ࡱ>  bjbj $)  T?!?!?!!T+#4?!fn&_'Z((((* +LV+(mmmmmmm$p.s n 6**66 n ((O n+E+E+E6 ( (m+E6m+E+EnZQ^( 'Q?!7 9] m6n0fnY]sC`s@Q^_^s U`| ~+2.H+E02G~+~+~+ n n+E~+~+~+fn6666s~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+ :  TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u HYPERLINK \l "_Toc243621895"Recommended Earth Science Visuals:  PAGEREF _Toc243621895 \h 2 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc243621896"Script with Teachers Q&As  PAGEREF _Toc243621896 \h 3 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc243621897"Movie Trivia  PAGEREF _Toc243621897 \h 26 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc243621898"Science Vocabulary in Script  PAGEREF _Toc243621898 \h 28 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc243621899"Science Vocabulary added for Jeopardy  PAGEREF _Toc243621899 \h 30 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc243621900"Jeopardy Questions (PowerPoint version downloaded separately)  PAGEREF _Toc243621900 \h 31 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc243621901"SolarMax IMAX Crossword Puzzle  PAGEREF _Toc243621901 \h 34 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc243621902"SolarMax IMAX Student Worksheet  PAGEREF _Toc243621902 \h 39 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc243621903"Answers for SolarMax IMAX Student Worksheet  PAGEREF _Toc243621903 \h 45  Recommended Earth Science Visuals: Chart of the solar system and galaxy Chart of the electromagnetic spectrum Chart of the layers of the atmosphere with the ozone layer Globe that can be used to demonstrate revolution and the rays of the sun Clear plastic dome to show the path of the sun (lab: The Suns Path, www.newyorkscienceteacher.com) (optional) Russian dolls Script with Teachers Q&As 1. Waiting For The Sun Were at the edge of a spiral galaxy, far from the galactic core. What is a galaxy? Answer: a cluster of billions of stars. Our Sun is at the edge of a spiral galaxy called the Milky Way. This small planet is our Earth, its pole crowned with a circle of northern lights, the whole glowing in the infrared warmth of the star we rarely think about, the star we call Sun. What is infrared? (Refer to the electromagnetic spectrum chart.) Answer: rays (radiation) from the Sun that are not visible to humans. Infrared radiation heats the Earth. On the chart of the electromagnetic spectrum, infrared is next to visible red. It is almost midwinter in Ireland. Soon the Sun will begin its journey back from the south. Waiting for the Sun is a Stone Age building older than the Pyramids of Egypt. Above the entrance is a mysterious skylight built by people who understood very well the ways of the Sun. Sunrise on the shortest day of the year: the winter solstice. On that day the first rays of the sunrise spear through the skylight and down a perfectly aligned passageway to penetrate the room at the core of the structure, to mark almost magically, but with great precision, the beginning of a new year. This is the oldest room on Earth, its careful alignment perhaps the oldest evidence of scientific thought ever found. What is the winter solstice? Answer: December 21, the date when the altitude of the Sun at noon stops decreasing. In the northern hemisphere it is the shortest day of the year and the first day of winter. What is the summer solstice? Answer: June 21, the date when the altitude of the Sun at noon stops increasing. In the northern hemisphere, it is the longest day of the year and the first day of summer. What is an equinox? Answer: March 21 and September 23, the dates when the Sun at noon is overhead and days and nights are equal length: 12 hours. Our Sun is a star, one of billions. It has shone for 5 billion years and will shine for 5 billion more. For us it is the great engine of life. If youre near the pole, the summer days never end. The Sun shines through midnight and new days are borne out of days that never ended. There you can almost feel the Earth rolling around beneath the sky. Why does the Sun shine 24 hours, day and night, at the North Pole during the summer? Answer: the Earth is tilted on its axis 23 ; as it revolves around the Sun, in the summer the North Pole faces the Sun all of the time. (In the winter, the North Pole faces away from the Sun so it is always dark.) If you could observe the Earth and Sun from the North Pole, in which direction would you see the Earth revolving around the Sun? (clockwise or counterclockwise) Answer: counterclockwise How many days does it take for the Earth to revolve around the Sun? Answer: 365.25 days; this is an Earth year. 2. Sun Gods Most ancient civilizations recognized the Sun as the source of all life and called it God. They observed it with care, sometimes setting up stone markers to send back knowledge through time. The one sure prediction in an unpredictable world: the Sun sets but the Sun also rises. Any break in that pattern once caused terror and forboding. If you want to see the Sun rise in the morning, which direction should you face? Answer: East. If you want to see the Sun set in the evening, which direction should you face? Answer: West. The Sun is 400 times bigger than the moon but the moon is 400 times closer. So on those rare occasions when the moon passes exactly between us and the Sun, the disc of the moon exactly covers the disc of the Sun. Masked by our moon in a solar eclipse, the Sun reveals its mysterious corona. When does a solar eclipse occur? Answer: it occurs when the moon passes directly between Earth and the Sun, casting a shadow on Earth and blocking our view of the Sun. We have the eclipse records kept by the ancient astronomer priests of ancient Babylon. They are so accurate that scientists today use them to correct computer programs. The Sun Gate at Tihuanaco in Bolivia, a fragment of a Sun cult dating back over a thousand years. Nearby, high in the Andes, is Lake Titicaca, and in the center of the lake The Island of the Sun. On this island, this hill was once plated with Inca gold. Here the Sun god anointed the first Inca and sent him north through the Andes to build an empire of many dazzling cities, among them the Lost City of Machu Picchu. 