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Table of Contents:  HYPERLINK \l "_Later_Middle_Ages" Later Middle Ages. vs. the Renaissance  HYPERLINK \l "_Protestant_Religious_Doctrines" Protestant Religious Doctrines  HYPERLINK \l "_Protestants_vs._Catholics" Protestants vs. Catholics  HYPERLINK \l "_Comparative_Theology_of" Comparative Theology of Protestant Groups  HYPERLINK \l "_Significance_of_Scientific" Significance of the Scientific Revolution  HYPERLINK \l "_Significance_of_the" Significance of the Enlightenment  HYPERLINK \l "_Columbian_Exchange_Chart" Columbian Exchange Chart   HYPERLINK \l "_French_Social_Classes" French Social Classes in the Revolution and Empire Period (1789-1815)  HYPERLINK \l "_Romanticism_vs._Enlightenment" Romanticism vs. Enlightenment  HYPERLINK \l "_Nineteenth_Century_Political" 19th Century Political Guides  HYPERLINK \l "_Examples_of_European" European Colonies (1800-1914)  HYPERLINK \l "_Fascism_vs._Communism" Fascism vs. Communism  HYPERLINK \l "_Useful_Memory_Devices" Useful Memory Devices  HYPERLINK \l "_Important_Periodization" Important Periodization  HYPERLINK \l "_French_Revolution" French Revolution  HYPERLINK \l "_Politics_in_the" Politics in the Long 19th Century  HYPERLINK \l "_English_Monarchs" English Monarchs  HYPERLINK \l "_Important_Prussian_Monarchs" Important Prussian/German Rulers  HYPERLINK \l "_Important_French_Rulers/Leaders" Important French Rulers/Leaders  HYPERLINK \l "_Important_Russian_Rulers" Important Russian Rulers  HYPERLINK \l "_Women_in_European" Women in European History  HYPERLINK \l "_European_History_by" European History by Century  HYPERLINK \l "_Maps_and_Dates" Important Maps and Treaties  HYPERLINK \l "_Items_Passed_Out/To" Items Handed Out/To Be Handed Out  HYPERLINK \l "_Bibliography_(there_may" Bibliography (Check this out for some useful review websites) Later Middle Ages vs. Renaissance: Later Middle AgesRenaissanceReligion dominates Medieval thought. Scholasticism: Thomas Aquinas, reconciles Christianity with Aristotelian science. Philosophy :Humanism: Emphasis on secular concerns due to rediscovery and study of ancient Greco-Roman culture. Ideal: Man is well-versed in one subject and it is how to get to heaven. Ideal: Virtue- Renaissance Man should be well-rounded (Castiglione) Literature: Based almost solely on religion. Written in Latin. Church was greatest patron of arts and literature Little political criticism Hand-written Literature: Humanism, secularism Northern Renaissance focuses also on writings of early church fathers Vernacular (e.g. Petrarch, Boccacio) Covered wider variety of subjects (politics, art, short stories) Focused on the individual Increased use of printing press; propaganda Religion: Dominated politics; sought unified Christian Europe Church is supreme to the state. Inquisition started in 1223; dissenters dealt with harshly Religion: The state is supreme to the church New Monarchs assert power over national churches Rise of skepticism Renaissance popes worldly and corrupt Sculpture: More gothic; extremely detailed Relief Sculpture: Greek and Roman classical influences Free standing (e.g. Michelangelos David Use of bronze (e.g. Donatellos David) Later Middle Ages Renaissance Painting: Gothic style Byzantine style dominates: nearly totally religious Stiff, 1-dimentional figures Less emotion Stylized faces (faces look generic) Use of gold to illuminate figures Lack of perspective No chiaroscuro Patronized mostly by the Church Painting: Increased emphasis on secular themes Classic Greek and Roman ideals Use of perspective Chiaroscuro Increased use of oil paints Brighter colors More emotion Real people and setting depicted Patronized largely by merchant princes Renaissance popes patronized Renaissance art Architecture: Gothic style Pointed arches; barrel vaults; spires Flying buttresses Elaborate detail Architecture: Rounded arches, clear lines; Greco-Roman columns Domes (e.g. Il Duomo by Brunelleschi) Less detailed Focus on balance and form Technology: Depended on scribes Technology: Use of printing press New inventions for exploration Marriage and Family: Divorce nonexistent Marriages arranged for economic reasons Prostitution in urban areas Average age for men: mid-late twenties Average age for women: less than 20 years old Church encouraged cult of paternal care Many couples did not observe church regulations on marriage Manners shaped men to please women Relative sexual equality Marriage and Family: Divorce available in certain cases More prostitution Marriages based more on romance Woman was to make herself pleasing to the man (Castiglione) Sexual double standard Increased infanticide Later Middle Ages Renaissance Status of Women: Legal status better than in Renaissance Status of Women: Legal status of noble and middle-class women declined Most common women not affected by the Renaissance (movt. of upper classes) Educated women allowed involvement but subservient to men Rape not considered a serious crime Politics: Church tends toward supremacy over the state Crusades Hundred Years War Politics: State tends toward supremacy over the church New Monarchs assert control over national churches Machiavellis The Prince Slavery introduced from Africa Exploration and expansion   HYPERLINK \l "TOC" Return to Table of Contents Protestant Religious Doctrines Protestants vs. Catholics CategoryProtestants Catholics Bible Role of Bible emphasized Bible, traditions of Middle Ages, and papal pronouncements emphasized Priesthood Priesthood of all believers-all individuals equal before God. Sought a clergy that preached. Foundation of the church establishes special nature and role of the clergy. Authority Anglicans rejected papal authority. Monarch was the supreme governor of the church. Lutherans rejected authority of the pope but kept bishops. Most Calvinists governed church by ministers and a group of elders. Anabaptists rejected most forms of church governance in favor of congregational democracy. Rejected infant baptism Church is hierarchical and sacramental: Pope Bishops and Cardinals Priests Believers Sacraments Most Protestants denied efficacy of some or all of sacraments of the Medieval Church. Wide debate over communion. Usually only accepted baptism and communion. All seven sacraments (Baptism, Communion/Eucharist, Reconciliation, Confirmation, Marriage, Holy Orders, Anointing of the Sick) Communion Lutherans: Consubstantiation- bread and