ࡱ> G <bjbjَ Ĭ0I]8(<dt(   CEEEA  $K ?     CCO tlC P0X;CH= APPENDIX C IPB WITH A PURPOSE Excerpts from an MIPB Article written by LTC Thomas M. Smith and MAJ David G. Puppolo in 1998. This article has not been published to date. INTRODUCTION IPB is a complex process. Many talented S2s rotate through the National Training Center (NTC) armed with all the tools FM 34-130 provides; they produce required doctrinal products, provide comprehensive and technically correct briefings, yet routinely fail to give their commanders the right stuff they need to win. Preparing and briefing the products that we see in our doctrinal manuals often fail to communicate what the S2 wants everyone to understand. This does not mean more products and more work, but better products to help the commander see the enemy. This appendix provides S2s some IPB TTPs help their commanders succeed on the battlefield. The doctrinal tenets of IPB are fundamentally sound; however, we often have a hard time explaining why we do IPB, and that seems to be the root of most S2s problems at the NTC. We do IPB to support staff estimates and the MDMP. Applying the IPB process helps the commander selectively maximize his combat power at critical points in time and space on the battlefield. While this is all true, there are two simple but critical pieces missing, both in doctrine and in the conduct of the IPB process, at the NTC: visualization and communication. We do IPB because it is the primary means by which a commander develops that vision in his mind of how an operation will unfold. S2s must do two things to make this happen. First, they must help to create the vision and second, communicate it to the commander (and staff) so he can do the same for his soldiers. Familiar experts in the vision business are television announcers at NFL football games, who use very effective visual aids to create and communicate a clear vision or concept. Look at what slow motion, instant replay, zoom in/out, reverse angle, and John Maddens Chalkboard have done to help the viewer really see and understand a critical play. The G2/S2s must provide the commander similar products by using simple, clear techniques (many not found in any FM) to create and communicate the IPB vision. IPB products must Assist the commanders visualization process. Help drive COA development. Help refine friendly COAs. Help in analysis and synchronization of COA (wargame). Help program flexibility into our plan. Drive reconnaissance planning. Assist decision-making during execution. Assist subordinate units in their visualization process. In order to do this, IPB products should Address the enemy commanders expected mission and intent. Describe how the enemy sees us. Offer our commander an array of capabilities. Portray an uncooperative enemy. Describe how the enemy will fight and maneuver, including all of his combat multipliers, not just how and where he will move. Analyze the enemy to the appropriate level of detail (changes with audience). Be as user friendly as possible. THE IPB STEPS S2s are probably reasonably comfortable with the steps of the IPB process. STEP 1: Define the battlefield environment. STEP 2: Describe the battlefields effects. STEP 3: Evaluate the threat. STEP 4: Determine threat COA. Typical IPB products in the S2s arsenal are the MCOO, a situation template, and the event template. Will these products truly create and communicate a simple, clear vision of the battlefield for a commander? Most will answer with a resounding NO! These products as typically produced do not come close to portraying the dynamic nature in which an enemy fights, nor do they effectively illustrate the significance of terrain, thus the need for (TTPs). TTPs originate from good ideas on the job and from the pure necessity to take doctrine one step further. Intimacy with IPB normally occurs during the MDMP and involves products and requirements for each element of the MDMP. IPB AND THE MDMP IPB products and requirements surface during the following phases of the MDMP: Mission analysis. COA development. Wargaming. OPORD issue/refinement. Rehearsals. Additionally, IPB is a continuous process that does not stop with publication of an order. As we collect intelligence, our vision of the battlefield may change, and we must be able to effectively communicate the results of gathered intelligence. Each phase is different, and the products, requirements, and presentations for each phase should be different. It is not effective to stand up for a mission analysis or OPORD brief in front of a 1:50,000 map with a sheet of paper in hand and read and drone on superficially. For example, Sir, let me orient you to the terrain. Theres good to excellent observation in the west part of the central corridor with poor cover and concealment due to the flat ground and lack of vegetation all year round Does anyone really stay awake? An S2 will never paint a good picture of a future battle with a narrative, a MCOO, or a busy, dusty (or muddy), acetate SITEMP. So how do you paint a picture that the commander remembers, and at the same time keeps the rest of your audience informed and in the ball game? This appendix addresses techniques that will help the S2 prepare effective and memorable IPB products. Starting with the mission analysis brief and laying out an entire cycle of IPB. MISSION ANALYSIS BRIEF The S2 can present a successful mission analysis brief by considering the following: Terrain - LD to objective (illuminate effects of terrain) (Figures C-1 and C-2). The enemy - from big to small (including timeline) (Figures C-3 and C-4). Enemy commanders intent and purpose (Figure C-5 through C-11). ECOA