ࡱ> HJEFG3 bjbj "lZ9999r:Z?|R;n>n>n>n>n>v>$?$ Z?n>n>??$Bn>n>$B$B$B?~n>n>$B?$Bl$BJ"jdn>F; @FZ39@v$0?DV5$B5$BTfGeneral Instructions for Building All Reading Skills Many of these exercises require short passages of text. These are readily available in CLRC workbooks, online, easy-reader books, etc.; make sure to choose a subject of interest to your learner. In some cases, youll want to adapt the text to best suit your learners level. When working on Reading Skills, copy activities from each of the levels and benchmarks. Many of the activities and resources are appropriate for multiple levels, youll just want to adjust the content used. When choosing material, think about: How is the information organized? Texts in which the events are presented in natural chronological order, which have an informative title, and which present the information following an obvious organization (main ideas first, details and examples second) are easier to follow. How familiar is your learner with the topic? Remember that misapplication of background knowledge can create major comprehension difficulties. Use pre-reading activities to prepare your learner for the lesson. These can include: looking at pictures, maps, diagrams, or graphs reviewing vocabulary connecting the topic with learners prior knowledge Word Study Recognize that everyone learns sound-letter relationships at different rates. Introduce sound-letter relationships at a reasonable pace, in a range from two to four letter-sound relationships a week. Teach high-utility letter-sound relationships early. Introduce consonants and vowels in a sequence that permits learners to read words quickly. Avoid the simultaneous introduction of auditorily or visually similar sounds and letters (dont introduce bs and ds or ms and ns in the same lesson). Introduce single consonant sounds and consonant blends/clusters in separate lessons. Provide blending instruction with words that contain the letter-sound relationships that learners have already learned.  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://classroom.jc-schools.net/read/compstrategies_files/v3_space.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET  Text Connections Learners need to make text connections as they read. (How is this like me?) Remind learners to visualize. (Model first) Stress the importance of reading to understand. Teach and model fix-up strategies: re-read, ask questions, look up words, tracking, etc. Have learners use graphic organizers as they read to stay focused, Generating Questions By generating questions, learners become aware of whether they can answer the questions and if they understand what they are reading. Learners learn to ask themselves questions that require them to combine information from different segments of text. For example, learners can be taught to ask main idea questions that relate to important information in a text. Activation of Prior Knowledge makes up a great amount of the process of reading comprehension. Tutors should attempt to activate as much prior knowledge as possible prior to reading the text, allowing learners to apply the prior knowledge use while reading. They also need to teach how to decipher useful background knowledge from other background knowledge. Strategies to effectively activate prior knowledge include: brainstorming, predicting, pre-reading questioning, and talking about the topic. Vocabulary New vocabulary should be taught prior to reading, as the reader will spend too much time figuring out the new words, and will be unable to comprehend the entire reading passage. The textbook used in new tutor training (Teaching Adults: A Literacy Resource Book) contains more strategies; use it often! Reading 1.3.1 Understand the alphabetic principles. also see Listening 1.1.5 Introduce sound-letter relationships at a reasonable pace, in a range from two to four letter-sound relationships a week. Teach high-utility letter-sound relationships early. Introduce consonants and vowels in a sequence that permits learners to read words quickly. Avoid the simultaneous introduction of auditorily or visually similar sounds and letters. Alphabet Books These are available online (Alphabet Avenue), but you may want to customize one for learners, choosing word of personal significance. Have one flashcard or page for each letter of the alphabet. Use the alphabet books to acquaint learners with objects that start with the target letter and sound, and to introduce them to concepts of print. Focus on pictures that represent the target sound. Progress to a letter chart where learners match pictures that begin with the featured letter. Teaching Shapes It is not enough to be able to recite the names of letters; learners must come to recognize their shapes. Dont teach upper- and lowercase at the same time. Start with uppercase letters, as it is easier to tell one uppercase letter from another. Point out the similarities of features in lettersfor example, the small circles that are found in the lowercase letters o, a, d, and b, as well as the lines used to form t, l, d, and b. Point out the common parts of letters like e and c, M and W, m and n, and P and R. Learners should recognize that letters are made by combinations of straight lines, curved lines, circles, and