ࡱ>    7  bjbjUU  7|7|[ 2)l666 &&&:pspspshtd{D:m8d.lX' $c &I^&&K''&& a &&Ht 3R:8ps5@? hHt0=0mhl "Ht&r 2~xr .&&Hospitals & Asylums Title 24 US Code Summer Solstice Special prosecution 2003= $1 million Hospitals & Asylums Writing 85 = $100 x 7 essays = $700 Anthony J. Sanders 451 Ludlow Ave. #212, Cincinnati, Ohio 45220,  HYPERLINK "mailto:sanderstony2000@yahoo.com" sanderstony2000@yahoo.com US $50 billion yearly Defense Reduction (DR) United Nations Koffi Annan $500 billion UN Secretary-General v. King Zahir of Afghanistan United States King Sharif of Iraq $400 billion Afghanistan & Iraq Deal ( HYPERLINK "Iraq.doc" AID) + $100 billion US veterans =10 years x $50 billion yr. = $20 billion payment from Spring Equinox 2003 to Summer Solstice 2003 + $10 billion quarterly until Winter Solstice 2012 = $5 billion x 2 nations x 40 quarters + $100 billion US Veterans = $30 billion Troop Retirement Year (TRY): North African Middle Eastern (NAME) US Military Bases for trade to local government + $10 billion yearly US veteran benefit x 7 yr. = $500 billion = $50 billion x 10 yr. United States Congress Chief Justice Rehnquist v. United States President Donald Rumsfield George W. Bush II Secretary of Defense I. Iraq and Rule Music Long Live King Sharif ali bin al Husseini A.  HYPERLINK \l "Perm" New Iraq Constitutional Election ( HYPERLINK "NICE.doc" NICE) of 2003 2 B.  HYPERLINK \l "Dr" US Afghan & Iraq Dead ( HYPERLINK "Iraq.doc" AID) 33 71-139 [relieving] Chapter 3  HYPERLINK \l "CPR" County Poor Relief  ( HYPERLINK "Poor Relief.doc" CPR) 73 24 HAUS Code (3) National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers. 261-270 [releasing] Chapter 6 The Freedmens Hospital 261  HYPERLINK \l "Freed" Death Row ( HYPERLINK "Death Penalty.doc" DR) 98 262  HYPERLINK \l "Rap" A bad rap 116 271-295 & 296 [resting] Chapter 7 National Cemeteries 271-298  HYPERLINK \l "Graves" National Cemeteries 134 434-499 [convicting] Chapter 10 Armed Forces Retirement Home 438  HYPERLINK \l "Court" Bush Kingdom ( HYPERLINK "Bush Kingdom.doc" BK) 153 500-518 [paying] Chapter 11  HYPERLINK \l "MeteorII" $1 Meteors ( HYPERLINK "Perseid Meteors.doc" PM) 186 New Iraq Constitutional Elections Hospitals & Asylums Summer Solstice Permanent Constitution of 2003  HYPERLINK \l "CI" Chapter I The Republic of Iraq  HYPERLINK \l "A1" Article 1 [State Form]  HYPERLINK \l "A2" Article 2 [Authority]   HYPERLINK \l "A3" Article 3 [Ballot]   HYPERLINK \l "A4" Article 4 [Sovereignty, Territory]   HYPERLINK \l "A5" Article 5 [State Religion]  HYPERLINK \l "A6" Article 6 [Nationalities]   HYPERLINK \l "A7" Article 7 [Iraqi Nationality]   HYPERLINK \l "A8" Article 8 [Languages]   HYPERLINK \l "A9" Article 9 [Capitol, Administration]   HYPERLINK \l "A10" Article 10 [Flag]   HYPERLINK \l "CII" Chapter II Social and Economic Foundations of the Iraqi Republic   HYPERLINK \l "A11" Article 11 [Social Solidarity]   HYPERLINK \l "A12" Article 12 [Family, Mothers, Children]   HYPERLINK \l "A13" Article 13 [Economy, Arab Unity]   HYPERLINK \l "A14" Article 14 [Planning]   HYPERLINK \l "A15" Article 15 [Cooperation]   HYPERLINK \l "A16" Article 16 [Public Property]   HYPERLINK \l "A17" Article 17 [Ownership, Private Property]  HYPERLINK \l "A18" Article 18 [Inheritance]  HYPERLINK \l "A19" Article 19 [Foreigners Property]  HYPERLINK \l "A20" Article 20 [Banks and Trusts]  HYPERLINK \l "CIII" Chapter III Fundamental Rights and Duties  HYPERLINK \l "A21" Article 21 [Fundamental Freedom]   HYPERLINK \l "A22E" Article 22 [Right to Equality]  HYPERLINK \l "A23" Article 23 [Right to Protection from Arbitrary Arrest]   HYPERLINK \l "A24" Article 24 [Right to Due Process]   HYPERLINK \l "A25" Article 25 [Right to Legal Penalty and Punishment]   HYPERLINK \l "A26" Article 26 [Right of Warrants]   HYPERLINK \l "A27" Article 27 [Right to Communication]   HYPERLINK \l "A28" Article 28 [Right to Move]  HYPERLINK \l "A29" Article 29 [Expression, Association]   HYPERLINK \l "A30" Article 30 [Right to Education]   HYPERLINK \l "A31" Article 31 [Right to Progress]   HYPERLINK \l "A32" Article 32 [Right to Hold Public Office]   HYPERLINK \l "A33" Article 33 [Right of the Armed Forces]   HYPERLINK \l "A34" Article 34 [Right to Honor Work]   HYPERLINK \l "A35" Article 35 [Right to Cultural Participation]  HYPERLINK \l "A36" Article 36 [Right to Social Security]   HYPERLINK \l "A37" Article 37 [Right to a Fair Trial]  HYPERLINK \l "A38" Article 38 [Right to Petition]  HYPERLINK \l "A39" Article 39 [Right to Association]  HYPERLINK \l "A40" Article 40 [Right to Health]  HYPERLINK \l "A41" Article 41 [Right to Asylum]  HYPERLINK \l "A42" Article 42 [Golden Rule]  HYPERLINK \l "A43" Article 43 [Duties of