wine did not change, but a real spiritual presence of Christ is in the bread and wine Zwingli and Calvin: Communion only symbolic Transubstantiation- Bread and wine retain their outward appearance but are transformed into the body and blood of Christ Salvation Lutherans: Justification by faith Calvinists: Predestination Salvation occurred through living life according to Christian beliefs and participating in the practices of the Church as well as good works Role of the State Lutherans and Anglicans: State should control the church, but government was not to be a theocracy Calvinists and Zwingli: theocracy Anabaptists: Church was separate from the state State should be subservient to the Church Religious Services Emphasis placed around the sermon Emphasis placed around the sacrament of the Eucharist MarriageMarriage was a contract, divorce was rare but acceptable Clergy allowed to marry Marriage was a sacrament and could not be dissolved unless by order of the Pope Clergy could not marry, had to remain celibate    HYPERLINK \l "TOC" Return to Table of Contents Comparative Theology of Protestant Groups Anglican Lutheran Calvinist Zwingli AnabaptistsProper form and function of Clergy Married priests A hierarchy of king, bishops, priests, laity Only clergy may administer sacraments Ministers and priesthood of all believers Ministers oversee sacraments and help explain scripture Ministers elders, deacons, people Ministers help explain scripture and provide moral guidance Ministers Ministers help explain scripture and provide moral guidance Ministers Ministers help explain scripture and provide moral guidance What provides justification? Faith (though some Anglicans believe in faith and works Faith: When one is justified, one is forgiven; therefore, one can repent fully and do good works. Good works are a consequence of justification. Faith: Good works may or may not be evidence of justification Faith: Justification is Gods endorsement of the morals of the individual. Good works are a precondition of justification Church and state relationship The head of state (the King) is also head of the church Religious choices are up to the individual, but that person owes obedience to the lawful ruler Two kingdoms: spiritual and temporal Religious organization dominates the state and, in fact, is the state (e.g. Geneva) Religion dominates the state N/AEucharist N/A Consubstantiation: Christ is spiritually present in the Eucharist but not actually physically present The Eucharist is just a symbol; there is no actual transformation of bread and wine The Eucharist is a memorial, not a sacrifice Other Characteristics Infant baptism Infant baptism Infant Baptism Predestination Protestant work ethic The elect Adult baptism Moral regeneration of the churchAdult baptism Locations of Strength England Parts of Germany, Sweden, Norway, Denmark Netherlands, France, Switzerland-Geneva Switzerland-Zurich Switzerland, then various parts of Europe   HYPERLINK \l "TOC" Return to Table of Contents Significance of Scientific Revolution-leads to: Enlightenment Clash with religion Agricultural Revolution Improvement in exploration Decline in witch hunts   HYPERLINK \l "TOC" Return to Table of Contents Significance of the Enlightenment-leads to: Emergence of a secular world view of the universe (first time in Western history) Enlightened despotism American and French Revolutions Educational reform Laissez faire capitalism (in the 19th century)  HYPERLINK \l "TOC" Return to Table of Contents Columbian Exchange Chart    HYPERLINK \l "TOC" Return to Table of Contents French Social Classes in the Revolution and Empire Period (1789-1815) Social Class The Age of Montesquieu (Constitutional Monarch) 1789-1792The Age of Rousseau (Republic) 1792-1799The Age of Voltaire (Napoleon) 1799-1815Post-Napoleon Monarchy Power no longer absolute: Constitutional monarchy King and queen executed Republic had no monarchy Napoleon became emperor with absolute power Constitutional monarchy; Bourbons were restored Clergy Civil Constitution of the Clergy made Church a dept of the govt Clergy members required to take an oath to the govt. Church lands confiscated Revolutionary calendar replaced the Christian calendar The Cult of the Supreme Being further undermined the Catholic Church Concordat of 1801 restored relations with the Catholic Church Refractory clergy reinstated while clergy loyal to the Revolution were removed Church was far weaker than in 1789 Church never did regain the influence it had prior to 1789 Nobility Political influence eclipsed by the bourgeoisie Feudalism abolished Imprisoned or fled the country as migrs between 1791-95 Later influence undermined the Directory In rural areas, patriotic nobles remained most politically and economically powerful group Many migrs returned to France Increased influence in Napoleons imperial nobility Significant influence politically (though not as much as before 1789 Feudalism abolished since 1789 Nobles continued to dominate rural areas Middle Class (Bourgeoisie)Took control of France in July, 1789 Noble privileges abolished Decleration of the Rights of Man resulted in codification of political, social, and civil rights Reforms in higher education Lost influence between 1792-95 as a result of the San Culottes and the Reign of Terror Back in control during the Directory but under attack from the right and the left Constitution of 1799 did not guarantee human rights or liberty Political freedoms of bourgeoisie wiped away Some gained noble titles and served in Napoleons govt. Reduced influence until the Revolution of 1830 Urban Working Class Saw increased influence in Paris Guilds dissolved providing more job opportunities for artisans La Chapelier Law (1791) outlawed strikes, workers coalitions and assemblies Bread was more affordable San-culottes enjoyed major influence from 1791-95Ban on trade unions Workers were restricted in their travel Established reasonable prices for bread and flour Guilds remained illegal Little influence until after 1830 Increase socialist influence during Revolution of 1848 Peasantry Great Fear resulted in some gains for the peasantry Feudalism abolished Wealthy peasants brought confiscated church lands Land gains remained but lords continued to hold the most political and economic power in rural areas Heavily taxed by the Republic Napoleon supported the ban on feudalism Indirect taxation was as bad as during the Old Regime Wealthier