario.html" \o "Scenario" scenario in which a  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/su/supercomputer.html" \o "Supercomputer" supercomputer becomes intelligent and views humans as a threat to its safety. The computer will then try to wipe out the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/hu/human.html" \o "Human" human race, or at least take control of it. Examples of "computers taking over"  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_terminator.html" \o "The Terminator" The Terminator series  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_matrix.html" \o "The Matrix" The Matrix series  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/i/i_/i__robot__movie_.html" \o "I, Robot (movie)" I, Robot Postcyberpunk Table of contents  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/po/postcyberpunk.html" \l "History#History" 1 History  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/po/postcyberpunk.html" \l "Examples of postcyberpunk#Examples of postcyberpunk" 2 Examples of postcyberpunk  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/po/postcyberpunk.html" \l "See also#See also" 3 See also  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/po/postcyberpunk.html" \l "External links#External links" 4 External linksHistory In  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1998.html" \o "1998" 1998,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/la/lawrence_person.html" \o "Lawrence Person" Lawrence Person published an article called Notes Towards a Postcyberpunk Manifesto in the small-press magazine  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/no/nova_express.html" \o "Nova Express" Nova Express and on the popular technology website  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sl/slashdot.html" \o "Slashdot" Slashdot in 1999. The well-referenced article identified the emergence of a postcyberpunk as the evolution of the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/cy/cyberpunk.html" \o "Cyberpunk" cyberpunk  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/ge/genre.html" \o "Genre" genre of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \o "Science fiction" science-fiction popular in the late 1970s and 1980s characterized by movies like  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/bl/blade_runner.html" \o "Blade Runner" Blade Runner and books like William Gibson's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/ne/neuromancer.html" \o "Neuromancer" Neuromancer. Like its predecessor, postcyberpunk depicts realistic near-futures rather than  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sp/space_opera_1.html" \o "Space opera" space opera-style deep futures. The focus is on the social effects of Earth-bound technology rather than space travel. He argues that postcyberpunk is distinct from  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/cy/cyberpunk.html" \o "Cyberpunk" cyberpunk in the following ways: Cyberpunk typically dealt with  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/al/alienation.html" \o "Alienation" alienated loners in a  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/dy/dystopia.html" \o "Dystopia" dystopia. Postcyberpunk tends to deal with characters who are more involved with society, and act to defend an existing social order or create a better society. In cyberpunk, the alienating effect of new technology is emphasised, whereas in postcyberpunk, "technology is society" (including more  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/te/technocracy.html" \o "Technocracy" technocracy or  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/cy/cyberprep.html" \o "Cyberprep" cyberprep themes than traditional cyberpunk.) Other possible characteristics: A more realistic depiction of computers (the replacment of virtual reality by a sort of super voice/audio/video/holographic  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/i/in/internet.html" \o "Internet" Internet-based network.) A change in emphasis from metallic implants to  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/bi/biotechnology.html" \o "Biotechnology" biotechnology Why did postcyberpunk emerge? Perhaps because SF authors and the general population began using computers, the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/i/in/internet.html" \o "Internet" Internet and PDAs to their benefit, without the expected massive social fragmentation of this Information Revolution predicted in the 1970s and 1980s. Examples of postcyberpunk  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/co/cory_doctorow.html" \o "Cory Doctorow" Cory Doctorow's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/do/down_and_out_in_the_magic_kingdom.html" \o "Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom" Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/w/wa/warren_ellis.html" \o "Warren Ellis" Warren Ellis and Darick Robertson's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/tr/transmetropolitan.html" \o "Transmetropolitan" Transmetropolitan  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/na/nancy_kress.html" \o "Nancy Kress" Nancy Kress's Beggars In Spain  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/k/ke/ken_macleod.html" \o "Ken MacLeod" Ken MacLeod's The Star Fraction and The Stone Canal  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/ne/neal_stephenson.html" \o "Neal Stephenson" Neal Stephenson's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_diamond_age.html" \o "The Diamond Age" The Diamond Age and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/cr/cryptonomicon.html" \o "Cryptonomicon" Cryptonomicon  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/br/bruce_sterling.html" \o "Bruce Sterling" Bruce Sterling's Islands in the Net and Holy Fire Some authors to which the label has been applied have endorsed and adopted it. However, classification is always difficult; there are many works which explore postcyberpunk themes in a dystopian way - e.g.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/pa/paul_mcauley.html" \o "Paul McAuley" Paul McAuley's Fairyland. Some authors are hard to classify. For example,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/gr/greg_egan.html" \o "Greg Egan" Greg Egan's work is arguably so inventive as to defy classification into a "movement" or "sub-genre". Postcyberpunk could become an umbrella for all sorts of interesting near-future action in movies and books such as Max Berry's satirical  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/je/jennifer_government.html" \o "Jennifer Government" Jennifer Government. Postcyberpunk novels and movies have  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/2/20/2004.html" \o "2004" as of 2004 yet to gain as widespread popularity as their precursors (the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/ma/matrix_series.html" \o "Matrix series" Matrix trilogy is usually considered cyberpunk). Somewhat ironically, the technological optimism seen in postcyberpunk work can be traced back to  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/i/is/isaac_asimov.html" \o "Isaac Asimov" Isaac Asimov's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/three_laws_of_robotics_1.html" \o "Three Laws of Robotics" Laws of Robotics, or even to the sympathetic robots Helen O. Loy and Adam Link, all of which predate cyberpunk by a half-century. See also  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/cy/cyberprep.html" \o "Cyberprep" cyberprep  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/tr/transhumanism.html" \o "Transhumanism" transhumanism  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/te/technocracy.html" \o "Technocracy" technocracy External links  HYPERLINK "http://slashdot.org/features/99/10/08/2123255.shtml" Notes Towards a Postcyberpunk Manifesto by Lawrence Person, as posted on Slashdot  HYPERLINK "http://www.sflit.com/novaexpress/16/toc-16.html" Nova Express Online Issue #16 Table of Contents Social fiction Social fiction (also called political fiction) is sub- HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/ge/genre.html" \o "Genre" genre of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \o "Science fiction" science fiction focused on possible development of societies (most often set in near future or a fictional country), very often dominated by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/to/totalitarianism.html" \o "Totalitarianism" totalitarian governments. Social fiction was very popular during the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/co/cold_war_1.html" \o "Cold War" Cold War as a satire of the communist rule, on both sides of the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/i/ir/iron_curtain.html" \o "Iron Curtain" Iron Curtain. While the most famous Western social dystopias alluding to the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/so/soviet_union.html" \o "Soviet Union" Soviet Union ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/o/or/orwell__disambiguation_.html" \o "Orwell (disambiguation)" Orwell's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/ni/nineteen_eighty_four.html" \o "Nineteen Eighty-Four" Nineteen Eighty-Four,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/al/aldous_huxley.html" \o "Aldous Huxley" Huxley's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/br/brave_new_world_1.html" \o "Brave New World" Brave New World) were written in  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1930s.html" \o "1930s" 1930s and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1940s.html" \o "1940s" 1940s, in countries like  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/po/poland.html" \o "Poland" Poland the genre was most common in the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1980s.html" \o "1980s" 1980s among Polish science-fiction writers like  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/ja/janusz_a__zajdel.html" \o "Janusz A. Zajdel" Janusz A. Zajdel (Limes Inferior, Paradyzja) or  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/ed/edmund_wnuk_lipinski.html" \o "Edmund Wnuk-Lipinski" Edmund Wnuk-Lipinski (Apostezjon trilogy). After the fall of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/co/communism.html" \o "Communism" communism, the genre became less popular. New Wave (science fiction) During the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1960s.html" \o "1960s" 1960s a number of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \o "Science fiction" science fiction authors began writing more experimental works than was usual in the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/ge/genre.html" \o "Genre" genre: imagistic, highly metaphoric stories, inclined more towards  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/ps/psychology.html" \o "Psychology" psychology and the soft sciences than to  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/ha/hard_science_fiction.html" \o "Hard science fiction" hard SF. This movement was perhaps stronger in  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/u/un/united_kingdom.html" \o "United Kingdom" Britain, where  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/mi/michael_moorcock.html" \o "Michael Moorcock" Michael Moorcock had taken over the editorship of the magazine New Worlds Science Fiction, serialising  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/no/norman_spinrad.html" \o "Norman Spinrad" Norman Spinrad's `Bug Jack Barron', notable for being the first science fiction novel to be condemned in the UK Parliament. The New Wave movement was not restricted to the UK though, and there were new wave authors in the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/u/un/united_states.html" \o "United States" USA as well. The New Wave movement started to explore many subjects, including  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/se/sex_in_science_fiction.html" \o "Sex in science fiction" sex in science fiction in ways that were previously unthinkable.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/ha/harlan_ellison.html" \o "Harlan Ellison" Harlan Ellison's anthology  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/da/dangerous_visions.html" \o "Dangerous Visions" Dangerous Visions was an important milestone in the development of the New Wave. Important New Wave authors include  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/br/brian_aldiss.html" \o "Brian Aldiss" Brian Aldiss,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/j_/j__g__ballard.html" \o "J. G. Ballard" J.G. Ballard,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/thomas_m__disch.html" \o "Thomas M. Disch" Thomas M. Disch,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/m_/m__john_harrison.html" \o "M. John Harrison" M. John Harrison,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ro/roger_zelazny.html" \o "Roger Zelazny" Roger Zelazny, and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/mi/michael_moorcock.html" \o "Michael Moorcock" Moorcock himself. Precursors of New Wave might be considered to be  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ra/ray_bradbury.html" \o "Ray Bradbury" Ray Bradbury and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/al/alfred_bester__author_.html" \o "Alfred Bester (author)" Alfred Bester. (The term "New Wave" is borrowed from film criticism's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fr/french_new_wave.html" \o "French new wave" nouvelle vague: films characterised by the work of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/je/jean_luc_goddard.html" \o "Jean-Luc Goddard" Jean-Luc Goddard,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fr/francois_truffaut.html" \o "Franчois Truffaut" Franчois Truffaut, and others. It was later applied to 1970s  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/pu/punk_rock.html" \o "Punk rock" punk rock in the UK and to  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/ne/new_wave_music.html" \o "New Wave music" new wave music.) Alternative history (fiction) ''This article deals with the subgenre of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \o "Science fiction" science fiction commonly known as alternate history. For other meanings, see the disambiguation page  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/al/alternative_history.html" \o "Alternative history" Alternative history.'' Alternative history or alternate history is  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fi/fiction.html" \o "Fiction" fiction that is set in a world in which history has diverged from history as it is generally known. While to some extent, all fiction can be classified as alternative history, this genre is used to denote fiction in which a change happens which causes history to diverge. For a variety of reasons, alternate history is generally classified as a subcategory of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \o "Science fiction" science fiction. Stories which were set in the future when they were written which has since come and passed (such as  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/ge/george_orwell.html" \o "George Orwell" George Orwell's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/ni/nineteen_eighty_four.html" \o "Nineteen Eighty-Four" Nineteen Eighty-Four) are not alternative history. Table of contents  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/al/alternative_history__fiction_.html" \l "Overview#Overview" 1 Overview  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/al/alternative_history__fiction_.html" \l "Uchronie#Uchronie" 2 Uchronie  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/al/alternative_history__fiction_.html" \l "Published alternative histories#Published alternative histories" 3 Published alternative histories  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/al/alternative_history__fiction_.html" \l "Online alternative histories#Online alternative histories" 4 Online alternative histories  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/al/alternative_history__fiction_.html" \l "External links#External links" 5 External linksOverview Warning: Plot details follow. The earliest example of alternative history appears to be Book IX, sections 17-19, of the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/li/livy.html" \o "Livy" Livy's History of Rome from Its Foundation. He contemplates the possibility of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/al/alexander_the_great.html" \o "Alexander the Great" Alexander the Great expanding his father's empire westward instead of east, and attacking Rome in the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/4/4t/4th_century_bc.html" \o "4th century BC" 4th century BC. The earliest alternative history published as a complete work, rather than an aside or digression in a longer work, is believed to be Louis Napolщon Geoffroy-ChтteauТs French nationalist tale, Napolщon et la conquъte du monde, 1812-1823 ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/18/1836.html" \o "1836" 1836). In this book, Geoffroy-Chтteau postulates that  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/na/napoleon_i_of_france.html" \o "Napoleon I of France" Napoleon turned away from  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/mo/moscow.html" \o "Moscow" Moscow before the disastrous winter of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/18/1812.html" \o "1812" 1812. Without the severe losses he suffered, Napoleon was able to conquer the world. Geoffroy-ChтteauТs book must have been popular in  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fr/france_1.html" \o "France" France, for the subsequent years saw many similar novels published. In the English language, the first known complete alternate history is  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/na/nathaniel_hawthorne.html" \o "Nathaniel Hawthorne" Nathaniel Hawthorne's short story "P.'s Correspondence", published in  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/18/1846.html" \o "1846" 1846 and which recounts the tale of an apparent madman and his purported encounters with various literary and political figures of the 1840s. At novel length, the first alternative history in English would seem to be Castello HolfordТs Aristopia ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/18/1895.html" \o "1895" 1895). While not as nationalistic as Napolщon, Aristopia is another attempt to portray a utopian society which never existed. In Aristopia, the earliest settlers in  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/v/vi/virginia.html" \o "Virginia" Virginia discovered a reef made of solid gold and were able to build a  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/u/ut/utopia.html" \o "Utopia" utopian society in  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/no/north_america.html" \o "North America" North America. Although a number of alternate history stories and novels appeared in the late 1800s and early 1900s, the next major work is perhaps the strongest anthology of alternative history ever assembled. in  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1932.html" \o "1932" 1932, British historian Sir  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/jo/john_squire.html" \o "John Squire" John Squire collected a series of essays, many of which could be considered stories, in If It Had Happened Otherwise from some of the leading historians of the period. In this work,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/u/un/university_of_oxford.html" \o "University of Oxford" Oxford and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/u/un/university_of_cambridge.html" \o "University of Cambridge" Cambridge scholars turned their attention to such questions as "If the Moors in Spain Had Won" and "If Louis XVI Had Had an Atom of Firmness." Four of the fourteen pieces examined the two most popular themes in alternate history: NapoleonТs victory and the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/am/american_civil_war.html" \o "American Civil War" American Civil War. One of the entries in Squire's volume was  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/w/wi/winston_churchill.html" \o "Winston Churchill" Winston Churchill's "If Lee Had Not Won the Battle of Gettysburg", which considers what sort of world would have resulted if the North had won the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/am/american_civil_war.html" \o "American Civil War" American Civil War Ч from the point of view of a historian in a world where the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/co/confederate_states_of_america.html" \o "Confederate States of America" Confederacy had won. (This kind of work which posts from the point of view of an alternate history is variously known as a "recursive alternate history", a "double-blind what-if" or an "alternative-alternative history".) Other authors appearing in Squire's book included  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/hi/hilaire_belloc.html" \o "Hilaire Belloc" Hilaire Belloc and Andre Maurois. The next year,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1933.html" \o "1933" 1933, would see alternative history move into a new arena. The  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/de/december.html" \o "December" December issue of Astounding published  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/na/nat_schachner.html" \o "Nat Schachner" Nat SchachnerТs "Ancestral Voices." This was quickly followed by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/mu/murray_leinster.html" \o "Murray Leinster" Murray LeinsterТs "Sidewise in Time." While earlier alternative histories examined reasonably straight-forward divergences, Leinster attempted something completely different. In his world gone mad, pieces of Earth traded places with their analogs from different timelines. The story follows Robinson College Professor Minott as he wanders through these analogs, each of which features remnants of worlds which followed a different history. This period also saw the publication of the time travel novel Lest Darkness Fall by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/l_/l__sprague_de_camp.html" \o "L. Sprague de Camp" L. Sprague de Camp, which was similar to  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/ma/mark_twain.html" \o "Mark Twain" Mark Twain's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/a_/a_connecticut_yankee_in_king_arthur_s_court.html" \o "A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court" A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, but sent an American academic to the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/i/it/italy_1.html" \o "Italy" Italy of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/be/belisarius.html" \o "Belisarius" Belisarius. De Camp's work is concerned with the historical changes wrought by his time traveler, Martin Padway, thereby making the work an alternative history. The late  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1980s.html" \o "1980s" 1980s and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1990s.html" \o "1990s" 1990s saw a boom in alternate history, fueled not only by the emergence of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/ha/harry_turtledove.html" \o "Harry Turtledove" Harry Turtledove, but also by two series of anthologies.