Children and Parents]  HYPERLINK \l "A44" Article 44 [Duty to Receive Instruction]  HYPERLINK \l "A45" Article 45 [Duty to Vote]  HYPERLINK \l "A46" Article 46 [Duty to Obey the Law]  HYPERLINK \l "A47" Article 47 [ Duty to Community and Nation]  HYPERLINK \l "A48" Article 48 [Duty to Social Security and Welfare]   HYPERLINK \l "A49" Article 49 [Duty to Refrain from Prohibited Political Activity]  HYPERLINK \l "A50" Article 50 [Duty to Pay Taxes]  HYPERLINK \l "CIV" Chapter IV Institutions of the Iraqi Republic   HYPERLINK \l "SI" Section I President of the Republic  HYPERLINK \l "A51" Article 51 [Head of State]  HYPERLINK \l "A52" Article 52 [Competencies]  HYPERLINK \l "A53" Article 53 [Control]  HYPERLINK \l "A54" Article 54 [Oath]  HYPERLINK \l "SII" Section II The Council of Ministers  HYPERLINK \l "A55" Article 55 [Supreme Institution]  HYPERLINK \l "A56" Article 56 [Prime Minister]  HYPERLINK \l "A57" Article 57 [General Competencies]  HYPERLINK \l "A58" Article 58 [Military and Public Safety]   HYPERLINK \l "A59" Article 59 [Foreign Ministry]   HYPERLINK \l "A60" Article 60 [Ministry of Education]  HYPERLINK \l "A61" Article 61 [Ministry of Medicine]  HYPERLINK \l "A62" Article 62 [Ministry of Trade]  HYPERLINK \l "A63" Article 63 [Ministry of Culture]   HYPERLINK \l "A64" Article 64 [Ministry of Information]  HYPERLINK \l "A65" Article 65 [Ministry of Religion]  HYPERLINK \l "A66" Article 66 [Attorney General Executive]   HYPERLINK \l "A67" Article 67 [Ministry of Engineering]  HYPERLINK \l "A68" Article 68 [Oil Ministry]  HYPERLINK \l "A69" Article 69 [Other Ministries]  HYPERLINK \l "A70" Article 70 [Oath]  HYPERLINK \l "SIII" Section III The National Council  HYPERLINK \l "A71" Article 71 [Composition]  HYPERLINK \l "A72" Article 72 [Political Parties]  HYPERLINK \l "A73" Article 73 [Sessions]  HYPERLINK \l "A74" Article 74 [Publicity]  HYPERLINK \l "A75" Article 75 [Indemnity]  HYPERLINK \l "A76" Article 76 [Organization]  HYPERLINK \l "A77" Article 77 [Council of Ministerial Bills]  HYPERLINK \l "A78" Article 78 [Presidential Bills]   HYPERLINK \l "A79" Article 79 [National Council Bills]  HYPERLINK \l "A80" Article 80 [Debate]  HYPERLINK \l "SIV" Section IV Justice  HYPERLINK \l "A81" Article 81 [Independence, Recourse]   HYPERLINK \l "A82" Article 82 [Constitutional Court]  HYPERLINK \l "A83" Article 83 [Election of Justice]   HYPERLINK \l "A84" Article 84 [Competencies of the Court a-z]  HYPERLINK \l "A85" Article 85 [Rules of Practice]  HYPERLINK \l "A86" Article 86 [Prosecution]  HYPERLINK \l "SV" Section V Monarchy  HYPERLINK \l "A87" Article 87 [The Crown]  HYPERLINK \l "CV" Chapter V General Provisions  HYPERLINK \l "A88" Article 88 [Council of Ministers] HYPERLINK \l "A89"Article 89 [Permanent Constitution]   HYPERLINK \l "A90" Article 90 [Publication of Laws]   HYPERLINK \l "A91" Article 91 [In the Name of the People]  HYPERLINK \l "A92" Article 92 [Continuity of the Law]  HYPERLINK \l "A93" Article 93 [Promulgation, Publication]   HYPERLINK \l "A94" Article 94 [Amending the Law]   HYPERLINK \l "A95" Article 95 [Social Welfare]   HYPERLINK \l "A96" Article 96 [Community]   HYPERLINK \l "A97" Article 97 [Identification]  HYPERLINK \l "A98" Article 98 [Prohibition of Slavery]  HYPERLINK \l "A99" Article 99 [Ratification]  HYPERLINK \l "A100" Article 100 [Implementation] Chapter I The Republic of Iraq Article 1 [State Form] New Iraq is a Constitutional Estate governed by the People, for the People, in a Democratic Republican fashion whereby all Iraqis have the right to write and the duty to contribute to the Society. Article 2 [Authority] The people are the source of authority and its legitimacy. Article 3 [Ballot] Political candidates publicly elected and public issues decided in public elections that take place on the Fall Equinox. (a) Voters are registered to vote at a polling station in their neighborhood and may file their vote in absentia through the mail. (b) The ballot is secret and counted electronically. (c) To get on the national ballot a candidate or issue must have 25,000 signatures. (d) To get on a state or local ballot a candidate or issue must have 10,000 signatures. (e) The Prime Ministry registers all candidates and issues for the ballot when they demonstrate adequate public support by providing the required number of signatures and reports election results to the public on the evening of the Fall Equinox. (f) Special elections can be called on the Spring Equinox, Summer Solstice and Winter Solstice for 50,000 signatures or by the decision of 2/3 of the Council of Ministers or Iraqi National Council. Article 4 [Sovereignty, Territory] (a) The sovereignty of Iraq is that of a