ࡱ> "$ !y zZbjbj .{{zR,#.  #######$$E'@#@#U#   # #  "" AAv"#k#0#",''"'"(+ 9 Ew@#@#"#' : From How to Read Literature Like a Professor Thomas C. Foster Notes by Marti Nelson Every Trip is a Quest (except when its not): A quester A place to go A stated reason to go there Challenges and trials The real reason to goalways self-knowledge Nice to Eat With You: Acts of Communion Whenever people eat or drink together, its communion Not usually religious An act of sharing and peace A failed meal carries negative connotations Nice to Eat You: Acts of Vampires Literal Vampirism: Nasty old man, attractive but evil, violates a young woman, leaves his mark, takes her innocence Sexual implicationsa trait of 19th century literature to address sex indirectly Symbolic Vampirism: selfishness, exploitation, refusal to respect the autonomy of other people, using people to get what we want, placing our desires, particularly ugly ones, above the needs of another. If Its Square, Its a Sonnet Now, Where Have I Seen Her Before? There is no such thing as a wholly original work of literaturestories grow out of other stories, poems out of other poems. There is only one storyof humanity and human nature, endlessly repeated Intertexualityrecognizing the connections between one story and another deepens our appreciation and experience, brings multiple layers of meaning to the text, which we may not be conscious of. The more consciously aware we are, the more alive the text becomes to us. If you dont recognize the correspondences, its ok. If a story is no good, being based on Hamlet wont save it. When in Doubt, Its from Shakespeare Writers use what is common in a culture as a kind of shorthand. Shakespeare is pervasive, so he is frequently echoed. See plays as a pattern, either in plot or theme or both. Examples: Hamlet: heroic character, revenge, indecision, melancholy nature Henry IVa young man who must grow up to become king, take on his responsibilities Othellojealousy Merchant of Venicejustice vs. mercy King Learaging parent, greedy children, a wise fool Or the Bible Before the mid 20th century, writers could count on people being very familiar with Biblical stories, a common touchstone a writer can tap Common Biblical stories with symbolic implications Garden of Eden: women tempting men and causing their fall, the apple as symbolic of an object of temptation, a serpent who tempts men to do evil, and a fall from innocence David and Goliathovercoming overwhelming odds Jonah and the Whalerefusing to face a task and being eaten or overwhelmed by it anyway. Job: facing disasters not of the characters making and not the characters fault, suffers as a result, but remains steadfast The Flood: rain as a form of destruction; rainbow as a promise of restoration Christ figures (a later chapter): in 20th century, often used ironically The ApocalypseFour Horseman of the Apocalypse usher in the end of the world. Biblical names often draw a connection between literary character and Biblical charcter. Hanseldee and Greteldum--using fairy tales and kid lit Hansel and Gretel: lost children trying to find their way home Peter Pan: refusing to grow up, lost boys, a girl-nurturer/ Little Red Riding Hood: See Vampires Alice in Wonderland, The Wizard of Oz: entering a world that doesnt work rationally or operates under different rules, the Red Queen, the White Rabbit, the Cheshire Cat, the Wicked Witch of the West, the Wizard, who is a fraud Cinderella: orphaned girl abused by adopted family saved through supernatural intervention and by marrying a prince Snow White: Evil woman who brings death to an innocentagain, saved by heroic/princely character Sleeping Beauty: a girl becoming a woman, symbolically, the needle, blood=womanhood, the long sleep an avoidance of growing up and becoming a married woman, saved by, guess who, a prince who fights evil on her behalf. Evil Stepmothers, Queens, Rumpelstilskin Prince Charming heroes who rescue women. (20th c. frequently switchedthe women save the menor used highly ironically) Its Greek to Me Myth is a body of story that mattersthe patterns present in