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/gr/gregory_benford.html" \o "Gregory Benford" Gregory Benford edited the "What Might Have Been" series and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/mi/mike_resnick.html" \o "Mike Resnick" Mike Resnick edited the "Alternate..." series. This period also saw alternate history works by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/s_/s_m__stirling.html" \o "S.M. Stirling" S.M. Stirling,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/k/ki/kim_stanley_robinson.html" \o "Kim Stanley Robinson" Kim Stanley Robinson,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/ha/harry_harrison.html" \o "Harry Harrison" Harry Harrison and others. Currently, the most prolific practitioner of this type of fiction is Harry Turtledove, whose books include a series in which  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_south.html" \o "The South" The South won the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/am/american_civil_war.html" \o "American Civil War" American Civil War. Other stories by this author include the premise that  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_americas.html" \o "The Americas" America had not been colonised from  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/as/asia.html" \o "Asia" Asia during the last  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/i/ic/ice_age_1.html" \o "Ice age" ice age; as a result, the continent still has living  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/ma/mammoth.html" \o "Mammoth" mammoths and prehuman species. See also  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/st/steampunk.html" \o "Steampunk" steampunk. The key change between our history and the alternative history is known as the " HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/po/point_of_divergence.html" \o "Point of divergence" Point of divergence" (POD). In  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/ph/philip_k__dick.html" \o "Philip K. Dick" Philip K. Dick's "Man in the High Castle", the POD is the attempted assassination of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fr/franklin_delano_roosevelt.html" \o "Franklin Delano Roosevelt" Franklin Roosevelt in  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/mi/miami__florida.html" \o "Miami, Florida" Miami in  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1933.html" \o "1933" 1933. In our reality, this attempt failed. In Dick's novel, and in other Nazis-win-the-war scenarios, Roosevelt's death results in an America wracked by the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/gr/great_depression.html" \o "Great Depression" Great Depression and holding tight to its neutrality, thus causing  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/u/un/united_kingdom.html" \o "United Kingdom" Britain to fall. The theory of the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/mu/multiverse.html" \o "Multiverse" multiverse posits that PODs occur every instant, springing off  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/pa/parallel_universe.html" \o "Parallel universe" parallel universes for each instance. In  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1995.html" \o "1995" 1995, The  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/si/sidewise_award_for_alternate_history.html" \o "Sidewise Award for Alternate History" Sidewise Award for Alternate History was established to recognize best Long Form (novels and series) and best short form (stories) within the genres. The award is named for  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/mu/murray_leinster.html" \o "Murray Leinster" Murray Leinster's story "Sidewise in Time." Several films have been made which exploit the concepts of alternative history, most notably Kevin Brownlow's It Happened Here. However, many of these movies focus on individuals rather than historical events and are not considered "true" alternate histories (e.g.,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fr/frank_capra.html" \o "Frank Capra" Frank CapraТs  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/i/it/it_s_a_wonderful_life.html" \o "It's a Wonderful Life" It's a Wonderful Life, and more recently the film Sliding Doors). Historians also speculate in this manner; this type of speculation is known commonly as  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/v/vi/virtual_history.html" \o "Virtual history" counterfactuality. There is considerable debate within the community of historians about the validity and purpose of this type of speculation. For alternative histories which some assert to be factual rather than speculative, see  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/co/conspiracy_theory.html" \o "Conspiracy theory" conspiracy theory and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/hi/historical_revisionism.html" \o "Historical revisionism" historical revisionism. Uchronie In France, alternative history novels are called uchronie. This neologism is based on the word utopia (a place that doesn't exist) and the Greek for time, chronos. An uchronie, then, is defined as a time that doesn't exist. Published alternative histories Literally thousands of altenative history stories and novels have been published. Following is a somewhat random sampling: Bring the Jubilee by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/w/wa/ward_moore.html" \o "Ward Moore" Ward Moore, in which the South was not defeated in the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/am/american_civil_war.html" \o "American Civil War" American Civil War.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_man_in_the_high_castle.html" \o "The Man in the High Castle" The Man in the High Castle by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/ph/philip_k__dick.html" \o "Philip K. Dick" Philip K. Dick set in a world where the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/ax/axis_powers.html" \o "Axis Powers" Axis powers won  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/w/wo/world_war_ii.html" \o "World War II" World War II.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fa/fatherland__novel_.html" \o "Fatherland (novel)" Fatherland by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ro/robert_harris.html" \o "Robert Harris" Robert Harris is also set in the 1960s in a Germany which won World War II. In "The Forfeited Birthright of the Abortive Far Western Christian Civilization,"  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/ar/arnold_j__toynbee.html" \o "Arnold J. Toynbee" Arnold J. Toynbee describes a world in which the Franks lost to the Muslims at the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/ba/battle_of_tours.html" \o "Battle of Tours" Battle of Tours in  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/7/73/732.html" \o "732" 732.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/ss/ss_gb.html" \o "SS-GB" SS-GB by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/le/len_deighton.html" \o "Len Deighton" Len Deighton is a detective novel set in 1941 Britain where the Germans have successfully occupied the country. If Hitler Had Invaded England, by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/c_/c__s__forester.html" \o "C. S. Forester" C.S. Forester, is found his his collecton of published short stories, Gold from Crete. The story is a fictionalized account of a German invasion of Britain in 1940, based on what Forester saw as realistic projections of German and British capabilities. The German invasion fails short of reaching London due to continued British supremacy at sea and in the air. The resulting lack of river transport capability leads to an Allied victory. Pavane, by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/k/ke/keith_roberts.html" \o "Keith Roberts" Keith Roberts, assumes that Queen  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/el/elizabeth_i_of_england.html" \o "Elizabeth I of England" Elizabeth I of England was assassinated, and in the ensuing disorder, the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sp/spanish_armada.html" \o "Spanish Armada" Spanish Armada was successful in suppressing  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/pr/protestantism.html" \o "Protestantism" Protestantism; the novel (actually a series of shorter pieces) is set in a  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/2/20/20th_century.html" \o "20th century" 20th century where technology has advanced less than in our world, and where the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/i/in/inquisition.html" \o "Inquisition" Inquisition still has power. The Last Article is a  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sh/short_story.html" \o "Short story" short story by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/ha/harry_turtledove.html" \o "Harry Turtledove" Harry Turtledove, in which  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/ma/mahatma_gandhi.html" \o "Mahatma Gandhi" Mohandas Gandhi attempts to use non-violent resistance against India's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/na/nazism.html" \o "Nazism" Nazi occupiers. The Alteration by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/k/ki/kingsley_amis.html" \o "Kingsley Amis" Kingsley Amis is set in a world very similar to that of Pavane; the novel concerns the attempt to prevent a young boy with a perfect singing voice from being recruited to the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/ho/holy_see.html" \o "Holy See" Vatican's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/eu/eunuch.html" \o "Eunuch" eunuch choir. There are a number of in-jokes, where famous works of fantasy and science fiction appear, under slightly different titles: 'The Wind in the Cloisters' and 'The Lord of the Chalices' for example. The ' HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/lo/lord_darcy.html" \o "Lord Darcy" Lord Darcy'  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fa/fantasy.html" \o "Fantasy" fantasy series by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ra/randall_garrett.html" \o "Randall Garrett" Randall Garrett; a number of short stories and one novel (Too Many Magicians) based on the premise that King  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ri/richard_i_of_england.html" \o "Richard I of England" Richard I of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/en/england.html" \o "England" England returned safely from  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fr/france_1.html" \o "France" France and that  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ro/roger_bacon.html" \o "Roger Bacon" Roger Bacon had systematised the laws of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/ma/magic__paranormal_.html" \o "Magic (paranormal)" magic. The stories are a series of traditional  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/de/detective_fiction.html" \o "Detective fiction" detective fiction-style murder mysteries with forensic magic being used in the investigation. See Alternate Earths (sic) (ISBN 1-55634-318-3) and Alternate Earths II (sic) (ISBN 1-55634-399-X) and "What might have been" game addendum for the GURPS Role-Playing System. Includes a Confederate victory world, a Nazi/Japanese Empire world, an Aztecs-rule-America scenario, and a unique "Gernsback" world in which the dreams of the mad scientists and Doc Savage have become reality.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_difference_engine.html" \o "The Difference Engine" The Difference Engine by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/w/wi/william_gibson.html" \o "William Gibson" William Gibson and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/br/bruce_sterling.html" \o "Bruce Sterling" Bruce Sterling is a  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/st/steampunk.html" \o "Steampunk" steampunk novel which deals with a Victorian society in which  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/ch/charles_babbage.html" \o "Charles Babbage" Charles Babbage's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/an/analytical_engine.html" \o "Analytical engine" Analytical Engine takes on the roles of modern computers a century early. Ong's Hat by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/an/anonymity.html" \o "Anonymity" Unknown is a Internet legend that deals with a group of renegade scientists from Princeton that developed a means of travel to parallel universes and fled this Universe to found a colony in another world.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/ho/how_few_remain.html" \o "How Few Remain" How Few Remain by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/ha/harry_turtledove.html" \o "Harry Turtledove" Harry Turtledove is set twenty years after a Southern victory in the American Civil War established the Confederate States of America. This novel is followed by the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/gr/great_war__harry_turtledove_.html" \o "Great War (Harry Turtledove)" Great War trilogy, set in the 1910s and the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/am/american_empire__harry_turtledove_.html" \o "American Empire (Harry Turtledove)" American Empire trilogy following the Great War. A third trilogy will eventually be released, detailing an alternate World War II. Making History (1996) by British actor, comedian and novelist  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/st/stephen_fry.html" \o "Stephen Fry" Stephen Fry is set in a parallel world in which  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/ad/adolf_hitler.html" \o "Adolf Hitler" Adolf Hitler was never conceived, let alone born. For Want of a Nail (ISBN 1853675040) - an alternative history of North America by Robert Sobel, details a world in which the American Revolution failed. The British colonies become the Confederation of North America (CNA), while the defeated rebels go into exile in Spanish Tejas, eventually founding the United States of Mexico (USM) - a bitter rival to the CNA. The gigantic  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/mu/multinational_corporation.html" \o "Multinational corporation" multinational corporation Kramer Associates, originally from Mexico but later based in  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/ta/taiwan.html" \o "Taiwan" Taiwan, is the third world power, and the first power to detonate an  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/nu/nuclear_weapon.html" \o "Nuclear weapon" atomic bomb.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_domination.html" \o "The Domination" The Domination by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/s_/s_m__stirling.html" \o "S.M. Stirling" S. M. Stirling - after the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/u/un/united_states.html" \o "United States" United States conquers  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/ca/canada.html" \o "Canada" Canada in the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/w/wa/war_of_1812.html" \o "War of 1812" War of 1812, the Loyalists move to South Africa, where they join with the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/af/afrikaner.html" \o "Afrikaner" Boers to set up a  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sl/slavery.html" \o "Slavery" slavery-based empire called the Domination of the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_domination.html" \o "The Domination" Draka. The story tells of the struggle between the Domination and the free world. As the Draka come to dominate the world, they create a superhuman race. Conquistador by S.M. Stirling - an interdimensional gateway is discovered in California, which gives access to a alternative Earth in which the empire of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/al/alexander_the_great.html" \o "Alexander the Great" Alexander the Great flourished, and where Europeans never discovered America. Wild Cards edited by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/ge/george_r__r__martin.html" \o "George R. R. Martin" George R. R. Martin - A series of collaborations based on the premise that an alien race released a virus just after the WWII that gave some people super-powers and others terrible deformities.  HYPERLINK "http://www.baen.com/library/0671319728/0671319728.htm" 1632 by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/er/eric_flint.html" \o "Eric Flint" Eric Flint - (found online at the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/ba/baen_free_library.html" \o "Baen Free Library" Baen Books free library in various ebook formats.) Its sequels, starting with  HYPERLINK "http://www.webscription.net/10.1125/Baen/0743435427/0743435427.htm" 1633 are available for sale. A series based on the premise that an entire modern West Virginia town is transported in time and space to Germany during the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/thirty_years__war.html" \o "Thirty Years' War" Thirty Years War. 1945 by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/ne/newt_gingrich.html" \o "Newt Gingrich" Newt Gingrich and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/w/wi/william_r__forstchen.html" \o "William R. Forstchen" William R. Forstchen assumes that the Germans perfected long-range jet aircraft by the end of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/w/wo/world_war_ii.html" \o "World War II" World War II and conducted successful raids in North America against the US nuclear program. The Probability Broach by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/l_/l__neil_smith.html" \o "L. Neil Smith" L. Neil Smith One single word in the Declaration of Independence differs and the US becomes the North American Confederation, a  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/li/libertarian.html" \o "Libertarian" libertarian society. In the present some scientist will invent the Probability Broach and make contact with other universes. The Venus Belt Their Majesties' Bucketeers The Nagasaki Vector Tom Paine Maru The Gallatin Divergence The Indians Won(ISBN 0843910127) by Martin Cruz Smith: What if the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/na/native_american.html" \o "Native American" Native Americans had won the Indian wars and kept their land? How would Indian and Anglo governments cooperate? What other things would be different? The Coming of the Demons by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/gw/gwenyth_hood.html" \o "Gwenyth Hood" Gwenyth Hood: What if the execution of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/co/conradin.html" \o "Conradin" Conradin Hohenstaufen in Naples on  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/o/oc/october_29.html" \o "October 29" October 29,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/12/1268.html" \o "1268" 1268 was averted by the arrival of the Pelezitereans, exiled alien wanderers from another galaxy, seeking an uninhabited planet on which to reestablish their advanced culture?  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/ma/mamoru_oshii.html" \o "Mamoru Oshii" Mamoru Oshii's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/ma/manga.html" \o "Manga" manga Kerebos, a.k.a Hellhounds Panzer Cops in the United States, and the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fi/film_1.html" \o "Film" film , both of which take place in a 1960's Japan that was defeated and occupied by the Germans. Online alternative histories soc.history.what-if is a  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/u/us/usenet.html" \o "Usenet" Usenet  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/ne/newsgroup.html" \o "Newsgroup" newsgroup devoted to discussing alternative histories. This newsgroup has spawned a number of interesting alternative timelines: In online alternative history, the timeline is usually referred to by the abbreviation ATL (Alternative Time Line), as contrasted with OTL (Our Time Line) which refers to real history.  HYPERLINK "http://www.alternatehistory.com/foralltime/" For All Time ('Chet Arthur') is a  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/dy/dystopia.html" \o "Dystopia" dystopian post-WWII scenario resulting from the death of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fr/franklin_delano_roosevelt.html" \o "Franklin Delano Roosevelt" Franklin Roosevelt shortly after the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/at/attack_on_pearl_harbor.html" \o "Attack on Pearl Harbor" attack on Pearl Harbor, featuring horrific race riots in the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/u/un/united_states.html" \o "United States" United States between white, black and Jewish gangs, and frequent usage of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/nu/nuclear_weapon.html" \o "Nuclear weapon" nuclear weapons around the world.  HYPERLINK "http://www.geocities.com/cypher_zzz/shattered/shattered.htm" Shattered World (Bobby Hardenbrook) is a devastating alternative  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/w/wo/world_war_ii.html" \o "World War II" World War II, resulting from a  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/so/soviet_union.html" \o "Soviet Union" Soviet invasion of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/po/poland.html" \o "Poland" Poland in  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1937.html" \o "1937" 1937.  HYPERLINK "http://www.geocities.com/drammos/sealion1.html" Sealion Fails (Steven Rogers) is an alternative World War II in which Germany invades England, but the invasion is defeated.  