3. Solar Calendar Like the people of ancient Ireland, the farmers in the Inca empire needed an accurate calendar. If they planted terraces too soon, the corn would freeze in the ground, too late and it would never ripen. There is one building at Machu Picchu that is like no other: the Torreon. Its curved walls is pierced by an opening that is so aligned that it will project the first rays of the mid winter Sunrise precisely to the edge of a carved rock, and so marked the first day of the Inca year. The highest outcrop of Machu Picchu is called The Hitching Post of the Sun. From it the Incas imagined a great leash stretching out to hold onto the Sun as it paced the horizon like a restless llama. 4. Myths and Theories The ancient Greeks imagined the Sun as a god, who drove his chariot across the sky, but they abandoned this myth for a more rational cosmos nearly 2 thousand years ago. Aristotle taught the world was round and theorized that the Sun and planets must be carried through space embedded in crystal spheres that were nested around the Earth like Russian dolls. He assumed that the Earth was at the center of the universe, misleading astronomers for centuries. Who was Ptolemy? Answer: an Egyptian astronomer who devised the geocentric model of the universe. Note: Aristotle taught his students that the Earth was the center of the universe, but Ptolemy is the scientist who first developed the theory. What is the geocentric model? Answer: a model of our solar system that positioned Earth at the center. The geocentric model is NOT correct. By then the all-powerful church had placed in law Aristotles Seventh Heaven. The Cathedral of Frombork, on the shore of the Baltic Sea, at about the time Columbus sailed for America, a young astronomer struggled here with the contradictions of Aristotles model as he observed the tracks of the planets across the sky. What is relative motion? Answer: a change in the position of two objects in relation to one another. The motion of an object is always judged relative to some other object or point. To Nicholas Copernicus it made no sense until he made one of the great intellectual leaps of all kind. The Sun was the center of a system, the Earth was merely one of its planets. What are observations? Answer: taking careful notice of natural phenomena in a systematic way. Ptolemy and Copernicus observed the movements of the Sun, planets, our moon, stars, and other objects in the sky. Ptolemys model fit his original data, but as time passed, the relative motion of the planets, stars and Sun changed, making his model no longer acceptable. What is a systematic investigation? Answer: an investigation in which all variables are identified and recorded so that the investigation can be repeated. What is the heliocentric model? Answer: a model of the solar system that positions the Sun at the center. The heliocentric model is correct. It was a cosmos awesome enough for one of humanities great minds, Galileo Galilei. Galileo was the first person to point a telescope at the stars. He saw that Copernicus was right. Galileo found that the Sun was not the flawless orb required by dogma. It was as spotty as a teenager. The Sun was at the center. But the church had no intention of vacating center stage. Galileo was put on trial before the Inquisition, a court that had the power to burn him at the stake, to inflict any torture. They showed him their instruments and the threat was enough. The most respected scientist of his day signed a confession he knew was nonsense. Dogma had triumphed. Who was Galileo? Answer: he invented the telescope. He made observations of the relative motion of the Sun, planets, our moon, stars, and other objects in the sky. He agreed with Copernicus that the heliocentric model is correct. 5. Cathedrals of Science The cathedrals of the new age were the cathedrals of science. And new instruments were built not for torture, but to find new galaxies, and to peer into the heart of the Sun. At first, researchers could see only the blank white face that is revealed by visible light, and sometimes the procession of mysterious dark spots that some took to be clouds. What is visible light? (Refer to the electromagnetic spectrum chart.) Answer: light waves from the Sun at wavelengths that produce the colors humans can see: red, orange, yellow, green, blue and violet. White is a mixture of all of these colors. These colors can be combined to create thousands of colors. Color is the sensation produced when light waves strike the retina of the eye. The Earths atmosphere clouded and distorted the image but in time the great solar telescopes like the Big Bear in California blew away the notion of a placid unchanging Sun. People wondered what the Sun was made of. They never expected to know: its 93 million miles away. The answer was discovered in the colors of the sunlight itself. As each element burns it consumes its own distinctive color and writes its own signature in a dark line across the spectrum. What is the electromagnetic spectrum? (Refer to the electromagnetic spectrum chart.) Answer: Light waves from the Sun are referred to as electromagnetic waves and are classified by their wavelengths. Many different electromagnetic waves come from the Sun because it contains particles moving at many different speeds. Most of the waves are visible light and infrared. This list gives the names of light waves starting with the longest and continues as waves become shorter: radio waves, microwaves, infrared light, visible light, ultraviolet light, x-rays, and gamma rays. Our Sun is mostly made of hydrogen and helium, some carbon and iron, and other elements much the same as we are made of. But that is not surprising since we are borne from the same stars. 