mythology run deeply in the human psyche Why writers echo mythbecause theres only one story (see #4) Odyssey and Iliad Men in an epic struggle over a woman Achillesa small weakness in a strong man; the need to maintain ones dignity Penelope (Odysseuss wife)the determination to remain faithful and to have faith Hector: The need to protect ones family The Underworldan ultimate challenge, facing the darkest parts of human nature or dealing with death Metamorphoses by Ovidtransformation (Kafka) Oedipus: family triangles, being blinded, dysfunctional family Cassandra: refusing to hear the truth A wronged woman gone violent in her grief and madnessAeneas and Dido or Jason and Medea Mother loveDemeter and Persephone Its more than just rain or snow Rain fertility and life Noah and the flood Drowningone of our deepest fears Why? plot device atmospherics misery factorchallenge characters democratic elementthe rain falls on the just and the unjust alike Symbolically rain is cleana form of purification, baptism, removing sin or a stain rain is restorativecan bring a dying earth back to life destructive as wellcauses pneumonia, colds, etc.; hurricanes, etc. Ironic useApril is the cruelest month (T.S. Eliot, The Wasteland) RainbowGods promise never to destroy the world again; hope; a promise of peace between heaven and earth fogalmost always signals some sort of confusion; mental, ethical, physical fog; people cant see clearly Snow negativelycold, stark, inhospitable, inhuman, nothingness, death positivelyclean, pure, playful More Than Its Gonna Hurt You: Concerning Violence Violence can be symbolic, thematic, biblical, Shakespearean, Romantic, allegorical, transcendent. Two categories of violence in literature Character causedshootings, stabbings, drownings, poisonings, bombings, hit and run, etc Death and suffering for which the characters are not responsible. Accidents are not really accidents. Violence is symbolic action, but hard to generalize meaning Questions to ask: What does this type of misfortune represent thematically? What famous or mythic death does this one resemble? Why this sort of violence and not some other? Is That a Symbol? Yes. But figuring out what is tricky. Can only discuss possible meanings and interpretations There is no one definite meaning unless its an allegory, where characters, events, places have a one-on-one correspondence symbolically to other things. (Animal Farm) Actions, as well as objects and images, can be symbolic. i.e. The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost How to figure it out? Symbols are built on associations readers have, but also on emotional reactions. Pay attention to how you feel about a text. Its All Political Literature tends to be written by people interested in the problems of the world, so most works have a political element in them Issues: Individualism and self-determination against the needs of society for conformity and stability. Power structures Relations among classes issues of justice and rights interactions between the sexes and among various racial and ethnic constituencies. Yes, Shes a Christ Figure, Too Characteristics of a Christ Figure: crucified, wounds in hands, feet, side, and head, often portrayed with arms outstretched in agony self-sacrificing good with children good with loaves, fishes, water, wine thirty-three years of age when last seen employed as a carpenter known to use humble modes of transportation, feet or donkeys preferred believed to have walked on water known to have spent time alone in the wilderness believed to have had a confrontation with the devil, possibly tempted last seen in the company of thieves creator of many aphorisms and parables buried, but arose on the third day had disciples, twelve at first, although not all equally devoted very forgiving came to redeem an unworthy world As a reader, put aside belief system. Why us Christ figures? Deepens our sense of a characters sacrifice, thematically has to do with redemption, hope, or miracles. If used ironically, makes the character look smaller rather than greater Flights of Fancy Daedalus and Icarus