ࡱ> .0+,-|c Objbj D؎U\؎U\[NN^^^^r^0x^|||Ն|Q@suuuuuu$^QSv|V333|(s3s333o*'3_00333,1r3\u0N> : Name Date Class   LESSON 4: 20 minutes How often do you use water each day? In most places in the United States, people are fortunate to have an adequate supply of clean water. When you turn on the faucet, do you think about the value of water as a resource? Procedure 1. In the Data and Observations section below, prepare a two-column table to collect data on the number of times you use water in one day. Title the first column Purpose and the second column Times Used. 2. In the Purpose column, describe how you used the water, such as Faucet, Toilet, Shower/Bath, Dishwasher, Laundry, Leaks, and Other. 3. In the Times Used column, record and tally the total number of times you used water. 4. Calculate the percent that you use water for each category. In the Data and Observations section below, construct a circle graph showing the percentages of use in a day. Data and Observations Think About This 1. For which purpose did you use water the most? The least? 2. Key Concept In which category, or categories, could you conserve water? How? Natural Resources 65 Name Date Class   LESSON 4 Air and Water Resources Directions: Study the Venn diagram below. For each term, write its definition. Where circles overlap, explain the relationship between the terms.   66 Natural Resources Name Date Class  LESSON 4 Air and Water Resources A. Importance of Air and Water 1. Air and are resources that you cannot live without. a. from air helps your body provide energy for your cells. b. Water helps protect body tissues and maintain body . c. Water also has a role in many chemical such as the digestion of food. d. People use water for other purposes including , transportation, and recreation. 2. Burning in homes, vehicles, and power plants produces air pollution. a. Air pollution can also be caused by events, such as volcanic eruptions or forest fires. b. is a brownish haze produced when nitrogen compounds and other pollutants in the air react in the presence of sunlight. c. Smog can be particularly harmful when it is trapped under a layer of warm and remains in an area for several days. d. forms when nitrogen and sulfur compounds released when fossil fuels burn react with water in the atmosphere. e. Acid precipitation is precipitation that has a(n) less than 5.6. f. Materials from forest fires and eruptions can cause health problems similar to those caused by smog. 3. About 97 percent of water on Earth is water. a. Out of the total amount of on Earth, only about 0.9 percent is available for humans to use. b. water containing fertilizers can run off from fields into rivers and groundwater, reducing the quality of water supplies. c. In industry, water is often to a point that it can harm aquatic organisms. Natural Resources 67 Name Date Class Lesson Outline continued B. Managing Air and Water Resources 1. Management of air and water resources must consider both needs and the needs of other . 2. can be used to reduce pollution of water and air. a. The U.S. Act limits the amount of certain pollutants that can be released into the air. b. The U.S. Act works to reduce of water pollution. c. The Safe Act has regulations to protect drinking water supplies. 3. People can help reduce water pollution by properly disposing of harmful chemicals so less runs off into rivers and streams. 68 Natural Resources Name Date Class   LESSON 4: 20 minutes How much water can a leaky faucet waste? You are competing for the job of environmental consultant at your school. One of the competition requirements is to complete an analysis of water waste from existing faucets. Procedure 1. Read and complete a lab safety form. 2. Catch the water from a leaking faucet in a beaker. Time the collection for 1 min with a stopwatch. 3. Use a 50-mL graduated cylinder to measure the amount of water lost. Record the amount of water, in milliliters per minute, that leaked from the faucet in your Science Journal. 4. Make a table to show the amount of water that would leak from the faucet in 1 hour, 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, and 1 year. Analyze and Conclude 1. Construct a graph of your data. Label the axes and title your graph. Explain what the graph illustrates. 2. Describe how many liters of water would be wasted by the leak over a period of one year. Explain how you arrived at that figure. 3. Key Concept As an environmental consultant, what information and recommendations would your report contain about water waste in the school? Natural Resources 69 Name Date Class   LESSON 4 Air and Water Resources Directions: On each line, write the term or phrase from the word bank that correctly completes each sentence. Some terms may be used more than once. agriculture conserving water drinking water freshwater legislation life functions natural events nitrogen recreation salt water sulfur sunlight transportation 1. Water is needed for many . 2. Four uses of water are , , , and . 3. Smog is produced when compounds and other pollutants in the air react in the presence of . 4. Acid precipitation results when and compounds react with water in the atmosphere. 5. When polluted water runs off into rivers and groundwater, it reduces the amount of available for sustaining life. 6. is an effective way to reduce air and water pollution. 7. One way people can help manage water resources is by . 8. Forest fires and volcanic eruptions are that release gases and dust into the atmosphere. 