HYPERLINK "http://www.quarryhouse.free-online.co.uk/edward/1900-1915.html" A Shot Heard Around the World (Ed Thomas) follows from the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/as/assassin.html" \o "Assassin" assassination of the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/pr/prince_of_wales.html" \o "Prince of Wales" Prince of Wales in  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1900.html" \o "1900" 1900 (who in OTL became King  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/ed/edward_vii_of_the_united_kingdom.html" \o "Edward VII of the United Kingdom" Edward VII), preventing the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/en/entente_cordiale_1.html" \o "Entente Cordiale" Entente Cordiale. Without Britain as an ally France and Russia are easily defeated by the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/ce/central_powers.html" \o "Central Powers" Central Powers. After the war  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/ch/charles_de_gaulle_1.html" \o "Charles de Gaulle" Charles de Gaulle seizes power in France, and plans a war of vengeance against the Germans.  HYPERLINK "http://www.alternatehistory.com/decadesofdarkness/" Decades of Darkness ('Kaiser Wilhelm III') has the early death of President  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/thomas_jefferson.html" \o "Thomas Jefferson" Thomas Jefferson leading to the secession of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/ne/new_england.html" \o "New England" New England, resulting in a  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/u/un/united_states.html" \o "United States" United States of America dominated by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sl/slavery.html" \o "Slavery" slave owners.  HYPERLINK "http://www.kebe.com/for-all-nails/" For All Nails is an ongoing, collaborative online continuation of For Want of a Nail, which ended in  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1971.html" \o "1971" 1971, the year the book had been written. The authors believed the world depicted at the end of For Want of a Nail was an unpleasant one Ч hence the name inspired by Chet's For All Time.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/i/il/ill_bethisad.html" \o "Ill Bethisad" Ill Bethisad is an ongoing, collaborative project with currently ca. 30 participants, originally created by  HYPERLINK "http://hobbit.griffler.co.nz/" Andrew Smith from  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/ne/new_zealand.html" \o "New Zealand" New Zealand.  HYPERLINK "http://shwi.alternatehistory.com/Mr%20Hughes%20Goes%20to%20War.txt" Mr. Hughes Goes to War An alternative history where  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/ch/charles_evans_hughes.html" \o "Charles Evans Hughes" Charles Evans Hughes is elected  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/pr/president_of_the_united_states.html" \o "President of the United States" President of the United States in  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1916.html" \o "1916" 1916 Utopian and dystopian fiction Utopian fiction is the creation of an ideal world as the setting for a novel. Dystopian fiction is the opposite: creation of a  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/ni/nightmare.html" \o "Nightmare" nightmare world. Both are commonly found in  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \o "Science fiction" science fiction  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/no/novel.html" \o "Novel" novels and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sh/short_story.html" \o "Short story" stories. The word utopia was first used in this context by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/thomas_more.html" \o "Thomas More" Thomas More in his work  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/u/ut/utopia.html" \o "Utopia" Utopia; literally it means "nowhere". In this work, More sets out a vision of an ideal society. Other examples include  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/jo/jonathan_swift.html" \o "Jonathan Swift" Jonathan Swift's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/gu/gulliver_s_travels.html" \o "Gulliver's Travels" Gulliver's Travels, and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/b_/b__f__skinner.html" \o "B. F. Skinner" B.F. Skinner's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/w/wa/walden_two.html" \o "Walden Two" Walden Two.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/gu/gulliver_s_travels.html" \o "Gulliver's Travels" Gulliver's Travels may also be seen as a satirical utopia because it is actually a comment on the society the author lived in. The same goes for  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/er/erewhon.html" \o "Erewhon" Erewhon by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sa/samuel_butler.html" \o "Samuel Butler" Samuel Butler. For examples of dystopias, see two of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/ge/george_orwell.html" \o "George Orwell" George Orwell's books,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/ni/nineteen_eighty_four.html" \o "Nineteen Eighty-Four" Nineteen Eighty-Four and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/an/animal_farm.html" \o "Animal Farm" Animal Farm, as well as  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/al/aldous_huxley.html" \o "Aldous Huxley" Aldous Huxley's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/br/brave_new_world_1.html" \o "Brave New World" Brave New World,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ra/ray_bradbury.html" \o "Ray Bradbury" Ray Bradbury's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fa/fahrenheit_451.html" \o "Fahrenheit 451" Fahrenheit 451,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/k/ku/kurt_vonnegut.html" \o "Kurt Vonnegut" Kurt Vonnegut's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/ha/harrison_bergeron.html" \o "Harrison Bergeron" Harrison Bergeron,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/ma/margaret_atwood.html" \o "Margaret Atwood" Margaret Atwood's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_handmaid_s_tale.html" \o "The Handmaid's Tale" The Handmaid's Tale, and any of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/w/wi/william_gibson.html" \o "William Gibson" William Gibson's novels.  A subgenre of this is ecotopian fiction, where the author posits either a utopian or dystopian world revolving around environmental conservation or destruction.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/er/ernest_callenbach.html" \o "Ernest Callenbach" Ernest Callenbach's Ecotopia was the first example of this, followed by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/k/ki/kim_stanley_robinson.html" \o "Kim Stanley Robinson" Kim Stanley Robinson in his California trilogy. Robinson has also edited a collection of short ecotopian fiction, called Future Primitive: The New Ecotopias. Another important subgenre are feminist utopias, for example  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/ma/marge_piercy.html" \o "Marge Piercy" Marge Piercy's novel Woman On the Edge of Time. Dystopia A dystopia is any society considered to be undesirable, for any of a number of reasons. The term was coined as a converse to a  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/u/ut/utopia.html" \o "Utopia" Utopia, and is most usually used to refer to a fictional (often near-future) society where current social trends are taken to nightmarish extremes. According to the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/o/ox/oxford_english_dictionary.html" \o "Oxford English Dictionary" Oxford English Dictionary, the term was coined in the late  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/19th_century.html" \o "19th century" 19th century by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/jo/john_stuart_mill.html" \o "John Stuart Mill" John Stuart Mill, who also used  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/je/jeremy_bentham.html" \o "Jeremy Bentham" Bentham's synonym,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/ca/cacotopia.html" \o "Cacotopia" cacotopia, at the same time. Both words were based on  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/u/ut/utopia.html" \o "Utopia" utopia, analyzed as eu-topia, for a place where everything is as it should be; hence the converse "dys-topia" for a place where this is certainly not the case. Often, the difference between a Utopia and a Dystopia is in the author's point of view. Dystopias are frequently written as warnings, or as  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sa/satire.html" \o "Satire" satires, showing current trends extrapolated to a nightmarish conclusion. In this, they frequently differ from utopias; idealistic utopias have no roots in today's society, being in some other place or time, or after some major discontinuity in history (e.g. see  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/h_/h__g__wells.html" \o "H. G. Wells" H.G. Wells' utopias, such as  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_world_set_free.html" \o "The World Set Free" The World Set Free). A dystopia is all too closely connected to current-day society. A considerable number of near-future  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \o "Science fiction" science fiction stories of the type described as ' HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/cy/cyberpunk.html" \o "Cyberpunk" cyberpunk' use dystopian settings of a high-technology corporate dominated world where national governments are becoming steadily more irrelevant. The genre of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/ap/apocalyptic_and_post_apocalyptic_science_fiction.html" \o "Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic science fiction" post-apocalyptic science fiction often features dystopias. Famous dystopias  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/ni/nineteen_eighty_four.html" \o "Nineteen Eighty-Four" 1984 by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/ge/george_orwell.html" \o "George Orwell" George Orwell  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/a_/a_clockwork_orange.html" \o "A Clockwork Orange" A Clockwork Orange by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/an/anthony_burgess.html" \o "Anthony Burgess" Anthony Burgess  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/an/anthem__novel_.html" \o "Anthem (novel)" Anthem by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/ay/ayn_rand.html" \o "Ayn Rand" Ayn Rand  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/an/angelwings_and_finerthings.html" \o "Angelwings and Finerthings" Angelwings and Finerthings by Paul M. Jessup  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/ba/battle_royale__movie_.html" \o "Battle Royale (movie)" Battle Royale  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/br/brave_new_world_1.html" \o "Brave New World" Brave New World by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/al/aldous_huxley.html" \o "Aldous Huxley" Aldous Huxley (This could perhaps be considered a utopia, as the people in that society are certainly happy, but it is more generally regarded by critics as a dystopian  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sa/satire.html" \o "Satire" satire, as they actually have no choice in whether they are happy or not.)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/br/brazil__movie_.html" \o "Brazil (movie)" Brazil, the urban nightmare depicted in  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/te/terry_gilliam.html" \o "Terry Gilliam" Terry Gilliam's film  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/tw/twelve_monkeys.html" \o "Twelve Monkeys" 12 Monkeys also by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/te/terry_gilliam.html" \o "Terry Gilliam" Terry Gilliam  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/ca/candide.html" \o "Candide" Candide by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/v/vo/voltaire.html" \o "Voltaire" Voltaire  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_children_of_men.html" \o "The Children of Men" The Children of Men by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/p_/p__d__james.html" \o "P. D. James" P.D. James  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/do/do_androids_dream_of_electric_sheep_.html" \o "Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?" Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep (filmed as  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/bl/blade_runner.html" \o "Blade Runner" Blade Runner) and the world of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/ti/time_out_of_joint.html" \o "Time out of Joint" Time out of Joint by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/ph/philip_k__dick.html" \o "Philip K. Dick" Philip K. Dick  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_domination.html" \o "The Domination" The Domination by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/s_/s_m__stirling.html" \o "S.M. Stirling" S. M. Stirling  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/eq/equilibrium__2002_movie_.html" \o "Equilibrium (2002 movie)" Equilibrium by Kurt Wimmer  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fa/fahrenheit_451.html" \o "Fahrenheit 451" Fahrenheit 451 by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ra/ray_bradbury.html" \o "Ray Bradbury" Ray Bradbury  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/a_/a_friend_of_the_earth.html" \o "A Friend of the Earth" A Friend of the Earth (2000) by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/t_/t__coraghessan_boyle.html" \o "T. Coraghessan Boyle" T. C. Boyle.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_handmaid_s_tale.html" \o "The Handmaid's Tale" The Handmaid's Tale and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/o/or/oryx_and_crake.html" \o "Oryx and Crake" Oryx and Crake by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/ma/margaret_atwood.html" \o "Margaret Atwood" Margaret Atwood  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/ha/harrison_bergeron.html" \o "Harrison Bergeron" Harrison Bergeron by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/k/ku/kurt_vonnegut.html" \o "Kurt Vonnegut" Kurt Vonnegut  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/le/level_7.html" \o "Level 7" Level 7, a novel by Mordecai Roshwald  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/lo/logan_s_run.html" \o "Logan's Run" Logan's Run, a novel by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/w/wi/william_f__nolan.html" \o "William F. Nolan" William F. Nolan and George Clayton Johnson  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/lo/lord_of_the_flies.html" \o "Lord of the Flies" Lord of the Flies by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/w/wi/william_g__golding.html" \o "William G. Golding" William Golding The world of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_matrix.html" \o "The Matrix" The Matrix, as filmed by the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/w/wa/wachowski_brothers.html" \o "Wachowski brothers" Wachowski brothers.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/ne/neuromancer.html" \o "Neuromancer" Neuromancer (and other  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/cy/cyberpunk.html" \o "Cyberpunk" cyberpunk novels) by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/w/wi/william_gibson.html" \o "William Gibson" William Gibson. (Indeed almost everything in the cyberpunk genre.)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/pl/planet_of_the_apes.html" \o "Planet of the Apes" Planet of the Apes by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/pi/pierre_boulle.html" \o "Pierre Boulle" Pierre Boulle, later filmed on two occasions (by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fr/franklin_schaffner.html" \o "Franklin Schaffner" Franklin J. Schaffner and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/ti/tim_burton.html" \o "Tim Burton" Tim Burton)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/pl/player_piano_2.html" \o "Player Piano" Player Piano by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/k/ku/kurt_vonnegut.html" \o "Kurt Vonnegut" Kurt Vonnegut Make Room! Make Room by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/ha/harry_harrison.html" \o "Harry Harrison" Harry Harrison (filmed as  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/so/soylent_green.html" \o "Soylent Green" Soylent Green)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/se/seksmisja.html" \o "Seksmisja" Sexmission, a Polish film by Juliusz Machulski, depicts a  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fe/feminism.html" \o "Feminism" feminist state with no men at all  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_running_man.html" \o "The Running Man" The Running Man by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ri/richard_bachman.html" \o "Richard Bachman" Richard Bachman, a  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/ps/pseudonym.html" \o "Pseudonym" pseudonym for  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/st/stephen_king.html" \o "Stephen King" Stephen King.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_shockwave_rider.html" \o "The Shockwave Rider" The Shockwave Rider and The Sheep Look Up by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/jo/john_brunner.html" \o "John Brunner" John Brunner  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/this_perfect_day.html" \o "This Perfect Day" This Perfect Day (1970) by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/i/ir/ira_levin.html" \o "Ira Levin" Ira Levin Die Andere Seite (1973) by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/al/alfred_kubin.html" \o "Alfred Kubin" Alfred Kubin, filmed as Traumstadt by Johannes Schaaf, describes a utopia of total freedom that turns into a place of self destruction and perversion  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/w/we/we__novel_.html" \o "We (novel)" We by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/y/ye/yevgeny_zamyatin.html" \o "Yevgeny Zamyatin" Yevgeny Zamyatin The Wind That Came From Nowhere and practically the entire fictional output of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/j_/j__g__ballard.html" \o "J. G. Ballard" J. G. Ballard  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/z/za/zardoz.html" \o "Zardoz" Zardoz  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_giver.html" \o "The Giver" The Giver by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/lo/lois_lowry.html" \o "Lois Lowry" Lois Lowry (Again, perhaps a Utopia, however it is at a cost) Utopia Utopia is the title of a  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/la/latin_literature_1.html" \o "Latin literature" Latin book by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/thomas_more.html" \o "Thomas More" Thomas More (circa  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/15/1516.html" \o "1516" 1516). The word "utopia" is intended by More to suggest two  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/gr/greek_language.html" \o "Greek language" Greek neologisms simultaneously: outopia (no place) and eutopia (good place). The word utopia has taken on a more general meaning, to describe any imaginary but good image of society. Further, it has been used to describe actual communities founded in attempts to put such theories into practice. Finally, utopian is often used to refer to good but (physically, socially, economically, or politically) impossible proposals, or at least very difficult ones. More depicts a rationally organised society, through the narration of an explorer, Raphael Hythlodaeus. Utopia is a  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/re/republic.html" \o "Republic" republic which holds all property in common. For example, it has no  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/la/lawyer.html" \o "Lawyer" lawyers, and rarely sends its citizens to war, but hires  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/me/mercenary.html" \o "Mercenary" mercenaries from among its war-prone neighbours. Possibly More, a religious layman who once considered joining the Church as a priest, was inspired by the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/mo/monk.html" \o "Monk" monachal rule when he describes the working of his society. It was an inspiration for the Reducciones established by the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/so/society_of_jesus.html" \o "Society of Jesus" Jesuits to Christianize and " HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/ci/civilize.html" \o "Civilize" civilize" the Guaranis. The utopia can be  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/i/id/idealism.html" \o "Idealism" idealistic or practical, but the term has acquired a strong  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/co/connotation.html" \o "Connotation" connotation of optimistic, idealistic, impossible perfection. The utopia may be usefully contrasted with the undesirable  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/dy/dystopia.html" \o "Dystopia" dystopia (anti-utopia, pseudo-utopia) and the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sa/satire.html" \o "Satire" satirical utopia. Table of contents  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/u/ut/utopia.html" \l "Economic#Economic" 1 Economic  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/u/ut/utopia.html" \l "Political and historical#Political and historical" 2 Political and historical  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/u/ut/utopia.html" \l "Religious#Religious" 3 Religious  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/u/ut/utopia.html" \l "Scientific and technological#Scientific and technological" 4 Scientific and technological  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/u/ut/utopia.html" \l "Examples#Examples" 5 Examples  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/u/ut/utopia.html" \l "See also#See also" 6 See also  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/u/ut/utopia.html" \l "External links#External links" 7 External links  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/u/ut/utopia.html" \l "Related#Related" 8 RelatedEconomic Centered on the nineteenth century, many utopian novels arose, often in response to the social disruption promoted by the development of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/co/commercialism.html" \o "Commercialism" commercialism and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/ca/capitalism_1.html" \o "Capitalism" capitalism. Proposing a "better" situation were  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/so/socialism_1.html" \o "Socialism" socialist and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/co/communism.html" \o "Communism" communist utopias that generally revolve around an equalitarian distribution of goods, frequently with the total abolition of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/mo/money.html" \o "Money" money, and citizens only doing  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/la/labour__economics_.html" \o "Labour (economics)" work which they enjoy and which is for the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/co/common_good.html" \o "Common good" common good, leaving them with ample time for the cultivation of the arts and sciences. One classic was  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/ed/edward_bellamy.html" \o "Edward Bellamy" Edward Bellamy's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/lo/looking_backward.html" \o "Looking Backward" Looking Backward.