Flying was one of the temptations of Christ Symbolically: freedom, escape, the flight of the imagination, spirituality, return home, largeness of spirit, love Interrupted flight generally a bad thing Usually not literal flying, but might use images of flying, birds, etc. Irony trumps everything Its All About Sex Female symbols: chalice, Holy Grail, bowls, rolling landscape, empty vessels waiting to be filled, tunnels, images of fertility Male symbols: blade, tall buildings Why? Before mid 20th c., coded sex avoided censorship Can function on multiple levels Can be more intense than literal descriptions Except Sex. When authors write directly about sex, theyre writing about something else, such as sacrifice, submission, rebellion, supplication, domination, enlightenment, etc. If She Comes Up, Its Baptism Baptism is symbolic death and rebirth as a new individual Drowning is symbolic baptism, IF the character comes back up, symbolically reborn. But drowning on purpose can also represent a form of rebirth, a choosing to enter a new, different life, leaving an old one behind. Traveling on waterrivers, oceanscan symbolically represent baptism. i.e. young man sails away from a known world, dies out of one existence, and comes back a new person, hence reborn. Rivers can also represent the River Styx, the mythological river separating the world from the Underworld, another form of transformation, passing from life into death. Rain can by symbolic baptism as wellcleanses, washes Sometimes the water is symbolic toothe prairie has been compared to an ocean, walking in a blizzard across snow like walking on water, crossing a river from one existence to another (Beloved) Theres also rebirth/baptism implied when a character is renamed. Geography Matters What represents home, family, love, security? What represents wilderness, danger, confusion? i.e. tunnels, labyrinths, jungles Geography can represent the human psyche (Heart of Darkness) Going south=running amok and running amok means having a direct, raw encounter with the subconscious. Low places: swamps, crowds, fog, darkness, fields, heat, unpleasantness, people, life, death High places: snow, ice, purity, thin air, clear views, isolation, life, death So Does Season Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter=youth, adulthood, middle age, old age/death. Spring=fertility, life, happiness, growth, resurrection (Easter) Fall=harvest, reaping what we sow, both rewards and punishments Winter=hibernation, lack of growth, death, punishment Christmas=childhood, birth, hope, family Irony trumps all April is the cruelest month from The Wasteland Marked for Greatness Physical marks or imperfections symbolically mirror moral, emotional, or psychological scars or imperfections. Landscapes can be marked as wellThe Wasteland by T.S. Eliot Physical imperfection, when caused by social imperfection, often reflects not only the damage inside the individual, but what is wrong with the culture that causes such damage Monsters Frankensteinmonsters created through no fault of their own; the real monster is the maker Faustbargains with the devil in exchange for ones soul Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hydethe dual nature of humanity, that in each of us, no matter how well-made or socially groomed, a monstrous Other exists. Quasimodo, Beauty and the Beastugly on the outside, beautiful on the inside. The physical deformity reflects the opposite of the truth. Hes Blind for a Reason, You Know Physical blindness mirrors psychological, moral, intellectual (etc.) blindness Sometimes ironic; the blind see and sighted are blind Many times blindness is metaphorical, a failure to seereality, love, truth, etc. darkness=blindness; light=sight Its Never Just Heart Disease... Heart disease=bad love, loneliness, cruelty, disloyalty, cowardice, lack of determination. Socially, something on a larger scale or something seriously amiss at the heart of things (Heart of Darkness) And Rarely Just Illness Not all illnesses are created equal. Tuberculosis occurs frequently; cholera does not because of the reasons below It