ࡱ> '` W5bjbj{P{P 4::)iVVVVWzfXXXXXZZZ=z?z?z?z?z?z?z$$|h~cz&]AZ@Z&]&]czXXxzbbb&]RXX=zb&]=zbbvb"xXX `V^wx\z0zw<^<(x<x<Z/[|b[d\ZZZczczaZZZz&]&]&]&]d8<< HOW TO CITE PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS I. PURPOSE: Acknowledgement: Writers of academic papers frequently incorporate research into their essays to bolster their positions. Parenthetical Citations (PCs) allow writers to acknowledge the creator/originator of the borrowed ideas from their research. Give credit where credits due. NAVIGATION: PCs also help readers navigate through essays by informing them whose idea is whose. Does this idea come from the writer or from a source? Is this the writers opinion, analysis or researched fact, proven data?  STEPPING STONES: PCs allow readers to move from the text to the PC to the Works Cited to the original source. like stepping stones across a stream. PCs provide readers with sufficient information to locate the original source of an idea. If the reader wants to find the idea in its original context. If the reader wants to pursue it further, to read more about that idea abridged in your paper. If the reader wants to verify the authenticity of your research. If the reader wants to confirm the accuracy of your interpretation or analysis or usage.  (AUTHOR + PAGE NUMBER). II. FORMAT: typing: Quotation Marks + space + Parentheses + Period opinion (Smith 89). LIMIT INTRUSION: subsequently, PCs should not be too intrusive (invasive, interfering) they should not interfere with the essay they should provide just enough information to get the reader to the Works Cited page SO no more information than is required NO first names (unless necessary) NO professional degrees NO abbreviations such as ed., narr., comp., trans. NO complete lengthy titles NO commas (unless necessary) NO URLs use Lead-In Expressions to introduce some of the parenthetical material if you use the author or title in the Lead-In, do NOT repeat it in the citation if, however, you do not use the information in a Lead-In, then you MUST include it in the citation III. PLACEMENT: typically, at the end of a sentence period = after the parentheses (Smith 85). To signal that that sentence only comes from that source (nothing before or after it). You will not cite an entire paragraph (your essay with your thoughts, analyses). Exception = Block Quotes (see below) after borrowed information at the end of a clause or phrase or word (this becomes tricky when 2+ borrowings occur in the same sentence; trickier still when those borrowings come from different sources) before the period before the comma Block Quote: indent whole quote 5 spaces no quotation marks period + space + (citation) same paragraph, same source in succession (with no other source intervening): just page numbers (or equivalent) no author needed Lead-In Expressions help clarify any confusion, ambiguity always keep clear your ideas vs. sources ideas --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (AUTHOR + PAGE NUMBER). (1) AUTHOR: author, editor, translator, compiler, performer, narrator this is usually the 1st item in a Works Cited citation, by which you have alphabetized the whole list * if the authors name appears in the Lead-In, you do NOT have to repeat it in the PC 1 AUTHORLast Name only + page # (Smith 85). NO first names unless you cite multiple authors with the same last name (see below) corporate authors (no individual names on the Title Page) abbreviate the commonly abbreviated words Natl. for national long names = in Lead-In Expressions not abbreviated1 AUTHOR & multiple cited works you have cited more than one work by the same author we need the article title to know in which the borrowed material appears Last Name + comma + Article Title + page # (Smith, Dont Read This 85).2-3 AUTHORSLast Names of Authors + page# commas between each (Smith, Jones, and Davis 85). multiple authors with same last name Last Name, First Initial or First Name + page # use the first name when the authors have the same last name & first initial or when you think it would confusing otherwise (Smith, J. 85). or (Smith, Jayne 85).4+ AUTHORSLast Name of First Author + et al. (Smith et al. 85).NO AUTHORArticle Title (Hepatitis and Tattoos 85). truncated, if long (Deconstructionism in the Works 85). first few words enough information to distinguish from others BUT if truncation could cause confusion between sources with similar or the same titles, then use the full title if multiple works have same title comma + the Source comma + the DOP (The Causes and Effects of Teen Smoking, CDC 85). dictionary definitions to cite a specific definition comma + definition number/letter (Nice, def. 3c). (2) REFERENCE MARKERS: to help readers locate source material in its original context (a) articles page numbers, subheadings, paragraph numbers, sections volume # + page # (multi-volume works, such as anthologies) ARTICLES: Page Numbers: Since readers often like to find the original of a thought or quote, they need to be able to find, easily and quickly, where it is located in the original source document. To accomplish this, we place page numbers in the parenthetical citation to help readers painlessly find the original, without having to read the entire source. (Schmigliessa 8). just the number (no p. or pg. or p#) use page numbers only if numbers appear on the computer screen we cannot rely on the printers pagination since