peasants were only group to improve between 1799-1815 Rural poor gained little from the Revolution WomenWomen influential in March on Versailles and in San-Culottes Gained equal right to divorce as men in 1792 Workshops in cities employed more poor women Womens political clubs closed by Jacobins by 1793-94 Reign of Terror also targeted certain women (Olympe de Gouges) Directory in 1795 disbanded womens workshops and urged women to tend to their homes Divorce laws rewritten to favor husbands Gains in inheritance and property rights were removed Women essentially gained little from the Revolution (although their actions did inspire future reformers)  HYPERLINK \l "TOC"Return to Table of Contents  Romanticism vs. Enlightenment Romanticism (1800-1850Enlightenment (18th Century)Emotion and faith over reason Emphasized beauty of nature Rejected science based on physics and saw the universe as alive and changing Faith was a valid and important aspect of the human experience Supported popular revolutions for liberty and nationalism Idealized the past, especially the Medieval Period Encouraged personal freedom and flexibility: Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains (Rousseau) Humanitarian movements were created to fight slavery, poverty, and industrial evils Inspired German pietism and Methodism Reason over emotion Saw nature as a precise harmonious whole Saw the universe as based on the physics of Newton Deism rejected faith and divinity of Jesus Classical liberalism tended to advance interests of bourgeoisie Saw the past as counter-progressive to human history Saw human nature as uniform and society regulated by accepted values, standards, and rules Humanitarianism sought to effect progress in society through education Less inclined towards organized religion   HYPERLINK \l "TOC" Return to Table of Contents Nineteenth Century Political Guides 19th Century Political Study Guide (by Periods) Conservatism (Embodied in ideals of Congress of Vienna, 1815) Definition: Preservation of European monarchies and nobility. Conservatives believed that only traditional monarchical institutions of government could maintain order and they were generally opposed to change. PeriodBritainFranceGermanyAustriaItaly1815-1830Peterloo Massacre, 1819 Corn Laws, 1816 Return of Bourbon monarch White Terror Carlsbad Decrees (Prussia), 1819 Ruled by Metternich; reactionary Largely dominated by Austria 1830-1848Moved toward liberalism Moved toward liberalism Failure of Revolution of 1848-1849 Nationalism was politically impotent Defeat of Kossuth in Revolution of 1848 Nationalism was politically impotent Austrian defeat of Revolution of 1848-49 Nationalism was politically impotent 1848-1871Age of Realpolitik under Napoleon III Triumph of nationalist goals by means of conservatism Decisions based on practical needs Reject ideology Age of Realpolitik under Bismarck Syllabus of Errors, 1864: Pope Pius IX 1871-1914Bismarck: Gap Theory Kulturekampf  Nationalism Definition: Belief that a certain self-defined people should govern itself with its own historically sanctioned boundaries. PeriodBritainFranceGermanyAustriaItaly1815-1830 Volksgeist Carbonari Revolution of 1830 Risorgimento Young Italy Mazzini 1830-1848Revolution of 1848 Prague Conference; Austroslavism Revolution of 1848; Kossuth Revolution of 1848-49 1848-1871Defeat in Franco-Prussian War Unification Ausgleich, 1867 Unification 1871-1914Jingoism, Congress of Berlin, 1878 Disraeli: pro-imperialism Imperialism Imperialism Berlin Conference, 1886 (Bismarck moves away from belligerence-Honest Broker of Peace) Language issue: German, Hungarian, Czech Imperialism in Libya  Liberalism Definition: Belief in equality before the law and that individuals are born good, free, and capable of improvement. The integrity of the individual should be protected from both society and government. Liberals are also concerned about political stability and the sanctity of property which is why they favor increased manhood suffrage. Economic liberals believed in laissez faire. PeriodBritainFranceGermanyAustriaItaly1815-1830Jeremy Bentham, utilitarianism (Greatest good for the greatest number) Catholic emancipation Act, 1829 Jewish rights, 1791 Constitutional monarchy under Louis XVIII (moderate at first, but became more conservative) Liberal university protests (crushed by Carlsbad Decrees) 1830-1848Reform Bill, 1832 Factory Act, 1833 Slavery abolished in empire, 1833 Poor Law, 1834 Mines Act, 1842 Repeal of Corn Laws, 1846 10 Hour Law, 1847 Chartists Whigs, Earl Grey July Revolution, 1830; Louis Phillipe State Constitution, 1830 February Revolution, 1848 June Days Revolution, 1848; Louis Blanc, Louis Napoleon Universal male suffrage, 1848 Zollverein, 1834 Frankfurt Parliament, 1848 (failure)  State Constitution (Sardinia/Piedmont) 1848 1848-1871John Stuart Mill, On Liberty, 1859 Prussia: universal male suffrage, 1850 State constitution, 1849 (Hungary in 1867) Liberal constitution 1861 (71) Jewish rights, 1870 1871-1914Reform Bill, 1867 (Disraeli) Representation of People Act, 1884 (universal male suffrage) (Gladstone) (Women get suffrage in 1918 and 1928) Liberal Empire of Napoleon III, 1852-1871 3rd Republic: 1871-1940 State constitution, 1871 Universal male suffrage 1871 Jewish rights, 1871 Universal male suffrage 1907Universal male suffrage, 1912  Socialism Definition: Utopian socialists of the early 19th century believed in helping the laboring poor, denounced the individualist philosophy of capitalism and sought to create a cooperative utopian society. Practical socialists, such as Blanc and Proudhon, sought practical measures to improve the conditions of the working class and the institution of universal male suffrage. Scientific socialist Karl Marx saw capitalism leading toward a class struggle where the working class would ultimately overthrow capitalism and create a dictatorship of the proletariat and a classless society. PeriodBritainFranceGermanyAustriaItaly1815-1830Utopian socialists: Saint-Simon, Fourier 1830-1848Louis Blanc: national workshops, 1848 Proudhon, What is Property? 