development (Figure C-12). Snapshot ECOA sketches (Figures C-13 through C-18). What we know (targeting implications) (Figure C-19). What we do not know (reconnaissance implications) (Figure C-20). Recommended PIR. Tentative reconnaissance concept. Do not brief a MCOO. The MCOO is a generic S2 tool that merely helps the S2 get a general feel for the terrain. G2/S2s should take their commanders on a terrain tour from the LD all the way to the objective. Illuminating the effects of critical terrain (IV lines, cover or concealed avenues of approach) and the significance of key and decisive terrain (for example, Alpha/Bravo Pass the only exit leading to the enemy division commanders immediate objective). Figure C-1 shows an effective way to do this. On a 1:50,000 map, use inserts at points or areas to illuminate critical terrain. For example, the insert at the top of the  Figure C-1. Terrain LD to objective. map shows a constricted pass with no obvious terrain that will limit movement. A photograph, however, confirms that the pass consists of large boulders that make off-road vehicle movement impossible. The insert to the middle part of the map is a TERRABASE perspective (Figure C-2) from an observers location on hill 605 to the objective. Figure C-2 shows another great visual effect from using TERRABASE products at key places. The program can generate shots that place us in the enemys seat to visualize how the enemy views us or how we expect to see the threat. It is a simulated 3D product right in front of the commander. We can even draw our templated enemy directly on such a product. At the southern part of the map, the S2 can show a 5,300-m concealed approach. It can easily be enhanced with some mini-cam footage or a photograph for a 3D effect. At the western edge, TERRABASE shows a significant IV line issue. In the north, the distance between the IV line and our objective is about 4,000 m. At that distance, enemy long-range AT fires can range us once we crest the IV line, and we will Figure C-2. Terrabase Perspective. be unable to return effective direct fire. In the south, that distance is only about 1,000 m, so our tanks can engage the enemy immediately upon cresting the IV line. These are just a few examples of how to brief the terrain more effectively. Each of these areas will pass the so what test that we must apply to information we brief. Even if we have access to a computer to help us analyze and illuminate the effects of terrain, we can and should break out the 1:24,000 scale maps to supplement our standard 1:50,000 scale maps. Offering over twice the resolution of the horizontal dimension of the battlefield providing a broader appreciation of the vertical dimension of the terrain. By having a 10-m contour interval as opposed to the 20-m contour interval on a 1:50,000 scale map. Consider the consequences of using a 1:50,000 scale map to analyze terrain: given its 20-m contour interval, a terrain feature or features slightly taller than a five story building might go unnoticed during mission analysis. Looking to the future, Force XXI technology offers some powerful terrain tools for S2s. Both the Maneuver Control System (MCS) and ASAS include fairly user-friendly software allowing S2s to produce high-resolution LOS and perspective displays. There is no limit to what an S2 can do to take his commander on a terrain tour from LD to objective. Initial reaction to all of this may be: Well, I only have an hour and a half or so before the mission analysis brief. How can I possibly do all this? The answer is that you cannot. You have to do it before you deploy, and that is the key. THE ENEMY: FROM BIG TO SMALL  Once the S2 briefs the critical terrain, he should introduce the enemy, from big to small. A neat line-and-block chart, as shown in Figure C-3, will do the job. This is IPB, step 3, takes only minutes for analysts to produce. Here we can also produce a graphic timeline (Figure C-4) for the commander. This will assist the commander in developing his own COAs and associated decisions. Figure C-3. The enemy big to small. THE ENEMY COMMANDERS INTENT AND PURPOSE What does the enemy commander want to do? What is the scope and purpose of his operation? How will he accomplish his mission? How does he think we are going to fight? S2s must do a little homework for this one., because it requires some thought. If we immediately dive into templating the enemy on 1:50,000 overlay without first considering his intent or purpose, we may incorrectly assess his intended actions. We are pretty good at fitting the enemy doctrinal templates onto terrain, but sometimes miss the key step in assessing the enemys mission and purpose.  The S2 who dives right into the templating business without looking at the big picture may get into trouble by doing so. To illustrate: our division gave us an overlay which shows one enemy MRB defending in our zone of attack, within an area about 5 km wide and 2 km deep, between high ground to the north and south. Figure C-4. Enemy timeline. The S2 then develops two ECOAs (Figure C-5) which array three MRCs far forward of the passes (ECOA 1) and another, defending both Passes 1 and 2 (ECOA 2). At first look, these two ECOAs appear valid and are well tied to the terrain. The S2 chose to defend with the enemys main effort in Pass 2 because it is larger and less restricted than Pass 1, and requires more combat power. Figure C-6, however, is the enemys actual plan, which shows that he has used his entire MRB to defend Pass 1. What went wrong with our ECOA development thought process? Figure C-5. S2s two ECOAs. The answer: We ignored what our division told us in their intel annex that the MRR commanders intent was to retain control of the town to the east of the passes. The best way for the MRB commander to accomplish his higher commanders intent is to defend Pass 1. Defending Pass 2 will not assist in accomplishing the MRR or MRB commanders missions (Figure C-7). Figure C-6. Enemy commanders plan. Before S2s submerge themselves into templating ECOAs, they must first ensure they understand the enemy commanders purpose and how it is tied into his higher headquarters plan. Remember, S2s must develop ECOAs with the enemy commanders intent firmly in mind. We recommend considering intent at three levels: same, one, and two levels up.  