peaceful country co-operating with the United Nations. (b) The territory of Iraq is an indivisible entity of which no part can be ceded or changed without the consent of 2/3 of the Iraqi National Council and the majority of the affected people voting on the public ballot to get the signature of the President to make such an alteration the law. (c) Iraq is organized into 18 provinces: Al Anbar, Al Basrah, Al Muthanna, Al Qadisiyah, An Najaf, Arbil, As Sulaymaniyah, At Ta'mim, Babil, Baghdad, Dahuk, Dhi Qar, Diyala, Karbala', Maysan, Ninawa, Salah ad Din, Wasit. Article 5 [State Religion] (a) Islam is the religion of the State. (b) Iraq tolerates all religions. (c) All organized religions shall appoint representatives to the Ministry of Religion. (d) Discrimination on the basis of religion is prohibited. Article 6 [Nationalities] (a) Iraq is a part of the Arab Nation. (b) The Iraqi People are composed of two principal nationalisms: the Arab Nationalism and the Kurdish Nationalism. (c) This Constitution acknowledges the national rights of the Kurdish People and the legitimate rights of all minorities within the Iraqi unity. Article 7 [Iraqi Nationality] The Iraqi nationality is regulated by the law. (a) All people born in Iraq are given Iraqi citizenship. (b) Iraqi citizens are permitted dual-citizenship with other countries. (c) People legally residing in Iraq for 5 years may apply for Iraqi citizenship. (d) People marrying an Iraqi and living in Iraq for 1 year may become Iraqi citizens. Article 8 [Languages] (a) Arabic is the official language. (b) The Kurdish language is official, besides Arabic, in the Kurdish Region. (c) English is required as a second language beginning with the 4th Grade. (d) Arabic is required from the 3rd Grade in the Kurdish Region. (e) Kurdish is taught from the 5th Grade the Arabic Region. Article 9 [Capitol, Administration] (a) Baghdad is the Capital of the Iraqi Republic (b) The Iraqi Republic is administrated by the 18 Provincial Capitals. Article 10 [Flag] The Flag of the Iraqi Republic is composed by three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with three green five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band; the phrase ALLAHU AKBAR (God is Great) in green Arabic script - Allahu to the right of the middle star and Akbar to the left of the middle star, its design is regulated by law. Chapter II Social and Economic Foundations of the Iraqi Republic Article 11 [Social Solidarity] Social solidarity is the first foundation for the Society. Its essence is that every citizen accomplishes his duty in full, and that the Society guarantees the citizen's rights and liberties in full. Article 12 [Family, Mothers, Children] Family is the nucleus of the Society. The State secures its protection and support, and ensures maternal, child, health care and education. During the three months prior to childbirth, women shall not perform physical labor that requires excessive material effort. In the month following childbirth they shall necessarily enjoy the benefit of rest and shall receive their full wages and retain their employment and the rights acquired under their labor contract. During the nursing period they shall have two special rest periods each day, of a half hour each, for nursing their infants. Article 13 [Economy, Arab Unity] The State assumes the responsibility for planning, directing and steering the national economy for the purpose of: (a) Establishing the economy on the scientific and legal foundations of socialism. (b) Realizing the Arab economic unity. (c) Promoting private enterprise. (d) Monitoring the economy. (e) Alleviating poverty. (f) Ensuring that human rights standards are upheld throughout the Arab Unity. (g) Ensuring a general equality of wages and gross domestic product throughout the Arab Unity. (h) Harmonizing the laws with regional economic realities and principles. (i) Upholding regional anti-dumping standards. (j) Protecting small businesses and intellectual property rights. Article 14 [Planning] National resources and basic means of production are owned by the People. They are directly invested by the government of the Republic of Iraq that is responsible for the general planning of the national economy in accordance with the law of supply and demand. Article 15 [Cooperation] The State secures, encourages, and supports all types of cooperation in production, distribution, and consumption. Article 16 [Public Property] Public ownership and properties of the Public Sector are inviolable. Any sabotage to it or aggression against it, is considered as sabotage and aggression against the entity of the Society. Article 17 [Ownership, Private