ࡱ> 7 bjbjUU "<7|7|lddddDW`v&&&&_______$a c__]dd&&`]]](d8&&_]_] ]c"bZ_& ЋO@2\4_'`0W`f\pd]d_]ddddElements and the Periodic Table Study Guide Atoms are made up of smaller parts called protons neutrons and electrons. Atoms keep the characteristic properties of the element. DIAGRAM OF AN ATOM The nucleus of an atom contains protons and neutrons. (This is most of the mass) Outside of the nucleus are electrons. Proton: has a positive charge and a Electron: Has a negative Mass of one AMU. Charge and a negligible mass. Neutron: Has no charge and a mass of 1 AMU. Neutrons and protons can be added to form the atomic mass. It takes 1836 electrons to = one proton. Protons and neutrons have almost the same mass. Neutrons and Protons are Electrons orbit the nucleus in complex tightly packed in the patterns or orbitals. nucleus. The number of protons is the main determining factor for the general characteristics of the atom. Ex: all atoms with 6 protons are carbon. Atomic # = # of protons The nucleus makes up the mass of the atom. The electron cloud makes up the volume of the atom. THE PERIODIC TABLE Dmitri Mandeleev 1869- organized the elements by atomic mass Today- organized by atomic number A scientist can predict the properties of an element based on its placement in the periodic table. There are 7 periods/rows (left to right) You can find hydrogen and helium in period one. The elements in each period do NOT have similar properties. Periods 6 and 7 are placed at the bottom of the periodic table for convenience There are 18 groups/families The elements in a group have the same number of valence electrons. Group 14 is known as the carbon family Group 15 is known as the nitrogen family The elements in the same group have similar characteristics. Group one elements are all metals that react violently with water Periodic: a regular repeated pattern Mandeleev left three blank spaces on his periodic table because those elements had not been discovered yet.  Atomic number (means that there are 8 protons and 8 neutrons  Symbol (one or two letter symbol)  Element name  Atomic mass (number of protons PLUS number of neutrons Oxygen has 8 protons and 8 electrons .to calculate the number of neutrons; you need to use a formula: Neutrons = atomic mass - atomic number = 15.999 8 = 8 (round to whole #) # of protons = # of electrons PROPERTIES OF METALS Physical Properties Magnetic Malleable (pounded into shapes) Gold is malleable- used to Hardness and Shininess make jewelry Ductile (pulled into a long wire) Conductors (transmit heat and electricity) Some examples of malleable metals are: Lead that is bendable Lead that is flattened One metal that is ductile is copper wire. (Used in wires!) ALLOYS Alloy- mix of metals Gold is usually alloyed 24 karats is pure gold Alloys are used for making cars, silverware, buildings, appliances, etc. FAMILY 1- ALKALI METALS 1 valence electron Very reactive Na and K are the most important Most are soft and shiny Sodium is an alkali metal: atomic # 11 FAMILY 2- ALKALINE EARTH METALS Combine to make alloys Mg and Ca are most reactive Ca found in 2 valence electron teeth and bones Very reactive TRANSITION METALS Groups 3-12 are called transition metals Bridge elements together from left to right Fairly stable Copper is reddish and had a bright luster. Can be a sheet, wire, or rod. LANTHANIDES AND ACTANIDES Rare Earth Elements Good conductors Uranium used in nuclear power and nuclear weapons. Periods 6 and 7 are located on the bottom of the periodic table for convenience. QUARKS There are 3 quarks in a proton Gluons hold quarks together They were discovered in 1968 There are 6 different types of quarks- Up, Down, Top, Bottom, Strange, and Charm. Quarks- a type of particle and major constituents of matter.  ELECTRON SHELLS (aspect found or component) K: can hold 2 electrons L: can hold 8 electrons M: can hold 18 electrons N: can hold 32 electrons  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://education.jlab.org/qa/atom_model_04.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET  Bohrs Atomic Model: it is a representation of protons, neutrons, and electrons and their relationships within the atom Nucleus P + N  NONMETALS AND METALLOIDS There are 17 nonmetals on the periodic table located to the right of the zigzag line. Most nonmetals are gases at room temperature. The physical properties of solid nonmetals are opposite of metals ( not ductile, not malleable, not good conductors. The product of reaction between a metal and a nonmetal from group 17 is a compound called a SALT. Ex: Na + Cl = Na Cl Examples of a Diatomic Molecule: O2, H2, N2 2- atoms Group 14- Known as the carbon family 4 valence electrons ALL LIVING THINGS contain carbon atoms Group 15- Known as the nitrogen family 5 valence electrons ATMOSPHERE is 80% nitrogen gas Phosphorus is used to make matches and flares Group 16- Known as the oxygen family 6 valence electrons O2- oxygen we breath (diatomic molecule) O3- ozone (triatomic molecule) Oxygen is very reactive and can combine with almost every element Sulfur compounds smell like rotten eggs. Group 17- Known as the halogen family 7 valence electrons All halogens are reactive and dangerous to humans Fluorine is found in non-stick cookware Group 18- Known as noble gases Have ZERO valence electrons (outer shell is full or stable) As a result, noble gases are chemically stable and unreactive. Most noble gases were discovered in the late 1800s Hydrogen- Does NOT belong to a family Simplest element Makes up 90% of the UNIVERSE The most common metalloid is silicon. 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