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D . . f , V|` Z & Lesson 1 (80 min.): Analysis of request strategies
1. [Situation]
What kinds of request situation are difficult? (e.g. To whom? About what request? When?)
Why do you think they are difficult?
2. [Affective factors] Some factors greatly influence the level of politeness.
a) ( )
b) ( )
c) ( )
Making requests is a face-threatening act. Try to make requests carefully and politely.
3. [Strategies for natural requests]
3.1 Lets take a look at NNSs requests (L1-3) and NSs ones (L1-4).
Japanese learners cases:
The following are role-plays between a Japanese learner of English and a native English speaker. Read them and answer the following questions.
Describe the situations of requests. (e.g., the purpose of the request, the status of both speakers)
Explain any problems you found. (But ignore grammatical mistakes.)
Situation 1
JPN: Excuse me.
John: Yes?
JPN: Can I borrow your pen?
John: Sure. Here you go.
JPN: Thank you.
John: No problem.
1. Situation
2. Problems
Situation 2
JPN: Hi, John.
John: Hi, Tom. How are you doing?
JPN: Fine, thank you. How are you?
John: Good.
JPN: Ah, Im now doing my writing,
and I want you to correct this.
John: Sure.
JPN: So can I have an appointment?
John: You can come anytime during
my office hours tomorrow.
JPN: Really?
John: Yeah.
JPN: Uh, Ill be at 3 oclock tomorrow.
John: Sounds good to me.
JPN: Okay.
John: See you then.
JPN: Thank you. See you.
1. Situation
2. Problems
3.2 [Polite requests]:
Polite requests are often (more ) and ( er ).
3.3 [Directness]: (Blum-Kulka et al., 1989)
a) ( ) strategiesb) ( ) strategiesGiving an order
- Close the window.
Showing that a speaker is requesting or expressing willingness
- I would like to ask you to close the window
3) Showing speakers desire
- I want you to close the window.
- I would appreciate it if you could close the window.Suggesting
- How about closing the window?
Asking about a hearers ability
- Can you / could you close the window?
- Will you / would you close the window?
- Would you mind closing the window?
6) Hints
- You have left the window open...
- Its cold here.
3.4 [Modifications]: The following techniques soften the force of the request. (Blum-Kulka et al., 1989)
Change of grammatical choices:
( Question ): Can you pass me the salt? (vs. Pass me the salt.)
(Negative question): Cant you pass me the salt?
( ): Could you pass me the salt? (vs. Can you pass me the salt?)
( ): I am wondering if you could mail this for me. (vs. I wonder if)
( ): I wanted to ask you about this. (vs. I want to ask you)
( ): I was wondering if you couldnt mail this for me.
Softening words and phrases:
Clean your room, ( ).
Clean your room ( )( ) before dinner.
Could you ( ) lend me your book?
Do you ( ) I could borrow your book? (
Do you ( ) if I borrowed your phone? (
( )( )( ) OK if you help me?
I ( )( ) if you could write it for me.
3.5 Supportive sentences: modify the above main request sentence.
Ask the potential availability of the hearer or ask for the hearers permission to make the request.
Are you busy right now?
Do you have a minute?
I have a question to ask you.
Could you do me a favor?
Give a reason or an explanation for your request.
I missed class yesterday. Could you give me a handout?
Promise a reward for the hearer if the request is carried out.
Could you give me a lift? Ill pay for gas or take you out for dinner.
Reduce the imposition placed on the hearer by the speakers request
(A: Maybe, I should have some time this weekend.) B: This weekend works fine.
Whatever works for you.
Modifications are key to the indirect, polite requests.
4. [Practice making requests]
Situations: the borrowing of: a pen, a quarter, one hundred dollars, a car, or a
precious book from either a close friend or a professor
[Discourse Analysis]
5.1 Native speakers cases: Compare a Japanese learners requests with those of a native speaker.
Situation 1: Borrow a pen from your close teacher (Prof. John Smith).
JPN: Excuse me.
Prof: Yes?
JPN: Can I borrow your pen?
Prof: Sure. Here you go.
JPN: Thank you.
Prof: No problem.
NS: Excuse me, Professor.
Prof: Yes?
NS: I forgot my pen todaydo you happen to have an extra one?
Prof: Yes, as a matter of fact I do. Here you go.
NS: Thank you.
Prof: Youre welcome.
Situation 2: Make an appointment to see your close teacher (Prof. John Smith) in order to ask about your study.
JPN: Hi, John.
Prof: Hi, Tom. How are you doing?
JPN: Fine, thank you. How are you?
Prof: Good.
JPN: Ah, Im now doing my writing, and I want you to correct this.
Prof: Sure.
JPN: So can I have an appointment?
Prof: You can come anytime during my office hours tomorrow.
JPN: Really?
Prof: Yeah.
JPN: Uh, Ill be at 3 oclock tomorrow.
Prof: Sounds good to me.
JPN: Okay.
Prof: See you then.
JPN: Thank you. See you.
NS: Excuse me, Professor Smith.
Prof: Yes?
NS: I had a question about the homework, and I was wondering if I could stop by and see, uh, see you in your office sometime?
Prof: Yeah, uh, my office hours are tomorrow from three to four. So
NS: Okay, so I should stop by then?
Prof: Yeah.
NS: Okay, thanks a lot. See you then.
Prof: See you tomorrow.
5.2 Structures of NSs request discourses
A casual request
1. Getting attention
2. (Supportive sentences)
3. Requesting
4. Thanking
A careful request
1. Getting attention
2. (Small talk)
3. Supportive sentences
4. Requesting with modifications
5. Thanking
6. (Closing a conversation)
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