Consider another example, at a lower echelon, of the MRR meeting battle, where forces will converge and the enemy is looking to find you. Each enemy component has a specific task and purpose. For instance, the combat reconnaissance patrol (CRP) rolls out from the advance guard, looking for the best Figure C-7. Higher commanders plan. piece of ground from which to fight. If it is not one IV line (and his S2 has told his commander this), it is the next. He has this programmed into his plan: If I cant grab this piece of terrain, Ill grab the next one. The CRPs are going to find you. If the BLUFOR moves one TF up, one TF back, the CRP will look for the lead TF. He finds it and reports back to the FSE. The FSE hunts it down and bites hard, holds on, and calls on the main body of the advance guard. The advance guard hits the lead TF from a flank, and then passes the report back to the MRR main body MRBs. These MRBs will also attack from a flank. Another tool to assist S2s develop ECOA is to step into the enemy commanders shoes and determine how he sees our fight. S2s normally do not consider this. We fail to view the threats perception of us when we are trying to determine his COA. Call it reverse IPB. It is in our doctrine, but we do not do it very well. For example, we just received an OPORD from higher which tells us to defend against an enemy attack. It is time to do our mission analysis brief. The S2 has the floor, and the BCT commander asks, OK Two, whats the bad guy going to do? The S2 lays out three ECOAs, but does not consider what his commander is thinking his concept on how he is going to array his defense given the terrain he must defend. What S2s should do in this case is pull the commander of S3 aside and ask him to array his company teams in sector (Figure C-8).  Figure C-8. ECOA Matrix. Now, the S2 can begin planning using the following logic: If this is how my BCT will array its forces to defend, then this is how I, the enemy commander, might attack to penetrate the weakness in this defense. The S2 will probably be able to come up with an accurate set of enemy options, especially if the enemys reconnaissance gets a good read on the true weakness in the defense. ECOA DEVELOPMENT S2s often depict a single (or perhaps two) ECOAs, usually due to time constraints, SOPs, or because we believe the enemy can only fight one way. The enemy, however, will use DPs and quickly change his mind at different points in a battle, before or even after LD. S2s must help the commander and staff plan for these changes by considering all feasible enemy options our doctrine states this repeatedly because it is here we begin building flexibility into our commanders plan. It is not okay to wait until after the commander gives his guidance or after we have developed the friendly COAs to finish ECOA development. If the staff develops friendly COAs without a complete set of ECOAs, the friendly ECOAs will be invalid when the S2 catches up and presents additional ECOA. Remember that all the ECOAs produced at mission analysis are an initial assessment because we have not developed our friendly COA, which should eliminate or reduce the likelihood of some ECOAs. Keep this thought in mind; we pick it back up in the COA development discussion. (Figures C-9 through C-11 show a variety of ECOAs.)  Figure C-9. Brown Pass (ECOA 1)  Figure C-10. Debnam Pass (ECOA 2)  Figure C-11. South Wall (ECOA 3) We recommend developing ECOAs from big to small. Use cartoon sketches to show a broad picture of all feasible ECOAs. Use sketches to show how the enemy will maneuver and fight. Although the S2 can realistically develop a full set (four, five, or more) of broad ECOA sketches, he may not have the time to develop as many detailed ECOAs. That is okay if he has provided his commander with two or three well-developed ECOAs, and maybe two or three more broad ECOAs that give him a pretty good idea on how those fights might unfold, and help build more flexibility into his plan. We advocate using sketches or cartoons because we do not recommend briefing acetate SITEMPs. They are difficult to see and do not communicating the vision very well. This is not to say that acetate SITEMPs should not be produced for the mission analysis brief. They should be made available if the commander wants to see the details of the terrain and its relation to the enemy. Additionally, SITEMPs are necessary tools to use during COA development and wargaming. Figure C-12 shows broad multiple ECOAs in terms of critical events during an MRR attack. To make a storyboard, use a piece of poster board about 36 by 48 inches, cover it with easel paper, paste similar map sketches showing the necessary terrain, and then acetate it. Label enemy critical events across the top of the chart and numbered ECOAs along the side. Each box within a column allows the S2 to sketch out different enemy options for each event. Each element should include composition, task, and purpose.  