ࡱ> BDA bjbj =>xxDH<pt___$_____*__:g=FZi) @0p3 B B ==&cx______p____B _________* :   Chapter 15: Specific Immunity and Immunization A. the practice of deliberately stimulating the immune system in order to protect individuals against a disease 1. Edward Jenner developed the first official smallpox variolation technique using cowpox virus 2. Pasteur used the word vaccination from the Latin word vacca meaning cow 3. It is possible for a portion of a population to become immune to a disease, either through natural immunity or vaccination A) the inability of an infection to spread within a population due to the lack of susceptible hosts B. Types of Immunity 1. Based on 2 criteria A) How the person acquired the antigen/antibodies 1) acquired acquisition through normal events 2) acquired acquisition via non-natural means B) Where the antibodies are produced 1) immunity the individual makes their own antibodies 2) immunity the individual did not make the antibodies C. Examples of Immunity 1. Naturally acquired-active immunity natural exposure to an antigen causes the person to produce their own antibodies A) Ex. 2. Naturally acquired-passive immunity natural activities provide the individual with antibodies that someone else made after natural exposure to the antigen A) Ex. 3. Artificially acquired-active immunity deliberate exposure to the antigen via an injection causes the person to make their own antibodies to the antigen A) Ex. 4. Artificially acquired-passive immunity deliberate introduction of antibodies made by some other individual into the body of the patient A) Ex. D. Vaccines 1. a preparation of living or inactivated (dead) microorganisms, viruses, or their components used to induce active immunity 2. Requirements of an effective vaccine A) B) C) Provide lasting immunity against a specific illness by inducing antibodies, immune cells, or both D) E) F) 3. Types of vaccines A) vaccines a weakened form of the disease-causing agent (alive) 1) It is generally unable to cause disease but can still induce an immune response 2) Attenuated strains typically produce an infection with 3) Often only a single dose is generally needed to induce long-lasting immunity 4) Can be spread from an immunized individual to non-immunized people, inadvertently immunizing the contacts a) attenuated strains can cross the placenta and can be passed in breast milk 5) Because they can spread, they have the potential of causing disease in immunosuppressed people 6) Some can revert or mutate back into the disease-causing form 7) Examples include B) vaccines forms that are unable to replicate but still cause an immune response (dead) 1) They cannot cause infection, revert to dangerous forms, or be passed on to others 2) The magnitude of the immune response by inactivated vaccines is very limited a) Most require 3) Many inactivated vaccines contain an a substance that enhances the immune response to the antigen a) Examples include aluminum phosphate and aluminum hydroxide 4) There are two general categories of inactivated vaccines: a) dead microorganisms or inactivated viruses; ex. b) only pieces of the microorganism that can induce an immune response i) Examples: (a) vaccine composed of inactivated toxins; ex. (b) vaccine composed of key antigens of a virus; ex. (c) vaccine composed of key antigens of a bacterium; ex. (d) vaccine composed of the polysaccharides that make up the capsule of certain microorganisms; ex. E. Principles of Immunological Testing 1. use of serum antibodies to detect and identify antigens, or conversely, use of known antigens to detect antibodies 2. is a measure of the amount of specific antibody in serum A) Can determine a persons level of immunity to a specific antigen B) Individuals exposed to an antigen for the first time usually do not have detectable antibodies in the blood serum until about 7-10 days after infection 3. (MABs) contain only one antibody with one specificity A) Commonly used in 4. Examples of Immunoassays A) 1) Mechanism a) Known antigen is attached to plastic wells. b) The serum to be tested is added and incubated. 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