Property] (a) Ownership is a social function, to be exercised within the objectives of the Society and the plans of the State, according to stipulations of the law. (b) Private ownership and economic individual liberty are guaranteed according to the law, and on the basis of not exercising them in a manner incompatible with economic and general planning. (c) Private property is not expropriated except for considerations of public interest and for just compensation in accordance with the law. (d) Agricultural property is prescribed by the law; the surplus is owned by the People who may join together in co-operative agricultural ventures to purchase the surplus for sale to the market. Article 18 [Inheritance] Inheritance is a guaranteed right, regulated by the will of the deceased and the law that ensures that the wealth is equitably administrated amongst family members on a basis of dignity and need. Article 19 [Foreigners' Property] (a) Foreign embassies and international organizations are welcome in Iraq with the permission of the Iraqi Foreign Ministry. (b) Immobile ownership by non-Iraqi is regulated and prohibited by the Foreign Ministry. (c) Foreign military bases are strictly prohibited as foreign exchange soldiers must live on Iraqi military bases in Peace with the Iraqi soldiers operating the base as permitted by 2/3 of the Iraqi National Council. Foreign soldiers are expelled the moment they commit any crimes or murders. Article 20 [Banks and Trusts] (a) banks are regulated to serve the public in accordance with national law. (b) banks are competent administrators of government trusts. (c) the finances of the national, provincial and local governments are administrated by means of trust funds established in a bank in accordance with the law and the proceeds of taxation and other incomes. (d) the trustees of government accounts are democratically elected officials of the national, provincial or local government who may alter the administration of the trust fund only through the passage of law in the national, provincial or local council or appropriate court. (e) trusts are a viable method for administrating any legal settlement or business. Chapter III Fundamental Rights and Duties Article 21 [Foundation of Freedom] All people are born free and equal, in dignity and in rights, and, being endowed by nature with reason and conscience, they should conduct themselves as brothers and sisters to one to another. The fulfillment of duty by each individual is a prerequisite to the rights of all. Rights and duties are interrelated in every social and political activity of men and women. While rights exalt individual liberty, duties express the dignity of that liberty. Duties of a juridical nature presuppose others of a moral nature, which support them in principle and constitute their basis. Inasmuch as spiritual development is the supreme end of human existence and the highest expression thereof, it is the duty of the people to serve that end with all their strength and resources. Since culture is the highest social and historical expression of that spiritual development, it is everyones duty to preserve, practice and foster culture by every means within his power. And, since moral conduct constitutes the noblest flowering of culture, it is the duty of the people to hold it in high respect. Article 22 [Right to Equality] (a) Citizens are equal before the law, without discrimination because of sex, blood, language, social origin, age, disability, illiteracy or religion. (b) Equal opportunities are guaranteed to all citizens, according to the law. Article 23 [Right of Protection from Arbitrary Arrest] No person may be deprived of his liberty except in the cases and according to the procedures established by pre-existing law. No person may be deprived of liberty for non-fulfillment of obligations of a purely civil character. Every individual who has been deprived of his liberty has the right to have the legality of his detention ascertained without delay by a court, and the right to be tried without undue delay or, otherwise, to be released. He also has the right to humane treatment during the time he is in custody. Article 24 [Right to Due Process of Law] (a) An accused is presumed to be innocent, until proved guilty at a legal trial. (b) The right of defense is sacred, in all stages of proceedings and prosecution. (c) Courts sessions swiftly provide impartial and public hearings in accordance with existing laws. (d) Criminal records are expunged after 5 years and published as historic documents. Article 25 [Right to Legal Penalty and Punishment] (a) Penalty is personal. (b) There can be no crime, nor punishment, except