Figure C-12. Example of the storyboard. Every option indicates something key about the enemys plan. Once execution begins, it allows the S2 to quickly deny an ECOA by crossing out options and confirming the ECOAs the enemy adopted in sort of a connect-the-dots technique. A benefit of this tool is that when the S2 presents this to the commander during the mission analysis brief, he has planted the seed for developing a flexible friendly COA. This method also provides an opportunity to see all enemy options at once, without swapping acetate SITEMPs back and forth onto a 1:50,000 map. Another benefit of this tool is that it drives initial reconnaissance planning. For example, if the S2 shows two options for air-inserted infantry, he can immediately recommend focusing ADA reconnaissance to find and then shoot down the helicopters carrying the infantry. For example, we have focused chemical reconnaissance on possible locations for P Chen strikes, and our engineer reconnaissance on likely FASCAM sites. Is this enough to communicate the vision? Not yet. The storyboard effectively depicts an ECOA, but only in board terms. It does not do a very good job in showing how the enemy will look; for example, at H+1 or in the close fight as he attempts to suppress, breach, and penetrate our defense. Additionally, the storyboard may not show all the combat multipliers the enemy will employ during the fight. S2s usually stop here. We do a good job at showing how the enemy will move in formation (for example, in a meeting battle) but do not do a very good job in showing exactly how the enemy intends to fight us. We stop here because we are usually not very well versed in maneuver. If that is the case, why not ask one of our S3 battle captains for some help? How would he fight the battle if he were the enemy? SNAPSHOT ECOA SKETCHES  S2s must provide the commander the method by which the threat will employ his assets, such as dispositions, location of main effort, the scheme of maneuver, and how it will be supported. An effective way to do this is to create snapshots of how he expects the enemy to look at critical places and times on the battlefield. Figures C-13 through C-15 show a technique to display Figure C-13. Snapshot sketch #1. snapshots at critical events of an MRR in the close fight. They show a full range of enemy combat multipliers and the details required to see the enemys scheme of maneuver. Figure C-16 illustrates another way to show sequential snapshots of an MRB in a defense operation but is not quite as detailed and may occur when the S2 is short on time. However, the sketches still provide a simple, clear vision of how the fight will unfold. This sketch starts in the upper left corner and progresses clockwise. It shows four critical events of the battle and is self-explanatory. As in terrain analysis, we recommend the use of both computer terrain Figure C-14. Snapshot sketch #2. products and 1:24,000 scale maps to assist in templating. There are many things S2s may include in an ECOA; however, it is best to tailor the ECOA to the mission. The level of detail is based on time available and, of course, what your commander wants. Figure C-15. Snapshot sketch #3. Possible Items to Include in a SITEMP For an MRR attack SITEMP (Armor/Mech based): Enemy objectives. Reconnaissance routes, observation posts, IEW sites. Critical IV lines highlighted. Firing lines. Direct fire range fans that include terrain effects. Formations and deployment lines. Scheme of maneuver for each element at critical points on the battlefield. (Example: CRP, FSE, AGMB, main body, forward detachment, infantry, AT, attack helo, CAS, Arty, ADA.) Artillery or rocket target boxes and range fans. Artillery and ADA position areas. ADA coverage. Attack helicopter routes, BPs, and range fans. LZs. CAS routes. Situational obstacles, FASCAM. Chemical targets. Smoke targets. Support, breach, and assault forces in the close fight. For an MRB Defense SITEMP (Armor/Mech Based):  Reconnaissance routes, observation posts, IEW sites. Ambush positions. CSOPs/counter- reconnaissance forces. BPs and alternate BPs. Infantry strongpoints. MRB and MRR reserves with CATK routes and timelines. Engagement areas. Direct fire range fans that include terrain effects. NVG range fans. Firing lines. Figure C-16. ECOA Sketch Artillery or rocket target boxes and range fans. Artillery and ADA position areas. ADA coverage. Attack helicopter routes, BPs and range fans. CAS routes. Obstacles, FASCAM. Chemical targets. Smoke targets. Some ECOA Considerations Deploy Armed with ECOAs. S2s can provide a 90 percent solution to ECOAs prior to deploying anywhere. Provided we know the general AOs, S2s can develop possible combinations of ECOAs for every type of mission before deployment, file them systematically, and retrieve them as needed during mission analysis once deployed. Most Likely ECOA = Least Likely? S2s should be aware that a most likely ECOA briefed during mission analysis may actually become the enemys least likely option. During the mission analysis brief for a friendly defense in sector (enemy attack), the S2 decides the enemys most probable attack option is in the north part of the sector (Figure C-17). The IPB process then drives the development of a friendly COA, and we build a defense with its main effort in the north. Enemy reconnaissance enters our sector and successfully penetrates our defense. The enemy reconnaissance sees the bulk of our engineer effort, especially Figure C-17. S2s version - Most likely = Least likely? the obstacle work occurring in the north. It reports the information, their S2 assesses our main effort is north, and the enemy develops its plan