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/w/wi/william_morris.html" \o "William Morris" William Morris' News from Nowhere is another socialist utopia written in response to the top-down ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/bu/bureaucracy.html" \o "Bureaucracy" bureaucratic) nature of Bellamy's utopia.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/ge/george_orwell.html" \o "George Orwell" George Orwell's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1984.html" \o "1984" 1984 was a  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/dy/dystopia.html" \o "Dystopia" dystopia that might be seen as a critique of Bellamyite socialism and also of the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/so/soviet_union.html" \o "Soviet Union" USSR,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fa/fascism.html" \o "Fascism" fascism, and the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/st/statism.html" \o "Statism" statist tendencies in the United Kingdom and in the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/jo/joseph_mccarthy.html" \o "Joseph McCarthy" McCarthyite United States of the time (1948). Unlike the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/co/collectivism.html" \o "Collectivism" collectivist tone so often found in utopias,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_moon_is_a_harsh_mistress.html" \o "The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress" The Moon is a Harsh Mistress by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ro/robert_a__heinlein.html" \o "Robert A. Heinlein" Robert Heinlein is an individualistic and libertarian utopia. Capitalist utopias of this sort are generally based on perfect market economies, in which there is no  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/ma/market_failure.html" \o "Market failure" market failure -- or the issue is never addressed. Some cynics see most  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/ec/economics_1.html" \o "Economics" economics textbooks as being nothing but stories of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/ca/capitalist.html" \o "Capitalist" capitalist utopias. Political and historical A global utopia of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/w/wo/world_peace.html" \o "World peace" world peace is often seen as one of the possible inevitable  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_end_of_history_and_the_last_man.html" \o "The End of History and the Last Man" endings of history.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sp/sparta.html" \o "Sparta" Sparta was a militaristic utopia founded by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/ly/lycurgus.html" \o "Lycurgus" Lycurgus (though some, especially  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/at/athens.html" \o "Athens" Athenians, may have thought it was rather a  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/dy/dystopia.html" \o "Dystopia" dystopia). It was a Greek  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/po/power__international_.html" \o "Power (international)" power until its defeat by the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/thebes.html" \o "Thebes" Thebans at the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/ba/battle_of_leuctra.html" \o "Battle of Leuctra" battle of Leuctra. In the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/u/un/united_states.html" \o "United States" United States during the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/se/second_great_awakening.html" \o "Second Great Awakening" Second Great Awakening of the nineteenth century, many radical religious groups formed utopian societies. They sought to form communities where all aspects of the people's lives could be governed by their faith. The best-known and by far the most successful of these utopian societies was the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sh/shakers.html" \o "Shakers" Shaker movement. Religious The  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/ch/christianity_1.html" \o "Christianity" Christian and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/i/is/islam_1.html" \o "Islam" Islamic ideas of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/he/heaven.html" \o "Heaven" heaven tend to be utopian, especially in their  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fo/folk_religion.html" \o "Folk religion" folk-religious forms: inviting speculation about existence free of sin and poverty or any sorrow, beyond the power of death (although "heaven" in  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/ch/christian_eschatology.html" \o "Christian eschatology" Christian eschatology at least, is more nearly equivalent to life within God Himself, visualized as an earth-like paradise in the sky). In a similar sense, a  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/bu/buddhism_1.html" \o "Buddhism" Buddhist concept of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/ni/nirvana.html" \o "Nirvana" Nirvana may be thought of as a kind of utopia.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/re/religion.html" \o "Religion" Religious utopias, perhaps expansively described as a garden of delights, existence free of worry amid streets paved with gold, in a bliss of enlightenment enjoying nearly godlike powers, are often a reason for perceiving benefit in remaining faithful to a religion, and an incentive for  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/re/religious_conversion.html" \o "Religious conversion" converting new members. See also:  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/en/end_of_the_world.html" \o "End of the world" End of the world,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/es/eschatology.html" \o "Eschatology" Eschatology,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/mi/millennialism.html" \o "Millennialism" Millennialism,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/u/ut/utopianism.html" \o "Utopianism" Utopianism Scientific and technological These are set in the future, when advanced  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_1.html" \o "Science" science and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/te/technology_1.html" \o "Technology" technology will allow utopian living standards; for example, the absence of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/de/death.html" \o "Death" death and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/su/suffering.html" \o "Suffering" suffering; changes in  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/hu/human_nature.html" \o "Human nature" human nature and the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/hu/human_condition.html" \o "Human condition" human condition. A technological utopia is sometimes called "extropia," especially by transhumanists. See also:  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/tr/transhumanism.html" \o "Transhumanism" transhumanism,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/te/technological_singularity.html" \o "Technological singularity" technological singularity Opposing this  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/o/op/optimism.html" \o "Optimism" optimism is the prediction that advanced science and technology will, through deliberate misuse or accident, cause humanity's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/ex/extinction.html" \o "Extinction" extinction. These  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/pe/pessimism.html" \o "Pessimism" pessimists advocate  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/pr/precautionary_principle_1.html" \o "Precautionary principle" precautions over embracement. Examples Warning: Plot details follow.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/an/anatomy_of_melancholy.html" \o "Anatomy of Melancholy" The Anatomy of Melancholy ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/16/1621.html" \o "1621" 1621) by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ro/robert_burton.html" \o "Robert Burton" Robert Burton, a utopian society is described in the preface.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_city_of_the_sun.html" \o "The City of the Sun" The City of the Sun ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/16/1623.html" \o "1623" 1623) by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/to/tommaso_campanella.html" \o "Tommaso Campanella" Tommaso Campanella The New Atlantis ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/16/1627.html" \o "1627" 1627) by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fr/francis_bacon.html" \o "Francis Bacon" Francis Bacon Oceana ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/16/1656.html" \o "1656" 1656) by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/ja/james_harrington.html" \o "James Harrington" James Harrington The section in  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/gu/gulliver_s_travels.html" \o "Gulliver's Travels" Gulliver's Travels ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/17/1726.html" \o "1726" 1726) by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/jo/jonathan_swift.html" \o "Jonathan Swift" Jonathan Swift depicting the calm, rational society of the Houyhnhms, is certainly utopian, but it is meant to contrast with that of the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/y/ya/yahoo.html" \o "Yahoo" yahoos, who represent the worst that the human race can do. Voyage en Icarie ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/18/1840.html" \o "1840" 1840) by Etienne Cabet  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/er/erewhon.html" \o "Erewhon" Erewhon ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/18/1872.html" \o "1872" 1872) by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sa/samuel_butler.html" \o "Samuel Butler" Samuel Butler  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/lo/looking_backward.html" \o "Looking Backward" Looking Backward ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/18/1888.html" \o "1888" 1888), by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/ed/edward_bellamy.html" \o "Edward Bellamy" Edward Bellamy Freiland ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/18/1890.html" \o "1890" 1890) by Theodor Hertzka News from Nowhere ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/18/1891.html" \o "1891" 1891), by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/w/wi/william_morris.html" \o "William Morris" William Morris; see also the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/ar/arts_and_crafts_movement.html" \o "Arts and Crafts movement" Arts and Crafts Movement founded to put his ideas into practice  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/u/ut/utopia__limited.html" \o "Utopia, Limited" Utopia, Limited ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/18/1893.html" \o "1893" 1893) is a  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/gi/gilbert_and_sullivan.html" \o "Gilbert and Sullivan" Gilbert and Sullivan operetta in which a small island nation reforms itself along British lines, with amusingly utter success. A large number of books by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/h_/h__g__wells.html" \o "H. G. Wells" H.G. Wells, including A Modern Utopia ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1905.html" \o "1905" 1905)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/al/aldous_huxley.html" \o "Aldous Huxley" Aldous Huxley's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/br/brave_new_world_1.html" \o "Brave New World" Brave New World ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1932.html" \o "1932" 1932) can be considered an example of pseudo-utopian  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sa/satire.html" \o "Satire" satire (see also  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/dy/dystopia.html" \o "Dystopia" dystopia). One of his other books,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/i/is/island__novel_.html" \o "Island (novel)" Island demonstrates a positive utopia.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/i/is/islandia.html" \o "Islandia" Islandia ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1942.html" \o "1942" 1942), by Austin Tappan Wright  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/b_/b__f__skinner.html" \o "B. F. Skinner" B. F. Skinner's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/w/wa/walden_two.html" \o "Walden Two" Walden Two ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1948.html" \o "1948" 1948)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/st/star_trek.html" \o "Star Trek" Star Trek ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1966.html" \o "1966" 1966)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \o "Science fiction" science fiction television series by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/ge/gene_roddenberry.html" \o "Gene Roddenberry" Gene Roddenberry  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_dispossessed.html" \o "The Dispossessed" The Dispossessed ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1974.html" \o "1974" 1974), a  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \o "Science fiction" science fiction novel by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/u/ur/ursula_k__le_guin.html" \o "Ursula K. Le Guin" Ursula K. Le Guin, is sometimes said to represent one of the few modern revivals of the utopian genre, though it is notable that one of the major themes of the work is the ambiguity of different notions of utopia. Le Guin presents a utopian world in which ditches do need digging, and sewers need unblocking---this drudgery is divided among all adults, and is contrasted, in the language of the utopia, with their everyday, more satisfying work. Woman on the Edge of Time ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1976.html" \o "1976" 1976) by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/ma/marge_piercy.html" \o "Marge Piercy" Marge Piercy is a feminist  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \o "Science fiction" science fiction novel in which the protagonist must act to win the utopian future over an alternative, dystopian, one.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/ec/ecotopia__novel_.html" \o "Ecotopia (novel)" Ecotopia (novel) ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1975.html" \o "1975" 1975) by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/er/ernest_callenbach.html" \o "Ernest Callenbach" Ernest Callenbach The  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/three_californias_trilogy.html" \o "Three Californias Trilogy" Three Californias Trilogy (especially The Pacific Edge (1990)) and the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/re/red_mars.html" \o "Red Mars" Red / Green / Blue Mars (1990s) trilogy by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/k/ki/kim_stanley_robinson.html" \o "Kim Stanley Robinson" Kim Stanley Robinson  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_giver.html" \o "The Giver" The Giver ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1993.html" \o "1993" 1993), novel by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/lo/lois_lowry.html" \o "Lois Lowry" Lois Lowry, depicts a "perfect" society of the far future whose elimination of war, disease, fear, &c. comes at the inherent price of the repression of human emotions, individuality, and free will. most of the stories in  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fu/future_primitive__the_new_ecotopias.html" \o "Future Primitive: The New Ecotopias" Future Primitive - The New Ecotopias ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1994.html" \o "1994" 1994), edited by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/k/ki/kim_stanley_robinson.html" \o "Kim Stanley Robinson" Kim Stanley Robinson  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/he/hedonistic_imperative.html" \o "Hedonistic imperative" The Hedonistic Imperative ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1996.html" \o "1996" 1996), an  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/o/on/online.html" \o "Online" online  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/ma/manifesto.html" \o "Manifesto" manifesto by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/da/david_pearce.html" \o "David Pearce" David Pearce, outlines how  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/ge/genetic_engineering.html" \o "Genetic engineering" genetic engineering and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/na/nanotechnology.html" \o "Nanotechnology" nanotechnology will abolish  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/su/suffering.html" \o "Suffering" suffering in all  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/se/sentience.html" \o "Sentience" sentient life.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_matrix.html" \o "The Matrix" The Matrix ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1999.html" \o "1999" 1999), a film by the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/w/wa/wachowski_brothers.html" \o "Wachowski brothers" Wachowski brothers, describes a  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/v/vi/virtual_reality.html" \o "Virtual reality" virtual reality controlled by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/ar/artificial_intelligence.html" \o "Artificial intelligence" artificial intelligence such as  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/ag/agent_smith.html" \o "Agent Smith" Agent Smith. Smith says that the first Matrix was a utopia, but humans disbelieved and rejected it because they "define their reality through misery and suffering." Therefore, the Matrix was redesigned to simulate human civilization with all its suffering. Comic science fiction Comic science fiction is a sub- HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/ge/genre.html" \o "Genre" genre of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \o "Science fiction" science fiction that exploits the genre's conventions for  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/co/comedy.html" \o "Comedy" comic effect. Early pulp science fiction contained few comic stories. A notable exception was the Pete Manx series by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/he/henry_kuttner.html" \o "Henry Kuttner" Henry Kuttner and Arthur K. Barnes (sometimes writing together and sometimes separately, under the house pen-name of Kelvin Kent). Published in Thrilling Wonder Stories in the late  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1930s.html" \o "1930s" 1930s and early  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1940s.html" \o "1940s" 1940s, the series featured a  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/ti/time_travel_1.html" \o "Time travel" time-traveling carnival barker who uses his con-man abilities to get out of trouble. Two later series cemented Kuttner's ruputation as one of the most popular, early writers of comic science fiction: the Gallegher series (about a drunken inventor and his narcissistic  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ro/robot.html" \o "Robot" robot) and the Hogben series (about a family of mutant hillbillies). The former appeared in  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/as/astounding_magazine.html" \o "Astounding Magazine" Astounding Science Fiction in 1943 and 1948 and was collected in hardcover as Robots Have No Tails (Gnome, 1952), and the latter appeared in Thrilling Wonder Stories in the late 1940s. Additional examples:  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ro/robert_asprin.html" \o "Robert Asprin" Robert Asprin's Phule series  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/lo/lois_mcmaster_bujold.html" \o "Lois McMaster Bujold" Lois McMaster Bujold's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/mi/miles_vorkosigan.html" \o "Miles Vorkosigan" Miles Vorkosigan novels  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/do/douglas_adams.html" \o "Douglas Adams" Douglas Adams's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_hitchhiker_s_guide_to_the_galaxy.html" \o "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/ha/harry_harrison.html" \o "Harry Harrison" Harry Harrison's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_stainless_steel_rat.html" \o "The Stainless Steel Rat" Stainless Steel Rat novels Most of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ro/ron_goulart.html" \o "Ron Goulart" Ron Goulart's work Science fiction sitcoms Science fiction sitcom The science fiction sitcom genre is a relatively new one having started significant growth only during the last few decades of the twentieth century. Most of the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/co/comic_science_fiction.html" \o "Comic science fiction" comic science fiction in this genre is considered lightweight compared to the mainstream. List of science fiction sitcoms  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/al/alf.html" \o "ALF" ALF -- An alien (played by a puppet) living with a family on Earth Astronauts -- The misadventures of a group of astronauts on a space station; Despite being written by two of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_goodies.html" \o "The Goodies" The Goodies it flopped Come Back Mrs Noah -- Housewife gets stranded on a space station  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fu/futurama__animated_series_.html" \o "Futurama (animated series)" Futurama -- Cartoon space comedy  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/go/goodnight_sweetheart.html" \o "Goodnight Sweetheart" Goodnight Sweetheart -- Man finds portal to the past, falls in love, starts leading a double life  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_hitchhiker_s_guide_to_the_galaxy.html" \o "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy --  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/do/douglas_adams.html" \o "Douglas Adams" Douglas Adams' wildly inventive science fiction farce, on radio, television, computer games, LPs, a towel, and possibly a movie someday It's About Time -- an early example of the genre, involving astronauts who travel back in time to meet a tribe of cavemen  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_jetsons.html" \o "The Jetsons" The Jetsons -- a  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/ca/cartoon_network_studios.html" \o "Cartoon Network Studios" Hanna-Barbera cartoon about George, Jane, Judy, and Elroy Jetson, family of the future Kinvig -- a  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/u/un/unidentified_flying_object.html" \o "Unidentified flying object" UFO fanatic becomes convinced that the woman who continually rejects him is an alien queen; written by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/ni/nigel_kneale.html" \o "Nigel Kneale" Nigel Kneale of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/be/bernard_quatermass.html" \o "Bernard Quatermass" Quatermass fame, but not very funny Luna -- A synthetically produced family in a futuristic urban habitat. Meego -- kids' show in which a shape-shifting alien lives with a family. Metal Mickey -- kids' show in which a wise-cracking robot lives with a family  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/mo/mork_and_mindy.html" \o "Mork and Mindy" Mork and Mindy -- spinoff of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/ha/happy_days.html" \o "Happy Days" Happy Days starring  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ro/robin_williams.html" \o "Robin Williams" Robin Williams and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/pa/pam_dawber.html" \o "Pam Dawber" Pam Dawber  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/my/my_favorite_martian.html" \o "My Favorite Martian" My Favorite Martian -- Oldest SF comedy based around an alien living on Earth  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/my/mystery_science_theater_3000.html" \o "Mystery Science Theater 3000" Mystery Science Theater 3000 -- A man and two robots are trapped in orbit and are forced to watch bad movies  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/q/qu/quark__tv_.html" \o "Quark (TV)" Quark -- Show about space garbage collectors starring Richard Benjamin  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/re/red_dwarf__television_.html" \o "Red Dwarf (television)" Red Dwarf -- Space based comedy, includes many science fiction concepts -- Former superhero hosts a late-night talk show The Strangerers -- Two highly eccentric alien agents on an equally eccentric alternative Earth; ends on an unresolved cliffhanger  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/3/3r/3rd_rock_from_the_sun.html" \o "3rd Rock From The Sun" 3rd Rock from the Sun -- Modern comedy similar in principle to Mork and Mindy Tripping the Rift -- Animated space opera satire. Sex in science fiction Modern  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \o "Science fiction" science fiction frequently involves themes of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/se/sex.html" \o "Sex" sex,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/ge/gender_role.html" \o "Gender role" gender and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/hu/human_sexuality.html" \o "Human sexuality" sexuality. This was not always so. During the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1930s.html" \o "1930s" 1930s and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1940s.html" \o "1940s" 40s "golden age" of science fiction it was unusual to find males and females mentioned in the same paragraph, let alone having sex. In spite of this, book covers for  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/pu/pulp.html" \o "Pulp" pulp science fiction often featured scantily clad women, often with guns or being menaced by aliens. In some ways, little has changed: many science fiction book covers still feature images of sexy women by artists such as  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/bo/boris_vallejo.html" \o "Boris Vallejo" Boris Vallejo and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fr/frank_frazetta.html" \o "Frank Frazetta" Frank Frazetta, although the images are perhaps somewhat less exploitative than before. The  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/ne/new_wave__science_fiction_.html" \o "New Wave (science fiction)" New Wave science fiction of the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1960s.html" \o "1960s" 1960s and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1970s.html" \o "1970s" 1970s reflected its times by attempting to break earlier taboos about what could and could not be the subject of science fiction. The  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/li/list_of_men_s_magazines.html" \o "List of men's magazines" men's magazine  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/pl/playboy.html" \o "Playboy" Playboy published regular serious science fiction stories throughout this period, by both male and female authors, offering them significantly more scope than some other publications. Two different themes emerged: one trying to explore the boundaries of what "sex" could mean in a world of altered humanity and reality, and another of exploring the position of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/w/wo/women_in_science_fiction.html" \o "Women in science fiction" women in science fiction and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fe/feminism.html" \o "Feminism" feminist issues in what had been traditionally a form of fiction written primarily by and for men. Significant uses of sexual themes in serious science fiction include:  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/br/brave_new_world_1.html" \o "Brave New World" Brave New World by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/al/aldous_huxley.html" \o "Aldous Huxley" Aldous Huxley Several stories in  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/da/dangerous_visions.html" \o "Dangerous Visions" Dangerous Visions, edited by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/ha/harlan_ellison.html" \o "Harlan Ellison" Harlan Ellison A number of works by Philip Jose Farmer;: The Lovers, Flesh, his collection of stories on this theme, Strange Relations, plus two science fiction pornographic novels, Image of the Beast and Blown.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_left_hand_of_darkness.html" \o "The Left Hand of Darkness" The Left Hand of Darkness by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/u/ur/ursula_k__le_guin.html" \o "Ursula K. Le Guin" Ursula K. Le Guin  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/dh/dhalgren.html" \o "Dhalgren" Dhalgren, ''Trouble on Triton', and several other works by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sa/samuel_r__delany.html" \o "Samuel R. Delany" Samuel Delany Tower of Glass by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ro/robert_silverberg.html" \o "Robert Silverberg" Robert Silverberg  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/3/33/334__novel_.html" \o "334 (novel)" 334 by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/thomas_m__disch.html" \o "Thomas M. Disch" Thomas M. Disch  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/st/stranger_in_a_strange_land.html" \o "Stranger in a Strange Land" Stranger in a Strange Land by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ro/robert_a__heinlein.html" \o "Robert A. Heinlein" Robert A. Heinlein Titan and other novels by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/jo/john_varley.html" \o "John Varley" John Varley, set in a future where sex changes and other body modifications are commonplace  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_handmaid_s_tale.html" \o "The Handmaid's Tale" The Handmaid's Tale by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/ma/margaret_atwood.html" \o "Margaret Atwood" Margaret Atwood The Female Man by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/jo/joanna_russ.html" \o "Joanna Russ" Joanna Russ The  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_culture.html" \o "The Culture" Culture novels of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/i/ia/iain_banks.html" \o "Iain Banks" Iain M. Banks, where humans can change sex at will The  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/je/jerry_cornelius.html" \o "Jerry Cornelius" Jerry Cornelius stories of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/mi/michael_moorcock.html" \o "Michael Moorcock" Michael Moorcock and others  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_moon_is_a_harsh_mistress.html" \o "The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress" The Moon is a Harsh Mistress by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ro/robert_a__heinlein.html" \o "Robert A. Heinlein" Robert A. Heinlein (various forms of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/gr/group_marriage.html" \o "Group marriage" group marriage, professional host-mothers)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/et/ethan_of_athos.html" \o "Ethan of Athos" Ethan of Athos by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/lo/lois_mcmaster_bujold.html" \o "Lois McMaster Bujold" Lois McMaster Bujold  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_gods_themselves.html" \o "The Gods Themselves" The Gods Themselves by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/i/is/isaac_asimov.html" \o "Isaac Asimov" Isaac Asimov Strangers by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/ga/gardner_dozois.html" \o "Gardner Dozois" Gardner Dozois The  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/du/dune__novel_.html" \o "Dune (novel)" Dune series of novels by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fr/frank_herbert.html" \o "Frank Herbert" Frank Herbert A number of works by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/theodore_sturgeon.html" \o "Theodore Sturgeon" Theodore Sturgeon, including The World Well Lost (alien  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/ho/homosexuality.html" \o "Homosexuality" homosexuality) and Godbody (religious sexuality). The Primal Urge by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/br/brian_aldiss.html" \o "Brian Aldiss" Brian Aldiss The Tales of the Velvet Comet trilogy by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/mi/mike_resnick.html" \o "Mike Resnick" Mike Resnick Several books by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sp/spider_robinson.html" \o "Spider Robinson" Spider Robinson, including Callahan's Lady Jurgen by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/ja/james_branch_cabell.html" \o "James Branch Cabell" James Branch Cabell The Bachelor Machine by M. Christian The various Wreaththu novels by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/st/storm_constantine.html" \o "Storm Constantine" Storm Constantine Some of the themes explored include: Sex with  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/al/alien.html" \o "Alien" aliens, machines and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ro/robot.html" \o "Robot" robots  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/re/reproductive_technology.html" \o "Reproductive technology" Reproductive technology including  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/cl/cloning.html" \o "Cloning" cloning, artificial wombs and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/ge/genetic_engineering.html" \o "Genetic engineering" genetic engineering Sexual equality of men and women Male- and female-dominated societies, including single-sex societies  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/po/polyamory.html" \o "Polyamory" Polyamory Changing sex roles  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/ho/homosexuality.html" \o "Homosexuality" Homosexuality and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/le/lesbian.html" \o "Lesbian" lesbianism  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/an/androgyny.html" \o "Androgyny" Androgyny and sex changes Sex in  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/v/vi/virtual_reality.html" \o "Virtual reality" virtual reality  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/as/asexuality.html" \o "Asexuality" Asexuality Sexual bonding and politics Sex in zero gravity Sex in an alien zoo A number of works of mainstream  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/er/erotica.html" \o "Erotica" erotica, including the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/go/gor.html" \o "Gor" Gor novels by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/jo/john_norman.html" \o "John Norman" John Norman, have also used the science fiction format. There is now a separate sub-genre of science fiction erotica that aims to integrate the two genres: writers in this genre include Cecilia Tan, whose small press Circlet Press caters especially to adult science fiction fans. Science fiction erotica is frequently associated with  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/le/lesbian_science_fiction.html" \o "Lesbian science fiction" Lesbian science fiction or S/M (Sado/Masochism)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/er/erotica.html" \o "Erotica" Erotica. Examples of science fiction erotica include: VESTA - Painworld by Jennifer Jane Pope In recent years there has been a growing  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/bd/bdsm.html" \o "BDSM" BDSM awareness in the science fiction and fan community. Numerous  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_on_television.html" \o "Science fiction on television" science fiction television series and science fiction films have used science fiction plots as an excuse to fit in gratuitous sexual or  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fe/fetishism.html" \o "Fetishism" fetishistic content: one of the conventions of much filmed science fiction appears to be that the future will be peopled exclusively by attractive people wearing  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sk/skin_tight_garment.html" \o "Skin-tight garment" skin-tight clothing in shiny materials. Nevertheless, some science fiction-themed TV shows, such as  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fa/farscape.html" \o "Farscape" Farscape, have been acclaimed for their handling of such themes. The series  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/le/lexx.html" \o "Lexx" Lexx features sexual themes in almost every episode. The canonical movie in this genre is  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/ba/barbarella.html" \o "Barbarella" Barbarella. Steampunk Steampunk is a subgenre of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \o "Science fiction" science fiction, typically with  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/dy/dystopia.html" \o "Dystopia" dystopian and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fi/film_noir_1.html" \o "Film noir" noir themes, usually set in an  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/an/anachronism.html" \o "Anachronism" anachronistic  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/v/vi/victorian_era.html" \o "Victorian era" Victorian or quasi-Victorian  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/al/alternative_history.html" \o "Alternative history" alternate history setting. Various  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/se/secret_society.html" \o "Secret society" secret societies and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/co/conspiracy_theory.html" \o "Conspiracy theory" conspiracy theories are often featured, and some steampunk includes significant  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fa/fantasy.html" \o "Fantasy" fantasy elements. The origin of the term Steampunk is uncertain, though it is probably a  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sa/sarcasm.html" \o "Sarcasm" tongue in cheek variant of " HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/cy/cyberpunk.html" \o "Cyberpunk" cyberpunk": rather than emphasising the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/co/computer.html" \o "Computer" computer,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ro/robot.html" \o "Robot" robotic, and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/na/nanotechnology.html" \o "Nanotechnology" nanotechnology focus of cyberpunk fiction, steampunk fiction focuses more intently on Victorian-era technology, including  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/st/steam_engines.html" \o "Steam engines" steam engines. Table of contents  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/st/steampunk.html" \l "Origins of Steampunk#Origins of Steampunk" 1 Origins of Steampunk  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/st/steampunk.html" \l "Other Forms#Other Forms" 2 Other Forms  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/st/steampunk.html" \l "Steampunk as a Culture#Steampunk as a Culture" 3 Steampunk as a Culture  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/st/steampunk.html" \l "Bibliography#Bibliography" 4 Bibliography  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/st/steampunk.html" \l "Steampunk#Steampunk" 4.1 Steampunk  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/st/steampunk.html" \l "Quasi-Victorian science fiction#Quasi-Victorian science fiction" 4.2 Quasi-Victorian science fiction  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/st/steampunk.html" \l "Influential Victorian science fiction#Influential Victorian science fiction" 4.3 Influential Victorian science fiction  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/st/steampunk.html" \l "Comics / graphic novels#Comics / graphic novels" 4.4 Comics / graphic novels  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/st/steampunk.html" \l "Steampunk role-playing game material#Steampunk role-playing game material" 4.5 Steampunk role-playing game material  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/st/steampunk.html" \l "Filmography#Filmography" 5 Filmography  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/st/steampunk.html" \l "Movies#Movies" 5.6 Movies  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/st/steampunk.html" \l "Television#Television" 5.7 Television  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/st/steampunk.html" \l "Games#Games" 5.8 Games  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/st/steampunk.html" \l "External Links#External Links" 6 External LinksOrigins of Steampunk Though there are precedents as old as  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/ju/jules_verne.html" \o "Jules Verne" Jules Verne and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/h_/h__g__wells.html" \o "H. G. Wells" H. G. Wells, in the Scientific Romances, Voyages Extraordinaires and Edisonaides of the Victorian and Edwardian eras, Steampunk as a genre developed in the 1980's as an offshoot of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/cy/cyberpunk.html" \o "Cyberpunk" Cyberpunk.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/k/k_/k__w__jeter.html" \o "K. W. Jeter" K.W. Jeter's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1979.html" \o "1979" 1979 novel Morlock Night is sometimes cited as crystalizing the genre: It incorporates elements of Wells'  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_time_machine.html" \o "The Time Machine" The Time Machine, which Jeter expands with his own ideas. William Gibson and Bruce Sterling's 1992 novel  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_difference_engine.html" \o "The Difference Engine" The Difference Engine is credited with the genesis of term "Steampunk". This novel applies the principles of Gibson and Sterling's Cyberpunk writings to an alternate Victorian era where Charles Babbage's mechanical computer was actually built. However, the earliest citation for the term belongs to Jeter.  HYPERLINK "http://www.wordspy.com/words/steampunk.asp" [1] Some cite the origin of the Steampunk concept going back as far as  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/w/wa/walt_disney.html" \o "Walt Disney" Walt Disney's 1954 adaptation of Verne's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/tw/twenty_thousand_leagues_under_the_sea.html" \o "Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea" 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea. The film was a benchmark in its conscious choice to maintain a Victorian look and feel rather than updating the story (as was the case with the 1953 adaptation of Wells'  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_war_of_the_worlds.html" \o "The War of the Worlds" War of the Worlds). The present and growing popularity of Steampunk is likely due in large part to  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/al/alan_moore.html" \o "Alan Moore" Alan Moore and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/k/ke/kevin_o_neill.html" \o "Kevin O'Neill" Kevin O'Neill's two  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/le/league_of_extraordinary_gentlemen.html" \o "League of Extraordinary Gentlemen" League of Extraordinary Gentlemen comic series. Moore's concept and writing made the series popular, but reviews attaching the term "Steampunk" to it became many peoples' first exposure to the term. Other Forms There are two main themes within Steampunk: "Historical Steampunk" and " HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fa/fantasy.html" \o "Fantasy" Fantasy Steampunk".  HYPERLINK "http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/9094/STEAMFAQ.html" [1] Historical steampunk tends to be more  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \o "Science fiction" science fiction-oriented: presenting an  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/al/alternative_history.html" \o "Alternative history" alternate history, presenting real locales and persons from history with different technology.