6. Aurora Sun Storms There have been hundreds of stories and theories to explain the aurora. But no one expected a connection to the Sun. An eccentric Norwegian scientist, Kristian Birkeland, built his own world in a glass box, electrified his model Earth with his own magnetic field, and showed how electrons from the Sun could ignite Earthly auroras. And he predicted that they would be identical and simultaneous at both poles. Birkeland was right. What is a magnetic field? Answer: a region of space around a magnet in which magnetic forces exist. What is an aurora? Answer: An aurora is created when both the Sun and the Earth emit magnetic fields at their magnetic poles, and ignite electrons that meet in-between. At the North Pole it is referred to as the aurora borealis or the northern lights; at the South Pole it is the aurora australis or the southern lights. Proof of his theories and so much else had to wait until we could step into space. Space has given us new eyes. Everything we glimpsed before can be seen anew. What are scientific instruments? Answer: devices that give more information about things than can be observed with only our eyes and other senses. A stormy night as we fly towards the coast of Australia: were heading south, out over the southern ocean, towards Antarctica. This is SOHO, built in England and France for the European Space Agency with instruments from Europe and the U.S.A. It was launched by NASA and parked a million miles from Earth, at a place that exactly balances the gravity of the Earth with the gravity of the Sun. What is an orbit? Answer: the path that a revolving object follows, such as the Moon revolving around the Earth, and the Earth revolving around the Sun. What causes the moon to stay in its orbit around the Earth? And, what causes the Earth to stay in its orbit around the Sun? Answer: gravity, which is the force of attraction that exists between all matter. This is why SOHO stays a million miles from Earth, at a place that exactly balances the gravity of the Earth with the gravity of the Sun. SOHO has shown us the Sun as we have never seen it before. A wider lens, the image is 30 million miles wide, the Sun blanked out so we can see the corona jetting out into space. Here the two images are combined. What is a professional who designs telescope lenses, photographic lenses, and light-sensitive detectors that are used by observatories and satellites? Answer: an optical scientist? Billions of tons of particles fired into space at a million miles an hour, sometimes directly at our Earth. We are saved by our magnetosphere, an invisible magnetic shield that protects us from the lethal particles that are spewed out by our Sun and other stars. What is the magnetosphere? Answer: an invisible magnetic shield that protects us from deadly particles that are thrown out by the Sun and other stars. This solar storm pushed the edge of our magnetosphere twice as close to Earth as usual, disabling satellites, wiping out radio communications worldwide, and sending voltages soaring dangerously in everything from power transformers to oil pipelines. Repairs after the last solar maximum cost more than a billion dollars. What is a professional who designs electrical components. Some specialize in satellite communications that connect people around the world. Answer: an electrical engineer? 7. Solar Max A century ago space storms could pass unnoticed. But 2000 satellites have been launched since the last Solar Maximum. Every aspect of our civilization depends on their uninterrupted functioning. Sun storms can kill satellites. They can also kill astronauts. For long space flights, a dangerous storm is a practical certainty, and finding effective protection a necessity. But at present the best we can do is try to avoid Solar Maximum. The Sun has south-north magnetic poles just like the Earth. But every 11 years those poles reverse with unimaginable violence. That peak of violence is called SolarMax. What is a SolarMax? Answer: a peak of violence that occurs when Suns south-north magnetic poles reverse. It occurs every 11 years with unimaginable violence. The 11 year cycles can change, even vanish completely. About a thousand years ago, the Sun was unusually active. It was about the time the Vikings settled the grassy new land they called Greenland. Thousands moved there, but then the Sun grew quiet and the solar cycles almost stopped for a hundred years. The average fall in temperature was just 2 degrees, but it was deadly enough. The bays froze over, the people starved, no one survived. Recently scientists have found that Suns like ours normally produce a super flare about once every century. A super flare would destroy half of our ozone layer and the entire satellite fleet. We are fortunate that our Sun seems to be much more stable than most other Suns. What is the ozone layer? Answer: The ozone layer in the upper atmosphere deflects many of the waves with short wavelengths. This is fortunate since most short-wavelength radiation is harmful to living things. For example, X rays and ultraviolet rays can damage cellular material and have been linked to genetic mutations and cancer. How often does a super flare occur? Answer: approximately once every century (every 100 years). A tiny new spacecraft called TRACE brings us a view of the Sun that is still largely beyond our scope of understanding. Magnetic field lines burst through the surface to unleash in seconds as much energy as the world uses in a million years. 