to attack to penetrate our weakness in the south (Figure C-18). The enemy may have initially planned to attack north, but decided against it once his reconnaissance confirmed our strength there. This happens more frequently than not at the NTC, and may easily happen in combat. S2s must consider this same scenario during mission analysis and illustrate all feasible enemy options to their commander so he can build flexibility into his own plan. S2s should, therefore, address all feasible ECOAs at the mission analysis brief to better prepare their commanders to deal with a multi-optioned enemy. The Football Analogy. It is easy to see this concept in action during any football game. The friendly defense has already called its formation, based on what it expects the enemy offense to do, and sets itself in position while the offense receives the play in the huddle. Figure C-18. Most likely = Least likely? The huddle breaks and as the quarterback (enemy reconnaissance) slowly moves into position, he checks the set of the defensewhere it is strong and weak. He sees the defense is strong on the right, in the very place he called the play to run his fullback. Does he go with the play (the ECOA) that he called in the huddle? Absolutely not! Instead, he calls an audible at the line of scrimmage and changes the play by adjusting the formation to run the fullback to the weak left side. Since the coaching staff has built flexibility into the defense, that has prepared for a full range of offensive options (a full set of ECOAs), it is ready to make necessary adjustments to deal with any offensive play. The Field of Dreams Syndrome. The above analogy surfaces a related issue, the Field of Dreams syndrome --If he builds it, we will come. If you havent seen the movie, this refers to a trap we sometimes let our staffs fall into. We will plan a friendly COA for an attack against what the S2 just told us will be the strongest part of the enemy defense. The problem here is that our planners do not allow IPB to drive the development of our own COA. The S2 during the mission analysis brief tells us that his IPB suggests the enemy will defend with his main effort in the south. We develop a COA, ignoring what the S2 just briefed, which plans to attack with the main effort in the south, right into the enemys strength! Do not let this happen. Speak up S2s! WHAT WE KNOW (TARGETING IMPLICATIONS) So far we have discussed critical terrain and its significance, introduced a dynamic and thinking enemy, a full range of ECOAs, and how we think the fight will unfold. As we are approaching the end of the mission analysis brief, it is critical the S2 tells the commander what he knows so far. Figure C-19 shows a tool we can use to illuminate things we know, and how it fits the template. For example, the Division G2 gave us a satellite photograph, clearly showing a small piece of an MRC defense. The black outline represents the photograph. The picture shows tanks and BMPs dug in, a wire obstacle, and a minefield. The photograph does not show the entire defense, but the S2 can tell the commander, Sir, this is what we know (photo), and this is what we do not know (templated sketch). We can target these vehicles now. That information immediately goes into the FSOs plan. But what do we not know? Figure C-19. Targeting vs. reconnaissance. A Targeting Consideration During the mission analysis process, S2s rarely provide the FSO the information he needs to plan the concept of fires that he will recommend to the commander at the mission analysis brief. A most frequent example occurs when we defend against an attacking enemy and want to destroy enemy armor as he moves in column through a target box. S2s should help the FSO do the initial battlefield calculus required to accomplish this difficult task. To ensure indirect fires destroy a desired number of moving vehicles, the enemy column must spend enough time moving through the target box. The S2 calculates this time, for example, based on the projected speed and length of the total column. Once familiar with the steps, it only takes a few minutes. Problem: How long will it take an MRB main body in column to pass a given point on the ground if its speed is 20 kmph? Solution: MRB Main Body = 10 Tanks, 29 BMPs Each Vehicle = 7 m Length of Vehicles end-to-end = (10 = 29) x 7 m = 273m Vehicle Spacing = 50m Total Spaces = 38 spaces x 50 m = 1900 m Total Column Length = 1,900 + 273 = 2,173 m (or about 2 km) Time = Distance/Speed = 2 km/20 kmph = 0.1 hours = 6 mintues So, an MRB main body will take 6 minutes to pass a point (such as a target). The FSO can now calculate if that will be sufficient time to achieve the desired effect on the enemy. WHAT WE DO NOT KNOW (RECONNAISSANCE IMPLICATIONS) We do not know anything about the southern piece of the defense. Thats the job for our reconnaissance. Sir, lets focus our recon plan in the south, go a bit lighter in the north since we know something up there, and maybe send a COLT or two north to call and adjust fires onto the known targets. Based on what we dont know, here are my recommended PIR. RECOMMENDED PIR We have taken the commander from terrain, to enemy, what we know and do not know, and now need to recommend the intelligence we think he needs to succeed with his planthe PIR. PIR are often vague and unfocused. For example: Will the enemy use chemical munitions to support his attack? This is not a very difficult question to answer. The answer is most probably YES! Another example: Will the enemy attack? If so, when, where, and in what strength? The answer to this one is Yes, the day after tomorrow, where were the weakest, and with about 40 