ࡱ> lnk *bjbjO O 7`-a-a"28&D=Zt=v=v=v=v=v=v=$O@C===___t=_t=__R9;Py|:`==0=:bCC<;C;d_===C : PSY410 Cognitive Psychology. J. P. Toth. Study Guide for Exam 2 Note: Students are responsible for all lectures and assigned material regardless of what is on this guide. Items marked with an asterisk (*) are primarily covered in the textbook, not in lecture notes. Memory: Overview What are the different ways in which memory can be defined? What are the three main processes that underlie all forms of memory? What functions does memory serve? What are the main kinds of memory? Short-Term & Working Memory What is working memory? How is it defined? Give examples. What are the two main characteristics that working & short-term memory share? How does working memory differ from short-term memory? What terms did William James use to describe the distinction between short-term and long-term memory? What is the modal model of memory? What are its the three main components? *What is sensory memory? *What is iconic memory (aka. the icon) and what are its main characteristics? *What is the partial-report technique, and what does research using this technique tell us about sensory memory? In the context of STM, what are meant by the terms duration, capacity, & code? What method was used to study the duration of STM? How did it work? What is thought to be the general duration of STM? What is memory span? What is the magic number +/- 2? What is chunking? According to the modal model, in what code are items in STM stored? What are the two main forms of forgetting? How do they differ? Which is thought to provide the better explanation of forgetting? What is the serial position curve? What are primacy and recency effects? What explains these effects? What are the two main forms of amnesia and how do they differ? To what degree does the modal model provide a good explanation of amnesia? Describe the main problems with the modal model? *What does Sternberg's research say about how we search for items in STM? List & define the four main components of Baddeley & Hitch's (B&H) WM model? [note that only 3 components were discussed in class; the 4th is mentioned in the text as a new addition to the B&H model. The following questions refer to the 3 components discussed in class]. What experimental phenomena support the existence of these 3 components? What brain regions appear to underlie the 3 components of B&H's WM model? How does the Operation-span task work? What does it measure? According to Engle (2002), WM is most related to what other cognitive process? Long-Term Memory: Encoding Define and describe the difference between declarative & procedural memory. Define and describe the difference between semantic & episodic memory. What brain area/s is/are most crucial for declarative memory? Procedural memory? Describe the Levels of Processing (LoP) paradigm & the LoP effect. What are the primary implications of the LoP effect? What is the difference between intentional & incidental learning (or encoding)? According to the LoP approach, what are the three main encoding strategies for getting information into LTM? What concept best captures the idea of deep processing? Describe the various ways in which information can be elaborated at encoding? Explain the concepts of organization & distinctiveness in the context of encoding? What are mnemonics? What are the main mnemonic strategies? How do they work? Long-Term Memory: Retrieval What is the difference between recognition & recall? What is the difference between free recall & cued recall? What are the two primary ways in which recognition memory is tested? *Who first documented the forgetting curve, and what does it tell us about forgetting? *What is a flashbulb memory and what does research tell us about this effect? What is encoding specificity (ES)? What experimental results support this idea? What is transfer appropriate processing (TAP)? In terms of explaining how memory works, how do ES & TAP differ from LoP? What is mean by the term encoding-retrieval interactions? What is state- or context-dependent memory? Give examples. What are the two main processes underlying the dual-process model of recognition memory? How are these processes defined? Long-Term Memory: Implicit Memory What is implicit memory? How is it usually expressed in performance? How do amnesics perform on implicit memory tests relative to normals? How is implicit memory measured? What is priming? What is the difference between repetition priming & semantic priming? What are the three main classes of implicit memory tests? What is a dissociation? What do dissociations between tests tell us? List some variables that produce dissociations between implicit & explicit tests. Give an example of a dissociation between an implicit & explicit test. What are the two main explanations of implicit/explicit dissociations? What does it mean to say that an implicit (or explicit) test is "contaminated" by explicit (or implicit) memory? Why is this a problem? What are the 3 main methods for dealing with explicit contamination of implicit tests? According to Toth (2000), what is the most difficult issue to address when studying implicit (nonconscious) forms of memory? Long-Term Memory: Distortion What does it mean to say that memory is reproductive? reconstructive? What classic memory researchers are most closely associated with ideas of memory as reproduction vs. reconstruction? Who conducted research on The War of the Ghosts and what does that research tells us about memory? *What is memory consolidation. Describe the Deese, Reodiger, McDermott (DRM) paradigm. What is the DRM effect & how is it explained? What are schema & scripts? How do they help memory? How might they create false memories? Define imagination inflation. How does Loftus's misinformation paradigm work? What is a misinformation effect? Define & give an example of retroactive and proactive interference (RI & PI). Define source memory & source confusion. Give an example for how priming & source confusion might lead to false memory. *Describe the recovered/false memory debate. What does the Jennifer Thompson case say about the distinction between memory as reproduction vs. reconstruction? Knowledge (Semantic Memory) Describe the main questions that define research on semantic memory? What are the primary tasks used to measure the organization of semantic memory? Describe the Hierarchical Network model. How does this model exhibit cognitive economy? What data was this model designed to explain? Give examples of Frequency & Typicality effects in sentence verification. Describe the Spreading Activation model. How is it different from the Hierarchical model? How is strength of association indicated in the model? What is Hebb's Law? What is LTP? What is a Hebbian circuit? *Describe the Connectionist (PDP) approach to semantic memory. What are the main features of connectionist networks? What does the study of the brain & brain damage say about how semantic memory (general knowledge) is organized? Knowledge (Concepts & Categories) What is a category? What is a concept? Give examples. What are the three major properties people use to categorize things? What are the three major types of categories? Give examples. What does it mean to say that a person understands a concept or category? Why is the process of categorization so important? What is implicit learning (also called *nonanalytic concept formation)? Describe the two major paradigms (covered in class) used to explore this form of learning. According to your instructor, what are the three major ways by which people categorize things? Why are some categories difficult to explain in terms of rules or defining features (called the *classical view in the textbook)? What two theories assume a resemblance- (or similarity-) based categorization process? What does it mean to say that some categories have fuzzy boundaries, a graded structure, or a family-resemblance structure? What is a typicality effect? What are some of the different tasks in which this effect is shown. Give examples. Describe the idea of a prototype. Be specific. Describe the idea that prototypes are organized in a hierarchical structure? What is the basic level of categorization, why is it unique, and what explains its' uniqueness? Describe the exemplar view of categorization. Can the exemplar view explain typicality effects? If so, how? Can the exemplar view explain findings that the prototype view cannot? *Describe the schematic view of categorization. Describe the explanation-based view of categorization (called the *knowledge-based view in the textbook). What findings support this view? What is psychological essentialism? In what way might all four (or five, if you count schemas) theories of categorization be correct?     PSY410-Cognitive, Toth  PAGE 2 +,-.>CDEK     " # ´|||o|bUFh 7V5>*B*OJQJphhB^6CJOJQJ^Jh&F 6CJOJQJ^Jha$6CJOJQJ^Jh16CJOJQJ^JhNghNg6CJOJQJ^JhD6CJOJQJ^Jh 7V>*B*OJQJphhX>*B*OJQJphhNg>*B*OJQJphhX5B*OJQJphhfE5B*OJQJphhXB*OJQJphhXOJQJ,.E  # _  B / { U  & F h^hgd]~r & F h^hgdV & F h^hgd 7Vgd 7V & F h^hgd{`gdNg# B ^ _ l     U m t u w . / ; 缭vevvvvVhVhVB*OJQJph hoehoe6B*OJQJphhVB*OJQJph hoehV6B*OJQJphhoeB*OJQJphh 7V5B*OJQJphh 7V5>*B*OJQJphhSZ>*B*OJQJph hoehNg6B*OJQJphhXB*OJQJphhNgB*OJQJphh 7VB*OJQJph; < A B P Q S \ ` { | ϴϨn]QQh> B*OJQJph hoehoe6B*OJQJph hoeh]~r6B*OJQJphh]~rB*OJQJph hoeh O6B*OJQJphh OB*OJQJphhoeB*OJQJphhVB*OJQJphhVhVB*OJQJphhVhNgB*OJQJph hoehNg6B*OJQJph hoehSZ6B*OJQJph    7  & 1 2 3 ? 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