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fa/fantasy.html" \o "Fantasy" Fantasy steampunk, on the other hand, tends to present steampunk in a completely imaginary world, often populated by fantastic creatures coexisting with steampunk technology. The most common Historical Steampunk settings are the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/v/vi/victorian.html" \o "Victorian" Victorian and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/ed/edwardian_period.html" \o "Edwardian period" Edwardian eras, though some in this "Victorian Steampunk" catagory can go as early as the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/i/in/industrial_revolution_1.html" \o "Industrial Revolution" Industrial Revolution. Some examples of this type include the comic  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/le/league_of_extraordinary_gentlemen.html" \o "League of Extraordinary Gentlemen" League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, the novel  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_difference_engine.html" \o "The Difference Engine" The Difference Engine and the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/di/dinotopia.html" \o "Dinotopia" Dinotopia book series. The next most common setting is "Western Steampunk", being a science fictionalized  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/w/we/western_movie.html" \o "Western movie" American Western, as seen in the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/te/television.html" \o "Television" television shows  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_wild_wild_west.html" \o "The Wild Wild West" The Wild Wild West and The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr and films '' HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/w/wi/wild_wild_west.html" \o "Wild Wild West" Wild Wild West and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/ba/back_to_the_future_part_iii.html" \o "Back to the Future Part III" Back to the Future Part III'. As a continuing play on the cyber/steam-punk naming convention, there have been a handful of novels published, self-described as " HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sa/sandal_punk.html" \o "Sandal-punk" sandal-punk" which posit a world in which ancient civilization never collapsed into the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/da/dark_ages.html" \o "Dark Ages" Dark Ages and instead saw rapid technological advancement after a few key discoveries are made or developed into industrial technologies (eg:  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/he/hero_of_alexandria.html" \o "Hero of Alexandria" Hero of Alexandria's steam engine, built around 130 BC). There are also Historical Steampunk stories set in the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/mi/middle_ages.html" \o "Middle Ages" Middle Ages, in which steam and industrial technology is developed in or brought to the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/mi/middle_ages.html" \o "Middle Ages" Mediaeval era (thus dubbed "Mediaeval Steampunk"). Mark Twain's novel  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/a_/a_connecticut_yankee_in_king_arthur_s_court.html" \o "A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court" A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court is a good example of this type. Some examples of Fantasy Steampunk include the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/ca/castle_falkenstein.html" \o "Castle Falkenstein" Castle Falkenstein role-playing game and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_vision_of_escaflowne.html" \o "The Vision of Escaflowne" The Vision of Escaflowne  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/an/anime.html" \o "Anime" anime series. Inbetween Historical and Fantasy Steampunk is a type which takes place in a hypothetical future or a fantasy equivalent of our future where some variety of Steampunk-style technology and aesthetics dominate. Examples include the Neotopia comic and even Disney's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/tr/treasure_planet.html" \o "Treasure Planet" Treasure Planet film. This could also be considered a type of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/re/retro_futurism.html" \o "Retro-futurism" Retro-futurism. See also  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/al/alternative_history.html" \o "Alternative history" Alternate history,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/cl/clockpunk.html" \o "Clockpunk" Clockpunk. Steampunk as a Culture Because of the popularity of Steampunk with people in the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/go/goth.html" \o "Goth" Goth,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/pu/punk.html" \o "Punk" Punk and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/i/in/industrial_music.html" \o "Industrial music" Rivet cultures, there is a growing movement towards establishing Steampunk as a culture and lifestyle. The most immediate form of Steampunk culture is the community of fans surrounding the genre. Others move beyond this, attempting to adopt a "Steampunk" aesthetic through fashion, home decor and even music. This movement may also be (more accurately) described as  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/ne/neo_victorian.html" \o "Neo-Victorian" "Neo-Victorianism, which is the amalgamation of Victorian aesthetic principles with modern sensibilities and technologies. "Steampunk" fashion has no set guidelines, but tends towards solving the hypothetical questions of "what if  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/pu/punk.html" \o "Punk" Punks,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/go/goth.html" \o "Goth" Goths and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/i/in/industrial_music.html" \o "Industrial music" Rivets lived in the Victorian era?" This may include  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/mo/mohawk.html" \o "Mohawk" Mohawks and extensive peircings with corsets and tattered petticoats, Victorian suits with goggles and boots with large soles and buckles or straps, and the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/el/elegant_gothic_lolita_1.html" \o "Elegant Gothic Lolita" Elegant Gothic Lolita and Elegant Gothic Aristocrat styles. "Steampunk" music is even less defined, and tends to apply to any modern musicians who's music evokes a feeling of the Victorian era or Steampunk. This may include such diverse artists as  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ra/rasputina.html" \o "Rasputina" Rasputina,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/thomas_dolby.html" \o "Thomas Dolby" Thomas Dolby, Paul Roland and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sa/sarah_brightman.html" \o "Sarah Brightman" Sarah Brightman. Bibliography Steampunk The Steampunk Trilogy by Paul Di Filippo  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_difference_engine.html" \o "The Difference Engine" The Difference Engine by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/w/wi/william_gibson.html" \o "William Gibson" William Gibson &  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/br/bruce_sterling.html" \o "Bruce Sterling" Bruce Sterling -- the designs of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/ch/charles_babbage.html" \o "Charles Babbage" Charles Babbage led to the wide usage of mechanical computers in  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/v/vi/victorian_era.html" \o "Victorian era" Victorian England. (See  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/di/difference_engine.html" \o "Difference engine" difference engine) Morlock Night by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/k/k_/k__w__jeter.html" \o "K. W. Jeter" K. W. Jeter The Light Ages by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/i/ia/ian_r__macleod.html" \o "Ian R. MacLeod" Ian R. MacLeod The Grand Ellipse by Paula Volsky Pasquale's Angel by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/pa/paul_mcauley.html" \o "Paul McAuley" Paul McAuley Jack Faust by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/mi/michael_swanwick.html" \o "Michael Swanwick" Michael Swanwick '\' HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/pe/perdido_street_station.html" \o "Perdido Street Station" Perdido Street Station'' by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/ch/china_mieville.html" \o "China Miщville" China Miщville  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/ag/age_of_unreason.html" \o "Age of Unreason" Age of Unreason Trilogy by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/gr/gregory_keyes.html" \o "Gregory Keyes" Gregory Keyes by Mike Pondsmith A Nomad of the Time Streams by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/mi/michael_moorcock.html" \o "Michael Moorcock" Michael Moorcock Infernal Devices by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/k/k_/k__w__jeter.html" \o "K. W. Jeter" K. W. Jeter The Sundowners Series by James Swallow Homunculus by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/ja/james_blaylock.html" \o "James Blaylock" James Blaylock L'щquilibre des paradoxes by Michel Pagel Lord Kelvin's Machine by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/ja/james_blaylock.html" \o "James Blaylock" James Blaylock  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/an/anti_ice.html" \o "Anti-Ice" Anti-Ice by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/st/stephen_baxter.html" \o "Stephen Baxter" Stephen Baxter Greatwinter trilogy, by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/se/sean_mcmullen.html" \o "Sean McMullen" Sean McMullen '' HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_anubis_gates.html" \o "The Anubis Gates" The Anubis Gates by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/ti/tim_powers.html" \o "Tim Powers" Tim Powers  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/di/dinotopia.html" \o "Dinotopia" Dinotopia: A Land Apart from Time and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/di/dinotopia.html" \o "Dinotopia" The World Beneath by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/ja/james_gurney.html" \o "James Gurney" James Gurney Quasi-Victorian science fiction A Transatlantic Tunnel, Hurrah by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/ha/harry_harrison.html" \o "Harry Harrison" Harry Harrison -- an  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/al/alternative_history.html" \o "Alternative history" alternate history novel written and set in the 1970s in a world where the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/am/american_revolution.html" \o "American Revolution" American Revolution failed and the British Empire is still going strong. It has a nice mix of technologies advanced or behind ours, with high powered lasers used for drilling, while Babbage engines are used to do calculations for sub-orbital flights. Queen Victoria's Bomb by Ronald Clark -- in the mid 19th century; a physicist gets the idea of isotopic separation after seeing pebbles graded by size on a pebble beach, and makes an atomic bomb. He intends to use it to end the Crimean War, but it never gets used, and no difference is made to history.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_diamond_age.html" \o "The Diamond Age" The Diamond Age by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/ne/neal_stephenson.html" \o "Neal Stephenson" Neal Stephenson -- A cyberpunk adventure in a  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/na/nanotechnology.html" \o "Nanotechnology" nanotechnological future, with much of the action in a neo-Victorian society The Peshawar Lancers by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/s_/s_m__stirling.html" \o "S.M. Stirling" S.M. Stirling -- Meteors devastate Europe and America in the 19th century, causing much of the British upper class to flee to India. The story is set in 2025 in a thoroughly Indianized Angrezi Raj (British Empire), with its capital in Delhi. Influential Victorian science fiction  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fr/from_the_earth_to_the_moon.html" \o "From the Earth to the Moon" From the Earth to the Moon by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/ju/jules_verne.html" \o "Jules Verne" Jules Verne  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/tw/twenty_thousand_leagues_under_the_sea.html" \o "Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea" 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/ju/jules_verne.html" \o "Jules Verne" Jules Verne The Mysterious Island by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/ju/jules_verne.html" \o "Jules Verne" Jules Verne  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/ar/around_the_world_in_eighty_days.html" \o "Around the World in Eighty Days" Around the World in 80 Days by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/ju/jules_verne.html" \o "Jules Verne" Jules Verne Robur the Conqueror by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/ju/jules_verne.html" \o "Jules Verne" Jules Verne  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/jo/journey_to_the_center_of_the_earth.html" \o "Journey to the Center of the Earth" Journey to the Center of the Earth by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/ju/jules_verne.html" \o "Jules Verne" Jules Verne  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_time_machine.html" \o "The Time Machine" The Time Machine by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/h_/h__g__wells.html" \o "H. G. Wells" H. G. Wells  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_war_of_the_worlds.html" \o "The War of the Worlds" War of the Worlds by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/h_/h__g__wells.html" \o "H. G. Wells" H. G. Wells  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_island_of_dr__moreau.html" \o "The Island of Dr. Moreau" The Island of Dr. Moreau by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/h_/h__g__wells.html" \o "H. G. Wells" H. G. Wells  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_invisible_man.html" \o "The Invisible Man" The Invisible Man by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/h_/h__g__wells.html" \o "H. G. Wells" H. G. Wells The Ablest Man in the World by Edward Page Mitchell  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_lost_world.html" \o "The Lost World" The Lost World by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/ar/arthur_conan_doyle.html" \o "Arthur Conan Doyle" Sir Arthur Conan Doyle  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/k/ki/king_solomon_s_mines.html" \o "King Solomon's Mines" King Solomon's Mines by Sir H. Rider Haggard Tarzan of the Apes by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/ed/edgar_rice_burroughs.html" \o "Edgar Rice Burroughs" Edgar Rice Burroughs  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/a_/a_connecticut_yankee_in_king_arthur_s_court.html" \o "A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court" A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/ma/mark_twain.html" \o "Mark Twain" Mark Twain Comics / graphic novels Daisy Kutter by Kazu Kibuishi  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/gi/girl_genius.html" \o "Girl Genius" Girl Genius by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/ph/phil_foglio.html" \o "Phil Foglio" Phil and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/k/ka/kaja_foglio.html" \o "Kaja Foglio" Kaja Foglio  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_league_of_extraordinary_gentlemen.html" \o "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen" The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen 1898 by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/al/alan_moore.html" \o "Alan Moore" Alan Moore Steam Detectives  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/ma/manga.html" \o "Manga" manga by Kia Asamiya Steampunk by Joe Kelly and Chris Bachalo Texas Steampunk series by Lea Hernandez: Cathedral Child and Clockwork Angels Les Citщs Obscures by Benoюt Peeters and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fr/francois_schuiten.html" \o "Franчois Schuiten" Franчois Schuiten ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/dc/dc_comics.html" \o "DC Comics" DC Comics  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/el/elseworlds.html" \o "Elseworlds" Elseworlds) by Brian Augustyn and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/mi/mike_mignola.html" \o "Mike Mignola" Mike Mignola ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/dc/dc_comics.html" \o "DC Comics" DC Comics  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/el/elseworlds.html" \o "Elseworlds" Elseworlds) by Adisakdi Tantimedh and Galen Showman Justice Riders ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/dc/dc_comics.html" \o "DC Comics" DC Comics  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/el/elseworlds.html" \o "Elseworlds" Elseworlds) by Chuck Dixon and J. H. Williams III ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/dc/dc_comics.html" \o "DC Comics" DC Comics  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/el/elseworlds.html" \o "Elseworlds" Elseworlds) by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/mi/mike_mignola.html" \o "Mike Mignola" Mike Mignola and Troy Nixey The Amazing Screw-On Head by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/mi/mike_mignola.html" \o "Mike Mignola" Mike Mignola ''Neotopia by Rod Espinosa  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_adventures_of_luther_arkwright.html" \o "The Adventures of Luther Arkwright" The Adventures of Luther Arkwright and Heart of Empire, or The Legacy of Luther Arkwright by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/br/bryan_talbot.html" \o "Bryan Talbot" Bryan Talbot Steampunk role-playing game material  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/ca/castle_falkenstein__role_playing_game_.html" \o "Castle Falkenstein (role-playing game)" Castle Falkenstein (RPG) by Mike Pondsmith  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/gu/gurps.html" \o "GURPS" GURPS Steampunk by William H. Stoddard Iron Kingdoms by Privateer Press Sorcery & Steam; by Fantasy Flight Games  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sp/space__1889.html" \o "Space: 1889" Space: 1889  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fo/forgotten_futures.html" \o "Forgotten Futures" Forgotten Futures Brassy's Men by Interactivities Ink ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/li/live_action_role_playing_game.html" \o "Live action role-playing game" Live action roleplaying game) Steam Trek online RPG group  HYPERLINK "http://www.steam-trek.com/" [1] Filmography Movies  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/a_/a_trip_to_the_moon.html" \o "A Trip to the Moon" A Trip to the Moon (1902) The Adventures of Mark Twain (1982  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/cl/claymation.html" \o "Claymation" claymation)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/ar/around_the_world_in_eighty_days.html" \o "Around the World in Eighty Days" Around the World in 80 Days (2004) The Asphyx (1972) (2001)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/ba/back_to_the_future_part_iii.html" \o "Back to the Future Part III" Back to the Future Part III (1990) Bram Stoker's Dracula (1994)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/br/bride_of_frankenstein.html" \o "Bride of Frankenstein" Bride of Frankenstein (1935)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_city_of_lost_children.html" \o "The City of Lost Children" The City of Lost Children (1995) Conquest of the Pole (1912)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/da/dark_city__1998_.html" \o "Dark City (1998)" Dark City (1998) The Fabulous World of Jules Verne (1958) First Men in the Moon (1964) Greystoke, the Legend of Tarzan (1983) The Impossible Voyage (1904) The Invisible Man (1933)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/jo/journey_to_the_center_of_the_earth.html" \o "Journey to the Center of the Earth" Journey to the Center of the Earth (1959)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_league_of_extraordinary_gentlemen.html" \o "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen" The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) Master of the World (1961)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sk/sky_captain_and_the_world_of_tomorrow.html" \o "Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow" Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow (2004)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/st/steamboy.html" \o "Steamboy" Steamboy ( HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/2/20/2004.html" \o "2004" 2004  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/an/anime.html" \o "Anime" anime)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_time_machine.html" \o "The Time Machine" The Time Machine (1960, 2002)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/tw/twenty_thousand_leagues_under_the_sea.html" \o "Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea" 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/v/va/van_helsing__movie_.html" \o "Van Helsing (movie)" Van Helsing (2004)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/w/wi/wild_wild_west.html" \o "Wild Wild West" Wild Wild West (1998) Television The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fo/fox_broadcasting_company.html" \o "Fox Broadcasting Company" FOX series  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/do/doctor_who.html" \o "Doctor Who" Doctor Who: "Pyramids of Mars", "The Talons of Weng-Chiang", "Ghost Light"  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fi/firefly__television_series_.html" \o "Firefly (television series)" Firefly, neo-Western  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sp/space_opera_1.html" \o "Space opera" space opera,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fo/fox_broadcasting_company.html" \o "Fox Broadcasting Company" FOX series  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/go/gormenghast.html" \o "Gormenghast" Gormenghast  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/bb/bbc.html" \o "BBC" BBC series  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/ja/jack_of_all_trades.html" \o "Jack of All Trades" Jack of All Trades, syndicated series  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/la/last_exile.html" \o "Last Exile" Last Exile,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/2/20/2003.html" \o "2003" 2003 26-episode anime TV series  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/le/legend.html" \o "Legend" Legend, series '', anime TV series  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/re/read_or_die.html" \o "Read or Die" Read or Die, short  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/an/anime.html" \o "Anime" anime series  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sa/sakura_wars.html" \o "Sakura Wars" Sakura Wars, anime TV series  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_secret_adventures_of_jules_verne.html" \o "The Secret Adventures of Jules Verne" The Secret Adventures of Jules Verne,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/sci_fi_channel__united_states_.html" \o "Sci Fi channel (United States)" Sci Fi Channel series Steam Detectives, anime series  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/tr/trigun.html" \o "Trigun" Trigun, anime series  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_wild_wild_west.html" \o "The Wild Wild West" The Wild Wild West,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/am/american_broadcasting_company.html" \o "American Broadcasting Company" ABC series  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_vision_of_escaflowne.html" \o "The Vision of Escaflowne" The Vision of Escaflowne, anime TV series Games  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fi/final_fantasy.html" \o "Final Fantasy" Final Fantasy The Chaos Engine  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/ch/chrono_trigger.html" \o "Chrono Trigger" Chrono Trigger  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/ch/chrono_cross.html" \o "Chrono Cross" Chrono Cross (aka Chrono Trigger 2)  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sh/shining_force.html" \o "Shining Force" Shining Force Series Syberia  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/thief__computer_game_.html" \o "Thief (computer game)" Thief Xenofiction Xenofiction is a subgenre of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \o "Science fiction" science fiction encompassing stories set among species or cultures dramatically different from humanity or human society. Examples of this kind of work include  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ri/richard_adams__author_.html" \o "Richard Adams (author)" Richard Adams'  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/w/wa/watership_down.html" \o "Watership Down" Watership Down, set in the warrens of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ra/rabbit.html" \o "Rabbit" rabbits in the English countryside, and the second part of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/i/is/isaac_asimov.html" \o "Isaac Asimov" Isaac Asimov's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_gods_themselves.html" \o "The Gods Themselves" The Gods Themselves, which describes an alien culture with three sexes, the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ra/rationality.html" \o "Rationality" rational, the emotional, and the parental. Another good example is The Faded Sun Trilogy: Kesrith/Shon'jir/Kutath by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/c_/c__j__cherryh.html" \o "C. J. Cherryh" C.J. Cherryh. This story is about the Mri (meaning the people) -tall, secretive, bound by honor and the rigid dictates of their society. One human helps the last two survivors escape to retrace the journey of the ancestors. But he is Tsi-mri (not people), and nothing not of the people can touch that world. He must learn to become one of them -- or die at the hands of someone who has become his friend. This article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by [ expanding it]. Time travel Time travel is a concept that has long fascinated  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/hu/human.html" \o "Human" humanity Ц whether it is  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/me/merlin__wizard_.html" \o "Merlin (wizard)" Merlin experiencing time backwards, or the religious traditions of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/je/jesus.html" \o "Jesus" Jesus Christ, descended from the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/k/ki/kingdom_of_god.html" \o "Kingdom of God" Kingdom of God, which exists out-of- HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/ti/time.html" \o "Time" time-and- HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sp/space.html" \o "Space" space, and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/mu/muhammad_1.html" \o "Muhammad" Mohammed's trip to  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/je/jerusalem.html" \o "Jerusalem" Jerusalem and ascent to  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/he/heaven.html" \o "Heaven" heaven, returning before a glass knocked over had spilt its contents. A discussion of time travel should begin with a statement that humans are in fact always traveling in time Ц in a linear fashion, from the present to the immediate future, inexorably, until death. Time travel in fiction and thought experiments is usually meant to describe a different sort of time travel, forward at greatly accelerated rate, forward far beyond reasonable human life span, backwards to a previous time, or any back to the present after a time trip. Often nowadays it is a  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/pl/plot_device.html" \o "Plot device" plot device used in  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \o "Science fiction" science fiction to set a character in a particular  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/ti/time.html" \o "Time" time not his/her own, and explore the possible ramifications of the character's interaction with the people and technology of that time - a spin on the "country bumpkin comes to the big city" plot (or vice versa). It evolved to explore ideas of change, and reactions to it, and also to explore the ideas of a  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/pa/parallel_universe.html" \o "Parallel universe" parallel universes or  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/al/alternative_history.html" \o "Alternative history" alternate history where some little event took place or didn't take place, but causes large changes in the future. Famous fictional time machines include the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/ta/tardis.html" \o "TARDIS" TARDIS and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/h_/h__g__wells.html" \o "H. G. Wells" H. G. Wells'  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_time_machine.html" \o "The Time Machine" time machine. Wells' novel is meant to predict the likely future of humanity itself, starting with world wars and ending with humans reverting back to a Garden of Eden existence - with a terrifying twist. In  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/ph/physics_1.html" \o "Physics" physics, the " HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/thought_experiment.html" \o "Thought experiment" thought experiment" of time travel has been often used to examine the consequences of physical theories such as  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sp/special_relativity.html" \o "Special relativity" special relativity,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/ge/general_relativity.html" \o "General relativity" general relativity and  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/q/qu/quantum_mechanics_1.html" \o "Quantum mechanics" quantum mechanics. There is no experimental evidence of time travel, and it is not even well understood whether (let alone how) the current physical theories permit any kind of time travel. Table of contents  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/ti/time_travel_1.html" \l "Physics#Physics" 1 Physics  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/ti/time_travel_1.html" \l "The equivalence of time travel and faster-than-light travel#The equivalence of time travel and faster-than-light travel" 1.1 The equivalence of time travel and faster-than-light travel  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/ti/time_travel_1.html" \l "Using wormholes#Using wormholes" 1.2 Using wormholes  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/ti/time_travel_1.html" \l "Using massive spinning cylinders#Using massive spinning cylinders" 1.3 Using massive spinning cylinders  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/ti/time_travel_1.html" \l "Using spooky action at a distance#Using spooky action at a distance" 1.4 Using spooky action at a distance  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/ti/time_travel_1.html" \l "The possibility of paradoxes#The possibility of paradoxes" 1.5 The possibility of paradoxes  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/ti/time_travel_1.html" \l "Time travel and the anthropic principle#Time travel and the anthropic principle" 1.6 Time travel and the anthropic principle  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/ti/time_travel_1.html" \l "Time travel in science fiction#Time travel in science fiction" 2 Time travel in science fiction  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/ti/time_travel_1.html" \l "Types of time travel#Types of time travel" 2.7 Types of time travel  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/ti/time_travel_1.html" \l "Immutable timelines#Immutable timelines" 2.7.1 Immutable timelines  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/ti/time_travel_1.html" \l "Mutable timelines#Mutable timelines" 2.7.2 Mutable timelines  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/ti/time_travel_1.html" \l "Other approaches to and examples of time travel#Other approaches to and examples of time travel" 2.8 Other approaches to and examples of time travel  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/ti/time_travel_1.html" \l "Time travel, or spacetime travel?#Time travel, or spacetime travel?" 3 Time travel, or spacetime travel?  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/ti/time_travel_1.html" \l "#" 4 "Distance" of time travel  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/ti/time_travel_1.html" \l "References#References" 5 References  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/ti/time_travel_1.html" \l "Scientific references#Scientific references" 5.9 Scientific references  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/ti/time_travel_1.html" \l "Literary references#Literary references" 5.10 Literary references  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/ti/time_travel_1.html" \l "See also#See also" 6 See also  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/ti/time_travel_1.html" \l "External links#External links" 7 External linksPhysics It should be noted that Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity (and, by extension, the General Theory) very explicitly permits a kind of time dilation that would ordinarily be called time travel. The theory holds that, relative to a stationary observer, time appears to pass more slowly for faster-moving bodies: for example, a moving clock will appear to run slow; as a clock approaches the speed of light its hands will appear to nearly stop moving. However, this effect allows "time travel" only toward the future: only forward, never backward. It is not the most interesting kind, nor the kind typical of science fiction: hereafter "time travel" will refer to travel with some degree of freedom into the past or future. Many in the scientific community believe that time travel is highly unlikely. This belief is largely due to  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/o/oc/occam_s_razor.html" \o "Occam's Razor" Occam's Razor. Any theory which would allow time travel would require that issues of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/ca/causality.html" \o "Causality" causality be resolved. What happens if you try to go back in time and kill your grandfather? Ц see  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/gr/grandfather_paradox.html" \o "Grandfather paradox" grandfather paradox. Also, in the absence of any experimental evidence that time travel exists, it is theoretically simpler to assume that it does not happen. Indeed,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/st/stephen_hawking.html" \o "Stephen Hawking" Stephen Hawking once suggested that the absence of tourists from the future constitutes a strong argument against the existence of time travel Ц a variant of the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fe/fermi_paradox.html" \o "Fermi paradox" Fermi paradox, with time travelers instead of alien visitors. However assuming that time travel cannot happen is also interesting to physicists because it opens up the question of why and what physical laws exist to prevent time travel from occurring. The equivalence of time travel and faster-than-light travel First of all, if one is able to move information from one point to another faster than light, then according to special relativity, there will be an observer who sees this information transfer as allowing information to travel into the past. The General Theory of Relativity extends the Special Theory to cover gravity. It does this by postulating that matter "curves" the space in its vicinity. But under relativity, properties of space are fairly interchangeable with properties of time, depending on one's perspective, so that a curved path through space can wind up being a curved path through time. In moderate degrees, this allows two straight lines of different length to connect the same points in space; in extreme degrees, theoretically, it could allow timelines to curve around in a circle and reconnect with their own past. General relativity describes the universe under a complex sytem of "field equations," and there exist solutions to these equations that permit what are called "closed time-like curves," and hence time travel into the past. The first and most famous of these was proposed by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/k/ku/kurt_goedel_1.html" \o "Kurt GЎdel" Kurt GЎdel, but all known current examples require the universe to have physical characteristics that it does not appear to have. Whether general relativity forbids closed time-like curves for all realistic conditions is unknown. Most physicists believe that it does, largely because assuming some principle against time travel prevents paradoxical situations from occurring. Using wormholes A proposed time-travel machine using a  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/w/wo/wormhole.html" \o "Wormhole" wormhole would (hypothetically) work something like this: A wormhole is created somehow. One end of the wormhole is accelerated to nearly the speed of light, perhaps with an advanced spaceship, and then brought back to the point of origin. Due to  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/ti/time_dilation.html" \o "Time dilation" time dilation, the accelerated end of the wormhole has now experienced less subjective passage of time than the stationary end. An object that goes into the stationary end would come out of the other end in the past relative to the time when it enters. One significant limitation of such a time machine is that it is only possible to go as far back in time as the initial creation of the machine; in essence, it is more of a path through time than it is a device that itself moves through time, and it would not allow the technology itself to be moved backwards in time. This could provide an alternative explanation for Hawking's observation: a time machine will be built someday, but hasn't been built yet, so the tourists from the future can't reach this far back in time. Creating a wormhole of a size useful for macroscopic spacecraft, keeping it stable, and moving one end of it around would require significant energy, many orders of magnitude more than the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/su/sun.html" \o "Sun" Sun can produce in its lifetime. Construction of a wormhole would also require the existence of a substance known as ' HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/ex/exotic_matter.html" \o "Exotic matter" exotic matter', or ' HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/ex/exotic_matter.html" \o "Exotic matter" negative matter', which, while not known to be impossible, is also not known to exist in forms useful for wormhole construction (but see for example the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/ca/casimir_effect.html" \o "Casimir effect" Casimir effect). Therefore it is unlikely such a device will be ever constructed, even with highly advanced technology. On the other hand, microscopic wormholes could still be useful for sending information back in time. Using massive spinning cylinders Another approach, developed by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fr/frank_j__tipler.html" \o "Frank J. Tipler" Frank Tipler, involves a spinning cylinder. If a cylinder is long, and dense, and spins fast enough about its long axis, then a spaceship flying around the cylinder on a spiral path could travel back in time (or forward, depending on the direction of its spiral). However, the density and speed required is so great that ordinary matter is not strong enough to construct it. A similar device might be built from a  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/co/cosmic_string.html" \o "Cosmic string" cosmic string, but none are known to exist, and it doesn't seem to be possible to create a new cosmic string. Physicist  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ro/robert_forward.html" \o "Robert Forward" Robert Forward noted that a naive application of general relativity to quantum mechanics suggests another way to build a time machine. A heavy atomic nucleus in a strong  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/ma/magnetic_field.html" \o "Magnetic field" magnetic field would elongate into a cylinder, whose density and "spin" are enough to build a time machine. Gamma rays projected at it might allow information (not matter) to be sent back in time. However, he pointed out that until we have a single theory combining relativity and quantum mechanics, we will have no idea whether such speculations are nonsense. Using spooky action at a distance Quantum mechanical phenomena such as  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/q/qu/quantum_teleportation.html" \o "Quantum teleportation" quantum teleportation, the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/ep/epr_paradox.html" \o "EPR paradox" EPR paradox, or  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/q/qu/quantum_entanglement.html" \o "Quantum entanglement" quantum entanglement might appear to create a mechanism that allows for faster-than-light (FTL) communication or time travel, and in fact some interpretations of quantum mechanics such as the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/bo/bohm_interpretation.html" \o "Bohm interpretation" Bohm interpretation presumes that some information is being exchanged between particles instantaneously in order to maintain correlations between particles. This effect was referred to as "spooky  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/ac/action_at_distance__physics_.html" \o "Action at distance (physics)" action at a distance" by Einstein. Nevertheless, the rules of quantum mechanics curiously appear to prevent an outsider from using these methods to actually transmit useful  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/i/in/information_theory.html" \o "Information theory" information, and therefore do not appear to allow for time travel or  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/su/superluminal_communication.html" \o "Superluminal communication" FTL communication. This misunderstanding seems to be widespread in popular press coverage of quantum teleportation experiments. The assumption that time travel or superluminal communications is impossible allows one to derive interesting results such as the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/no/no_cloning_theorem.html" \o "No cloning theorem" no cloning theorem, and how the rules of quantum mechanics work to preserve causality is an active area of research. The possibility of paradoxes The  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/no/novikov_self_consistency_principle.html" \o "Novikov self-consistency principle" Novikov self-consistency principle and recent calculations by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/k/ki/kip_thorne.html" \o "Kip Thorne" Kip S. Thorne indicate that simple masses passing through time travel wormholes could never engender paradoxesЦthere are no initial conditions that lead to paradox once time travel is introduced. If his results can be generalized they would suggest, curiously, that none of the supposed paradoxes formulated in time travel stories can actually be formulated at a precise physical level: that is, that any situation you can set up in a time travel story turns out to permit of many consistent solutions. Things might, however, turn out to be almost unbelievably strange. Time travel and the anthropic principle It has been suggested by physicists such as  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/ma/max_tegmark.html" \o "Max Tegmark" Max Tegmark that the absence of time travel and the existence of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/ca/causality.html" \o "Causality" causality may be due to the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/an/anthropic_principle.html" \o "Anthropic principle" anthropic principle. The argument is that a universe which allows for time travel and closed time-like loops is one in which intelligence could not evolve because it would be impossible for a being to sort events into a past and future or to make predictions or comprehend the world around them. Time travel in science fiction  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/h_/h__g__wells.html" \o "H. G. Wells" H. G. Wells' "The Time Machine" is considered the literary masterpiece of the genre.