9. Most of Earths water is , and about 3 percent is . 70 Natural Resources Name Date Class   LESSON 4 Air and Water Resources Directions: Complete the cause and effect chart with the correct information in the space provided. Cause Effect on Air and Water Resources A volcano erupts.1. Fossil fuels are burned.2. Acid precipitation falls on lakes.3. Precipitation with a pH level of less than 5.6 falls on plants. 4. A large forest fire occurs in California.5. Government officials want to limit the amount of industrial air pollution. 6. A citizen is concerned about the amount of litter found along a riverbank. 7.  Natural Resources 71 Name Date Class   LESSON 4 Use Percentages Percent change tells an increase or decrease in a starting value as a percent of the starting value. To calculate percent change, you must first subtract the starting value from the final value. Then you divide by the starting value. If the percent is positive, it shows an increase. If the percent is negative, it shows a decrease. Always write the percent change as a positive percent in your answer. In July 2008, a household used 420 kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electricity. In July 2009, the same household used 380 kWh of electricity. What was the percent change in electricity use? Step 1 Subtract the starting value from the final value. 380 kWh " 420 kWh = "40 kWh Step 2 Divide that number by the starting value.  EMBED Equation.DSMT4  The negative percent shows a decrease. Step 3 Multiply by 100 and add a % sign. Write the percent change as a positive amount, and tell whether the change was an increase or decrease. "0.095 100 = "9.5% Electricity use decreased by 9.5%. Practice 1. In January 2008, a household used 535 kWh of electricity. In January 2009, the same household used 475 kWh of electricity. What was the percent change in electricity use?3. Between 1980 and 2008, the national average nitrogen dioxide (NO2) level in the air went from 0.028 ppm to 0.015 ppm. What was the percent change in NO2 levels?2. In April 2008, a household used 368 kWh of electricity. In April 2009, the same household used 426 kWh of electricity. What was the percent change in electricity use? 4. In 2008, the national average lead (Pb) level in the air was 0.2 g/m3. In 1990, the national average Pb level in the air was 0.9 g/m3. What was the percent change in Pb levels from 1990 to 2008?  72 Natural Resources Name Date Class   LESSON 4 Air and Water Resources Directions: Use your textbook to respond to each statement. 1. Most living things can survive for only a few minutes without air. Describe how your body uses the oxygen in the air. 2. Water is needed for many body functions. List five ways in which your body depends on water. 3. Certain substances can pollute the air. Name five air pollutants. 4. Water, both at Earths surface and deep within the ground, can become polluted. Explain how farming and certain industrial processes can pollute water. 5. Water and air are two fluids that you cannot live without. Defend why it is important to manage these resources wisely. Natural Resources 73 Name Date Class   LESSON 4 Air and Water Resources Key Concept Why is it important to manage air and water resources wisely? Directions: On each line, write the term from the word bank that correctly completes each sentence. Some terms may be used more than once or not at all. airasthma attackfreshwatermanagenitrogenpHphotochemical smogpollutantspollutionwatersoilsulfurAll living things need air and water. Without air and water, living things would die. We need to protect our air and water from (1.) , which is harmful to all living things. Air pollution is produced when fossil fuels are burned and (2.) compounds are released into the air. A reaction occurs when these molecules mix with other (3.) found in the air in the presence of sunlight. The brownish haze that results is called (4.) , which can irritate respiratory systems. In some individuals, it also can increase the chance of a(n) (5.) . This particular type of pollution is especially harmful when it is trapped under a layer of warm (6.) for several days in a row. Water pollution can be caused by fertilizers, or it can be caused by acid precipitation. Acid precipitation results when nitrogen and (7.) compounds react with water in the (8.) . It has a (9.) of less than 5.6. When acid precipitation falls on land and on lakes, it pollutes the (10.) and the water. This can kill plants and aquatic animals. It is important to (11.) air and water resources wisely because they are essential to the survival of all living things. Given that only 0.9 percent of all (12.) is available for human use, it is important to find ways to protect and conserve air and water resources. 74 Natural Resources Name Date Class   LESSON 4 Air and Water Resources Key Concept Why is it important to manage air and water resources wisely? Directions: Answer each question or respond to each statement on the lines provided. 1. List three reasons why water is needed for life functions. 2. List six ways freshwater is used. 3. How much of Earths water is freshwater? 4. Why is air needed for living things to survive? 5. Identify the effect smog has on some people. 6. What is acid precipitation? 