ࡱ>  _7bjbjVV 4<</Y99999MMM8!,M5MMcccH5J5J5J5J5J5J573:J59J599cc#_5F9c9cH5H513cp:jOM245u5052::(33:93XJ5J5:5: : Reform and a New American Culture 15.1 -- The Reforming Spirit READ - pgs 434 437 Why does this matter to me, an 8th grader at East ? A plant that does not grow and change dies; a nation that cannot adapt and change can never flourish. Many of the things we take for granted today womens right to vote, medical help for the mentally ill, free public schools, and freedom from slavery are goals that reformers fought for during this time period. At the same time reformers worked for social change, American writers and artists initiated a creative revolution, leaving behind the old European influences to shape a uniquely American expression. Painters, poets, novelists, and essayists developed original styles based on the American landscape and society. Time Line: Early 1800s The Second Great Awakening starts 1831 The famous publisher William Lloyd Garrison started publishing his famous newspaper The Liberator 1837 Education reform is led by Horace Mann in Massachusetts 1837 Interesting Fact The first kindergarten was started in Europe 1837 Panic of 1837 financial panic caused by Jacksons domestic policies 1841 Dorothea Dix begins crusade to improve treatment of the mentally ill 1848 1st Convention on Womens Rights meets in Seneca Falls, New York Elizabeth Cady Stanton takes control 1851 Herman Melville publishes Moby Dick Main Idea: Between 1820 and 1860, a wide variety of reform movements sprang up to improve conditions in the United States. Vocabulary: social reform an organized attempt to improve what is unjust or imperfect in society predestination Protestant idea that GOD decided in advance in which people would attain salvation after death Second Great Awakening widespread religious movement in the US in the early 1800s revival huge outdoor religious meeting debtor person who cannot pay money he or she owes temperance movement campaign against alcohol consumption Setting the Scene: Two reporters entered the small, ordinary looking brick hut. Opening a trapdoor in the floor, they peered down the dark shaft of an abandoned copper mine. Nervously, they climbed 50 feet down an old wooden ladder until they reached the bottom. Lighting the candles I led the way down a series of stone steps The roof was very low, and the candle gave so little light, that I was compelled to feel my way forward with my walking-stick I groped forward twenty or thirty feet into the caverns where the prisoners used to sleep. Quoted in Phelps, Newgate of Connecticut Years earlier, these cramped caves served as Connecticuts state prison, Newgate. It was shut down in 1827. In the mid-1800s, some Americans began to condemn the way prisoners were treated. Prison reform was just one of the many movements that sprang up to cure the nations ills. Presidents: 1st1789 17972 termsGeorge Washington - 572nd1797 18011 termJohn Adams - 613rd1801 18092 termsThomas Jefferson - 574th1809 18172 termsJames Madison - 575th1817 18252 termsJames Monroe 586th1825 18291 termJohn Quincy Adams - 577th1829 18372 termsAndrew Jackson - 618th1837 18411 termMartin Van Buren - 549th1841 1841DiedWilliam Henry Harrison - 6810th1841 18451 termJohn Tyler - 5111th1845 18491 termJames K Polk - 4912th1849 1850DiedZachary Taylor - 6413th1850 18531 termMillard Fillmore - 5014th1853 18571 termFranklin Pierce - 4815th1857 18611 termJames Buchanan - 6516th1861 18652 termsAbraham Lincoln - 52, assassinated in office17th 1865 1869 1 term Andrew Johnson - 57 18th 1869 1877 2 terms Ulysses Simpson US Grant - 47 The Reforming Impulse ( Had both political and religious roots; social reform THE REFORM MOVEMENT Political Origins ( The ideas of liberty and equality in the Declaration of Independence inspired people to try to improve society ( During Jackson era, more people could vote than ever before ( Critics said slavery and other injustices violated democratic idealsReligious Influences ( Second Great Awakening stressed free will rather than predestination ( Revivals encouraged people to reform their lives ( Finney taught that individual salvation was the first step to reform of a society ( Political Ideals ( Politics was becoming more democratic ( More and more people could vote and take part in government Critics, known as reformers, argued a true democracy would not allow slavery and it would make male and female rights be equal ( Reformers wanted the nation to align with their political views The Second Great Awakening ( During the colonial era, many American Protestants believed in predestination This belief led many people to worry that they could do nothing to be saved In the early 1800s, a dynamic religious movement swept through the nation; Second Great Awakening ( They taught that individuals could choose to save their own souls ( Preachers stirred this feeling with revivals Revivals lasted for days and attracted thousands of people The vast sea of human beings seemed to be agitated as if by a storm. I counted seven ministers all preaching at once Some of the people were singing, others praying, some crying for mercy. James B Finley, Autobiography ( Charles Grandison Finney, a very powerful orator, taught individual salvation was the first step toward complete reformation of the whole world ( Inspired new efforts to improve society How did the push for social reform during the 1800s begin ? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. Hospital and Prison Reform ( One of the most vigorous social reformers was Dorothea Dix ( A Boston school teacher ( She focused her reform efforts on the outsiders; criminals and the mentally ill Reforms for the Mentally Ill ( In 1841, Dix visited a jail for women in Boston ( She discovered that some prisoners were not criminals but mentally ill ( Locked away in small, dark, unheated cells ( They were considered to be lunatics ( Over an 18 month period, Dix visited jails, poorhouses, and hospitals Her horrible discoveries, persuaded legislators to fund mental hospitals I proceed, gentlemen, briefly to call your attention to the present state of Insane Persons confined in cages, closets, cellars, stalls, pens! Chained, naked, beaten with rods, and lashed into obedience. Dorothea Dix, Memorial to the States Legislatures of Massachusetts ( She did not stop with Massachusetts, she went to jails in Louisiana and Illinois, filing persuasive reports to the respective legislatures to treat the mentally ill and patients, not criminals Prison Reform ( Dix and others joined together to improve conditions in prisons ( Crammed together in cold damp rooms with no food; unless they had money to buy food from the jailers ( corruption ) ( 5 out of 6 people in Northern jails were debtors ( While in jail, you could not earn money to pay off debt, so you stayed in jail Changes in this system, led by Dix and others, resulted in prison cells that housed only one or two inmates ( Cruel punishment was to be banned ( Minor crimes received shorter sentences ( Slowly, states stopped treating debtors as criminals The Temperance Movement ( In the early 1800s, alcohol abuse was widespread ( Drinking occurred at political rallies, weddings, funerals, anywhere ( Menwomenchildren all drank and sometimes drank heavily ( Whiskey was sold at barbershops and candy stores ( Toward the end of the 1820s, women took the lead role against alcohol; temperance movement ( Women believed the Demon Rum led to wife-beating, child abuse, and family breakups ( Their 1st victory over alcohol came in 1851 when Maine banned the sale of alcohol; 8 others states followed with similar anti-alcohol laws ( Most states repealed the laws, but the movement continued Improving Education ( Few children attended school ( Only Massachusetts required free public school; paid for by the community ( Teachers were poorly trained and poorly paid ( Reformers acted to improve education ( They argued a republic required educated citizens ( Girls and boys were usually taught together in elementary school, in high school, however, they were often separated ( New technologies, such as the invention of the steel pen and the blackboard, changed classrooms in the 1800s ( Physical punishment was common in schoolrooms. A popular saying advisedSpare the Rod and Spoil the Child Growth of Public Schools ( 1841, New York passed laws requiring local governments to set up tax supported school districts ( Horace Mann became the head of the Massachusetts Board of Education ( Mann got the legislature to provide money to build new schools, extend the school year, and raise teachers pay ( Massachusetts opened three colleges to train teachers ( By the 1850s, most Northern states had set up free tax-supported elementary schools Schools in the South improved slowly ( Schooling mostly consisted of 1st thru 8th grades ( Few public free high schools Education for African Americans ( Most areas did not provide schools for African American children ( Prudence Crandall tried to create a school for African American girls, but it was destroyed ( 1854, Pennsylvania chartered the 1st African American male college Educating People with Disabilities ( 1817, Thomas Gallaudet (gal uh DEHT) set up a deaf school in Connecticut ( 1832, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the 1st school for the blind He used raised letters to allow students to read with their fingers ( Laura Bridgeman, was the first deaf and blind student to receive a formal education What reforms were made in education ? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. 1. How did political and religious ideals provide inspiration for reform ? Political_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Religious___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. 2. Why did Dorothea Dix seek to reform the treatment of prisoners and the mentally ill ? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. 3. What were the goals of the temperance movement ? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. 4. How did reformers improve American education ? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.     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