in conformity with the law. No penalty shall be imposed, except for acts punishable by the law, while they are committed. A severer penalty than that prescribed by the law, when the act was committed, cannot be inflicted. (c) Cruel, infamous and unusual punishment is prohibited. (d) Reasonable fines, bonds and bails shall be issued by the court to make the law affordable. (e) The Death Penalty is Prohibited. Article 26 [Right to Warrants] (a) Dignity is safeguarded. It is prohibited for the police to cause any physical or psychological harm. (b) It is inadmissible to arrest a person, to stop him, to imprison him or to search him, except in accordance with the rules of the law expressed in the warrant. (c) Homes have their sanctity. It is inadmissible to enter or search them, except in accordance with the rules of the law dictated in a search warrant. (d) Crimes of the police force are tried in courts of law where their conduct, impeachment, fines and imprisonment may be considered for the purpose of administering equal protection under the laws. Article 27 [Right to Communication] (a) The government regulates the postal and telecommunication industry. (b) The government postal service delivers mail throughout the nation of Iraq at rates established by law. (c) In no circumstances shall the delivery of the mail, telegram or telephone service be prohibited by government officials or any other entity. (d) The postal service may inspect suspicious parcels in a postal office trial with the recipient. Article 28 [Right to Move] (a) It is inadmissible to prevent Iraqi citizens from departure from the Country or returning to it, nor to restrict his moves or residence in the Country, except in cases laid down by the law. (b) Prisoners may choose their prison to remain close to family and friends or to flee torture. (c) House arrest or treatment programs are alternative to imprisonment. (d) People forced to move as the result of a government decision are compensated so that they can afford to move. Article 29 [Expression, Association] The Constitution guarantees the fundamental freedoms of speech, opinion, press, publication, mass media, meeting, demonstration and formation of political parties, syndicates, and societies. Article 30 [Right to Education] Education has the objective of raising and developing the general educational level, promoting scientific thinking, animating the research spirit, to provide the greatest amount of economic and social evolution to create a national, liberal and progressive generation, strong physically, morally and mentally, knowledgeable of Iraqi people, homeland and heritage, aware of all their national rights, and proudly upholding the struggle against poverty, injustice, and imperialism for the purpose of realizing Middle Eastern unity, equality, liberty and freedom. (a) the State shall ensure that there is adequate funding to guarantee the right of education in public schools, free of charge, in primary, secondary, and university stages, for all citizens. (b) Education is compulsory until the 10th grade. (c) The practical curriculum of vocational and trade schools includes reading, writing and arithmetic. (d) The State guarantees the freedom of scientific research by encouraging and rewarding excellence in all mental, scientific, legal and artistic activities and all aspects of popular excellence. (e) The State shall make every effort to make education profitable for both students and teachers. Article 31 [Right to Progress] The State undertakes to make available, the means of enjoying the achievements of modernization, by the popular masses and to generalize the progressive accomplishments of contemporary civilization on all citizens. The State also recognizes the progress of individuals and rewards Iraqis for their professional degrees, inventions, books, public work and reform. Article 32 [Right to Hold Public Office] (a) Public office is a sacred confidence and a social service; its essence is the honest and conscious obligation to the interests of the masses, their rights and liberties, in accordance with the rules of the constitution, the laws and the opinions expressed by individuals. (b) Equality in the appointment for public offices is guaranteed by the law. (c) Public officials must respond to correspondence and may retain a staff to respond to the people. (d) Public officials shall hold regular press conferences. (e) Public offices must publish their work for the scrutiny of the people and the State. Article 33 [Right of the Armed Forces] (a) The defense of the homeland is a sacred duty and honor for the citizens; conscription is compulsory and compensated as regulated by the