7. Name two harmful effects of acid precipitation when it falls on land. 8. Given what you know about the importance of air and water for survival, why is it necessary to manage both resources wisely? Natural Resources 75 Name Date Class   LESSON 4 Air and Water Resources Key Concept Why is it important to manage air and water resources wisely? Directions: On the line before each statement, write T if the statement is true or F if the statement is false. If the statement is false, change the underlined word(s) to make it true. Write your changes on the lines provided. 1. Water and air resources are essential for life. 2. There is a relatively short supply of salt water on Earth. 3. Carbon dioxide is needed to provide energy for human cells. 4. Our bodies need water, because it is a main component of blood. 5. Runoff that contains fertilizer can be harmful to aquatic life. 6. The body uses water to help digest food. 7. The burning of fossil fuels causes air pollution. 8. Smog is precipitation that has a pH less than 5.6. 9. Dust and ash from natural events is limited to confined spaces around the world. 10. Acid precipitation occurs when nitrogen and sulfur compounds react with water in the air. 11. Burning fossil fuels releases nitrogen compounds into the air. 12. It is important to manage resources wisely to sustain life on Earth. 76 Natural Resources Name Date Class   LESSON 4 Air and Water Resources Key Concept How can individuals help manage air and water resources wisely? Directions: Use the diagram to answer each question on the lines provided.  1. What does the line graph show about levels of sulfur compounds in the atmosphere? 2. Based on the trend shown on the graph, do you think the concentration of sulfur compounds in the atmosphere today is greater than, the same as, or less than in 2005? Why? Directions: Answer each question or respond to each statement on the lines provided. 3. Name two examples of how government has managed air and water resources. 4. What are three things you can do to wisely manage the air and water resources you use? Natural Resources 77 Name Date Class   LESSON 4 Acid Rain The air pollution created when fossil fuels burn does not stay in the air forever. Instead, it can travel great distances and fall to the ground over large areas as dust or rain. Acid rain forms when clean rain comes into contact with pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen oxides, in the air. Although sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide occur naturally in the air, burning fossil fuels adds more of these chemicals, and then they react with moist air to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid. Acid Rain and Our Forests Acid rain directly affects trees and other plants that are important to ecosystems. Acid rain dissolves minerals and nutrients in the soil and in the leaves of trees, causing nutrient deficiency. This weakens the trees, causing slower growth, more sensitivity to insects and disease, and problems with surviving cold winters. Acid Rain and Our Streams, Lakes, and Marshes The pH scale measures the acidity or basicity of a substance. Chemicals that are very basic or very acidic usually change or alter whatever they meet, can cause severe burns, and are often toxic if they are swallowed. Most lakes and streams have a pH between 6 and 8, but as they become more acidic, the numbers and types of fish and other organisms that live in these waters decrease. The table below shows the pH tolerance of some forms of aquatic life. pH Tolerance of Aquatic LifepH 6.5pH 6.0pH 5.5pH 5.0pH 4.5pH 4.0Trout XXXXBass XXXPerch XXXXXFrogs XXXXXXSalamanders XXXXClams XXSnails XX Applying Critical-Thinking Skills Directions: Respond to each statement. 1. Evaluate the following statement: In the United States, many large, coal-fired electric power plants are located in the desert in the southwest. Because there is little rain in the desert, sulfur dioxides emitted by these generators are less likely to react to form acid rain, therefore the air pollutants are less likely to cause harm. 2. Analyze the table and describe the order in which the organisms will die as the water becomes more acidic. Explain what effect the elimination of any organisms might have on an ecosystem. 78 Natural Resources Name Date Class   LESSON 4 Acid Rain and Stone Marble and limestone contain a compound called calcium carbonate, which can be dissolved by acids. Many buildings and monuments are made of marble and limestone and are damaged by acid rain. In this activity, you will observe how acid affects chalk, a soft rock that is made of calcium carbonate. Materials pH paper and color chart or pH meter (pH range 2 to 7)  EMBED Equation.DSMT4  cup tap water2 pieces of chalk  EMBED Equation.DSMT4  cup white vinegar 2 cups or beakers measuring cup plastic wrap notebook and pencil Procedure 1. Label one cup vinegar and one cup water. 2. Pour  EMBED Equation.DSMT4  cup vinegar into the cup labeled vinegar. 3. Test the pH of the vinegar and record it. 4. Pour  EMBED Equation.DSMT4  cup water into the cup labeled water. 5. Test the pH of the water and record it. 6. Repeat steps 3 and 5 two more times and average the three results for each substance. 7. Submerge one piece of chalk in each cup. Add a little more water or vinegar, if needed. 8. Cover each cup with plastic wrap to prevent evaporation; put them in a safe place overnight. 