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/ma/mark_twain.html" \o "Mark Twain" Mark Twain's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/a_/a_connecticut_yankee_in_king_arthur_s_court.html" \o "A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court" A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court is another early time travel classic. Probably the most elaborate demonstrations of supposed time travel paradoxes are in  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/r/ro/robert_a__heinlein.html" \o "Robert A. Heinlein" Robert A. Heinlein's " HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/al/all_you_zombies_.html" \o "All You Zombies..." All You Zombies" and " HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/by/by_his_bootstraps.html" \o "By His Bootstraps" By His Bootstraps." Types of time travel Time travel themes in  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_1.html" \o "Science fiction" science fiction can generally be grouped into two types (based on effect Ц methods are extremely varied and numerous), each of which is further subdivided. 1. The time line is consistent and can never be changed. 1.1 One does not have full control of the time travel. One example of this is The Morphail Effect. 1.2 The  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/no/novikov_self_consistency_principle.html" \o "Novikov self-consistency principle" Novikov self-consistency principle applies (named after Dr.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/i/ig/igor_dmitrievich_novikov.html" \o "Igor Dmitrievich Novikov" Igor Dmitrievich Novikov, Professor of Astrophysics at  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/u/un/university_of_copenhagen.html" \o "University of Copenhagen" Copenhagen University). 1.3 Any event that appears to have changed a time line has instead created a new one. 2. The time line is flexible and is subject to change. 2.1 The time line is extremely change resistant and requires great effort to change it. 2.2 The time line is easily changed. Immutable timelines Time Travel in a type 1 universe does not allow any paradoxes, although in 1.3, events can appear to be paradoxical. In 1.1, Time travel is constrained to prevent paradox. If one attempts to make a paradox, one undergoes involuntary or uncontrolled time travel.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/mi/michael_moorcock.html" \o "Michael Moorcock" Michael Moorcock uses a form of this principle and calls it The Morphail Effect. In 1.2, The Novikov Self-consistency Principle asserts that the existence of a method of time travel constrains events to remain self-consistent (i.e. no paradoxes). This will cause any attempt to violate such consistency to fail, even if extremely improbable events are required. Example: You have a device that can send a single bit of information back to itself at a precise moment in time. You receive a bit at 10:00:00 PM, then no bits for thirty seconds after that. If you send a bit back to 10:00:00 PM, everything works fine. However, if you try to send a bit to 10:00:15 PM (a time at which no bit was received), your transmitter will mysteriously fail. Or your dog will distract you for fifteen seconds. Or your transmitter will appear to work, but as it turns out your receiver failed at exactly 10:00:15 PM. Etc, etc. An excellent example of this kind of universe is found in "Timemaster," a novel by Dr. Robert Forward. In a universe that allows retrograde time travel but no paradoxes, any present moment is the past for a future observer, thus all history/events are fixed. History can be thought of as a filmstrip where everything is already fixed. See  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/bl/block_time.html" \o "Block time" block time for a detailed examination of this way of considering the nature of time. In 1.3, any event that appears to have caused a paradox has instead created a new time line. The old time line remains unchanged, with the time traveler or information sent simply having vanished, never to return. A difficulty with this explanation, however, is that conservation of mass-energy would be violated for the origin timeline and the destination timeline. A possible solution to this is to have the mechanics of time travel required that mass-energy be exchanged in precise balance between past and future at the moment of travel, or to simply expand the scope of the conservation law to encompass all timelines. An example of this kind of time travel can be found in  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/da/david_gerrold.html" \o "David Gerrold" David Gerrold's  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_man_who_folded_himself.html" \o "The Man Who Folded Himself" The Man Who Folded Himself. Mutable timelines Time Travel in a type 2 universe is much more difficult to explain. The biggest problem is how to explain changes in the past. One method of explanation is that once the past changes so do all memories of all observers. This would mean that no observer would ever observe the changing of the past (because they will not remember changing the past.) This would make it hard to tell whether you are in a type 1 universe or a type 2 universe. However, you could infer that you were by knowing that a) communication with the past was possible and b) it appeared that the time line had never been changed as a result of an action someone remembers taking, although evidence exists that other people are changing their time lines fairly often. An example of this kind of universe is presented in Thrice Upon a Time, a novel by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/ja/james_p__hogan.html" \o "James P. Hogan" James P. Hogan.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/la/larry_niven.html" \o "Larry Niven" Larry Niven suggests that in a type 2.1 universe, the most efficient way for the universe to "correct" a change is for time travel to never be discovered, and that in a type 2.2 universe, the very large (or infinite) number of time travelers from the endless future will cause the timeline to change wildly until it reaches a history in which time travel is never discovered. However, many other "stable" situations may also exist in which time travel occurs but no paradoxes are created; if the changeable-timeline universe finds itself in such a state no further changes will occur, and to the inhabitants of the universe it will appear identical to the type 1.2 scenario. Other approaches to and examples of time travel In  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_restaurant_at_the_end_of_the_universe.html" \o "The Restaurant at the End of the Universe" The Restaurant at the End of the Universe  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/do/douglas_adams.html" \o "Douglas Adams" Douglas Adams does not see a big problem in becoming his own father, since this is nothing a well-adjusted family can't deal with. The big problem is grammar Ц the tense formation for time travellers. Another issue in the book is that time travel was so complex that in order to understand all the math involved one had to live a dozen lives. As that was possible only after time travel was invented, no one ever knew who was able to invent it. Robert Heinlein's story "All You Zombies..." shows the possible results of taking this concept to its logical conclusion ad absurdum: the time travelling protagonist is/was/becomes his/her own father, son, mother and daughter. In many science fiction books about time travel, there is a physical machine for transporting people through time but there is a minority which involve time travel through mental disciplines.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/ja/jack_finney.html" \o "Jack Finney" Jack Finney's Time And Again is one such book.  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/po/poul_anderson.html" \o "Poul Anderson" Poul Anderson's There Will Be Time portrays time travel as an ability some are born with. The Butterfly Effect (Eric Bress and J. Mackye Gruber) displays time travel as an inherited talent, where one's mind and/or spirit travels back into its past, able to change its current present when it returns. Some people affiliated with the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/u/un/unidentified_flying_object.html" \o "Unidentified flying object" UFO movement say that the ability to time-travel lies latent in everybody's brain, and that that ability is "turned on" in the minds of the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/gr/greys.html" \o "Greys" Greys, who supposedly have the ability to unlock it in human brains too. Other people believe that both time travel and teleportation can be learned through practice in a similar manner. In  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1992.html" \o "1992" 1992  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/ha/harry_turtledove.html" \o "Harry Turtledove" Harry Turtledove published the novel The Guns of the South, which became popular with its story about South African white supremacists using a time travel machine to go back to the days of the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/am/american_civil_war.html" \o "American Civil War" American Civil War and equip the dispirited rebel army with  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/2/20/20th_century.html" \o "20th century" 20th century weapons such as the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/ak/ak_47.html" \o "AK-47" AK-47. They soon win every battle and gleefully march into Washington, D.C. to capture Lincoln. The limits of his time travel machine are ludicrous, however, because it can only take people back a set number of years. This allows him to prevent the white supremacists from making another trip to cure the ills of the first, which goes wrong at the end. It can be argued that the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/b/bo/book_of_revelation.html" \o "Book of Revelation" Book of Revelation, describes a form of "spiritual time travel." In contrast to most science fiction conceptualizations of time travel, the Revelation states that  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/jo/john_the_evangelist.html" \o "John the Evangelist" John (while on the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/gr/greece.html" \o "Greece" Greek island of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/pa/patmos.html" \o "Patmos" Patmos) had a vision that took him, in spirit, to the future end times in world history and that future events were revealed to him by an  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/an/angel.html" \o "Angel" angel sent by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/j/je/jesus.html" \o "Jesus" Jesus Christ. Time travel, or spacetime travel? The classic problem with the concept of "time travel ships" in science fiction is that it invariably treats Earth as if it is stationary in absolute space. The idea that you can go into a machine that sends you to " HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/18/1865.html" \o "1865" 1865 A.D.", and you exit from a door that leaves you in the same spot in Poughkeepsie that the time machine was when you entered it ignores the issue that Earth is moving through space around the Sun, which is moving in the galaxy, etc. So, if you think of spacetime as 4 dimensions, and "time travel" is just "moving" along one of them, you couldn't stay in the same place with respect to the surface of Earth, because Earth is a moving platform with a highly complicated trajectory! If you only moved "ahead" 5 seconds, you might materialize in the air, or inside solid rock, depending on where Earth was "before" and "after." If you moved "behind" one year, you'd end up in cold outer space, where Earth was a year earlier - in the same part of the Sun's orbit, yes, but where has the sun gone over that year? So, to really do what they make look so easy in films like Back to the Future and The Time Machine, your time machine might have to be a very powerful spaceship that could move you large distances and that kept track of Earth's motion through space as part of the solar system, galaxy, etc. But how can you decouple the ship from momentum? If you try to move forward in time, is your ship automatically going to be propelled by the momentum gained by riding Earth? Or does it decouple? But doesn't that bring back the idea of an absolute reference frame? Again, even to move one millisecond forward or backward in time, the ship would have to be far beyond anything humans can build, not to mention the acceleration-deceleration problems and what that might do to your blood pressure. You might even use this to argue,  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/z/ze/zeno_s_paradoxes.html" \o "Zeno's paradoxes" Zeno-style, for the impossibility of time machines. In  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/1/19/1980.html" \o "1980" 1980 Robert Heinlein published an amusing novel  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_number_of_the_beast__novel_.html" \o "The Number of the Beast (novel)" The Number of the Beast about a ship that lets you dial in the 6 (not 4!) coordinates of space and time and it instantly moves you there Ц without explaining how such a device might work. "Distance" of time travel According to  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sp/special_relativity.html" \o "Special relativity" special relativity, the physical laws may be  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/i/in/invariant.html" \o "Invariant" invariant over  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/lo/lorentz_transformation.html" \o "Lorentz transformation" Lorentz transformations. This mixes time and space dimensions as time can be compared to a distance times the speed of light. So, the second is comparable to a unit of distance equal to 299,792.458  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/k/ki/kilometre.html" \o "Kilometre" kilometres. Conversely, the distance of 1  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/me/metre.html" \o "Metre" metre is comparable to about 3.34  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/n/na/nanosecond.html" \o "Nanosecond" nanoseconds. You can also compare a "year" to a " HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/li/light_year.html" \o "Light year" light-year" (since the square of a distance has the opposite sign to the square of a time, time and space aren't actually identical). Now, if we suppose that the same distances in space and time present the same level of technical difficulty, then moving in time for just one second, forward or backward, would be like flying to the  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/mo/moon.html" \o "Moon" Moon. Moving for a few years would be like flying to some of the nearest  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/st/star.html" \o "Star" stars. And if you want to go visiting  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/d/di/dinosaur.html" \o "Dinosaur" dinosaurs, perhaps it would be like flying to a far-off  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/g/ga/galaxy.html" \o "Galaxy" galaxy. On the basis of the above argument, some people think that time travel will require a lot of  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/en/energy.html" \o "Energy" energy (unless we use something like  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/te/teleportation.html" \o "Teleportation" teleportation). One may even say that the past is not accessible to us simply because it is too far away. References Scientific references  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/p/pa/paul_davies.html" \o "Paul Davies" Paul Davies, About Time Paul J. Nahin, Time Machines  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/cl/clifford_a__pickover.html" \o "Clifford A. Pickover" Clifford A. Pickover, Time: A Traveler's Guide Literary references  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/t/th/the_time_machine.html" \o "The Time Machine" The Time Machine, by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/h_/h__g__wells.html" \o "H. G. Wells" H. G. Wells  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/a/a_/a_connecticut_yankee_in_king_arthur_s_court.html" \o "A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court" A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, by  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/ma/mark_twain.html" \o "Mark Twain" Mark Twain Related topics  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_themes.html" \o "Science fiction themes" Science fiction themes  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fr/french_science_fiction.html" \o "French science fiction" French science fiction  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_in_croatia.html" \o "Science fiction in Croatia" Croatian science fiction  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/w/wo/women_in_science_fiction.html" \o "Women in science fiction" Women in science fiction  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/li/list_of_science_fiction_authors.html" \o "List of science fiction authors" List of science fiction authors  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/li/list_of_science_fiction_novels.html" \o "List of science fiction novels" List of science fiction novels  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/l/li/list_of_science_fiction_short_stories.html" \o "List of science fiction short stories" List of science fiction short stories  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_and_fantasy_writers_of_america.html" \o "Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America" Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_film_1.html" \o "Science fiction film" Science fiction film  HYPERLINK "http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/s/sc/science_fiction_on_television.html" \o "Science fiction on 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"http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/h/ho/horror.html" \o "Horror" Horror     PAGE  PAGE 1 -.ЙКСТ╟╚% & - . 6 7 Ъ Ы е ж ┼ ╓ ╫ ╪ ┘ ┌ █ D E L M N O ╢ ╖ ╜ ╛ ┐ └ O P j k l m Ї ї    Ч Ш ░ ▒ ▓ │ ( ) 8 9 : ; ╬ ╧ ы ь э ю ЙКм№Ў№ю№юшю№ю№юшю№ю№юшю№▌╒╔╒┴╔╒╔╖╔╒╔╒╔╖╔╒╔╒╔╖╔╒╔╒╔╖╔╒╔╒╔╖╔╒╔╒╔╖╔╒╔╒╔╖╔╒╔╒╔╖h┼4К0JCJaJh┼4КCJaJjh┼4КCJUaJh┼4КCJaJh┼4К5БCJ\БaJ h┼4К0Jjh┼4КU h┼4К0Jh┼4КH┼ ┘ ┌ l : э ╧·їьЭЧОЧОЧ $Ifgd┼4К$IfNkd]$$IfЦK╓Ч Г А ╓@╓  ў° Ў6╓ ╓ ╓ ╓ 3╓4╓K`╓  ў° aЎp╓  ў°  $$Ifa$gd┼4Кgd┼4К ╦<Ё<¤¤мноп89RSTU╨╤уфхцefz{|}°∙   yzВГДЕ/012но╛┐└┴23>?@A╝╜═╬╧╨ЫЬ∙·_`╗╝├─їЎyzХЦжєыєыєсєыєыєсєыєыєсєыєыєсєыєыєсєыєыєсєыєыєсєыєыєсєыєыєсєы┘╒═╒═╟═╒═╒═╟═╒═╒═╟═╒ h┼4К0Jjh┼4КUh┼4Кh┼4КCJaJh┼4К0JCJaJh┼4КCJaJjh┼4КCJUaJL╧╨╓ює*(AV)"W%К&╤&J'└'3(╕(░лжлжблЬббббНННН & Fдdдd[$\$gd┼4Кgd┼4Кgd┼4Кgd┼4Кgd┼4КNkdф$$IfЦK╓Ч Г А ╓@╓  ў° Ў6╓ ╓ ╓ ╓ 3╓4╓K`╓  ў° aЎp╓  ў° жз  467МНСТШЩ)*-XZ[░▒╡╢▌▐ABMNQRно╡╢╕╣+,СТЮЯ│┤ xyБВTВий$%VjЙКў°  ) * З їяїцїят┌т┌╘┌т┌т┌╘┌тят┌т┌╘┌т┌т┌╘┌тїяїцїт┌т┌╘┌т┌т┌╘┌т┌т┌╘┌т┌т┌╘┌тятїяїцїт╬т┌т┌╘┌т┌т h┼4К0J 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Fдdдd[$\$gd┼4Кgd┼4Кgd┼4Кgd┼4Кgd┼4К>i?iIiJiрiсiVjWjkjljrjsjъjыjkkkklkmkykzk|kЧkЫkЬkllllllplqlxlylЛlМlmmmmmmУmФmЭmЮmйmкmnn%n&n(n8nCnDnзnиn│n┤n╢n╖noo"o#o.o/oРoСoЮoЯoбoкo╚o╒o┘o┌oIpJpXpYp[pўёўэу▌у╘уэўэўёўэўэўёўэ▌эўэўёўэу▌у╘уэўэўёўэу▌у╘уэўэўёўэ▌эўэўёўэу▌у╘уэўэўёўэ▌э▌эўэўёўэh┼4К0J6Б]Б h┼4К0Jjh┼4К0JUh┼4К h┼4К0Jjh┼4КUT[p\p┴p┬p╞p╟p╦p╠p3q4qAqBqEqFq▒q▓q┴q┬q╞q╟q>r?rPrQrUrVr╗r╝r╚r╔r╦r╠r3s4sAsBsFsGs└s┴s╫s╪s▄s▌sdtetВtГtЗtИtёtЄtuuu u`uaufugulumu─u┼u╩u╦u┌u█uHvIvYvZvevfv╔v╩v╒v╓v╪vыvЎvўvdwewuwїяїцїт┌т┌╘┌т┌т┌╘┌т┌т┌╘┌т┌т┌╘┌тїяїцїт┌т┌╘┌т┌т┌╘┌т┌т┌╘┌т┌т┌╘┌т┌т┌╘┌тїяїцїт┌т┌╘┌тят┌т┌╘ h┼4К0Jjh┼4КUh┼4Кh┼4К0J6Б]Б h┼4К0Jjh┼4К0JUTuwvwxwywфwхwЇwїw∙w·w]x^xixjxlxtxГxДxчxшxєxЇx xycydyoypyУyФyяyЁyўy°yzzgzhzsztzЭzвzжzзz{{%{&{({){ж{з{╗{╝{└{┴{0|1|B|C|E|F|л|м|╕|╣|┬|╠|╨|╤|D}E}X}Y}s}t}▌}▐}ь}э}я}№}~~b~ўєщущ┌щєўєў╘ўєуєщущ┌щєўєў╘ўєщущ┌щєўєў╘ўєуєўєў╘ўєщущ┌щєўєў╘ўєщущ┌щєуєўєў╘ўєўєў╘ўєуєўє h┼4К0Jh┼4К0J6Б]Б h┼4К0Jjh┼4К0JUh┼4Кjh┼4КUTГxУyЭz({E|┬|[}я}p~ИУлАнБ╝ВГХГДАД:ЕдЕ3ЖЧЖЬЗ╦ИtЙяЙЁЁЁЁЁЁЁЁЁы▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄ & Fдdдd[$\$gd┼4Кgd┼4К & 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h┼4К0Jjh┼4КUh┼4К0J6Б]Б h┼4К0Jjh┼4К0JUh┼4КR╝о╠оЄоєоtпuпПпРпТпбп┤п╡п"░#░2░3░8░9░Ф░Х░Ь░Э░л░м░▒▒ ▒ ▒q▓r▓┘▓┌▓ш▓щ▓е│ж│┤┤$┤%┤о╡п╡╢╢'╢(╢Z╢[╢╚╢╔╢┘╢┌╢▌╢▐╢?╖@╖J╖K╖W╖X╖╣╖║╖─╖┼╖ы╖ь╖a╕b╕v╕w╕И╕Й╕ф╕х╕ь╕э╕╣╣}╣~╣К╣Л╣ ║№ЎьЎьуь№▌№╒№╒╧╒№╒№╒╧╒№╒№╒╧╒№╒№╒╧╒№╒№╒╧╒№╒№╒╧╒№╒№╒╧╒№╒№╒╧╒№╒№╒╧╒№╒№╒╧╒№╒№╒╧╒№╒№╒╧╒№ h┼4К0Jjh┼4КU h┼4К0Jh┼4К0J6Б]Бjh┼4К0JU h┼4К0Jh┼4КR ║ ║l║m║v║w║z║{║|║Ж║П║У║Ф║ў║°║╗╗╗ ╗l╗m╗x╗y╗~╗╗╘╗╒╗┘╗┌╗х╗ц╗=╝>╝C╝D╝H╝I╝╢╝╖╝╞╝╟╝ё╝Є╝a╜b╜q╜r╜t╜u╜╓╜╫╜р╜с╜ь╜э╜D╛E╛J╛K╛Q╛R╛╣╛║╛╚╛╔╛т╛у╛@┐A┐K┐L┐н┐о┐└└ └!└'└(└Е└Ж└П└Р└╩└╦└$┴ўєўэўєх▌є╫єўєўэўєўєўэўєўєўэўєўєўэўєўєўэўєўєўэўєўєўэўєўєўэўєўєўэўєўєўэўєўєўэўєўєўэўєўє h┼4К0Jj╖ h┼4КUj╓h┼4КU h┼4К0Jh┼4Кjh┼4КUUz║Ж║X┬l┬m┬п┼░┼╕┼·їьЭЧHCgd┼4КNkd>$$IfЦK╓Ч ] А ╓@╓  ў° Ў6╓ ╓ ╓ ╓ 3╓4╓K`╓  ў° aЎp╓  ў° $IfNkd╖$$IfЦK╓Ч ] А ╓@╓  ў° Ў6╓ ╓ ╓ ╓ 3╓4╓K`╓  ў° aЎp╓  ў°  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h┼4К0Jh┼4Кjh┼4К0JUT┴┘┬┘+┌,┌:┌;┌=┌>┌╙┌╘┌ў┌°┌·┌√┌`█a█m█n█r█s█╓█╫█т█у█х█·█№█¤█R▄S▄W▄X▄[▄\▄┴▄┬▄╬▄╧▄╤▄╥▄E▌F▌Y▌Z▌\▌]▌▓▌│▌╖▌╕▌╗▌╝▌▐ ▐+▐,▐.▐7▐J▐K▐в▐г▐и▐й▐└▐┴▐&▀'▀3▀4▀6▀7▀Ш▀Щ▀г▀д▀ж▀з▀№▀¤▀рррўєўэўєу▌у╘уєу▌у╘уєўєўэўє▌єўєўэўєўєўэўєу▌у╘уєўєўэўєўєўэўє▌єўєўэўєўєўэўєу▌у╘уєўєўэўєh┼4К0J6Б]Б h┼4К0Jjh┼4К0JU h┼4К0Jh┼4Кjh┼4КURрр#р$рНрОрЬрЭрнрорсссс с!сvсwс{с|с╖с└с+т6тGтHтлтмт░т▒т│т┤туу"у#у)у*у▒у▓у└у┴у╦у╠у9ф:фJфKф╜ф╞фыфьфMхNхWхXхЦхЯх░х▒хцц)ц*ц>цIцcцdц┐ц└ц╟ц╚ц╔ц╩ц-ч.ч9ч:ч=ч>чзч№°Ё°ЁъЁ°р┌р╤р°Ё°ЁъЁ°╦°┌°Ё°ЁъЁ°Ё°ЁъЁ°Ё°ЁъЁ°Ё°ЁъЁ°╦°Ё°ЁъЁ°╦°Ё°ЁъЁ°╦°Ё°ЁъЁ°р┌р╤р°Ё° h┼4К0Jh┼4К0J6Б]Б h┼4К0Jjh┼4К0JU h┼4К0Jjh┼4КUh┼4КhsиPзчич╢ч╖ч╣ч║чшш)ш*ш,ш-шРшСшЬшЭшгшдшщщщ щ]щxщ~щщ╓щ╫щрщсщхщцщSъTъcъdъАъБъюъяъ ъыыыЖыЗыТыУыХыЦы ыььь*ьJьЁэёэfюgю{ю|ющЁЎЁ·Ё√ЁXёYёkёlёoёАёБёВёГёўёўэўэўёўэўэўёўэўэўёўэчэўэўёўэўэўёўэўэўёўэўэўёўэўэўёўэчэўэўёўэсэўэўёўэ╓╬┬╬j┼h┼4КCJUaJh┼4КCJaJh┼4К5БCJ\БaJ h┼4К0J h┼4К0Jh┼4К h┼4К0Jjh┼4КUJ*ьяЁoёГёДёТЄQ····ёвЬУ $Ifgd┼4К$IfNkd"$$IfЦK╓Ч ЪА ╓@╓  ў° Ў6╓ ╓ ╓ ╓ 3╓4╓K`╓  ў° aЎp╓  ў°  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type="text/javascript"ЁАbЁ!XтєЖбС╢Ье┐NдBа ¤ пnЁїXтєЖбС╢Ье┐NдBа ЙPNG  IHDR╢ЄfsRGB@└}┼0PLTEАААААААААААА└└└            {▒─bIDAT╙EО!└0EqИЙ^uоM&VЙыUpУ\ ╖&ИодC|ёЄє°Р╫┴)"3.8╠┤М═ь■(6 jPts╩ДШЬ&к┘)╖N╤U- \^БwС& ├^ey√·╞╛с_Ўc|_И№т^9IENDоB`ВЕ$$IfЦт !vh5╓r #vr :V ЦK ╓@╓  ў° Ў6Ў,╓5╓3╓4╓K`╓  ў° p╓  ў° Е$$IfЦт !vh5╓r #vr :V ЦK ╓@╓  ў° Ў6Ў,╓5╓3╓4╓K`╓  ў° p╓  ў° сDd,сшшЁl▓ Ё c Ё:A┴ ┐РРNormalРFax0РР1C"ёО├╛Ч├0Ш┐АА<!-- google_ad_client = "pub-9038795104372754"; google_alternate_color = "FFFFFF"; google_ad_width = 336; google_ad_height = 280; google_ad_format = "336x280_as"; google_ad_channel ="9594133443"; google_color_border = "FFFFFF"; google_color_bg = "FFFFFF"; google_color_link = "0011FF"; google_color_url = "009900"; google_color_text = "000000"; //--> type="text/javascript"ЁАbЁ!XтєЖбС╢Ье┐NдBа ¤ nЁїXтєЖбС╢Ье┐NдBа ЙPNG  IHDR╢ЄfsRGB@└}┼0PLTEАААААААААААА└└└            {▒─bIDAT╙EО!└0EqИЙ^uоM&VЙыUpУ\ ╖&ИодC|ёЄє°Р╫┴)"3.8╠┤М═ь■(6 jPts╩ДШЬ&к┘)╖N╤U- \^БwС& ├^ey√·╞╛с_Ўc|_И№т^9IENDоB`ВгDd,сшшЁ.▓ Ё c 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