ࡱ> $&#E@ 1bjbj (4c    (,(`^R'Qg|||2||(|T `w# B}024p|D f CHAPTER 26: Lipid Metabolism - Richest energy source - Carbs are for immediate energy, Lipids are for energy storage - Light and compact a Fat Man weighing 250 pounds would weigh 514 pounds if all of his fat were suddenly converted into carbs - Fat-free diets are fine provided: -- You eat plenty of proteins and carbs -- You eat Linoleic and linolenic fatty acids (essential fatty acids) - Avg. Man is 16% fat and Avg. Woman is 25% fat 26.1 Storage and Mobilization of fats - Your fat now is enough for you to starve for 30 40 days, if you have water - Contrast to the amount of glycogen in your liver (stored carbs) can last only 1 day - Adipose tissue fat-storage cells (most of cytoplasm is fat globule) -- swell or shrink depending on fat content -- located just beneath skin or surrounding vital organs -- aid in the insulation of the body against heat loss - For stored fat to be mobilized, we must split it up into 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol (done by lipases in adipose tissue) - Regulated by hormones, activated by cAMP (from release of epinephrine) - What happenes to a triglyceride after you eat it? --transported via blood stream either to be stored or used up -- fatty acids transported by serum albumin to be conv to acetyl CoA -- glycerol backbone is transported to the liver where it is easily converted into dihydroxyacetone phosphate (enters glycolysis halfway in) ( pyruvate ( acetyl CoA  EMBED ACD.ChemSketch.20  Total ATP from glycerol Conv. To DHAP -1 ATP Total: +1 NADH (cytoplasmic) 11 ATP glycolysis +1 NADH(cytoplasmic) 2 NADH (cytoplasmic) (enters halfway) +2 ATP 1 NADH Pyruvate met. +1 NADH Krebs, etc. + 10 ATP 11 + (2 x 2.5 if liver, heart, kidney) + (1 x 2.5) = 18.5 ATP 11 + (2 x 1.5 if brain or muscle) + (1 x 2.5 ) = 16.5 ATP Total ATP from glycerol backbone = 18.5 16.5 ATP 26.2 Fatty acid oxidation What does a fatty acid look like  Has an even number of Cs, can have C=C Fatty acid oxidation takes place in the mitochondria near the Krebs cycle etc., makes it v. efficient I. Step One - Fatty acid must be activated, it is relatively inert - Activated by removing OH, subst. with CoA (uses up eff. 2 ATP)  EMBED ACD.ChemSketch.20  - Fatty acyl CoA is transported into mitochondrial matrix via carrier mol. II. Step Two  oxidation - fatty acyl CoA undergoes successive oxidations at the  carbon - this removes 2C units at a time - each oxidation produces 1 FADH2 and 1 NADH  EMBED ACD.ChemSketch.20   EMBED ACD.ChemSketch.20  -So: If I have a fatty acid which is 16 carbons long, I will end up with 16/2 = 8 acetyl CoA molecules, 7 FADH2s and 7 NADHs - The Fate of acetyl CoA is 1) Enter Krebs cycle 2) form a ketone body (next chapter) 3) Used to reform fatty acids ** to answer questions, the book often just gives the name of the fatty acid, the structures are on pg 530 Table 20.1 Total ATP yield from Fatty Acid Oxidation (of 16 C fatty acid) Step One -2 ATP Step Two ( ox) (8 acetyl CoA x 10) = 80 ATP (7 FADH2 x 1.5) = 10.5 ATP (7 NADH x 2.5) = 17.5 ATP 106 ATP If this were a triglyceride (3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol) 3 fatty acids (3 x 106) = 318 ATP glycerol 18.5 or 16.5 ATP 334.5 336.5 ATP 26.4 Ketosis - we said acetyl CoA formed enters the Krebs cycle, or is used to form Ketone bodies - ketaone bodies are formed from the buildup of acetyl coA in the body with depletion of oxaloacetate = krebs cycle cant start - caused by diabetes or diet low in carbohydrates (fatty acid oxidation increases to provide more energy) - kidneys usually excrete 20 mg of ketone bodies daily - Ketosis condition of having excess ketone bodies in the blood and urine (Atkins diet ppl must drink a lot of water to accommodate for the extra ketone bodies they are excreting) - Acidosis ketone bodies are acidic, buildup of acid in blood is acidosis. Interferes with hemoglobin oxygen transport; feeling of lethargy, irritability, loss of apetite - Mammals can convert carbohydrates to lipids - Mammals cannot convert lipids to carbohydrates 26.5 Fatty acid synthesis - When we injest more carbohydrates than are needed for energy and for glycogen, the excess is converted into fatty acids via acetyl coA 8 Acetyl CoA + 7 ATP + 14 NADPH + 7H+ ( 16C Fatty acid + 14 NADP+ + 8CoA + 7 ADP + 7 Pi 26.6 Obesity, Exercise, and Diets - large number of ppl are overweight - being overweight leads to high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease, stroke, gallbladder disease, and breast, prostate, and colon cancers. - why do we get fat? We consume more energy than we use. Energy in Calories!! - how do you lose weight? Difficult. Eat less caloric foods, move around more. - For every 3,500 kcal in excess required for energy = 1 pound of fat, Therefore if you reduce your intake by 100 kcal / day and maintain activity level in 35 days you will lose 1 pound of fat - This assumed body just burns fat. In reality it needs carbs. Your brain will make more carbs from proteins, leading to loss of muscle mass - Most diet pills contain a diuretic, leading to loss of water weight (which you will always gain back) Ut= y )0Shj?qr@A侶ƧjFD hYk"UVjhYk"UhYk"jhuhuUhhHe5hh5hHejDD huUVjhuU jh+'hhuh+'hsh\hqtPhDD76w J :  C | G H }  1i1?rABO8Fegd_R$a$gd_RgdYk"$a$gdYk"gdu$a$gdu,.<DFH|~58TUe2np'()⼴ⰧytplhKhv hHe5hvhHe5hvh5hh>*h hHe>*hHehHe>* hHeH*h\ h_RH*hHejh_RUjID h_RUVjh_RUj0ID h_RUVjh_RUh_R hYk"H*hYk"jhYk"UjW hYk"U)e[\Z)6{.]gd_R789`acd00@1A1T1a1k1l1m1111111ֻ޴ h_RhHe hvhK h#hBhUhB0JjhBU hBhBjhBUhBU jh# h#H*h#hvhKhr79sZs=0\0]0q0000001/12111gd_R - Others draw from stored glycogen (again will be replaced) - Ideal diet is 1200 kcal/day Problems with that Bigmac = 541 kcal Large Coke = 310 kcal Fries = 453 kcal Total : 1304 kcal = excess of daily allowance!!! 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