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sample central limit theorem distribution of random samples of mean tends towards a normal distribution, even if parent population isnt normal normal distribution is model for distribution of sample stats approximation to normal distribution improves as n increases standard error of mean standard deviation of sampling error of different samples of a given sample size how great is sampling error of ( EMBED Equation.3 - ) as n increases, variability decreases  EMBED Equation.3  z, t & F distributions hypothesis testing: often want to know the likelihood that a given sample has come from a population with known characteristic(s) define H0 test likelihood of H0  EMBED Equation.3  normal distribution with mean 0, standard deviation 1 (cf central limit theorem) e.g.  EMBED Equation.3 = 104.0 H0 : = 100  EMBED Equation.3 = 3 z = (104  100) / 3 = 1.33  = 0.05 therefore retain H0  EMBED Equation.3  for a given mean and sd, normal distribution is completely defined there are a family of t 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