8. The Solar Observatory On the horizon is the mountain Native Americans call the Pivot of the Sky. This is Kitt Peak in Arizona, site of the National Solar Observatory. The small telescopes on the spacecraft work in harness with large telescopes on Earth. The combination produces results that are much more valuable than any of them could obtain alone. This is what we call the surface of the Sun, the layer revealed by visible light. Embedded in it are two Sun spots, each big enough to swallow the Earth. With filters and computers we can peel away the layers as we turn the pages in a book, searching for a better understanding of the forces that shape our universe, and more urgently, that shape the climates of our world. We urgently need to know more. So an International Solar Terrestrial Program was devised linking satellites and a chain of observatories around the world, providing one Great Observatory. A surprising discovered was the singing of the Sun. As the Sun hums to itself, a million pure tones change as they resonate thru the plasma, revealing to us tides and currents far below. What is plasma? Matter can exist in four different states, called phases. Three we see on Earth: liquid, solid and gas. Plasma is the 4th phase of matter. It is an extremely hot, electrically charged, gaseous material. Stars, including our Sun, are made of this. It makes up 99% of the visible matter in the universe. It is rare on Earth, found mainly in lightning, fluorescent bulbs, and laboratories. 9. Satellites In a Munich laboratory is final testing of a satellite that is destined to be flown into the eye of a solar storm. It is one of four identical spacecraft designed to fly together in formation to capture a unique 3-D picture of the space environment. The formation encloses a pyramid of space and monitors everything that happens inside that space. The tiny fleet will give us an unprecedented view of the interaction of the solar winds with our magnetosphere from the bow wave to the distant tail. What does 3-D mean? Answer: 3 dimensions: height, width and depth. What is a professional who designs and develops aircraft , satellites and rockets. Answer: an aeronautical/aerospace engineer? What is a professional who applies scientific theory and engineering design to use and develop new computer hardware and software. Answer: a computer engineer? As the millennium approached, everything was in place to make the Solar Max of 2001 a milestone in our search for understanding of the Sun. But a mistake was made in a command sent to SOHO. In a split second, SOHO went from being the flagship of the space fleet to a useless piece of frozen junk. The SOHO team refused to give up. From all over Europe and the USA they rushed to the control center at NASA to brainstorm ideas, working to save their ship. Months passed. Dozens of schemes were tried. It was like trying to raise a submarine with a fishing line. But against all the odds, a signal hooked into the control computer. Delicately, painstakingly, tiny surges of solar power thawed out fuel for the thruster. Incredibly, the whole array of critical instruments proved tough enough to survive after being frozen for 3 months. SOHO came back from the dead. What is a professional who develops materials with outstanding combinations of mechanical, chemical, and electrical properties that make other advances possible. The materials on SOHO were made of materials that were able to survive the harsh environment of space. Answer: a materials engineer? 10. The Shrine of the Goddess In a nation where land is at a premium, 15,000 acres of virgin forest preserve the shrine of Ise. It is Japans most sacred shrine, the Shrine of the Sun Goddess, and every year the emperor pays his respects. No one but the emperor and the closest members of his family can enter the inner shrine. It was the Sun Goddess herself who appointed the first emperor of Japan. So, even today, one of the worlds most advanced nations still has a Sun King. Every morning of the year people travel to sacred places and rise in the darkness to await the daily miracle. Every sunrise brings hope. For some it is the hope we learn to do what the humblest plant can do: make clean and abundant energy directly from sunlight. What is solar energy? Answer: energy contained in the electromagnetic waves that emanate from the Sun. This aircraft is on its way to an altitude of more than 80,000 feet, twice as high as a jumbo jet. It is powered only by sunlight. It set a new world record and poses a new challenge: the challenge of finding cheap and practical ways of using the Sun and Sun-driven ways to bring clean and inexhaustible power to the machines of the Earth. Machines that would fit as naturally as trees and flowers into the web of life. 11. The First Day It is winter in the high Andes, just before Sunrise on a mid-winters day: the first day of the Inca calendar and by some counts the first day of the new millennium. It is time to prepare for the festival Inti Raymi. Time to celebrate the Sun. Movie Trivia The quiz is part of the IMAX movie and can be reached from the top menu. 1. How far is the earth from the Sun? 93 million miles 2. How long does it take light from the Sun to reach the Earth? 8 minutes 3. If the Sun were hollow, how many times could the Earth fit inside it? 1,300,000 times 4. What is the outer part of the Suns atmosphere called? Corona 5. How old is the Sun? 4.6 billion years (rounded to 5 billion years) 6. How much longer is the Sun expected to live? 5 billion years 7. SolarMax refers to the Solar Maximum or the peak in solar activity in the solar cycle. How long does the average solar cycle last? 11 years 8. The Sun is mainly composed of which of the following elements? Hydrogen and Helium 9. How long does energy generated in the Suns core take to reach the surface of the Sun? 1 million years 10. What is the surface temperature of the Sun? 11,000 degrees Fahrenheit 11. When was the last Solar Maximum? (The movie was made in 2000; there was a SolarMax after that.) 2001 12. How much larger is the Suns gravity than that of Earth? 