each printer has different settings Subheadings: If, however, no page numbers appear in or on the original and this is particularly the case with e-sources such as Web site or database articles then you cannot rely upon the page numbers supplied by the printers because each printers settings are different. Thus, you will use subheadings, used to break up the text of longer articles. As you do with titles, capitalize, truncate, and place quotation marks around subheadings. (Schmigliessa Abortion: History). Paragraph Numbers: Shorter documents often have paragraph numbers in them, and even if they do not, readers will not mind counting paragraphs because of the brevity of the document. Therefore, if the document lacks page numbers and subheadings, use paragraph numbers in your parenthetical citation. For example: (Schmigliessa par.6). If a source has neither author nor page numbers (typical of e-sources) (Article + Subheading). or (Article + par.#). (35 Years of Roe The Problem). or (Strategy The Importance of Succeeding). (35 Years of Roe par.3). If a source has no page number, subheading, paragraphs use your critical thinking skills table title or number column heading chart label block number (of chart/table) (MLA) MLA suggests not using paragraph numbers if the original source does not use them in such instances, it suggests using no numbers at all, citing the entire work instead BUT this defeats one of the key intentions of the PC  (b) literature acts, scenes, lines, stanzas chapters, books, sections LITERATURE: NOVELS & PLAYS (prose): Page # + chapters, books, sections Page # + semicolon + abbreviation + period + number (130; ch. 9). (271; bk. 4, ch.2). POEMS, VERSE PLAYS: no page # act, scene, canto, book, part, line no abbreviations for these (unless ambiguous, then use full word -- line) (remember lower-case Ls look like number 1s) abbreviate titles of these works in parenthetical citations Othello ( (Oth. 4.2.7-13). Faerie Queen ( (FQ 3.3.53.3). Antony and Cleopatra, Act 5, scene 1, lines 5-12 (Ant. 5.1.5-12). Book 10, lines 1-11 of Miltons Paradise Lost (Paradise 10.1-11). of course, if you also cited Miltons Paradise Regained, youd have to use the complete title ARABIC vs. ROMAN NUMBERALS: certain parts of books use ROMAN NUMERALS prefaces, indexes, appendices keep these in your parenthetical citations for all other parts of a book, use ARABIC NUMERALS even if the original does not (some people still prefer Roman Numerals for plays acts and scenes King Lear IV, ii for King Lear 4.2 give them what they want)  (c) RELIGIOUS BOOKS: books, chapters, verses BOOKS of the BIBLE and other scriptures: UNDERLINING: Bible, Talmud, Koran NO underlining (or italics) specific editions of these are underlined (or italicized) King James Version, New King James Bible, New International Version, New American Standard Bible, New Living Translation, Wycliffe New Testament, identify the specific editions in Lead-In Expressions or in the parenthetical citation the 1st time used (or in a Note) ABBREVIATIONS: abbreviate the book names in parenthetical citations Romans ( (Rom. 2.8). Revelation ( (Rev. 21.3). OLD TESTAMENT NEW TESTAMENT Gen. Exod. Lev. Num. Deut. Josh. Judg. Ruth 1 Sam. 2 Sam. 1 Kings 2 Kings 1 Chron. 2 Chron. Ezra Neh. Esth. Job Ps. Prov. Eccles. Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 Samuel 2 Samuel 1 Kings 2 Kings 1 Chronicles 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song of Sol. (also Cant.) Isa. Jer. Lam. Ezek. Dan. Hos. Joel Amos Obad. Jon. Mic. Nah. Hab. Zeph. Hag. Zech. Mal. Song of Solomon (Canticles) Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Matt. Mark Luke John Acts Rom. 1 Cor. 2 Cor. Gal. Eph. Phil. Col. 1 Thess. 2 Thess. Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Tim. 2 Tim. Tit. Philem. Heb. Jas. 1 Pet. 2 Pet. 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Rev. 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- EXCEPTIONS (1) MULTI-VOLUME WORKS: anthologies, reference works volume # + colon + space + page # (Smith 5: 33-39). (2) QUOTE of a QUOTE: (indirect sources) best to use direct sources only, BUT if not possible qtd. in (for quoted in) + authors last name (qtd. in Smith 85). Lead-In Expressions = even clearer, less ambiguous Jones, as quoted by Smith, notes that (85). Single Quotes = within Double Quotes Jones, as quoted by Smith, notes, Single quotes go around double quotes (85). (3) LITERATURE: acts, scenes, lines, stanzas chapters, books, sections (see above) (4) FILM, PERFORMANCES, TV BROADCASTS: no page # or other reference markers SO reference whole work in Lead-In Expression with NO parenthetical citation KEY CONCEPTS CONCERNING CITING Borrowed Information words directly quoted ideas paraphrased or summarized opinions, beliefs, suggestions, statistics, concepts, definitions, data, Changing a few words does NOT change your obligation to document!!! Whether you directly quote or paraphrase or summarize, you must always CITE researched data. Why change only a few words - why not just directly quote the entirety? Cite immediately, not eventually! Place a parenthetical Citation after every sentence of borrowed information. Do NOT cite an entire paragraph This is your essay, with your analyses and your arguments. When in doubt, cite!!!! If you are uncertain if something should be cited, cite it. 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