tanks and 100 BMPs. If we can answer PIR without conducting reconnaissance or requesting information from higher, then the PIR are really inadequate? A way to avoid recommending meaningless PIR is to phrase PIR as a statement or demand, not a question. If the commander has a REQUIREMENT, why would he phrase it as a question? If you doubt it, read any commanders friendly force information requirements (FFIR). Chances are they are not phrased as questions. Consider the following PIR equation as a guide to assist you in formulating PIR that meet the requirement of what a commander really needs to know: PIR = DPs + HPTs + SPECIAL MUNITIONS If we look closely at these three areas; DPs, HPTs, and special munitions to detemine what it is that the commander must know, we can write more effective PIR that are truly priority intelligence requirements, and not merely lists of nice-to-know items. For example, the commander will always want to know how the enemy will maneuver to fight the fight. Therefore, we believe a #1 PIR may be: Determine the enemys COA. This one PIR alone, if answered in terms of how the enemy will maneuver, will probably satisfy most of the commanders DPs that are triggered by an enemy action. Perhaps the most common mistake S2s make in recommending PIR is that they do not link them to their commanders DPs. Understanding that when the S2 recommends initial PIR at the end of the mission analysis brief, no one yet knows the DPs. But the S2 should be able to anticipate a few DPs (offensive and defensive DPs often repeat themselves) and come up with some meaningful PIR. An example of a DP that repeats itself when the enemy defends is: Shifting the main effort. The enemy criterion for this DP is when TF 1-1 has destroyed all but one enemy platoon in the enemy company-size battle position. The PIR to help the commander make his decision to shift the main effort should be: Track enemy combat power in each BP. S2s should ask their S3s for a list of recurring DPs for each type of mission. They will most certainly come up with several that can assist them in recommending initial PIR. If we have done a good job of analyzing the terrain and enemy, especially what we do not know, we will have a pretty good set of initial PIR to recommend to the commander. Once we have done that, PIR must drive R&S planning. If they do not, they were just an academic exercise in which we checked the block by establishing PIR, and then filed them away with no further thought or contribution to the fight. Remember the PIR equation above. As we progress through the MDMP and build a friendly COA that deals with all of our ECOA, our PIR may and probably will change. As we develop friendly DPs and HPTs, we need to examine whether or not our PIR address the commanders need for the intelligence required to make each decision, kill the HPTs, and protect the force. If not, adjust the PIR. TENTATIVE RECONNAISSANCE CONCEPT Now armed with what we know, do not know, and PIR, the S2 can present a tentative reconnaissance concept. This should consist of at least a reconnaissance mission statement, task organization, timeline, necessary movement, time of reconnaissance OPORD, and a draft event template. S2s are constantly being told to focus our intelligence collection assets. In an attempt to do so, we have begun to over-focus by assigning more NAIs that are too small, and do not use our collectors to their fullest extent (specifically their ability to think). For example, in Figure C-20, the S2 has closely examined the terrain in sector and over-focused the collectors by employing a measle sheet NAI overlay. Figure C-20. Focusing Reconnaissance. In the open and unvegetated terrain depicted, one properly sited observer can see nearly if not all NAIs in the larger enclosed area. If the S2 really needs to know where the enemy goes as he moves between the large hill masses to the north and south, then that is what we need to tell our sensors to tell usand assign an NAI encompassing the larger box. Some collectors may still require additional focus and may indeed look at only one of the smaller NAIs, but at least consider a collectors ability to think and accomplish your intent for his being where he is on the battlefield. COA DEVELOPMENT The S2, or his planner, must be involved in COA development. Although he has no product requirements, he must Ensure the friendly COAs initial array of forces makes sense against the ECOAs the S2 developed during mission analysis. Assist with the calculations involved in force ratio analysis. Specifically, he must ensure both sides use the same system of calculation. Unfortunately, the Army does not offer a definitive force ratio value for all the worlds combat systems. However, at brigade level we should use the method that assigns values to individual systems, count them, and multiply the result. For example, if the enemy has 16 tanks that can affect the battle and the staff assigns a value of 1.4 to that type of tank, its force ratio value is 22.4 (16 x 1.4). As we develop friendly COAs, we should be able to eliminate or at least reduce the likelihood of ECOAs. Friendly actions such as obstacle emplacement, friendly forces positioned in an economy of force role, positioning of our reserve can help. Figure C-21 is an example of tracking and labeling friendly forces. Figure C-21. Tracking and labeling. This of course assumes we allow the enemy to see us. For example, if we position a company team in a narrow valley to keep the enemy from attacking there, he must see us in order for him to make the decision not to go there. Therefore, during friendly COA development, we must decide whether or not we want him to see us. We should consider this issue as we think about eliminating ECOAs. Once the S2 eliminates all ECOAs possible, we can prioritize the remaining ECOAs on the likelihood of their occurrence. THE WARGAME The wargame is a very different event and requires a different type of participation by the S2. The wargame audience is the brigade staff, who has recently heard the S2s pitch at the mission analysis brief. What they havent seen is this dynamic enemy in action and played against the friendly COA we just developed. The S2 must take some tools with him to the wargame. We recommend the following: Replicatiion of the enemys assets: small stickers, push pins, mini-models. 