ࡱ> ceb <bjbjcTcT 7j>>0`YY999MMMMDtMp1<h#h#h#11111112N519h#h#h#h#1YY *1)))h#Y91)h#1))V0@@0 ) Mn$X[0 0@10p1g0x6'60690 h#h#)h#h#h#h#h#11)h#h#h#p1h#h#h#h#6h#h#h#h#h#h#h#h#h# : 8th GRADE PHYSICAL SCIENCE: 2ND SEMESTER FINAL EXAM OUTLINE SOUND What type of wave is sound? Longitudinal wave Infrasonic: frequencies lower than 20Hz Ultrasonic: frequencies higher than 20,000 Hz Doppler Effect: is the apparent change in the frequency of a sound caused by the motion of either the listener or the source of the sound. Loudness: is how loud or soft sound is perceived to be and is measured in Unit? Decibels Resonance: occurs when an object vibrating at or near a resonant frequency of a second object causes the second object to vibrate. Interference: is the result of two or more waves overlapping. Two types of interferences? Constructive and destructive Sonar: using echoes to locate objects underwater and underground LIGHT Light is an electromagnetic wave. Draw, label and give one example for each section of the electromagnetic spectrum:   Visible light spectrum Reflection: occurs when light or any other wave bounces off an object. Refraction: the bending of a wave as it passes at an angle from one medium to another. Diffraction: the bending of waves around barriers or through openings. A convex lens makes images appear - larger A concave lens makes images appear - smaller CHEMICAL & PHYSICAL PROPERTIES/CHANGES Physical property: Matter can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the matter. Example: color, state, odor, volume, mass Chemical property: Describe a substance based on its ability to change into a new substance with different properties. Example: flammable, reacts with oxygen Physical change: Change that affects one or more physical properties. It maintains its original self. Example: breaking chalk, freezing water, cutting your hair Chemical change: Occurs when one or more substances are changed into entirely new substances with different properties. Example: baking a cake, soured milk THERMAL ENERGY Temperature: measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles of an object. relationship between temperature and how fast the particles of an object are moving THE FASTER THE PARTICLES OF AN OBJECT ARE MOVING, THE HIGHER THE TEMPERATURE OF THE OBJECT. Thermal expansion: increase in the volume of a substance due to an increase in temperature. Kelvin: the official SI unit of temperature Absolute zero: the lowest temperature on the Kelvin scale 0 Kelvin Heat: the transfer of energy between objects that are different temperatures Thermal equilibrium: energy is transferred from the higher temperature object to the lower temperature object until both objects reach the same temperature. Conduction: transfer of the thermal energy from one substance to another through direct contact. Example: spoon touching bowl of soup & getting hot Conductor: substances that conduct thermal energy very well. Example: iron skillet Insulator: substances that do not conduct thermal energy very well. Example: flannel shirt Convection: the transfer of thermal energy by the movement of a liquid or gas. Example: one heater located in deep end of pool warms entire swimming pool Radiation: the transfer of energy through matter or space as waves. Example: sunlight shines directly through window Thermal conductivity: conducts thermal energy well Specific heat capacity: the amount of energy it takes to raise the temperature of 1 kg of the material 1 Kelvin Page 256 to answer specific heat: List the 3 substances that heat the fastest: lead, gold and mercury Does copper or aluminum heat the slowest? Aluminum 899 Because copper is 387 THE ATOM Which takes up more space in an atom? Empty space Protons: positively charged particles of the nucleus (+) Neutrons: the particles of the nucleus that have no charge/neutral Electrons: the negatively charged particles in atoms (-) Quarks: the smaller particles that make up protons and neutrons Nucleus: the tiny, extremely dense, positively charged region in the center of an atom made up of protons and neutrons Electron energy levels: any of several different regions in which electrons travel about the nucleus. maximum # of electrons on the first 3 energy levels: 1st - 2 2nd - 8 3rd - 18 Draw a Bohr diagram for an atom that has 11 electrons:        List the valence electrons for the Bohr model you drew: 1 Valence shell: the outermost energy level of an atom Valence electrons: electrons in the valence shell Atomic number: the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom Mass number: the sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom Isotope: atoms that have the same number of protons but have different numbers of neutrons FIND THE FOLLOWING: MASS NUMBER - 11 11 3+ B 5 PROTONS 5 NEUTONS 6 ELECTRONS (WITH THE CHARGE) 2 ATOMIC