28 times larger Science Vocabulary in Script alignment  altitude  Antarctica  astronomer  atmosphere  aurora  Big Bear  carbon  climates  clouds  color  Copernicus  core  corona  cosmos  currents  day  eclipse  element  energy  environment  European Space Agency  Fahrenheit  forces  freeze  frozen  galaxy  Galileo Galilei  gravity  helium  horizon  hydrogen  infrared  instruments  Inti Raymi  iron  Kitt Peak  lens  light  Machu Picchu  magnetic field magnetic poles  magnetosphere  Milky Way moon  NASA  National Solar Observatory northern lights  ozone layer  planet  plasma  satellite scientist  SOHO  solar eclipse solar energy SolarMax Solar Terrestrial Program  solar winds  space  spectrum  spiral  star  Stone Age  sun  sun spots  sunlight  super flare  telescope  temperature  theories  tides  Tihuanaco  Torreon  TRACE  visible light universe  wave  winter solstice  year  Science Vocabulary added for Jeopardy Earth yearelectromagnetic spectrumelementsequinoxgasgeocentricheliocentricliquidmagnetic forcesorbitphases of matterPtolemyradiationrelative motionsolar energysolar systemsolidsummer solsticesystematicwavelength Jeopardy Questions (PowerPoint version downloaded separately) Ancient ObserversThe First TheoriesTelescopes From EarthPhenomena Figured OutDiscoveries From SpaceNumerical FactsA 100B 100C 100D 100E 100F 100This is the angle between the horizon and an object seen in the sky with the observer at the vertex.This is the path that a revolving object follows, such as the Moon revolving around the Earth, and the Earth revolving around the Sun.This is a change in the position of two objects in relation to one another. The motion of an object is always judged relative to some other object or point.This is the force of attraction that exists between all matter. It causes the moon to stay in its orbit around the Earth and the Earth around the Sun.This is a cluster of billions of stars. Our Sun is in the Milky Way.This is the distance the Sun is from Earth. What is altitude?What is an orbit?What is relative motion?What is gravity?What is a galaxy?What is 93 million miles?Ancient ObserversThe First TheoriesTelescopes From EarthPhenomena Figured OutDiscoveries From SpaceNumerical FactsA 200B 200C 200D 200E 200F 200This is June 21. In the Northern Hemisphere, it is when the altitude of the Sun at noon stops increasing. It is the longest day of the year.This is an Egyptian astronomer who thought the Earth is at the center of our solar system and the Sun and other planets revolve around the Earth. This is the astronomer who invented the telescope. He agreed with Copernicus that the heliocentric model is correct.This is a region of space around a magnet in which magnetic forces exist.Matter can exist in four different states, called phases. Three we see on Earth: liquid, solid and gas. This is the 4th phase of matter. It is an extremely hot, electrically charged, gaseous material. Stars, including our Sun, are made of this. It makes up 99% of the visible matter in the universe. It is rare on Earth, found mainly in lightning, fluorescent bulbs, and laboratories.This is how long it takes light from the Sun to reach the Earth? What is the summer solstice? Who was Ptolemy?Who was Galileo?What is a magnetic field?What is plasma?What is 8 minutes?Ancient ObserversThe First TheoriesTelescopes From EarthPhenomena Figured OutDiscoveries From SpaceNumerical FactsA 300B 300C 300D 300E 300F 300This is December 21. In the Northern Hemisphere, it is when the altitude of the Sun at noon stops decreasing. It is the shortest day of the year. This is the name of the model that Ptolemy developed. It is NOT correct. The Earth is not at the center of our solar system and the Sun and other planets do not revolve around the Earth.These are the 6 colors in visible light that humans can see. Hints: Color is the sensation produced when light waves strike the retina of the eye. Not white, because white is a mixture of all of these colors. These 6 colors can be combined to create thousands of colors. This is the transfer of heat from electromagnetic waves that travel through space. Hint: Heat can be transferred from one place to another in 3 ways: conduction, radiation, and convection. Examples: When you sit in front of a campfire, you are warmed by heat energy transferred from the fire to you. We are warmed by the Sun in this way.This is a peak of violence that occurs when Suns south-north magnetic poles reverse. It occurs every 11 years with unimaginable violence.This is the age of the Sun.What is the winter solstice? What is the geocentric model?What are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet?What is radiation?What is a SolarMax?What is 5 billion years?Ancient ObserversThe First TheoriesTelescopes From EarthPhenomena Figured OutDiscoveries From SpaceNumerical FactsA 400B 400C 400D 400E 400F 400This is March 21 and September 23, when the Sun at noon is overhead and days and nights are lengths: 12 hours.This is an astronomer who thought the Sun is at the center of our solar system and the Earth and other planets revolve around the Sun. This is the number of days it takes for the Earth to revolve around the Sun.These are light waves classified by their wavelengths. Most of the waves are visible light and infrared. Many different electromagnetic waves come from the Sun because it contains particles moving at many different speeds. This is an invisible magnetic shield that protects us from deadly particles that are thrown out by the Sun. This is the surface temperature of the Sun.What is an equinox?Who was Copernicus?What is 365.25 days?What is the electromagnetic spectrum? What is the magnetosphere?What is 11,000 degrees Fahrenheit?Ancient ObserversThe First TheoriesTelescopes From EarthPhenomena Figured OutDiscoveries From SpaceNumerical FactsA 500B 500C 500D 500E 500F 500This occurs when the moon passes directly between the Earth and the Sun, blocking our view of the Sun.This is the name of the model that Copernicus developed. It is correct. The Sun is at the center of our solar system and the Earth and other planets revolve around the Sun.This is a colored glow around and close to a shining body, such as the Sun.These are lights in the sky created when both the Sun and