1:24,000 map. SITEMPs. Snapshot ECOA sketches. Initial reconnaissance plan and event template. TERRABASE products at critical points. Critical events list and timeline. An S2 as cunning, dynamic, and uncooperative as the enemy. The last bullet is probably the most important because the object of the wargame is no different from any other gameand that is to win. The S2 must be able to show and explain what this stubborn enemy will do at critical events on the battlefield. For instance, a company of air-inserted infantry enters on the north flank of our defense the night before the fight. This is a key indicator that the enemys main effort may be in the North. The S2 can now post one of those snapshot sketches he showed during the mission analysis brief to illuminate how the enemy infantry plans the unhinge the northern edge of our defense. The graphic sketches help everyone understand how the fight may unfold. TERRABSE products can help illuminate, for example, how an IV line 4,500 m to the front of a TF BP will mask attacking enemy lead elements as they maneuver north for an envelopment. Another shot may show a direct fire LOS problem from the northernmost BP as the enemy attempts its envelopment from the north. Note that any new enemy information gained since mission analysis will require introduction into the wargame. The staff must be prepared to re-look COAs for feasibility. And, as in COA development, the wargame may, and probably will, refine our PIR. THE OPORD The OPORD brief has a different audience than the mission analysis brief, and thus requires a different presentation. Subordinate commanders have not yet seen any of the information the S2 briefed during mission analysis, and they are looking for information tailored to their level. TF S2s cannot produce all the products that a brigade S2 can. The brigade S2 can make copies of some of the close fight sketches we talked about in ECOA development and hand them to the TF commanders. Give them any other products that you may have received; for example, satellite or UAV photographs, JSTARS products, or any new information gained from reconnaissance. Finally, take the opportunity to sell the reconnaissance plan. Since the brigade commander is right there, the S2 can add significance to the issue. Gentlemen, Ive told you what we know and dont know about the enemy, and Ive given it my best shot. Weve developed a solid recon plan but I need your help to solve these unknowns. The brigade commander takes the cue and says, Hey guys, this is really important stuff. I know our scouts are out right now looking, but we really must get this information. I need your help. THE REHEARSAL The S2s next piece in the planning process is participation in the rehearsal. The TF commanders know the plan, have thought about it, have written their OPORD, and now everyone meets at the terrain model. The S2 must ensure he takes the following actions at the rehearsal: Discuss any new information gained since brigade issued the OPORD. What more do we know about the enemy? It may affect our maneuver and reconnaissance plan. Update the audience with sketches that show adjustments to the enemy template based on the new information. Show any new known enemy locations on the sketches. Our newly adjusted template may require a refocusing of our reconnaissance effort. For example, a UAV photograph shows a wire and mine obstacle with 11 holes located 1,000 m to the rear of the obstacle, indicating an MRC-sized battle position. This photograph is located about 1,000 m west of an MRC we show on our template and will require a shift in one of our NAIs. We have observed instances during rehearsals in which critical enemy information received by the brigade TOC never got to the rehearsal site only meters away. Propose changes to the reconnaissance plan that require us to redirect our effort to find the remaining pieces of the puzzle. Discuss new reconnaissance objectives and show the location of new NAIs. As in the wargame, play a dynamic and uncooperative enemy. IPB AND MISSION EXECUTION So far, we have stepped through IPB, discussed how it is woven into the MDMP, and Have provided TTP to help S2s visualize and communicate to the commander and staff the vision of how the enemy will fight. Although doctrine tells us that IPB is a continuous process, we often let down at this point, spending minimal time passively monitoring execution of R&S, and wait for the intelligence to flow into our S2 shop. Some of the intelligence issues and resultant TTPs that occur during the execution phase of an operation are discussed below: Monitoring and executing the R&S fight. What to do with the intelligence once we get it. Situation development: Tracking the enemy. Labeling the enemy. Using predictive analysis. MONITORING AND EXECUTING THE R&S FIGHT As stated earlier, many analysts passively monitor the very operation that we know will definitely affect the accomplishment of our mission