1840    1848-18711848, Engels and Marx, Communist Manifesto  Bismarck cuts a deal with the Lassallean Socialists 1871-1914Fabian Society, 1883; Socialism by democratic, non-violent means, favored by upper and middle-classes , intellectuals, and authors Labour party, Keir Hardie Welfare state: early 20th century Socialists gain seats in Chamber of Deputies under Jean Jaures, 1905-1914 First welfare state in Europe, 1880s SPD largest party by WWI  19th Century Political Study Guide: By Isms CountryConservatismNationalismLiberalismSocialismRomanticismEngland Peterloo Massacre, 1819 Corn Laws, 1816 Jingoism, Congress of Berlin, 1878 Imperialism in Africa and Asia Catholic Emancipation Act, 1829 Reform Bill, 1832 Factory Act, 1833 Slavery abolished, 1833 Poor Law, 1834 Mines Act, 1842 Repeal of Corn Laws, 1846 Chartists Whigs, Earl Grey John Stuart Mill, On Liberty Reform Bill, 1867 (Disraeli) Representation of People Act, 1884 (universal male suffrage) Fabian society, 1883 Labour party, Keir Hardie Welfare state in early 20th century Lord Byron is involved in Greek struggle for Independence FranceReturn of Bourbon monarchy White Terror Napoleon III: Age of Realpolitik Dreyfus Affair Franco-Prussian War (1870-71) (reaction to Ems Dispatch) Berlin Conference, 1886 (Jean Jaures) Imperialism in Africa and AsiaJewish rights, 1791 Constitutional monarchy under Louis XVIII July Revolution, 1830 Constitution, 1830 February Revolution, 1848 June Days Revolution 1848; Louis Blanc, Louis Napoleon Universal male suffrage, 1848 Liberal Empire of Napoleon III, 1852-71 3rd Republic: 1871-1940 Louis Blanc: national workshops 1848 Socialist gains in Chamber of Deputies under Jean Jaures, 1905-14 Popular uprisings of 1830 and 1848; ideal of liberalism, freedom, equality Delacroix, Massacre at Chios (supported Greek independence from Turks) Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People, 1830 (celebrates popular revolution in France) Goyas Third of May, 1808 protests Napoleons slaughter of Spanish rebels Germany Carlsbad Decrees, 1819 Defeat of Revolution of 1848-49 Age of Realpolitik: Bismarcks leadership: 1860s-1880s Gap Theory Kulturekampf (Pre 1815) Herder, Volksgeist Revolutions of 1848-49 Humiliation of Olmutz Unification, 1871 Berlin Conference, 1886 Imperialism in Africa Liberal university protests (crushed by Carlsbad Decrees) Zollverein, 1834 Prussia: universal male suffrage, 1850 State constitution, 1871 Universal male suffrage 1871 Jewish rights, 1871 First welfare state in Europe, 1880s SPD largest party by WWI Herder, Volksgesit Fichte: unique natl. character Goethe links Romantic individualism and Romantic nationalism Grimms Fairy Tales (celebrate German identity) Wagner: Germanic legends in operas Revolution of 1848: (liberty, individual rights) Austria Rule by Metternich was reactionary Carlsbad Decrees, 1819 Defeat of Revolutions of 1848-49 Prague Conference: Austroslavism Revolution of 1848: Kossuth Ausgleich Language issue: German, Hungarian, Czech State constitution 1849 (Hungary in 1867) Civil for Jews, 1867 Universal male suffrage 1907: Austria and Hungary Liszts Hungarian Rhapsody Dvorak: Czech folk songs in classical music Italy Northern Italy ruled by conservative Austrian Empire until 1860s Syllabus of Errors, 1864: Pope Pius IX Carbonari Revolution of 1830 Revolution of 1848-49, Mazzini Verdis operas Unification, 1871 Imperialism in Libya State constitution (Sardinia/Piedmont) 1848 Liberal Constitution 1871 Jewish rights, 1870 Universal male suffrage, 1912 Verdis operas inspire political revolution, nationalism Poland Dominated by Russia, Prussia, and Austria Failed revolt in 1820s, 1831 Chopin: Polanaises Russia Reactionary Tsars (Alexander I, Nicholas I Alexander III Nicholas II) Autocracy, Orthodoxy, Russification Duma after Revolution of 1905 Attempts to expand into Black Sea region and Balkans Crimean War Congress of Berlin, 1878 Decembrist Revolt, 1825 Alexander II: Emancipation Edict, 1862 Creation of mirs and zemstvos Nihilists Social Democrats split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks Lenin exiled Tchaikovsky: 1812 Overture Mussorgsky Rimsy-Korsakov   HYPERLINK \l "TOC" Return to Table of Contents Examples of European Colonies Gained Between 1800-1914 Great BritainFranceGermanyOthersAustralia Africa Egypt Sudan Ghana Sierra Leone Nigeria Kenya Uganda Tanzania Botswana Zimbabwe Zambia Burma South Africa Asia Hong Kong North Borneo South America British Guiana Africa Algeria Tunisia Morocco West africa (Mauritania, Senegal, Ivory Coast, Guinea) Somaliland French Congo Madagascar Asia and the Pacific Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos) Tahiti New Caledonia South America French Guiana Africa Cameroon Togoland German East Africa Namibia Pacific Samoa Marshall Islands Italy Eritrea Somalia Libya Belgium Congo Portugal Angola Mozambique   HYPERLINK \l "TOC" Return to Table of Contents Fascism vs. Communism (havent gotten here yet, but here you go): FASCISMCOMMUNISM*Glorification of the stateWorld wide "dictatorship of the proletariat" (classless society) Single party; single ruler (dictator)One party (communist) under the control of the Politburo. Dictatorship is not the final goal.Condemns democracy: rival parties destroy unity. Man is unable to successfully govern collectively.Condemns capitalism for exploiting workers (haves vs. have nots)Supports the idea of capitalism & owning of private property so long as it serves the needs of the stateGovernment controls all means of production (industrial & agricultural). No private ownership.Corporate State: captains of industry become state economic deputiesEconomy is centralized under the communist partyAggressive nationalismSpread of communism for the benefit of the world's working class (Comintern)Advocates Social Darwinism (powerful states control weaker ones)Condemns imperialism: advocates a world without nationalism with the workers unitedBelieves desire for peace shows weakness of gov'tPeace is the ultimate goalGlorification of war (military sacrifice is glorified)Violent revolution to bring about the "dictatorship of the proletariat." War is not the end but merely the means.Emphasizes the inequalities among humansEmphasizes the perfectibility of society. Mankind is basically good.Useful Memory Devices Catholic Reformation: SAINT PAUL Society of Jesus Abuses reformed in Church practices Index of Prohibited Books No significant change in Church doctrine Trent, Council of Pope Paul III Anti-Protestant Ursuline Order of Nuns Latin Vulgate  Religious Wars: 30 FEDS 30 Years War French Civil Wars English Civil War Dutch Revolt Spanish Armada  Treaty of Westphalia (1648) EF-CHIP End of Wars of Religion France emerges as Europes most powerful country Calvinism added to the Peace of Augsburg