dots. For example, if you show them that the letter c is formed by making a curve, you can point out that d is formed by adding a straight line to c. The pace of introducing letters will vary from learner; start slowly, and if learners master letters quickly and remember them the following week, you may want to try introducing more than two/week. When it comes to teaching individual letters, avoid teaching easily confused letters together. Make sure learners have mastered one letter before introducing a visually similar letter. For example, dont closely follow the teaching of lowercase d with b or vice versa. Write a large letter, either upper- or lowercase. Write several smaller letters around the larger letter. Many of the smaller letters should be the same as the larger letter. You can either put them in the same case or mixed cases. Ask learners to circle a letter that matches the bigger letter. As they do, they say the letter out loud and name a word that starts with the letter. A sample might be: M m m N n w s m M m W m U Teaching Sounds Focus on the most common sound for each of the letter symbols. Use picture words that begin with the sound, and have learners recognize the sound by naming the picture. Be sure to segment the target sound and blend it back together. For example, show them a picture of a bat. Ask: What is this? Repeat the word by emphasizing the /b/ sound. Have learners repeat and place emphasis on the /b/. Associating the sound with a picture will help them remember the sound. Try to teach a combination of consonants and vowels that permit early word formation. For example, by teaching b, a, and t first, you can form the words bat, at, and tab. Learners can then blend and segment the words to practice the individual letter/sound relationships they have learned. Play alphabet concentration using letter cards. Use no more than 16 cards (8 pairs). If 16 is too many, adjust the number of cards so as to not frustrate learners. You can also use picture cards and letter cards. Each letter card is matched with its corresponding picture card. Take turns performing actions that represent a letter. If you say H, hop. If they say W, walk. If you say J, jump. You can give them a prop such as a ball and have them do things with it depending on the letter called out. For example, say B, and they bounce the ball. Say T, and they toss the ball. Say C, and they catch the ball. I Spy Once youve worked on several letters, have learners identify objects around the room that start with specific letters as well as words in print. You can give added hints if needed. For example, "I spy something that begins with B. You can read it." (book) Once learners correctly identify the object, ask them to write the letter. Give learners a clipping from a newspaper or magazine and have them circle or highlight all the examples they can find of a specified letter. You can challenge them to find a certain number of occurrences, such as seven. The number should vary with how common the letter is. Putting it Together Play letter card scramble by having learners use letter cards (or scrabble tiles, magnetic letters, etc.) to spell a CVC word that you write. Then have them scramble the cards and put them back together by sounding out the word. Another twist is to have learners write their names using the cards and then scrambling and putting them back together. Be sure learners sound out letters carefully, as the purpose of the activity is to practice recognition of letters and their sound correspondence. Write the name of a common and familiar CVC word. Say one of the letters in the word, and have learners circle the letter. Have learners identify the letters positionbeginning, middle, or end. Repeat by saying the other letters and having learners circle them. Then segment and blend the word. Write word family pairs on the board, such as hog and dog, mat and rat, and pin and tin. Ask learners to identify the letters that are different in each pair. Ask if they can name an initial letter that makes yet another word. As with all learning, a multisensory approach is best, so introduce the alphabet in a variety of ways that engage the senses. Dont be shy. Try several things and then determine which are most effective. This could include using clay or sandpaper or singing or drawing. Online Resources:  HYPERLINK "http://www.englishspeakingonline.com/"  http://www.alphabetavenue.net/abchandout.pdf  HYPERLINK "http://www.alphabetavenue.net/" http://www.alphabetavenue.net/  HYPERLINK "http://www.learningplanet.com/act/fl/aact/index.asp" http://www.learningplanet.com/act/fl/aact/index.asp (might be too childish for some learners)  HYPERLINK "http://busyteacher.org/classroom_activities-vocabulary/alphabet-worksheets/" http://busyteacher.org/classroom_activities-vocabulary/alphabet-worksheets/  HYPERLINK "http://www.shambles.net/pages/learning/primary/Alphab/" http://www.shambles.net/pages/learning/primary/Alphab/ Printed Resources: (Longman) ESL Literacy Laubach Way to Reading Reading for Today Focus on Phonics ESL Phonics for All Ages Reading 1.3.2 Demonstrate phonemic awareness. also see Listening 1.1.5 Sound Identification Thumbs Up Choose a sound and tell learners what it is. Begin listing off words that