should be picturesque It should be mysterious in origin It should have strong symbolic or metaphorical possibilities Tuberculosisa wasting disease Physical paralysis can mirror moral, social, spiritual, intellectual, political paralysis Plague: divine wrath; the communal aspect and philosophical possibilities of suffering on a large scale; the isolation an despair created by wholesale destruction; the puniness of humanity in the face of an indifferent natural world Malaria: means literally bad air with the attendant metaphorical possibilities. Venereal disease: reflects immorality OR innocence, when the innocent suffer because of anothers immorality; passed on to a spouse or baby, mens exploitation of women AIDS: the modern plague. Tendency to lie dormant for years, victims unknowing carriers of death, disproportionately hits young people, poor, etc. An opportunity to show courage and resilience and compassion (or lack of); political and religious angles The generic fever that carries off a child Dont Read with Your Eyes You must enter the reality of the book; dont read from your own fixed position in 2005. Find a reading perspective that allows for sympathy with the historical movement of the story, that understands the text as having been written against its own social, historical, cultural, and personal background. We dont have to accept the values of another culture to sympathetically step into a story and recognize the universal qualities present there. Is He Serious? And Other Ironies Irony trumps everything. Look for it. Example: Waiting for Godotjourneys, quests, self-knowledge turned on its head. Two men by the side of a road they never take and which never brings anything interesting their way. Irony doesnt work for everyone. Difficult to warm to, hard for some to recognize which causes all sorts of problems. Satanic Verses , nknknl Test Case: A Reading of The Garden Party by Katherine Mansfield Works referenced in How to Read Literature Like a Professor ChapterTitleGenreAuthor1. QuestThe Crying of Lot 49novelThomas PynchonAdventures of Huckleberry FinnnovelMark TwainLord of the RingsnovelJ.R.R. TolkeinStar WarsmovieGeorge LucusNorth by NorthwestmovieAlfred Hitchcock2. Food as CommunionTom Jones (excerpt)novelHenry FieldingCathedralSSRaymond CarverDinner at the Homesick RestaurantnovelAnne TylerThe Dead SSJames Joyce3. Vampires and GhostsDraculanovelBram StokerHamletplayWilliam ShakespeareA Christmas CarolnovelCharles DickensDr. Jekyll and Mr. HydenovelRobert Louis StevensonThe Turn of the ScrewnovellaHenry JamesDaisy MillernovelHenry JamesTess of the DubervillesnovelThomas HardyMetamorphosis and Hunger Artist novelFranz KafkaA Severed Head, The UnicornnovelsIris Murdoch4. Sonnets5. IntertextualityGoing After CacciatonovelTim OBrienAlice in WonderlandnovelLewis CarrollThe OvercoatSSNikolai GogalThe Overcoat IISST. Coraghessan BoyleTwo GallantsSSJames JoyceTwo More GallantsSSWilliam TrevorBeowulfpoemGrendelnovelJohn GardnerWise ChildrennovelAngela CarterHamlet, Much Ado About NothingplayWilliam Shakespeare6. Shakespeare AllusionsRosencrantz and Guildenstern Are DeadplayTom StoppardA Thousand AcresnovelJane SmileyThe Lovesong of J. Alfred PrufrockpoemT.S. EliotMaster Haroldand the boysplayAthol Fugardnumerous TV shows and movies7. Biblical AllusionsArabySSJames JoyceBelovednovelToni Morrison The Sun Also RisesnovelHemingwayCanterbury TalespoemGeoffrey ChaucerHoly SonnetspoemsJohn DonneThe WastelandpoemT.S. EliotWhy I Live at the P.O.SSEudora WeltySonnys Blues, Go Tell It on the MountainSSJames BaldwinPulp FictionmovieQuentin TarantinoEast of EdennovelJohn Steinbeck8. Fairy TalesAlice in Wonderland, Sleeping Beauty, Snow white, Cinderella, Prince Charming, Hansel and Gretel, Angela CarterThe Gingerbread HouseSSRobert CooverThe Bloody Chamber (collection of stories)SSAngela Carter9. Greek MythologySong of SolomonnovelToni Morrison Musee des Beaux ArtspoemW. H. AudenLandscape with Fall of IcaruspoemWilliam Carlos WilliamsOmeros (based on Homer)novelDerek WalcottO Brother, Where Art ThoumovieJoel and Ethan CoenUlyssesnovelJames Joyce10. WeatherThe