Holy Roman Empire effectively destroyed Independence for the Netherlands and Switzerland Prussia emerges as a great power  Scientific Revolution: Cops Bring Kids Great Big Donuts Now Cops: Copernicus Bring: Brahe Kids: Kepler Great: Galileo Big: Bacon Donuts: Descartes Now: Newton  Concert of Europe Powers: PEAR (Prussia, England, Austria, and Russia) Causes of WWI: MAIMIN (Militarism and Military Plans, Alliance Systems, Imperialism, Mass Politics, Intellectual Context, Nationalism) or MAIN (Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Nationalism) Soviet Leaders (I made this up): Lions Stealthily Kill Butcher And Chow down on Gazelles (Lenin, Stalin, Khrushchev, Brezhnev, Andropov, Cherenkov, and Gorbachev) Ill send more as I find them. Important Periodization French Revolution The Age of Montesquieu (Constitutional Monarch) 1789-1792 The Age of Rousseau (The Republic) 1792-1799The Age of Voltaire (Napoleons Empire/Enlightened Despot) 1799-1815 Natl Assembly: 1789-1791 Tennis Court Oath Storming of the Bastille Great Fear and abolition of feudalism Civil Constitution of the Clergy Declaration of the Rights of Man  Natl Convention: 1792-1795 Creation of the Republic Execution of Louis XVI Committee of Public Safety Reign of Terror Thermidorian Reaction  Consulate: 1799-1804 Code Napoleon Concordat of 1801 War of the 2nd Coalition  Legislative Assembly: 1791-1792 Jacobins vs. Girondins War of the First Coalition Paris Commune September Massacres  The Directory: 1795-1799 Ruling bourgeoisie vs. aristocracy and sans-culottes Coup detat Brumaire  Napoleonic Empire: 1804-15 Confederation of the Rhine Continental System Treaty of Tilsit Peninsular War Russian Campaign Waterloo   HYPERLINK \l "TOC" Return to Table of Contents Politics in the Long 19th Century: 1789-1914 French Rev. and Napoleon (1789-1815)Age of Metternich (1815-1848) Age of Realpolitik (1848-1871)Age of Mass Politics (1871-1914) National Assembly (1789-1791) Legislative Assembly (1791-1792) National Convention (1792-1795) Directory (1795-1799) Consulate (1799-1804) Empire (1804-1815)Congress of Vienna Concert of Europe Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 Reforms in Britain Liberalism, Nationalism, and Conservatism Romanticism Second French Empire Crimean War Unification of Germany Unification of Italy Ausgliech: Austro-Hungarian Empire French Third Republic German Empire Imperialism Rise of socialist parties Increased suffrage=mass politics   HYPERLINK \l "TOC" Return to Table of Contents English Monarchs Tudors Henry VII (1485-1509) Henry VIII (1509-1547) Edward VI (1547-1553) Jane Grey (July 1553) Mary I (1553-1558) Elizabeth I (1558-1603) Stuarts James I (1603-1625) Charles I (1625-1649) Interregnum (Oliver Cromwells Commonwealth) (1649-1660) Charles II (1660-1685) James II (1685-1689) William III and Mary II (1689-1702) Anne (1702-1714) Hanover George I (1714-1727) George II (1727-1760) George III (1760-1820) George IV (1820-1830) William IV (1830-1837) Victoria (1837-1901) Saxe Coburg Gotha Edward VII (1901-1910) Windsor George V (1910-1936) Edward VIII (1936: abdicated) George VI (1936-1952) Elizabeth II (1952-present)  HYPERLINK \l "TOC" Return to Table of Contents Important Prussian Monarchs (This might be annoying) Frederick William (the Great Elector) (1640-1688) Frederick I (1688-1701) Frederick William I (Soldier King) (1713-1740) Frederick II (The Great) (1740-1786) Frederick William II (1786-1797) Frederick William III (1797-1840) Frederick William IV (1840-1861) William I (Wilhelm I) (1861-1888) (became Emperor of Germany in 1871) Frederick III (1888: Emperor of Germany) William II (Wilhelm II) (1888-1918: abdicated, emperor of Germany) Important French Rulers/Leaders Pre-House of Bourbon Louis XI (the Spider) (1461-1483) Henry II (1547-1559) House of Bourbon Henry IV (Henry Navarre) (1589-1610) Louis XIII (1610-1643) Louis XIV (1643-1715) Louis XV (1715-1774) Louis XVI (1774-1792, executed) House of Bonaparte Napoleon I (1804-1814) Bourbon Restoration Louis XVIII (1814-1815, 1815-1824) (Napoleon interrupted reign with Hundred Days) Charles X (1824-1830) House of Orleans (July Monarch) Louis Philippe (1830-1848) Second French Republic Louis Napoleon (1848-1852) House of Bonaparte (Second Empire) Napoleon III (1852-1870) Third French Republic Georges Clemenceau (1917-1920) Prime Minister toward end of WWI Fourth and Fifth French Republics Charles de Gaulle (1958-1959: Fourth Republic, 1959-1969: Fifth Republic) President Important Russian Rulers Pre-Romanov Tsars Ivan IV (1533-1547) Romanovs (Important only. If you are interested in an exhaustive list, let me know and Ill make one up.) Michael (1613-1645) Peter the Great (1682-1721) Catherine the Great (1762-1796) Alexander I (1801-1825) Nicholas I (1825-1855) Alexander II (Reform Tsar aka: The Liberator) (1855-1881) Alexander III (1881-1894) Nicholas II (1894-1917) Important Soviet Leaders (see memory devices) Vladimir Lenin (1922-1924) Joseph Stalin (1924-1953) Nikita Khrushchev (1955-1964) Leonid Brezhnev (1964-1982) Yuri Andropov (1982-1984) Konstantin Chernenko (1984-1985) Mikhail Gorbachev (1985-1991) Presidents of Russia Boris Yeltsin (1991-1996, 1996-1999) Vladimir Putin served as Prime Minister starting in 1999 Vladimir Putin (1999-2000 (remainder of Yeltsins second term), 2000-2004, 2004-2008) Dmitry Medvedev (2008-2011, 2011-2012) Important to note: Putin served as Prime Minister Vladimir Putin (2012-2018 (term expires, eligible to be elected again)) Putin has hinted at running again, would likely be reelected to 2024.   