the Earth emit magnetic fields at their poles and ignite electrons in-between.These are the elements that the Sun is mainly composed of.This is how much larger the Suns gravity is than that of Earth.What is a solar eclipse? What is the heliocentric model?What is a corona?What is the aurora?What are hydrogen and helium?What is 28 times?Final QuestionThese are the names of the light waves in the electromagnetic spectrum, from longest to shortest.What are radio waves, microwaves, infrared light, visible light, ultraviolet light, x-rays, and gamma rays? SolarMax IMAX Crossword Puzzle  Clues for SolarIMax IMAX Crossword Puzzle Aristotle equinox magnetosphere SolarMax aurora Galileo orbit solar system Copernicus galaxy ozone summer solstice corona geocentric Ptolemy systematic counterclockwise gravity relative motion telescope Earth year heliocentric satellite visible light east infrared solar eclipse west electromagnetic magnetic field solar energy winter solstice Across 4. a man-made object that orbits the Earth 5. March 21 and September 23, dates when the Sun at noon is overhead and days and nights are lengths: 12 hours 6. Light waves from the Sun classified by their wavelengths and forming a spectrum 8. colored glow around and close to a shining body, such as the Sun 9. a model of the solar system that positions the Sun at the center; this model is correct 10. a change in the position of two objects in relation to one another (2 words) 12. an Egyptian astronomer who devised the geocentric model of the universe 15. an investigation in which all variables are identified and recorded so that the investigation can be repeated 17. lights in the sky created when both the Sun and the Earth emit magnetic fields at their poles and ignite electrons in-between 18. light waves at wavelengths that produce colors humans can see: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet (2 words) 20. June 21, date when the altitude of the Sun at noon stops increasing; the longest day of the year in the N. hemisphere (2 words) 26. 365.25 days (2 words) 28. direction the Earth revolves around the Sun, if observed from the North Pole Down 1. a layer in the upper atmosphere that deflects many of the waves with short wavelengths that are harmful to living things. 2. He invented the telescope; he agreed with Copernicus that the heliocentric model is correct. 3. occurs when the moon passes directly between the Earth and the Sun, blocking our view of the Sun. (2 words) 4. a system made up of the Sun and all of the bodies that orbit it; the nine planets, their moons, comets and asteroids (2 words) 7. December 21, date when the altitude of the Sun at noon stops decreasing; shortest day of the year in the N. hemisphere. (2 words) 11. force of attraction that exists between all matter; causes the moon to stay in its orbit around the Earth and the Earth around the Sun. 13. direction to face if you want to see the Sun set in the evening 14. path that a revolving object follows, such as the Moon and satellites revolving around the Earth, and the Earth around the Sun. 16. a model of our solar system that positioned Earth at the center; this model is NOT correct. 19. peak of violence that occurs when Suns south-north magnetic poles reverse; it occurs every 11 years with unimaginable violence. 21. contained in the electromagnetic waves that emanate from the Sun; heats the Earth. (2 words) 22. rays from the Sun that are not visible to humans; on the electromagnetic spectrum, it is next to visible red. 23. an invisible magnetic shield that protects us from deadly particles that are thrown out by the Sun. 24. a region of space around a magnet in which magnetic forces exist. (2 words) 25. a cluster of billions of stars; our Sun is in the Milky Way. 27. an instrument for viewing distant objects such as the Sun, Moon, planets and galaxies. 29. an astronomer who devised the heliocentric model of the universe. 30. direction to face if you want to see the Sun rise in the morning Answers for SolarIMax IMAX Crossword Puzzle aurora Galileo orbit solar system Copernicus galaxy ozone summer solstice corona geocentric Ptolemy systematic counterclockwise gravity relative motion telescope Earth year heliocentric satellite visible light east infrared solar eclipse west electromagnetic magnetic field solar energy winter solstice Answers are in uppercase. Across 4. a man-made object that orbits the Earth SATELLITE 5. March 21 and September 23, dates when the Sun at noon is overhead and days and nights are lengths: 12 hours EQUINOX 6. Light waves from the Sun classified by their wavelengths and forming a spectrum ELECTROMAGNETIC 8. colored glow around and close to a shining body, such as the Sun CORONA 9. a model of the solar system that positions the Sun at the center; this model is correct HELIOCENTRIC 10. a change in the position of two objects in relation to one another (2 words) RELATIVE MOTION 12. an Egyptian astronomer who devised the geocentric model of the universe PTOLEMY 15. an investigation in which all variables are identified and recorded so that the investigation can be repeated SYSTEMATIC 17. lights in the sky created when both the Sun and the Earth emit magnetic fields at their poles and ignite electrons in-between AURORA 18. light waves at wavelengths that produce colors humans can see: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet (2 words) VISIBLE LIGHT 20. June 21, date when the altitude of the Sun at noon stops increasing; the longest day of the year in the N. hemisphere (2 words) SUMMER SOLSTICE 26. 