Three StrangersSSThomas HardySong of SolomonnovelToni MorrisonA Farewell to ArmsnovelEarnest HemingwayThe DeadSSJames JoyceThe WastelandpoemT.S. EliotThe FishpoemElizabeth BishopThe Snow ManpoemWallace Stevens11. ViolenceOut, OutpoemRobert FrostBelovednovelToni MorrisonWomen in LovenovelD.H. LawrenceThe FoxnovellaD. H. LawrenceBarn BurningSSWilliam FaulknerBelovednovelToni Morrison12. SymbolismPilgrims ProgressallegoryJohn BunyanPassage to IndianovelE.M. ForsterParable of the Cave (The Republic)PlatoThe Bridge (poem sequence)poemHart CraneThe WastelandpoemT.S. EliotMowing, After Apple Picking, The Road Not Taken, BirchespoemsRobert Frost13. Political WritingA Christmas CarolnovelCharles DickensMasque of the Red Death, The Fall of the House of UsherSSEdgar Allen PoeRip Van WinkleSSWashington IrvingOedipus at ColonusplaySophoclesA Room of Ones OwnNFVirginia WoolfMrs. DallowaynovelVirginia Woolf14. Christ FiguresOld Man and the SeanovellaEarnest Hemingway15. FlightSong of SolomonnovelToni Morrison Nights at the Circus?Angela CarterA Very Old Man with Enormous WingsSSGabriel Garcia MarquezSatanic VersesnovelSalmon RushdiePortrait of and Artist as a Young MannovelJames JoyceWild Swans at CoolepoemWilliam Butler YeatsBirchespoemRobert Frost16. All About SexNorth by NorthwestmovieAlfred HitchcockJanusSSAnn BeattieLady Chatterlys Lover, Women in Love, The Rocking-Horse Winner (SS)novelD.H. Lawrence17. Except SexFrench Lieutenants WomannovelJohn FowlesA Clockwork OrangenovelAnthony BurgessLolitanovelVladimir NabokovWise ChildrennovelAngela Carter18. BaptismOrdinary PeoplenovelJudith GuestLove MedicinenovelLouise ErdrichSong of Solomon, BelovednovelToni MorrisonThe Horse Dealers DaughterSSD.H. LawrenceThe UnicornnovelIris Murdoch19. GeographyThe Old Man and the SeanovelEarnest HemingwayThe Adventures of Huckleberry FinnnovelMark TwainThe Fall of the House of UsherSSEdgar Allen PoeBean TreesnovelBarbara KingsolverSong of SolomonnovelToni Morrison A Room with a View, A Passage to IndianovelE.M. ForsterHeart of DarknessnovelJoseph ConradIn Praise of PrairiepoemTheodore RoethkeBoglandpoemSeamus HeaneyIn Praise of LimestonepoemW.H. AudenThe Snows of KilimanjaronovelEarnest Hemingway20. SeasonsSonnet 73, Richard III opening, etc.poemWilliam ShakespeareIn Memory of W.B. YeatspoemW.H. AudenAfter Apple PickingpoemRobert FrostThe WastelandpoemT.S. Eliot21. Physical MarksRichard IIIplayWilliam ShakespeareSong of Solomon, BelovednovelToni MorrisonOedipus RexplaySophoclesThe Sun Also RisesnovelEarnest HemingwayThe WastelandpoemT.S. EliotFrankensteinnovelMary Shelleyversions of Faust, Dr. Faustus, The Devil and Daniel Webster, Bedazzled (movie), Star Warsnovel, playGoethe, Marlowe, Stephen Vincent BenetThe Hunchback of Notre DamenovelVictor HugoDr. Jekyll and Mr. HydenovelRobert Louis Stevenson22. BlindnessOedipus RexplaySophoclesArabySSJames JoyceWaiting for GodotplaySamuel Beckett23. Heart DiseaseThe Good SoldiernovelFord Madox FordThe Man of AdamantSSNathaniel HawthorneLord JimnovelJoseph ConradLolitanovelVladimir Nabokov24. IllnessThe Sisters (Dubliners)SSJames JoyceIllness as Metaphor (literary criticsm)NFSusan SontagThe PlaguenovelAlbert CamusA Dolls HouseplayHenrik IbsenThe HoursnovelMichael CunninghamThe Masque of the Red DeathSSEdgar Allen Poe25. Dont Read with Your EyesThe DeadSSJames JoyceSonnys BluesSSJames BaldwinThe Merchant of VeniceplayWilliam Shakespeare26. IronyWaiting for GodotplaySamuel BeckettA Farewell to ArmsnovelEarnest HemingwayThe Importance of Being EarnestplayOscar WildeHowards EndnovelE.M. ForsterA Clockwork OrangenovelAnthony BurgessWriters who frequently take ironic stance: Franz Kafka, Samuel Beckett, James Joyce, Vladimir Nabokov, Angela Carter, T. Coraghessan Boyle, Salman Rushdie27. A Test CaseUses The Garden Party by Katherine Mansfield as an application of the concepts found in this book. Thanks and credit for these notes to Marti Nelson- ->STU! l n g KM6k } x"" $-$'':)N)**x**++I+. /00D2Q2S2h223z5566~77<<<!<=>T?c?k? hR9] hR95>* hR96 hR95\ hR9H* hR95hR9hR956CJaJhR95CJaJN->TU! 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