contain and dont contain your chosen target sound. Have learners put their thumbs up if the word begins with the special sound and thumbs down if the word does not begin with the sound. Once this becomes too easy, do the same activity with ending sounds, then middle vowel sounds. Sound Bingo Tutors and learners each get a Bingo card with cutouts of clip art or photos from magazines placed on the spaces (its easier to use cutouts so you can reuse the blank card). Before playing, review all of the pictures on the Bingo cards by saying the name of the picture and the sound that the word starts with. Randomly pick lettersscrabble tiles, magnetic letters in a bag, etc. Call out the letter sound. Everyone must then identify which picture begins with that sound and remove the photo. For example, the tutor calls off the sound kuh and learners remove the cat image. Anyone who gets a horizontal, vertical, or diagonal line of images that have been removed is the winner. Which One Doesnt Belong? Read several simple (CVClists are in the back of tutor training books) words in groups of three. Two of the words should start with the same sound and one doesnt. Learners choose which doesnt belong. Progress to ending sounds and middle vowel sounds. Meet in the Middle Collect sets of three pictures or objects that have the same middle sounds (e.g. pig/fish/king; hand/cat/lamb; sock/mop/pot; bell/men/pet). Tell learners you are going to try to sort all of the pictures into the right boxes based on the sound that comes in the middle of the word. Help learners begin sorting them into small piles according to vowel sound. When sorting is complete, take all the cards from each pile and review the words and their middle sounds. Go Fish Make a large deck composed of a variety of pictures from magazines and clip art. Make at least four cards on 4 by 6 index cards for each letter; e.g.: a card with a picture of a cat, one with a candy bar, another with a candle and one of a car. Deal seven cards to each person, with the goal of getting two of a kind. A pile is left face down after dealing the cards. Take turns asking for the card sound you need; if other player has it, keep asking for more until you have to go fish and take a card from the pile. Then its other players turn to ask you for card. The winner finishes with a specific number of pairs, identified at the onset of the game. Sound Segmentation Puzzles Using pictures of objects provided here, cut each picture into the number of phonemes found in each word (e.g., saw will be cut into two parts as the word has two sounds) turning them into puzzles. Begin with words containing two sounds such as saw, shoe, and zoo. Give learners a set of puzzles and ask them to tell you the first sound and second sound in the word as they take the puzzle pieces apart. After learners have completed words with two sounds, provide them with the words that contain three sounds. Be sure to explain that some sounds may have two letters. One example is the sh in shoe, it contains two letters, but together they make the sound shhhh. Bumper Letters Give learners three letters (tiles, magnetic, cards, blocks, etc.) and explain theyll be using the letters to build words. Say a three-sound word (e.g., f-u-n) with a definite break between the sounds and point to each block as you say the sound. Repeat the sounds, moving the blocks closer to each other. Repeat the sounds one last time while pushing the blocks together completely. Have learners practice with their own blocks as you provide them with more words that contain three sounds. I Spy Play the familiar game I Spy with a different twist. Using the names of objects in the room, tell learners I spy a p-e-n and see if they can guess what it is. If learners are able to segment words, have them take turns choosing things to spy. Sound Manipulation Sounds into Slogans Choose a very short common phrase, advertising slogan, etc. (e.g. Just Do It); make sure you choose one you know learners will recognize Explain that you will be breaking the words into parts and want learners to guess the words Say the words slowly with definite breaks between the sounds. Repeat as often as possible, having learners guess the slogan. First Drop Off Cut out the pictures provided here and place them in a basket. Have learners draw a picture and name it. Learners then should say what that word sounds like when you remove the first sound of the word (e.g., cat becomes at). Keep trying this with different variations (e.g., draw each card and say the word, replacing the initial sound with the b (pronounce the sound when demonstrating thisdont say the letter)). Advance to saying the word without its last sound (e.g., pin/in/pi). Catch the Miss Provide learners with 10 markers (candy, poker chips, etc.) While reading a short story or article aloud, occasionally leave off the first sound of some of the words. When learners notice this, they should move one of their markers forward. Take a break to discuss what sound was left off, and then continue the story. If learners werent able to correctly identify the missing word, have them move markers back. Continue until learners have correctly moved all their markers. Online Resources:  HYPERLINK "http://teams.lacoe.edu/DOCUMENTATION/classrooms/patti/k-1/teacher/assessment/tools/tools.html" http://teams.lacoe.edu/DOCUMENTATION/classrooms/patti/k-1/teacher/assessment/tools/tools.html  HYPERLINK "http://www.weallcanread.com/Online.html#lessons" http://www.weallcanread.com/Online.html#lessons  HYPERLINK "http://www.tampareads.com/phonics/phonicsindex.htm" http://www.tampareads.com/phonics/phonicsindex.htm Printed Resources: Wilson Reading System Phonics for Reading Focus on Phonics Reading 1.3.3 Track eye movement from top to bottom and left to right. Visual Discrimination and Memory Lets learners see differences between objects that are similar; allows learners to see "was" and "saw" are different even though they have the same letters. Photocopy a simple picture or cartoon (picture dictionaries are a great resource for this) Make several small differences on one and ask learners to find all the ways the two pictures are different. Visual memory helps learners remember what theyve seen. Use a simple picture or cartoon, and show it to learners for 5 seconds. Once you remove the picture, ask learners to describe it. This can be done with a series of clip art pictures (show 3-5 pictures for 5-10 seconds, then ask learner to repeat the order back to you); progress to letters. Directional tracking Demonstrate proper tracking by sliding your finger under the words as you read. Learners cant see how you process print left-to-right when you read; if you read without pointing, it looks like you are just telling a great story. Whenever learners are reading, require them to use their fingers. This physical motion is highly beneficial in engraining this essential left-to-right processing component of English. The physical pointing motion is also helpful in directing and focusing on individual sounds within the word. It helps them keep their place and notice all the sounds. Require physical tracking with the finger until learners have established strong phonologic processing skills, dont make tracking errors and have learned to pay attention to detail.. If learners are uncomfortable using their finger, they can use a toothpick, pencil or another pointer of their choice. However, make sure they physically move their finger or a pointer under the letters from left to right in all their reading. As learners advance in skills from initial phonologic processing to fluency they tend to appropriately outgrow and drop finger movement on their own. Online Resources:  HYPERLINK "http://www.eyecanlearn.com/" http://www.eyecanlearn.com/  HYPERLINK "http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/wordsandpictures/hfwords/starwords/game.shtml" http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/wordsandpictures/hfwords/starwords/game.shtml  HYPERLINK "http://textproject.org/assets/library/papers/Samuels-Rasinski-HiebertEye-MovementS-PREPRINT.pdf" http://textproject.org/assets/library/papers/Samuels-Rasinski-HiebertEye-MovementS-PREPRINT.pdf (interesting article on eye movement)  HYPERLINK "http://edu740.wikispaces.com/Eye+Movements+and+Reading" http://edu740.wikispaces.com/Eye+Movements+and+Reading Printed Resources: Oxford Picture Dictionary English for Everyday Activities Laubach Way to Reading Reading 1.3.4 Read basic sight words. Introducing New Words Select 2-7 new words each week to teach; the Dolch Sight Word list is a great place to start (100 Most Common Words) Write each word on an index card and discuss it with learners using guided questions (This is the word X, What letter is at the beginning of this word? Does this word have a smaller word inside it?) Point out something characteristic about the word (This word begins with the same letter as your name; or This word only has 3 letters, just like the word X you learned last week) Ask learners to say each letter in the word while writing it (or doing something multisensoryarranging magnetic letters, forming word from pipe cleaners, spelling out on sandpaper, etc.) Ask learners to spell the word aloud while creating a flashcard (if learners prefer their flashcards be written by tutors, have them create a Word Notebook and tutors can create flashcards) Repeat the same procedure with each of the 10 new words. Games with Flashcards Once you have more than 10 flashcards, use them to play: Bingo Learners turn over a flashcard and read what it says All players write the flashcard contents on any blank square on their BINGO card Learners continue reading the cards until all the blanks are filled (there may be more cards than blanks) Shuffle the cards In turn, players turn over a flashcard and read the contents out loud Everyone finds the match on their BINGO card and crosses it out The first person to cross out a rowvertical, horizontal, or diagonalwins. Concentration (Memory) Create two flashcards for every word Place facedown on the table In turn, players draw a flashcard, read the word and/or use in a sentence, then try to find its match, keeping both cards if successful Play continues until there are no more cards Tic Tac Toe Same process as Bingo with fewer turns (so lessens literacy demands) Create a blank Tic Tac Toe grid Draw a card, have learners say the word, if theyre correct, they fill in a spot on the grid. If theyre incorrect, tutors fill in a spot. Once learners