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Reasons why the actual may be larger a. Contaminants in product b. Product is still wet 2. Reasons why the actual may be smaller. a. Reaction is not complete b. Loss of product during separation (1) filtration (2) moving from one container to another Procedure for calculating the percent yield 1. Measure the actual yield in the lab. 2. Calculate the theoretical yield using stoichiometry. a. Look for the mass you start with – that will be the starting point for calculating the theoretical yield. Work this using a map and a big, long line as you did with mass-mass calculations. b. Look for how much is actually made – that will be the actual yield. 3. Calculate the percent yield using the equation: percent yield =  EMBED Equation.3  x 100% Model Calcium carbonate decomposes when heated to form calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. What is the percent yield if 24.8 g of CaCO3 are heated and 13.1 g of CaO are produced? a) Write the chemical equation: CaCO3 ( CaO + CO2 b) Balance the chemical equation: CaCO3 ( CaO + CO2 c) Set up a “Given and Find”: GivenFind24.8 g CaCO3 actual yield CaO = 13.1 gpercent yield CaO = ? theoretical yield CaO = molar mass of CaCO3 = ? molar mass of CaO = ?  d) Calculating molar masses: CaCO3 CaO 1 x Ca = 1 x 40.08 = 40.08 1 x Ca = 1 x 40.08 = 40.08 1 x C = 1 x 12.01 = 12.01 1 x O = 1 x 16.00 = 16.00 3 x O = 3 x 16.00 = 48.00 56.08 g/mol 100.99 g/mol e) Do a mole relationship: 1 mol CaCO3 = 1 mol CaO f) Draw a map: g CaCO3((mol CaCO3((mol CaO((g CaO g) Draw a “big, long line”: Take units cattycorner. Bring new units down from the map. When converting from one substance to another, use the mole relationship. When converting from the mass of a substance to the moles of that substance, or vice versa, use the molar mass for that substance. g CaCO3 ((mol CaCO3(( mol CaO(( g CaO 24.8 g CaCo3mol CaCO3mol CaOg CaOg CaCO3mol CaCO3mol CaO molar mass CaCO3mole ratiomolar mass CaO24.8 g CaCo31 mol CaCO31 mol CaO56.08 g CaO1005.99 g CaCO31 mol CaCO3mol CaO h) Round the result to the correct number of significant digits. theoretical yield = 13.8953341992207g CaO = 13.9 g CaO i) Calculate the percent yield. percent yield=actual yieldx100%theoretical yield =13.1 gx100%13.9 g = 94.24460431654676 % = 94.2 % Example When solutions of barium chloride and sodium sulfate are mixed a solution of sodium chloride and a precipitate of barium sulfate forms. 36.75 g of BaCl2 were mixed with an excess of Na2SO4. If 40.97 g of BaSO4 actually resulted, then what is the percent yield? a) Write the chemical equation: b) Balance the chemical equation: c) Set up a “Given and Find”: d) Calculating molar masses: e) Do a mole relationship: f) Draw a map: g) Draw a “big, long line”: Take units cattycorner. Bring new units down from the map. When converting from one substance to another, use the mole relationship. When converting from the mass of a substance to the moles of that substance, or vice versa, use the molar mass for that substance. h) Round the result to the correct number of significant digits. i) Calculate the percent yield. Exercises 1. The reaction of sodium phosphate and calcium nitrate, according to the following equation: 2 Na3PO4 + 3 Ca(NO3)2 ( Ca3(PO4)2 + 6 NaNO3 resulted in 16.25 grams of calcium phosphate being made when 17.50 g of sodium phosphate was mixed with excess calcium nitrate. What is the percent yield? a) Write the chemical equation: b) Balance the chemical equation: c) Set up a “Given and Find”: d) Calculating molar masses: e) Do a mole relationship: f) Draw a map: g) Draw a “big, long line”: Take units cattycorner. Bring new units down from the map. When converting from one substance to another, use the mole relationship. When converting from the mass of a substance to the moles of that substance, or vice versa, use the molar mass for that substance. h) Round the result to the correct number of significant digits. i) Calculate the percent yield. 2. 45.00 g of finely powdered zinc metal were placed in a solution of copper (II) sulfate. The UNBALANCED equation is: Zn + CuSO4 ( ZnSO4 + Cu. If 116.4 grams of zinc sulfate resulted, then what is the percent yield? a) Write the chemical equation: b) Balance the chemical equation: c) Set up a “Given and Find”: d) Calculating molar masses: e) Do a mole relationship: f) Draw a map: g) Draw a “big, long line”: Take units cattycorner. Bring new units down from the map. When converting from one substance to another, use the mole relationship. When converting from the mass of a substance to the moles of that substance, or vice versa, use the molar mass for that substance. h) Round the result to the correct number of significant digits. i) Calculate the percent yield. 3. 1.590 grams of cobalt (II) oxide are formed when 1.292 g of cobalt metal are allowed to react with excess oxygen. What is the percent yield? a) Write the chemical equation: b) Balance the chemical equation: c) Set up a “Given and Find”: d) Calculating molar masses: e) Do a mole relationship: f) Draw a map: g) Draw a “big, long line”: Take units cattycorner. Bring new units down from the map. When converting from one substance to another, use the mole relationship. When converting from the mass of a substance to the moles of that substance, or vice versa, use the molar mass for that substance. h) Round the result to the correct number of significant digits. i) Calculate the percent yield. 4. A student reacted 116 g of iron with excess hydrochloric acid to produce iron (III) chloride and hydrogen gas. If 332 grams of iron (III) chloride were produced, then what is the percent yield? a) Write the chemical equation: b) Balance the chemical equation: c) Set up a “Given and Find”: d) Calculating molar masses: e) Do a mole relationship: f) Draw a map: g) Draw a “big, long line”: Take units cattycorner. Bring new units down from the map. When converting from one substance to another, use the mole relationship. When converting from the mass of a substance to the moles of that substance, or vice versa, use the molar mass for that substance. h) Round the result to the correct number of significant digits. i) Calculate the percent yield. 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