ࡱ> ;=: Q$bjbjvv .4Q,t1333333,.x__0t000101000f x& 0,X0X0 __0X :   English R1b 7 February 8, 2006 Poetry GSI Simon The Comma Rules (and the semi-colon owns you) DO use commas for: 1) lists, to separate three or more elements in a series. The last comma is optional hits, runs, and RBIs and hits, runs and RBIs are both okay just be sure to remain consistent. If any individual list elements require their own conjunction or comma, then you may need semi-colons use your good judgment. example: For Thanksgiving dinner, my mom prepared turkey, yams, mac and cheese, and stuffing. We invited a number of old college friends and families from the neighborhood: Tom and Maureen, with their kids Jackie and Paul; the Macbeths; Reb Gedaliya, the butcher, etc. 2) connecting independent clauses. Use a comma and a conjunction (for, and, neither/nor, but, because, or/either, yet, so FANBOYS) to join two complete clauses (they each have a proper subject and verb). example: He likes to swim, but she hates to get wet. The comma may be omitted if the clauses are well balanced or point to the same semantic subject. example: She hits well but she runs slowly. The comma must be omitted if the joined clauses are not independent: example: She hits well and runs slowly. Henry and June hit well but run slowly. 3) introductory elements. It is always okay, though sometimes awkward, to place a comma before words and clauses that modify a sentence. Types of introductory elements include: a) adverbial phrases examples: Although he likes butter, he rarely serves it to his guests. example: As the day drew to a smoky end, the firefighters put out the last of the embers. The comma may be omitted for short time elements, prepositional phrases and adverbs when there is no danger of misunderstanding. examples: Yesterday I went to the Metreon to see the new Harry Potter movie. Excitedly I bought a ticket. By the opening shot I was already clapping. When the prepositional phrase becomes too long or may become confused with the main clause, use a comma. example: After spending the afternoon watching television, I went to sleep. When the adverbial or prepositional phrase modifies the entire sense of the sentence, and not just the subject or verb, use a comma: examples: However, it was a restless nap. Unfortunately, I dreamt cheese. To make matters worse, I am lactose intolerant. 4) coordinate adjectives, but not for cumulative adjectives. These can be hard to distinguish between. Just remember that coordinate adjectives can be separated by and still sound okay, cumulative adjectives cant. examples: Emma Watson has become a strong, confident, independent woman. She wore a pink silk chiffon evening gown to the school dance. 5) nonrestrictive elements, but not for restrictive elements. A restrictive element limits or defines a noun. example: I chose the hamburger that did not have cheese on it. A nonrestrictive element describes a noun that has already been defined, and contains only nonessential or parenthetical information. If removed, the basic sense of sentence should remain. example: The other hamburgers, which did have cheese, would certainly menace my system. Note that some writers use that only with restrictive clauses, which should make this rule somewhat easier to follow. Though some writers reserve which for nonrestrictive elements, this is not a hard fast rule. The restrictive/nonrestrictive rule applies to appositives and phrases that function as adjectives. examples: Harrys best friend, Ron, has a large immediate family living in London. Rons brother Bill, who is swarthy and charming, works as a banker. 6) transitional and parenthetical expressions, absolute phrases and contrasted elements. Transitional expressions bridge sentences or parts of sentences. They include conjunctive adverbs such as therefore, however, and moreover and transitional phrases such as point in fact, as a matter of fact, for example, in other words. Transitional phrases may appear between two independent clauses that compose a compound sentence; in that case, a semi-colon will be used. Transitional expressions are set off with commas when placed at the start of a sentence or in the middle of an independent clause. examples: Teddy will, unfortunately, sleep through the next movie. As a matter of fact, he slept through the last one as well. Omit the comma if the transitional expression reads smoothly and requires no pause listen to your ear. Examples include at least, also, certainly, consequently, indeed, of course, no doubt, perhaps, then and therefore. examples: Perhaps the most exciting part of the movie was the car chase. Certainly it was the most explosive. You are no doubt unimpressed. Let us therefore watch it again together. Parenthetical expressions offer supplemental comment or information and read like afterthoughts or interruptions. examples: Daniel Radcliffe has grown about five inches, give or take a few. He hasnt, at least to my knowledge, starred in any other movies. Absolute phrases modify the entire sentence and usually contain a noun with a participle or participial phrase. examples: Dinner excluded, there is nothing more talk about. Having not yet eaten, theres little else I can think about. Contrasted elements employ words such as unlike and phrases such as opposed to. example: Lets talk about me, not you. 7) direct address, the words yes and no, interrogative tags and interjections. examples: Forgive me, Diana Hacker, for I have plagiarized extensively from your book. Yes, I know its wrong to plagiarize. But its okay if I admit to it, isnt it? Well, I think that depends on your perspective. 8) quotations. For direct quotes only. example: The English Department Statement on Plagiarism says, All written work. . . is to be expressed in your own words. Not for indirect quotes. example: It also states that plagiarizing students will receive an F grade and may be subject to disciplinary action . 9) dates, addresses, titles and numbers. For dates, set off the year in commas, but if the date is inverted or the only month and year are given. examples: Today is November 29, 2005, and it is a good day. Your research paper rough drafts are due 1 December 2005. You will have much less work to complete come December 2005. In addresses, commas separate street address from city and city from state. Zip codes are not preceded by a comma. example: I live at 3410 22nd Street, San Francisco, California 94110. Titles are separated from the rest of the sentence. examples: I received a letter from John Prescott, esq. It is addressed to Rex Morgan, M.D., who lives in apartment 3G. For four-digit numbers the comma is optional; if more than four digits, the comma is required for separating the digits into groups of three. examples: 3500 or 3,500; 26,000; 520,000,000. 10) preventing confusion. Commas can mark an omitted word, signify a pause in speech, and emphasize a break in words that might be confused when read in conjunction. examples: To err is human; to forgive, divine. 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