easily recognize the words on sight, have them spell the words correctly to earn a turn. Scrabble Turn all the tiles so theyre face up. Have learners make as many words as they can. Each time they make a word, have them write it down. You can challenge them to make as many two-, three- and four-letter words as they can in a specified amount of time. Hangman Go Fish Application Once the words are introduced, immediately use them in context Ask learners to use the words in sentences Write the sentences and have learner read back (modified Language Experience Activity) Online Resources:  HYPERLINK "http://www.k12reader.com/dolch-word-list/" http://www.k12reader.com/dolch-word-list/  HYPERLINK "http://www.mrcpl.org/literacy/lessons/sight/index.html" http://www.mrcpl.org/literacy/lessons/sight/index.html  HYPERLINK "http://www.k12reader.com/fry-word-list-1000-high-frequency-words/" http://www.k12reader.com/fry-word-list-1000-high-frequency-words/ Printed Resources: Reading for Today Citizenship: Passing the TestLiteracy Skills Workbook Challenger Series Reading 1.3.5 Recognize and understand isolated words, phrases, or sentences. Word Sorts Word sorting gives learners practice at recognizing, classifying and reading different word families. Begin by introducing two different word families to compare and contrast. Prepare about 10 word cards for each word family. Ask learners to choose a card, read it aloud, determine which word family it belongs to and place it in the correct column. Have learners write word families as they learn them in whatever format they wishflashcards, word book, lists, etc. Word Hunt Use word hunts to check for understanding after introducing a new word family or to review previously taught families. Assign learners one or two word families to search for in a short reading (prescreen the reading to make sure there are several instances; the Challenger workbook series is quite handy for this). Challenge learners to find a certain number of words in a specified time, asking them to read each aloud as they find it. Word Families Select the word family (or families) with which learners need more experience. Cut index cards or plain paper into small pieces. Cut some 3 x 1-inch pieces and several more into 1 x 1-inch pieces. On each 3 x 1-inch card, clearly print the ending of your chosen word family. Using a different colored pen or marker on the individual 1 x 1 inch cards, print different letters that match with the ending to make a word in that family (e.g., for work with the -at family, each 1 x 1 inch card may have one of the following letters: b, c, f, h, m, p, r, s). Use your judgment as to how many initial consonant sounds to provide at once. Spread the individual cards out in front of you and learners, face up. Place the word ending directly in front of learners and ask what those letters sound like together. Depending on learners, you may choose to begin by reading it aloud and then asking them to repeat. Every time you read aloud, point to the letters of the word and move your finger from left to right as you sound out each part. Do the same when learners read and encourage them to use their fingers. Now refer to the individual letters in front of you and explain youre going to build more words that rhyme (sound like) that one. Demonstrate by choosing one of the initial consonant cards and sliding it in front of the at card. Sound out the newly made word while pointing to each part of the word as you read it. Ask learners if they see a letter that goes in front of -at to make another word. Continue making new words and ask them to read each new word aloud as they create them. Can use magnetic letters, scrabble tiles, etc. Crazy Eights Make a set of cards that can be divided into four different categories, rather than suits. Pick four word families that are challenging, but won't frustrate learners. For example, -all (ball, mall, tall), -ee (bee, see, tree), -at (cat, bat, sat), and -ed (bed, fed, red). Pick an equal number of words from each word family and write them out with one word per card. Use four different colors to write out the cards. Mix up the colors within a word family because you don't want any one word family to be all the same color. Deal out seven cards to each player. The rest of the cards should be stacked face-down in a neat stack in the center. Flip one card over from the face-down stack. Play the game just like Crazy Eights, trying to match either the color or word family that appears on the face-up card in the middle. Therefore, if a red card bearing the word cat has been flipped, you'll either have to lay down a red card or a card that represents the -at word family as you read it aloud. If players do not have a card to play or cant sound out the word, they must draw from the face-down stack until they find a card that can be played. The winner of the game is the first player to run out of cards! Make a few wild cards, skip your turn cards, and reverse cards to add some challenging twists and turns to the game. Add an Ending Write the following endings on cards or paper and cut out: s ing ed Write nouns and verbs similar to those listed below on a large sheet of paper or poster board. Explain that you can add letters to the end of words to