SCIENTISTS Give one fact about each atomic scientist: John Dalton: all substances are made of atoms & elements combine JJ Thomson: theory of plum-pudding models-small particles are inside the atom. Ernest Rutherford: there is a small positively charged nucleus & atoms have mostly empty space Neils Bohr: Electrons travel in definite paths Schrodinger & Heisenberg: Electrons are found in electron clouds PERIODIC TABLE The Periodic Law: the law that states that the chemical and physical properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers SECTIONS OF THE PERIODIC TABLE: (study table on page 304-305) GROUPS - Vertical columns of elements (from top to bottom) on the periodic table i) name 1 element in group 16: sulfur PERIODS - Horizontal row of elements (from left to right) on the periodic table i) name 1 element in period 4: calcium METALS - found to the left of the zigzag line, solid at room temperature, good conductors, shiny and malleable i) name 1 element that is a metal: iron NONMETALS - found to the right of the zigzag line, most gases at room temperature, not malleable or shiny, poor conductors i) name 1 element that is a nonmetal: carbon METALLOIDS - also called semiconductors, found at the border of the zigzag line, have properties of both metals and nonmetals i) name 1 element that is a metalloid: boron The name for Na is sodium Mercury has an atomic mass of 200 The chemical symbol for gold is Au. The current periodic table is arranged by atomic number Draw dot diagrams for elements 1-10: ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( H( He ( Li ( Be ( B ( C ( ( N ( ( O ( ( F ( ( Ne ( ( ( What family is neon in? Noble Gases One fact about the family? Their atoms have 8 electrons in their outer valence shell One element in the alkali metals: Lithium ELEMENTS, COMPOUND & MIXTURES Element: a pure substance that cannot be separated or broken down into simpler substances by physical or chemical means. Example: Carbon Compound: is a pure substance composed of two or more elements that are chemically combined. Example: NaCl = Sodium + Chlorine = Sodium Chloride Mixture: is a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined Example: pizza How are elements and compounds similar? Each has its own physical properties such as boiling point, melting point, density and color How are compounds and mixtures similar? 2 or more elements join together CHEMICAL BONDS Atoms bond by gaining, losing or sharing electrons. If an atom has a positive charge, it has LOST electrons. If it has a negative charge it has GAINED electrons. Ionic bond: the force of attraction between oppositely charged ions. Ions: charged particles that form during chemical changes when one or more valence electrons transfer from one atom to another. Covalent bond: the force of attraction between the nuclei of atoms and the electrons SHARED BY THE ATOMS. Molecule: a NEUTRAL group of atoms held together by covalent bonds COMPOUNDS Binary compounds: a combination of two elements Give one example of using the criss-cross method to make a binary formula:  Fe 2+ O 3-  Equals: Fe3O2 CHEMICAL REACTIONS & EQUATIONS How many atoms of each element are in the following chemical formula? 2H2SO4 = 4 hydrogen atoms, 2 sulfur atoms, and 8 oxygen atoms Is the following equation balanced or unbalanced? (show work) 2KCl + 3O2 ----------- 2KClO3 potassium 2 2 chlorine 2 2 oxygen 6 6 = a balanced equation b) 4 potassium, 4 chlorine, 12 oxygen c) label the following: subscript - the 2 after the O and the 3 after O coefficient the 2 in front of K, the 3 in front of O and the 2 in front of KClO reactants potassium (K), chlorine (Cl) and oxygen (O) products 2KClO3 Law of Conservation of Mass: In a chemical reaction, no mass is lost or gained How does a balanced equation illustrate this law? Even though a chemical reaction has taken place, both sides of the equation retain the same number of atoms. TYPES OF REACTIONS Synthesis: a reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a single compound Decomposition: A reaction in which a single compound breaks down to form two ore more simpler substances Single Replacement: A reaction in which an element takes the place of another element that is part of a compound. Double Replacement: A reaction in which ions in two compounds switch places. Endothermic: A chemical reaction in which energy is absorbed. Exothermic: A chemical reaction in which energy is released or removed ACIDS & BASES Acid: any compound that increases the number of hydrogen ions which dissolved in water (pH scale: 0 6.9) a) example: lemon Base: any compound that increases the number of hydroxide ions when dissolved in water (pH scale: 7.1 14) a) example: baking soda Neutralization: a chemical reaction between an acid and a base. 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