HYPERLINK \l "TOC" Return to Table of Contents Women in European History The Renaissance Wealthy women Querelles des Femmes (The Problem of Women). Starting with Christine de Pisan in the fourteenth century, a new debate emerged over womens nature and their proper role in society; the debate continued for 600 years. Increased access to education Lost some status compared to what they had had in the Middle Ages; women were to be ornaments to their husbands Important Renaissance noblewomen at court in education and culture, including: Christine de Pisan Isabella dEste Artemisia Gentileschi (famous for her painting of Judith) Women in general Status did not change much compared to that in the Middle Ages Marriage European family pattern Nuclear family (poor people tended to be unable to support extended families) Wealthier people (and some landowning peasants) tended to have extended families Based on economic considerations, not love Dowries were extremely important in wealthy families Women tended to play a more significant role in the economy in Northern Europe Average age for women was under 20; for men it was mid- to late-20s Class issues: the wealthy tended to marry earlier than the middle classes, and the poor tended to marry earlier as well, or not marry at all In Italy, the age gap between husbands and wives was much larger than in Northern Europe Increased infanticide and abandonment (among the poor) Increase of foundling hospitals (two-thirds of abandoned babies were goals) Low rate of illegitimate births Dramatic population growth until 1650 Divorce was available in certain areas (still very limited), unlike the Middle Ages when divorce was nonexistent Women (only those in the upper classes) were to make themselves pleasing to men (Castiglione) Sexual double-standard: women were to remain chaste until marriage, but men were permitted to do as they please More prostitution than in the Middle Ages Rape was not considered a serious crime Important female rulers Caterina Sforza Isabella I Mary Tudor Elizabether I Catherine de Medicis Persecution of alleged witches Beginning of witchcraft as official Roman Catholic dogma in 1484 Large number of accused witches were older women The Reformation Protestant women; occupation was in the home taking care of the family Protestant churches had greater official control over marriage Suppressed common law marriages Catholic governments followed suit Marriage became more companionate; Martin Luther and Katerina von Bora were a good example of the husband/helpmate model Increased womens literacy became valued because women needed to be able to read the Bible and teach their children Lost some opportunities in church service that Catholic women enjoyed Sex was an act to be enjoyed by a husband and wife (Luther) Catholic women Women continued to enjoy opportunities in the Church in religious orders Theresa de Avila, Carmelite order Angela Merici, Ursuline order The Eighteenth Century, Including the Industrial Revolution Agricultural Revolution Enclosure movements significantly altered peasant life Women had fewer opportunities to make profits from work on common lands Some women worked away from home in the towns or cities Most work was domestic Many women became prostitutes Social consequences of working away from home included more autonomy, the ability to save money for their own dowries, slightly greater choice in marriage partners, and less communal protection from economic and sexual exploitation Growth of cottage industry Women increasingly stayed home to work in the cottage industry Young women became increasingly difficult for peasant families to feed due to loss of common lands Young women were sometimes sent away to work Industrial Revolution Large numbers of women worked in factories in late eighteenth-century England Family wage economy: families often worked together (especially women and children) Declined somewhat after the Factory Act of 1833 put limits on child labor Marriage Based more on romance as the Enlightenment moved into the modern era Average age for marriage was late 20s or later Many women did not marry (spinsters); a large population of unmarried middle-class women was a new phenomenon Protestant women were still expected to manage the home Catholic women still had self-development options in the religious orders Views on childcare: spare the rod and spoil the child Families became smaller, children lived longer, and people invested more love and economic resources in their children as time went on Explosion in illegitimate births Increased infanticide Foundling hospitals created Decrease in witch hunts Decline in womens opportunities as midwives, and increased professionalization of medicine Important female rulers included: Catherine the Great Maria Theresa Women in the Enlightenment Science Emilie du Chatelet (Voltaires mistress) translated Newtons Principia Salons Madame de Geoffrin Madame de Warens Madame de Stael Madame Roland Arts Elizabeth Vigee-Lebrun Views on female education Jean Jacques Rousseau, Emile (1762) Catharine Macaulay, Letters on Education (1787) Hannah More, a bluestocking Generally, the Enlightenment ideology did not like or have much respect for women The French Revolution Bread riots March on Versailles Olympe de Gouges, The Rights of Women (1791) Marry Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) Participation with the Sans-Culottes (Society of Revolutionary Republican Women) National Convention closed womens political clubs French Revolutionary leaders identified women with the debauchery and effete style of the ancien regime. They thought the Old Regime style was not manly and sought to keep women out of public life Charlotte Corday Salons during the Revolution (e.g., Jeanne Roland, Girondins) Victims of the Reign of Terror (e.g., Olympe de Gouges, Jeanne Roland) Napoleonic France Civil Code reasserted Old Regimes patriarchal system Women viewed as legal incompetents Women gained few rights (except inheritance rights), which led to increased use of birth control and smaller families State paternalism Criticism of Napoleons regime by Madame de Stael Emergence of Differing Feminists Individualist Feminists Argued women had the same natural rights as men Women were entitled to the same legal, economic, social, and educational opportunities Ideas derived from: Enlightenment ideology Embraced by John Stuart Mill Relational Feminists Argued womens nature was fundamentally different from men and just as important Women needed education to fulfill their special role as mothers and homemakers, to preserve and impart the native culture of their homelands, and to provide healthy children Sympathetic to new movt of romanticism and nationalism The Nineteenth Century Industrial Revolution Marriage and Family Ideal of romantic love became important Fewer children per family; more love toward children Middle class more inclined to consider economic reasons Many men married late Women were closely monitored Sexual double-standard existed Illegitimacy rate declined after 1850 in the working classes Prostitutes were sought by middle and upper middle class men Early childhood is vital (Freud) Lower-class children were less financially dependent on their parents than middle class children Status of Women After 1850 increasingly