change their meaning. Read the word "book." Explain that if you have lots of them, then you should say, "books." Take the -s ending and add it to the end of the word. Continue to read through the list of nouns (adding -s) and have learners tell you what it says. dog s help ing work ed car jump rain shoe sing walk hand play talk Next, read the word jump and explain how "I am jump" doesn't sound right and needs "ing" to the end of the word. Continue to go through the list of verbs (adding "ing") and encourage learners to read the words. Follow a similar procedure for introducing "-ed." Have learners identify the root word and the endings. Make a language experience chart with words and their endings. Have learners underline root words and circle endings. Online Resources:  HYPERLINK "http://www.wordway.us.com/" http://www.wordway.us.com/  HYPERLINK "http://www.carlscorner.us.com/blends.htm" http://www.carlscorner.us.com/blends.htm  HYPERLINK "http://www.readwritethink.org/files/resources/interactives/wordfamily/" http://www.readwritethink.org/files/resources/interactives/wordfamily/  HYPERLINK "http://www.apples4theteacher.com/languagearts/word-families/" http://www.apples4theteacher.com/languagearts/word-families/  HYPERLINK "http://resources.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/games/mag/spelling.html" http://resources.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/games/mag/spelling.html  HYPERLINK "http://www.literacyconnections.com/phonograms.php" http://www.literacyconnections.com/phonograms.php  HYPERLINK "http://www.sadlier-oxford.com/phonics/grade2_3/pg_106/blends.htm" http://www.sadlier-oxford.com/phonics/grade2_3/pg_106/blends.htm  HYPERLINK "http://firstschoolyears.com/literacy/word/phonics/clusters/clusters.htm" http://firstschoolyears.com/literacy/word/phonics/clusters/clusters.htm Printed Resources: Reading for Today Focus on Phonics Challenger Series Endeavor Series In the Know Series Reading 1.3.6 Demonstrate Comprehension Skills. At this level, youre working with very simple texts filled with words learners have already practiced. Vocabulary Preview (pre-reading) Understanding the vocabulary used in a piece of writing is essential to reading comprehension. Use a passage filled with words learners recognize; beforehand identify which words might give them trouble.  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://classroom.jc-schools.net/read/content_files/v3_space.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET   INCLUDEPICTURE "http://classroom.jc-schools.net/read/content_files/v3_space.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET   INCLUDEPICTURE "http://classroom.jc-schools.net/read/content_files/v3_space.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET   INCLUDEPICTURE "http://classroom.jc-schools.net/read/content_files/v3_space.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET  Explicitly pre-teach unfamiliar words important to comprehension; make sure there arent more than 3-7 new words. Alternatively, ask learners to underline words they dont know Read the selection aloud Teach words after you have read the story to learners but before they read it themselves. Introduce the word. Write the word on paper or a card Read the word and have the learners repeat the word. Present a learner-friendly definition; illustrate the word with concrete, visual examples Ask learners to define the word or use it in a sentence Sentence Building (during reading) Keep a running list of all words taught (sight words, word families) in a word log or collected flashcards Using the list, create sentences made up of words learners have studied If using flashcards, play a game where you each make sentences; try to see who can use the most cards. Oral Model (during reading) Read a passage aloud as learners follow along (everyone should be finger tracking) Use two copies of the text (ideal), sit next to learners, or read upside-down Discuss the passage and any unfamiliar vocabulary Learners read the passage, repeating if necessary Solving Words (during reading) Encourage learners to begin asking themselves questions while reading (at this level the questions will mostly revolve around vocabulary, but instilling self-questioning and self-monitoring at the very beginning level is crucial for later comprehension) Sample questions include: Does that word look familiar? What does that word mean? How do you say that word? I think the word is ______ or means _______ Does this word make sense? Explicit Information (post-reading) Explicit information questions enable you to assess learners reading comprehension. Choose a very short passage or series of sentences that contains familiar words. After learners read the passage, ask simple questions based on information that can be found in the text. Invite them to look back to the text for the answers. Ask: Where can you find that answer in the story? Have learners tell you (or highlight or point out) where they found the answer. Focus on simple comprehension questions that can be found in the textyoull work on more critical, strategic reading skills later Asking Questions (post-reading) Helps learners develop skills to self-monitor their understanding Ask learners who, what, when, where, and why