365.25 days (2 words) EARTH YEAR 28. direction the Earth revolves around the Sun, if observed from the North Pole COUNTERCLOCKWISE Down 1. a layer in the upper atmosphere that deflects many of the waves with short wavelengths that are harmful to living things. OZONE 2. He invented the telescope; he agreed with Copernicus that the heliocentric model is correct. GALILEO 3. occurs when the moon passes directly between the Earth and the Sun, blocking our view of the Sun. (2 words) SOLAR ECLIPSE 4. a system made up of the Sun and all of the bodies that orbit it; the nine planets, their moons, comets and asteroids (2 words) SOLAR SYSTEM 7. December 21, date when the altitude of the Sun at noon stops decreasing; shortest day of the year in the N. hemisphere. (2 words) WINTER SOLSTICE 11. force of attraction that exists between all matter; causes the moon to stay in its orbit around the Earth and the Earth around the Sun. GRAVITY 13. direction to face if you want to see the Sun set in the evening WEST 14. path that a revolving object follows, such as the Moon and satellites revolving around the Earth, and the Earth around the Sun. ORBIT 16. a model of our solar system that positioned Earth at the center; this model is NOT correct. GEOCENTRIC 19. peak of violence that occurs when Suns south-north magnetic poles reverse; it occurs every 11 years with unimaginable violence. SOLARMAX 21. contained in the electromagnetic waves that emanate from the Sun; heats the Earth. (2 words) SOLAR ENERGY 22. rays from the Sun that are not visible to humans; on the electromagnetic spectrum, it is next to visible red. INFRARED 23. an invisible magnetic shield that protects us from deadly particles that are thrown out by the Sun. MAGNETOSPHERE 24. a region of space around a magnet in which magnetic forces exist. (2 words) MAGNETIC FIELD 25. a cluster of billions of stars; our Sun is in the Milky Way. GALAXY 27. an instrument for viewing distant objects such as the Sun, Moon, planets and galaxies. TELESCOPE 29. an astronomer who devised the heliocentric model of the universe. COPERNICUS 30. direction to face if you want to see the Sun rise in the morning EAST SolarMax IMAX Student Worksheet 1. Waiting For The Sun What is a galaxy? Answer: What is infrared? (Refer to the electromagnetic spectrum chart.) Answer: What is the winter solstice? Answer: What is the summer solstice? Answer: What is an equinox? Answer: Why does the Sun shine 24 hours, day and night, at the North Pole during the summer? Answer: If you could observe the Earth and Sun from the North Pole, in which direction would you see the Earth revolving around the Sun? (clockwise or counterclockwise) Answer: How many days does it take for the Earth to revolve around the Sun? Answer: 2. Sun Gods If you want to see the Sun rise in the morning, which direction should you face? Answer: If you want to see the Sun set in the evening, which direction should you face? Answer: When does a solar eclipse occur? Answer: 4. Myths and Theories Who was Ptolemy? Answer: What is the geocentric model? Answer: What is relative motion? Answer: What are observations? Answer: What is a systematic investigation? Answer: What is the heliocentric model? Answer: Who was Galileo? Answer: 5. Cathedrals of Science What is visible light? (Refer to the electromagnetic spectrum chart.) Answer: What is the electromagnetic spectrum? (Refer to the electromagnetic spectrum chart.) Answer: 6. Aurora Sun Storms What is a magnetic field? Answer: What is an aurora? Answer: What are scientific instruments? Answer: What causes the moon to stay in its orbit around the Earth? And, what causes the Earth to stay in its orbit around the Sun? Answer: What is a professional who designs telescope lenses, photographic lenses, and light-sensitive detectors that are used by observatories and satellites? Answer: What is the magnetosphere? Answer: What is a professional who designs electrical equipment. Some specialize in satellite communications that connect people around the world. Answer: 7. Solar Max What is a SolarMax? Answer: a peak of violence that occurs when Suns south-north magnetic poles reverse; it occurs every 11 years with unimaginable violence. What is the ozone layer? Answer: 8. The Solar Observatory How often does a super flare occur? Answer: What is plasma? Answer: 9. Satellites What does 3-D mean? Answer: What is a professional who designs and develops aircraft, satellites and rockets. Answer: What is a professional who applies scientific theory and engineering design to use and develop new computer hardware and software. Answer: What is a professional who develops materials with outstanding combinations of mechanical, chemical, and electrical properties that make other advances possible. The materials on SOHO were made of materials that were able to survive the harsh environment of space. Answer: 10. The Shrine of the Goddess What is solar energy? Answer: Answers for SolarMax IMAX Student Worksheet 1. Waiting For The Sun What is a galaxy? Answer: A galaxy is a cluster of billions of stars. Our Sun is at the edge of a spiral galaxy called the Milky Way. What is infrared? (Refer to the electromagnetic spectrum chart.) Answer: Infrared waves are not visible to humans. On the chart of the electromagnetic spectrum, infrared is next to visible red. They warm the Earth. What is the winter solstice? Answer: In the northern hemisphere, the winter solstice is December 21, the date when the altitude of the Sun at noon stops decreasing; it is the shortest day of the year and the first day of winter. What is the summer solstice? Answer: In the northern hemisphere, the summer solstice is June 21, the date when the altitude of the Sun at noon stops increasing; it is the longest day of the year and the first day of summer. What is an equinox? Answer: An equinox occurs March 21 and September 23, the dates when the Sun at noon is overhead and days and nights are equal length: 12 hours. Why does the Sun shine 24 hours, day and night, at the North Pole during the summer? Answer: The Earth is tilted on its axis 23 ; as it revolves around the Sun, in the summer the North Pole faces the Sun all of the time. (In the winter, the North Pole faces away from the Sun so it is always dark.) If you could observe the Earth and Sun from the North Pole, in which direction would you see the Earth revolving