9. What do you think will happen to the piece of chalk in each cup? 10. The next day, observe the two pieces of chalk. Questions 1. Which piece of chalk is more worn away? Explain why. 2. Did your observations support your predictions? Explain. Natural Resources 79 Name Date Class   13 class periods Research Efficient Energy and Resource Use A community organization is encouraging your schools board of education to participate in the Green Schools program. Your class has been nominated to research and report on the present status of energy efficiency and resource use in the school. The results of the report will be used as information for the presentation. Your task is to choose a natural resource and collect data about how it is presently used in the school. Your group will then recommend environmentally responsible management practices. Question How can a natural resource be used more wisely at school? Procedure 1. Read and complete a lab safety form. 2. With your group, choose one of these resources to research its use in your school: water, land, air, or an energy resource. 3. For your chosen resource, plan how you will research resource use. What questions will you ask? How much of the resource is used by the school? Is it used efficiently? How could it be used more efficiently, or how could it be conserved? Have your teacher approve your plan. 4. On a separate sheet of paper, prepare data collection forms like the one in your textbook to record the results of your research. 5. Conduct your research, and enter the data on the forms. 82 Natural Resources Name Date Class   6. Review and summarize the data. Perform any necessary calculations to convert values to annual usage. 7. Conduct interviews, or collect more data about areas of research for which you need additional information. 8. After analyzing your data, write a proposal suggesting how the resource can be wisely managed in your school. 9. Compare the elements you addressed in your research with those recommended by a state or a national environmental organization. Did your research include everything? 10. Modify your proposal, if necessary. Record your revisions below. Natural Resources 83 Name Date Class   Analyze and Conclude 11. Graph and explain the results of your data analysis.  12. Predict one impact on the environment of the existing management practices of the resource that you audited. 13. The Big Idea Describe two recommendations that you would make to the schools board of education about changes in resource management practices. Communicate Your Results Present the results of your research and your proposal to the class. Use appropriate visual aids to help make your points. 84 Natural Resources Name Date Class   Natural Resources End-of-Chapter Practice Directions: Work in a small group to create a plan to use more renewable energy resources in your classroom. As a group, think about the types of energy resources and the ways renewable and nonrenewable energy resources are used in your classroom. Types of energy resources:Ways nonrenewable energy resources are used in our classroom: Ways renewable energy resources are used in our classroom:With your group, focus on one type of nonrenewable energy resource and think about ways a renewable energy resource could be used instead. Nonrenewable energy resource: How can we replace a nonrenewable energy resource with a renewable energy resource? Create a plan for how your class can make better use of a renewable energy resource. Your goal should be to minimize use of a nonrenewable energy resource. Your plan must be possible with changes that can be made only in your classroom. Heres our plan! Present your plan to the class. As a large group, determine if the plan can be put into action. Your group may need to make revisions based on comments from the class. Natural Resources 89 Name Date Class   Natural Resources Multiple Choice Directions: On the line before each question or statement, write the letter of the correct answer. 1. is a wise use of land as a resource. A. Burying nuclear waste B. Reclaiming mined land C. Cutting large areas of forests D. Improving crop yields with fertilizers 2. Which activity is the best way to wisely manage nonrenewable resources? A. using public transportation B. irrigating crops with rainwater C. picking up litter around the school D. cooking with natural gas rather than electricity Completion Directions: On each line, write the phrase that correctly completes each sentence. 3. It is important to manage air and water resources wisely because . 4. Land is considered a resource because . 5. A wind farm is . 6. Acid precipitation is . 7. Photochemical smog is . 8. An ore is a mineral that . 9. Reclamation is a process in which land that has been mined . 96 Natural Resources Name Date Class   Interpreting a Table Directions: Complete this table by writing the correct term or phrase on each line. Some of Earths Energy Resources and Advantages and Disadvantages of EachResourceTypeOne Advantage of the ResourceOne Disadvantage of the Resourcebiomass 10. reduces the amount of organic matter in landfills11. coalnonrenewable12. Mining can disrupt habitats.water energyrenewableavailable in the United States13. geothermal energyrenewable14. cannot be used in all locationsoil and natural gas nonrenewable15. 16. nuclear energy 17. A small amount of fuel produces a large amount of energy.18. wind energyrenewable19. limited to areas with strong windssolar energyrenewable20. 21.  Natural Resources 97 Name Date Class  Short Answer Directions: Respond to each statement on the lines provided. 22. Decide which two renewable energy resources are best suited for use in your home. 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