separate spheres existed: men worked in factories and women stayed at home Protective legislation drove women out of certain kinds of employment. As the century progressed, more jobs were gendered; in jobs defined as womens work (e.g. teaching and office work), wages went down. Ideology of domesticity Reinforced in homeschooling or church schools Victorian ideal By the late-nineteenth century mostly women in poor families worked outside the home Middle-class women began working to organize and expand their rights Marxist view of women: Argued that women were doubly oppressed, both by capitalist society and also by men Program was to work for Socialism first, because they thought that socialism (and later communism) would lead to equality between the sexes. Socialist views of women: Saint-Simonian Socialism emphasized complementary aspects of the sexes, motherhood as the common denominator of female experience, and free love Suzanne Voilquin Flora Tristan Desiree Gay Jeanne Deroin German socialist Louise Otto emphasized womens special nature and importance to the state, even though she saw marriage as a degraded institution that impaired the development of womens character German Social Democratic Party had a special auxiliary for women August Bebel Clara Zetkin French feminist socialists included: Hubertine Auclert Louise Saumoneau Elizabeth Renaud Romanticism George Sand Realism George Eliot Women played a major role in social reforms in the mid to late 19th century Catholic orders organized schools and hospitals Temperance Number of female teachers increased in the late 19th century Trend toward gendering certain occupations had the effect of kicking men out and also lowering wages Pacifism Bertha von Suttner, Lay Down Your Arms (1889) Womens International League for Peace and Freedom Active participation in the Socialist Movement Owenites Emma Martin Flora Tristan Modernism in Western Europe: The New Woman Drop in the birth rate became alarming Ellen Key, Nelly Roussel, and Marguerite Durand Reformers sought to reform marriage to increase its attractiveness to women Women gained the legal right to wages and property ownership Women gained the right to work without their husbands permission Many educated women worked in white-collar jobs Legalization of divorce in some countries (e.g. France) Govt. subsidies to needy mothers (e.g. Britain in 1913) Female Suffrage Finland was the first country to grant female suffrage (1907) Countries that had granted female suffrage by 1920: Austria Britain Czechoslovakia Denmark Germany Iceland Netherlands Norway Russia Largely the result of womens participation in WWI England John Stuart Mill, The Subjection of Women (1869) Suffrage was predominantly a middle class movt. Because England did not get universal suffrage until after WWI, many feminists and Socialists were frustrated in their efforts to work for female rights Rise of professional suffrage associations Millicent Garrett Fawcett Emmeline Pankhurst (Womens Social and Political Union) and her even more radical daughters: Christabel and Sylvia Militant tactics: violence, bombings, destruction of property, chaining to fences, etc. Womens participation in WWI Representation of the People Act of 1918 (suffrage of women age 30 and over) Representation of the People Act of 1928 (suffrage of women age 21 and over, the same terms for men) Female suffrage after WWI in Western and Central Europe The Twentieth Century Russia Equality (in theory) after the Russian Revolution Voting rights Equal access to education Job opportunities No sexual double-standard; increased abortion Women made huge contributions to the war effort during WWI and WWII Traditional and oppressed roles in fascist Italy and Nazi Germany Women were encouraged to have many children for the benefit of the state Women were denied access to high paying job opportunities After WWI, several countries passed repressive legislation against women in the areas of reproductive freedom and employment opportunities. This was due to the unemployment that followed the war combined with the huge death rate and oversupply of women and undersupply of babies. Post-WWII Baby boom after WWII Middle class children were less economically dependent on their parents Women remained in the workforce in large numbers Womens rights movt. and feminism Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex(1949) Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (1963) France ended its ban on birth control in 1965 Protest marches in favor of abortion rights and decriminalization of homosexuality Some feminists rejected such feminine conventions as bras, cosmetics, and high heels Demand for equal pay and work In Italy in the 1970s, women gained divorce rights, access to birth control information, and abortion rights Sharp drop in the birth rate, starting in the 1960s; native-born European women began having fewer children, later in life   HYPERLINK \l "TOC" Return to Table of Contents European History by Century CenturyEvents Politics EconomicsChurch Wars, Treaties Ideas 1300s and 1400s (14th and 15th) Black Death 100 Years War Renaissance End of Byzantine Empire Rise of city-states New Monarchs"Expanding in northern Europe Trade increases Conciliar Movt. Council of Constance Great Schism 100 Years War War of the Roses Individualism Secularism Humanism Historical self-awareness 1500s (16th century) Renaissance Exploration Reformation Height of Habsburg power-Charles V Golden Age of Spain Tudor Dynasty Muscovite TsarsCommercial Rev. Gold Trade Price Rev. Spanish and Portuguese colonies Counter-reformation Decline in power Council of Trent English Reformation Revolt in Netherlands Fr. Wars of Religion Spanish Armada Lutheranism Calvinism Anglicanism 1600s (17th century) 30 Years War Sci. Rev. Growth of the State Prussia Peter the Great Austria Age of Louis XIVCommercial Rev. Mercantilism Golden Age of the Netherlands Decline in power 30 Years War English Civil War Peace of Westphalia Siege of Vienna Wars of Louis XIVSovereignty Absolutism Constitutionalism 1700s (18th Century) Enlightenment England v. France Habsburgs v. Hohenzollerns Amer. Rev. Fr. Rev. Peace and Prosperity Diplomatic Rev. Enlightened Despotism Ag. Rev. Industrial Rev. Decline in power Deism German pietism Methodism Sp. Succession Treaty of Utrecht Austrian Succession 7 Years War Colonial WarsRationalism Empiricism Aristocracy Inalienable rights 1800s (19th