around the Sun? (clockwise or counterclockwise) Answer: counterclockwise How many days does it take for the Earth to revolve around the Sun? Answer: 365.25 2. Sun Gods If you want to see the Sun rise in the morning, which direction should you face? Answer: east If you want to see the Sun set in the evening, which direction should you face? Answer: west When does a solar eclipse occur? Answer: A solar eclipse occurs when the moon passes directly between Earth and the Sun, casting a shadow on Earth and blocking our view of the Sun. 4. Myths and Theories Who was Ptolemy? Answer: Ptolemy was an Egyptian astronomer who devised the geocentric model of the universe. Note: Aristotle taught his students that the Earth was the center of the universe, but Ptolemy is the scientist who first developed the theory. What is the geocentric model? Answer: It is a model of our solar system that positioned Earth at the center. The geocentric model is NOT correct. What is relative motion? Answer: Relative motion is a change in the position of two objects in relation to one another. The motion of an object is always judged relative to some other object or point. What are observations? Answer: Observations are taking careful notice of natural phenomena in a systematic way. Ptolemy and Copernicus observed the movements of the Sun, planets, our moon, stars, and other objects in the sky. Ptolemys model fit his original data, but as time passed, the relative motion of the planets, stars and Sun changed, making his model no longer acceptable. What is a systematic investigation? Answer: This is an investigation in which all variables are identified and recorded so that the investigation can be repeated What is the heliocentric model? Answer: It is a model of the solar system that positions the Sun at the center. The heliocentric model is correct. Who was Galileo? Answer: He invented the telescope. He made observations of the relative motion of the Sun, planets, our moon, stars, and other objects in the sky. He agreed with Copernicus that the heliocentric model is correct. 5. Cathedrals of Science What is visible light? (Refer to the electromagnetic spectrum chart.) Answer: These are light waves at wavelengths that produce the colors humans can see: red, orange, yellow, green, blue and violet. White is a mixture of all of these colors. These colors can be combined to create thousands of colors. Color is the sensation produced when light waves strike the retina of the eye. What is the electromagnetic spectrum? (Refer to the electromagnetic spectrum chart.) Answer: Light waves are referred to as electromagnetic waves and are classified by their wavelengths. Many different electromagnetic waves come from the Sun because it contains particles moving at many different speeds. Most of the waves are visible light and infrared. The names of light waves, going from longest to shortest, are: radio waves, microwaves, infrared light, visible light, ultraviolet light, x-rays, and gamma rays. 6. Aurora Sun Storms What is a magnetic field? Answer: A magnetic field is a region of space around a magnet in which magnetic forces exist. What is an aurora? Answer: An aurora is created when both the Sun and the Earth emit magnetic fields at their magnetic poles, and ignite electrons that meet in-between. At the North Pole it is referred to as the aurora borealis or the northern lights; at the South Pole it is the aurora australis or the southern lights. What are scientific instruments? Answer: They are devices that give more information about things than can be observed with only our eyes and other senses. What causes the moon to stay in its orbit around the Earth? And, what causes the Earth to stay in its orbit around the Sun? Answer: gravity What is a professional who designs telescope lenses, photographic lenses, and light-sensitive detectors that are used by observatories and satellites? Answer: optical scientist What is the magnetosphere? Answer: The magnetosphere is an invisible magnetic shield that protects us from deadly particles that are thrown out by the Sun and other stars. What is a professional who designs electrical equipment. Some specialize in satellite communications that connect people around the world. Answer: electrical engineer 7. Solar Max What is a SolarMax? Answer: What is the ozone layer? Answer: The ozone layer in the upper atmosphere deflects many of the waves with short wavelengths. This is fortunate since most short-wavelength radiation is harmful to living things. For example, X-rays and ultraviolet rays can damage cellular material and have been linked to genetic mutations and cancer. 8. The Solar Observatory How often does a super flare occur? Answer: once every century What is plasma? Matter can exist in four different states, called phases. Three we see on Earth: liquid, solid and gas. Plasma is the 4th phase of matter. It is an extremely hot, electrically charged, gaseous material. Stars, including our Sun, are made of this. It makes up 99% of the visible matter in the universe. It is rare on Earth, found mainly in lightning, fluorescent bulbs, and laboratories. 9. Satellites What does 3-D mean? Answer: 3 dimensions: height, width and depth What is a professional who designs and develops aircraft, satellites and rockets. Answer: aeronautical/aerospace engineer What is a professional who applies scientific theory and engineering design to use and develop new computer hardware and software. Answer: software engineer What is a professional who develops materials with outstanding combinations of mechanical, chemical, and electrical properties that make other advances possible. The materials on SOHO were made of materials that were able to survive the harsh environment of space. Answer: materials engineer 10. The Shrine of the Goddess What is solar energy? Answer: It is energy contained in the electromagnetic waves that emanate from the Sun. 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