ࡱ> DFC_ bjbjzXzX 4(2@\2@\hhhhh||||$|54444444$6x9z4h4hh4.hh442;4`=7]R244052\990;49h;4HZ@)4]*44.59> .: PUNCTUATION CHEAT SHEET How to use your COLON: Introducing a series/list or appositive (dont use after such as especially including and dont use between a verb and its object) Make sure you have a complete sentence BEFORE the colon. If you are going to live in Steamboat, you need to enjoy a few key things: snow, snow, snow, and snow. Introducing a quotation Mrs. Bell continually says this to herself: I feel great; I feel fine; I feel this way all the time. Going from a general statement to a specific statement or introducing an explanation/example or for emphasis. Remember what the old saying prudently advises: Be careful what you wish for because you may actually get it. There is one thing that I like about you: your smile. Separating elements (Salutations) Dear Mrs. Bell: (Hours, minutes, seconds) 4:29 p.m. (Ratios) a ratio of 5:1 (Bible chapters and verses) Genesis 3:3 (Titles and subtitles) The Joy of Insight: Passions of a Physicist Semicolon (its not less than a colon): Use a semicolon to join two or more closely related independent clauses (complete sentences) you dont usually use a conjunction (FANBOYS) in this case. I did not call myself a poet; I told people I wrote poems Use before a conjunctive adverb (with a comma after) when the word connects two independent clauses. I am faced with my imminent demise; therefore, life becomes a very precious thing. List of conjunctive adverbsalso, besides, finally, however, indeed, instead, meanwhile, moreover, next still, then, therefore To separate groups of words that already contain commas. Every night my brother gathers up his things: goggles, shower cap, and snorkel; bubble bath, soap, and shampoo; tapes, deck, and speakers. Comma(sutra): Use a comma to set apart introductory words, phrases, clauses (as in a complex sentence with the dependent clause first) Honestly, its cold. To win the game, Jenny needed skill and luck. Although I love chocolate, I cant eat any now. To separate clauses in a compound sentence by using a comma and conjunction (using a comma without the conjunction is called a comma splice) I love chocolate, and I will eat some now. Common conjunctionsFANBOYS for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so To set off a nonrestrictive (not necessary) element or an appositive (renames the subject) Alicia, my sister, is eighteen. The two drivers involved in the accident, who have been convicted of drunken driving, should lose their license. Comma continued To separate coordinating adjectives that describe the same noun. The icy, slick road led to the ski resort. To separate items in a series/list (comma before the last item is optional) I ate pizza, milk, peas, and carrots To set off most quotations All I know about grammar, said Joan Didion, is its infinite power. Dash(it-all): Use a dash to indicate a sudden break or change in the sentence or parenthetical material. Near the semesters end and this is not always due to poor planning some students may find themselves in a real crunch. To set off an introductory series/list A good book, a cup of tea, a comfortable chair these things always save my sanity. To indicate interrupted speech John, why are you For emphasis (the colon and dash are interchangeable here) After years of trial and error, Belther made history with his invention the unicycle. Use quotes to punctuate titles of songs, poems, short stories, one-act plays, lectures, episodes of radio or tv episodes, chapters of books, song titles, articles from the newspaper/magazine. (small things) to emphasize or distinguish a word or a specialized use of a word. (You can also use italics for this) Tom pushed the wheelchair across the street, showed the lady his honest smile, and stole her purse. to punctuate actual quotations. Place commas and periods INSIDE quotes unless you are using MLA format parenthetical citations I am not very good at math (Bell 27). Place exclamation points and question marks inside quotes when they punctuate the quotation and outside quotes when they punctuate the sentence Am I dreaming? Had she heard him say, Heres the key to your new car? ALWAYS place semicolons or colons OUTSIDE quotation marks. I wrote about Wallace Stevens Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird; his other poem was too deep for me. When you have a quote within a quote, use single quotation marks. Sue asked, Did you hear him say, I like snow? For quotes longer than 4 lines, single space, indent whole quotation, and do not use quotation marks. Use Italics (or underline) to punctuate titles of books, magazines, newspapers, pamphlets, full-length plays, films, radio and TV programs, book-length poems, lengthy musicals/operas, CD titles, legal cases, ships, aircraft. (Large things) when you use foreign words that have not been adopted into the English language; when you use scientific names. 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