and the R&S fight. The R&S plan is PIR driven, and PIR are linked to those DPs, HPTs, and measures to protect the force that the commander believes are critical to his success. A CP must be in charge of the R&S effort to ensure its execution. Waiting for the intelligence to flow in will not satisfy the commanders PIR. Sometimes subordinates either misunderstand instructions or fail to execute their assigned tasks; if analysts are only monitoring the radio for reports, we may not find this out until it is too late. We must understand our R&S plan, and the plans of our subordinates that work to observe and report as NAI 22 by 0400, then we ought to track the execution of that task. Additionally, we may need to adjust our plan at any time. If that scout is destroyed at 0115, are we going to do something about it? Will we ensure that a CASEVAC plan is being executed? Who will cover that NAI now? The CP in charge of the R&S effort must do more than actively monitor the R&S fight; it has to be empowered to make changes to the plan. In the case above, the CP must have the authority, at any hour of the night, to task subordinate units with changes to the R&S plan. Finally, we need to keep track of what intelligence we are collecting and, specifically, whether or not we have answered any of the PIR. If one of our primary purposes in the R&S plan is to answer PIR, then we need to actively track and assess this. If a PIR relating to NAI 22 has been satisfied before 0100, why send that scout in harms way. Adjust the plan. WHAT TO DO WITH THE INTELIGENCE ONCE WE GET IT Once S2s have intelligence in their hands, they must decide whether it is important enough to do something with it. Is it a PIR? Is it an HPT? Is it a critical enemy event? Figure C-22 shows examples in an enemy defense. As intelligence comes in to the S2, remember to use A storyboard to highlight and communicate how we see the battle unfolding. SITEMPs. Event templates. ECOA sketches produced to constantly gauge our success or failure of R&S operations, and our confirmation or denial of ECOAs. For instance, if the enemy has air-inserted infantry into a given location, and we have correctly assessed the intent of that element, we should be able to look at the storyboard and see which ECOA that the event indicates. If the location doesnt not match our ECOA, we need to rethink the enemys options. SITUATION DEVELOPMENT Tracking the Enemy Enemy combat strength tracked as an aggregate total does not allow the commander to see where the enemy is weak or strong so he can make key decisions on the battlefield. The following two rules will help: Rule 1. If the enemy attacks, track him by major formation; for example, FSE, AGMB, MRB #1, MRB #2, MRB #3. Rule 2. If he defends, track him geographically so the S2 can see enemy weaknesses developing as they occur. For example, set up BDA charts to mirror the SITEMP. If the SITEMP shows the enemy defending with three MRCs abreast with a 3/8 (Tanks/BMPs) in each MRC draw and number each vehicle in each BP (Figure C-22). As the fight progresses and the SITEMP requires adjusting, make the same adjustment to the BDA chart. This is critical because it allows us to assess where our enemy may be weak or strong, and provides the commander an opportunity to make key decisions that may trigger key events. Labeling the Enemy S2s should carefully label the enemy when tracking it because as the fight develops, certain labels may become confusing. For example, during an enemy attack, a trail MRB may be the first element to break through our defense, and is no longer a trail MRB. A better technique is to label it MRB #4. In an enemy MRB defense, what we labeled the Center MRC may become a meaningless term after an hour of repositioning and become the northern MRC. A better technique is to label it MRC #2. When the enemy is defending, our SITEMP may (and probably will) change during the battle. To communicate these changes effectively, we recommend passing the grids for the end points of enemy defensive positions, their orientation, and current strength. For example: MRC #1 from NK 123456 to NK 128473, oriented WNW, contains a 1/5.  Figure C-22. Examples of enemy defense. Using Predictive Analysis First of all, do not simply disseminate spot reports received. Because S2s often get a great piece of information they should make sure that the commander and other S2s have the information. We are paid to do the analysis for the commander, not just report history. Analysts are good at telling what has happened, and what is happening, but need to work on telling the commander, what will happen. They must be disciplined to ask what will happen based on every piece of information received. Fifteen seconds of analysis on the command net on a regular basis will keep analysts focused on what commanders need to fight and win. CONCLUSION IPB has come a long way since its adoption. This manual states why and how we do IPB. IPB does not just support decision-making, it creates the vision of the terrain, weather, and how the enemy can fight, and the ability to communicate that information effectively. The TTPs discussed will help S2s establish what is necessary to create the IPB vision and to communicate it quickly and effectively to commanders and staffs. FM 34-130/MCRP 2-12A FM 34-130/MCRP 2-12A C- PAGE 6 C- PAGE 7 25 BP .. CAS SA14 SA14 FOLLOW-ON MRR OF APPROACH CLEAR FOR BODY TO HOLD PASS & KEEP AVE SETS FIRING LINES WITH MAIN MRR N. FLANK & DESTROY BP 31; 2. FD PUSHES FSE NE TO SECURE PASS FORMATION AND SEIZES GRANITE 1. FD MOVES IN ADV GD THE FD 2 1 FD FSE 31 30 BP ... 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