ĐĎॹá>ţ˙ BDţ˙˙˙A˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ěĽÁ5@ đżşbjbjĎ2Ď2 +(­X­X•$˙˙˙˙˙˙ˆžžžžžžž˛ššš8Ňî$˛"ň(FFFFFF """""""$#RŃ%š2"žĆFFĆĆ2"žžFFG"¸ ¸ ¸ Ć6žFžF "¸ Ć "¸ (¸ ŕ !šžžČ!F pŻOpżšüž¸! "]"0"Ŕ!k&şčk&Č!˛˛žžžžk&žČ!DFH¸¸ ””2FFF2"2"˛˛ä – ˘ ˛˛–Some key issues to SLA What is SLA? Some key issues: Some initial definitions “The study of how second languages are learned” (Gass & Selinker, 2001, 1) “The systematic study of how people acquire a second language” (Ellis, 1997a, 3) “SLA is predominantly psycholinguistic in its orientation. That is, it has sought to examine the mental processes involved in the creation and use of L2 knowledge” (Ellis, 1997b, 241) Some initial definitions “……much current SLA research and theorizing shares a strongly cognitive orientation. The focus is firmly on identifying the nature and sources of the underlying L2 knowledge system, and on explaining developmental success and failure. . . . As such, SLA research is increasingly viewed as a branch of cognitive science” (Doughty & Long, 2005, 4) Some initial definitions “. . . the scholarly field of inquiry that investigates the human capacity to learn languages other than the first, during late childhood, adolescence or adulthood, and once the first language or languages have been acquired” (Ortega, 2009, 1-2) Fundamental questions SLA researchers are interested in exploring the knowledge second language learners (SLLs) have of the L2. The key questions: What form does L2 knowledge take? Why does it take this form? A few more important questions Can SLLs achieve same the level of linguistic competence in the L2 that they have in the L1? If not, why not? Why do speakers of different L1s make similar errors in learning an L2? What influence does the L1 have on acquisition of the L2? A few more important questions Why do speakers of different L1s pass through similar stages in learning an L2? Does learner age make a difference to success in L2 acquisition? If so, what kind of difference? Is their an optimum age to learn an L2? Does teaching make a difference to success in L2 acquisition? If so, what kind of difference? And what kind of teaching? FLA & SLA are different FLLs exposed to L1 in naturalistic situations; typically, SLLs exposed to L2 in non-naturalistic situations (e.g. classrooms) FLLs encounter L1 early; typically, SLLs encounter L2 later FLLs learn L1 fully & “completely”; typically, SLLs learn L2 incompletely FLLs begin with zero linguistic knowledge; SLLs already possess knowledge of one language Other differences? Main characteristics of the interlanguage SLLs develop an interlanguage (i.e. a linguistic system that develops over time to more closely resemble the target language).  ILs are: systematic dynamic characterized by developmental stages subject to fossilization Major factors influencing IL development Input, interaction & output The type and amount of exposure to the language, together with opportunities for communicative practice First language L1 influence is evident mainly at early stages of acquisition and is especially apparent in the phonological domain. Age Young SLLs outperform adults in achieving superior levels of ultimate attainment. Individual learner variables IL development is influenced by numerous other variables (e.g. linguistic aptitude, motivation and various personality factors). Teaching Instruction speeds the SLA process; controversy about the type of instruction which is most beneficial continues.  ---------------------- References Doughty, C. & M. H. Long (2005). Ą°The scope of inquiry and goals of SLAĄą. In C. Doughty & M. H. Long (eds.) The handbook of second language acquisition Oxford: Blackwell Ellis, R. (1997a). Second language acquisition Oxford: OUP Ellis, R. (1997b). SLA research and language teaching Oxford: OUP Gass, S. M., & L. Selinker (2001). Second language acquisition. An introductory course 2nd ed. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Ortega, L. (2009). Understanding second language acquisition London: Hodder Education Prepared by Mohd. 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