century) Napoleon Romanticism Revolutions of 1820, 1830, and 1848 ImperialismEnd of Old Regime Unifications of Italy and Germany Industrial Rev. Resurgence due to Romanticism Napoleonic Wars Congress of Vienna Crimean War Ger. unificationRomanticism Nationalism Conservatism Liberalism Socialism  19th and 20th Centuries Wars, Treaties, and Conferences IdeasPoliticsEconomicsRevolutions19th Century Napoleonic Wars Congress of Vienna Crimean War Austro-Prussian War of 1866 Franco-Prussian War Romanticism Nationalism Conservatism Socialism Liberalism Utilitarianism End of the Old Regime Realpolitik: Germany, Italy Mass Politics New Imperialism Industrial Rev. Rise of the labor movt. New Imperialism 1820 1830 1848 Paris Commune 20th Century Russo-Japanese War (1904-05) WWI (1914-1918) Treaty of Brest Litovsk (1917) Treaty of Versailles (1919) World War II (1939-1945) Yalta Conference Potsdam Conference Cold War Korean War Marxism Communism Social Darwinism Freudianism Totalitarianism Fascism Existentialism Female suffrage Welfare states Mandate system League of Nations United Nations British Commonwealth Triple Alliance vs. Triple Entente Rome-Berlin Axis Powers vs. Allied Powers NATO vs. Warsaw Pact Great Depression Economic Miracle ECSC EEC European Union Russia: 1905 Rev., February Rev. (1917) and October Rev. (1917) Turkish Revolution Spanish Civil War 1989: Eastern Europe Fall of Soviet Union (1991) Civil War in Yugoslavia *Note: an additional guide will be passed out in class.  HYPERLINK \l "TOC" Return to Table of Contents Maps and Dates Key Treaties and Settlements Peace of Augsburg (1555) Prince of a region determined religion of the land. Only dealt with Catholics and Lutherans (Calvinists, others not included) The Edict of Nantes (1598) End of religious wars in France Huguenots given freedom of religion Huguenots given equal political rights Huguenots have fortified towns and self government in 100 cities Treaty of Westphalia (1648) Ended 30 Years War (1618-1648) For impact: see mnemonic device page. Treaty of Utrecht (1713-1714) Britain gained asiento (slave trade) from Spain and territory (Gibraltar and Minorca) Spanish Netherlands given to Austria Prevented unification of Bourbon dynasties Peace of Paris (1763) Britain gained all French territory in North America Britain controlled more of northeastern India (Bengal) France got back islands in West Indies and some territories in India Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) Core principles: Balance of Power Encirclement of France Legitimacy Bourbons restored to power Papal States back to the pope Dynasties restored Compensation Victors rewarded with territory Created Concert of Europe and Congress System Treaty of Frankfort (1871) German Empire created Alsace and Lorraine given to Germany France had war indemnity Congress of Berlin (1878) Serbia and Romania gained independence from Ottoman Empire Bulgaria gained autonomy from Ottoman Empire Treaty of Versailles (1919) Mandates for former colonies and territories Territorial loss for Germany Article 231 (war guilt clause) Demilitarization of Germany League of Nations Reparations forced on Germany Marshall Plan (1947) Massive aid package to help war-torn Europe recover from WWII Western and Central Europe recovered economically (economic miracle) Soviets refused to allow U.S. aid to countries in Eastern Europe Maps you MUST know: Lands controlled by Charles V and the Holy Roman Empire Lands contested and conquered by Louis XIV Partitions of Poland Expansion of Russia, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries France and Europe under Napoleon Europe after the Congress of Vienna Unifications of Germany and Italy British and French empires, post-1871-1945 Africa, 1885-1914 Europe after World War I Europe after World War II Europe after the fall of Communism  HYPERLINK \l "TOC" Return to Table of Contents Items Passed Out/To Be Passed Out: Key Reform Legislation and Pre-WWI Alliances 18th Century Wars Century of Political Change in France Important Terms and Vocab. Key Dates Art History Social History Guide Rise of Constitutionalism and Liberalism Economic Developments Socialism Guide List of Prior DBQs and FRQs (as we get closer to the exam)   HYPERLINK \l "TOC" Return to Table of Contents Bibliography (there may be some additional review materials you can use on some of the websites): AP Workshop Materials. College Board. AP European History Course Home Page.  HYPERLINK "http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/courses/teachers_corner/2122.html" http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/courses/teachers_corner/2122.html Not much additional information here that you could use. I pulled must of the material that could be used for review already or I will be passing out the material in class. Craig, Gordon. Europe Since 1815: Alternate Edition. Orlando, Florida: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Inc., 1974. Freiler, Chris. AP Achiever: Advanced Placement Prep Guide. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008. Mercado, Steve. AP Exam Review. European History. August 10, 2012.  HYPERLINK "http://historysage.com/jcms/content/view/64/93/" http://historysage.com/jcms/content/view/64/93/ Not much additional information here that you could use. I pulled must of the material that could be used for review already or I will be passing out the material in class. Pojer, Sue. AP European History Review Page.  HYPERLINK "http://www.historyteacher.net/EuroProjects/ExamReviewSheets/APEuroMainReviewPage.htm" http://www.historyteacher.net/EuroProjects/ExamReviewSheets/APEuroMainReviewPage.htm A variety of quick reviews by topic are provided on this page that are useful. There is also a gigantic review packet a student made up from Horace Greeley High School. Ive read through it and it is all accurate. It may be helpful. Further, there are a variety of links and information you can use on the main page at this website. Treadwell, Larry. The CAVE.  HYPERLINK "http://thecaveonline.com/APEH/" http://thecaveonline.com/APEH/ There is a good amount of review material that you could use on this page as well, especially toward the bottom in a section entitled, National Exam Review Materials. Each link is pretty useful, so check it out. Viault, Birdsall. Modern European History. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1990.     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