questions after each section If they can't answer these questions they know to stop and reread This strategy may work best with stories, news articles, and other narrative texts because they are likely to have all the "5 Ws" represented What Makes a Sentence? Before the lesson, create a list of very simple sentences (the dog ran; the ball bounces) Explain that every complete sentence has a predicate (the action of the sentence) and a subject (what is doing the action) Share several simple sentences as examples, gradually letting learners choose the subjects and predicates Have learners fold a paper in half, then unfold. Label the left side "subject" and right side "predicate." Give learners a starting subject (The yellow dress), then ask them to write as many "endings" (predicates) as they can. Reverse by giving them a predicate ending and they come up with elaborate subjects. Review this skill occasionally to prepare learners for writing and understanding punctuation; have them choose the subjects and predicates in selected sentences you encounter while reading together. Online Resources:  HYPERLINK "http://www.englishforeveryone.org/Topics/Reading-Comprehension.htm" http://www.englishforeveryone.org/Topics/Reading-Comprehension.htm  HYPERLINK "http://www.gcflearnfree.org/reading" http://www.gcflearnfree.org/reading  HYPERLINK "http://www.carlscorner.us.com/SightWds.htm" http://www.carlscorner.us.com/SightWds.htm  HYPERLINK "http://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/topic/recognising-letters-and-words" http://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/topic/recognising-letters-and-words  HYPERLINK "http://havefunteaching.com/videos/language-arts-videos/subject-and-predicate-video/" http://havefunteaching.com/videos/language-arts-videos/subject-and-predicate-video/ Printed Resources: Laubach, Challenger, and Endeavor Series New Beginnings in Reading Reading for Today Thats Life Life Goes On Reading 1.3.7 Discriminate between innate basic punctuation marks, such as the period, comma, apostrophe, question mark, and exclamation point. Punctuation Marks Review basic punctuation with learners Find a way to describe each mark, so learners have a guide for reading aloud. For example: Comma - a pause. Slightly hesitate. This is a comma , Period- a stop, like at a stop light. Take a deep breath before continuing to read. At the end of this sentence you will find a period. . Question mark- your voice rises when you ask a question. Do the same when you see this mark. ? Exclamation mark - this mark is used to emphasize an important point or to catch attention. Sound excited or boldly emphasize the words. ! Read the passage, using inflection, as learners follow along with a copy of the text. Ask learners to read the sentence exactly as you read it. Remember to explain what you are doing and why punctuation is important in guiding through the text. Find the Marks Begin with reading a passage aloud and pointing out punctuation. Ask learners to notice punctuation while reading; they need to read aloud to hear punctuation. Have learners circle, highlight, or mark every period (or comma, or exclamation pointdo one at a time) in a short reading selection Depending on learners level and writing ability, dictate sentences and have learners punctuate based on your tone and inflections; if learners are unable to write, do this as an oral exercisehave learners explain what punctuation mark is used and where. Additional practice: Choose several sentences and have learners rewrite them using different punctuation, then explain how it changes the meaning. Life without Punctuation Remove all punctuation from simple sentences (Teachers-Pet.org has a great macro that does this automatically from a passage youve typed in Word; use a passage youve read before or sentences created from learners word log) Ask learners to insert the correct punctuation If learners struggle, write each punctuation mark on a card they can reference, review the usage, and ask learners to read the sentence aloud and see if they can hear the correct punctuation. Language Experience Approach When learners dictate a passage for a Language Experience Activity (LEA), write the periods VERY LARGE(about the same size as the ball of the letter a) and point them out. When reading the story back to learners, ask them to circle the periods. This lets tutors know learners are following the text, and reminds learners of the function of the period. When learners read the story back, ask them to tap the desk or stamp their foot at each period. When learners copy the story, ask them to double-check every period has been copied. Once learners understand period usage, use this technique for other punctuation marks. Separate the Sentences Using a passage youve worked on before that contains vocabulary learners know, take turns reading the text together (for beginners, a book like In the Valley is great for this exercise). Read sentence by sentence, tutors reading the first sentence, learners reading the next This requires learners to pay attention to the periods, and lets them hear each sentence as a unit. The textmust absolutely be easy to read! Online Resources:  HYPERLINK "http://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/topic/punctuation" http://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/topic/punctuation  HYPERLINK "http://www.teachers-pet.org" www.teachers-pet.org (worksheet generator that removes all punctuation)  HYPERLINK "http://learning.covcollege.ac.uk/content/subs/PCHOKRAN/PCHOKRAN509/LBPW.pdf" http://learning.covcollege.ac.uk/content/subs/PCHOKRAN/PCHOKRAN509/LBPW.pdf  HYPERLINK "http://www.eduplace.com/cgi-bin/hme-quiz-start.cgi?Grade=2&Unit=9&Topic=More+Capitalization+and+Punctuation&x=29&y=12" http://www.eduplace.com/cgi-bin/hme-quiz-start.cgi?Grade=2&Unit=9&Topic=More+Capitalization+and+Punctuation&x=29&y=12  HYPERLINK "http://teacher.scholastic.com/activities/adventure/grammar2.htm#" http://teacher.scholastic.com/activities/adventure/grammar2.htm#  HYPERLINK "http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/clubhouse/index.html" http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/clubhouse/index.html  HYPERLINK "http://www.eduplace.com/cgi-bin/hme-quiz-start.cgi?Grade=4&Unit=5&Topic=Capitalization+and+Punctuation&x=48&y=16" http://www.eduplace.com/cgi-bin/hme-quiz-start.cgi?Grade=4&Unit=5&Topic=Capitalization+and+Punctuation&x=48&y=16 Printed Resources: Power English No Fear Grammar Language Exercises for Adults Capitalization and Punctuation (Primary) Punctuation Plain and Simple Entry to English: A Real-Life Approach Reading 1.3.8 Demonstrate the ability to read and identify real-life text. Sample Calendars Bring in a blank calendar or single month and several fake appointment cards where youve written items like Dr. Jones, Tuesday, February 29th, 3:00 p.m. Use the order of the months and days of the week as context clues for reading. Remind learners to ask themselves if the reading is making sense and go back and reread if parts are confusing Remind them to use the first sound, last sound, and context clues to help them figure out difficult words Ask learners to write information from the appointment cards in the appropriate places on the calendar. Graph It Out Remind learners that graphs are useful tools for organizing and showing information. People can collect data, or information, by taking surveys. Tally charts and bar graphs can help people visualize data, answer questions, and make predictions. Once learners have learned about bar graphs, they will realize that they see them everywhere Have learners look at newspapers, magazines, advertisements, and websites to find different examples of charts and bar graphs. Ask them to bring them to lessons so you can discuss: What do the charts and graphs show? How do graphs help people understand data? Ask learners to share their findings and draw comparisons. This exposes learners to a variety of different graphs and helps them understand the different ways to communicate large amounts of information in a simple and clear way. Create your own bar graph of something of interest to learners (how many words learned in a month, favorite types of foods and frequency eaten, etc.) Maps Discuss the many types of maps that are available, and how they all present specific information. For example, topographical maps show land surfaces, with both natural and manmade features. Political maps focus more on state and national boundaries, capitals, and major cities. Road maps show highways, railroads, airports and other places that might be of interest to people planning a trip. Still other maps focus on population, climate, or natural resources. There are even maps of the ocean that depict the topography of the ocean floor miles beneath the surface. Define atlas. An atlas is a collection of maps that typically give additional information about the social, political, and economic conditions of a region. If you have an atlas available to you, look at it with learners (most libraries have these and there are a few in the CLRC). Once youve reviewed the basics of maps, share a state map, discussing the type of map it is (topographical, political, road, etc.). Use the map to find your town or city, and talk about other places on it that may be familiar to learners. Share a local town map (if you cant find one, print a page from Google Maps). Ask learners to find where they live on the map. Using home as a guide and a local phone book for addresses, have learners locate several other landmarks, such as the bus stop, the town hall, police station, fire station, hospital, parks, and any historic sites. Using the map, have learners explain how to get from place to place, sounding out the road names with prompts as needed. Sign Graphics Use these sheets to create cards for Bingo, Concentration, Go Fish, etc. Discuss the meaning of signs with learners As games are played, ask learners to explain the function of each sign. Tell a story Create a story in which the character encounters safety signs in advance, or make the story up as you go. Cut the sign graphics sheet into individual sign cards Ask learners to listen carefully as you tell the story and to hold up the appropriate sign as the character in the story comes across places where that sign might be found. For example, if you tell learners that Bob is walking to the railroad tracks, learners should hold up the railroad crossing sign. 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