law. Conscripts are trained and shall not be forced to serve more than 1 year and be granted a college scholarship in return for their service. Career soldiers are expected to reach high levels of educational attainment and obey the law. (b) Armed Forces belong to the State and are entrusted with ensuring security, defending independence, protecting the safety and integrity of the people and territory, accomplishing public projects, responding to national emergencies and publishing national maps. (c) The State alone establishes the Armed Forces. No other organization or group is entitled to establish military or para-military formations. (e) The Armed Forces are strictly prohibited from abusing their power and are prosecuted by Iraqi courts for crimes committed in violation to the law. (f) The Armed Forces do their utmost to avoid violence by promoting dialogue and litigation between factions. Article 34 [Right to Honor Work] (a) Work is a right, which is ensured to be available for every able citizen. (b) Work is an honor and a sacred duty for every able citizen, and is indispensable by the necessity to participate in building the society, protecting it, and realizing its evolution and prosperity. (c) The State undertakes to improve the conditions of work, and raise the standard of living, experience, and culture for all working citizens by guaranteeing a minimum wage and limiting the work day to 8 hours with at least one day of rest each week. (d) The State undertakes to provide the largest scale of social securities for all citizens, in cases of sickness, disability, unemployment, or aging. (e) The State undertakes to elaborate the plan to secure the means necessary, to enable the working citizens to pass their two week of vacation yearly in an atmosphere, which enables them to improve their health standard, and to promote their cultural and artistic talents. (f) The State undertakes to guarantee a safe and healthy work environment. Article 35 [Right to Cultural Participation] Every person has the right to take part in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts, and to participate in the benefits that result from intellectual progress, especially scientific discoveries. They have right to protection of their moral and material interests with regards to their inventions or any literary, scientific or artistic works of which they are the author. Article 36 [Right to Social Security] Every person has the right to social security benefits from the State which will protect them from the consequences of unemployment, old age, and any disabilities arising from causes beyond their control that make it physically or mentally impossible for him to earn a living. Every Iraqi citizen is guaranteed a social security number on their license. Every Iraqi citizen has the right to relief from welfare rates established by the Iraqi National Council to ensure that everybody has an income that pays room and board. Article 37 [Right to a Fair Trial] Every person may resort to the courts to ensure respect for his legal rights. There should likewise be available a simple, brief procedure whereby the courts will protect him from acts of authority that violate any fundamental constitutional rights due to prejudice. Article 38 [Right to Petition] Every person has the right to submit respectful petitions to any competent authority, for reasons of either general or private interest and the right to obtain a prompt decision thereon. Article 39 [Right to Association] Every person has the right to associate with others to promote, exercise and protect their legitimate interests of a political, economic, religious, social, cultural, professional, labor union or other nature. Article 40 [ Right to Health] (a) The State assumes the responsibility to safeguard the public health by continually expanding free medical services for the prevention and treatment of disease and providing medicine to hospitals and medical societies in both cities and rural areas as needed. (b) Employers are expected to invest in health insurance for their employees so that the state can afford to pay for the medical treatment of the poor. (c) The Ministry of Medicine shall ensure that the medical establishment is adequately funded and maintains international standards. (d) Hospitals and medical offices shall be regularly inspected by the State. (e) Public medical records must be kept of every patient. Article 41 [Right to Asylum] Every person has the right, in case of pursuit not resulting from ordinary crimes, to seek and receive asylum in foreign territory, in accordance with the laws of each country and with international agreements; wherefore, (a) The Iraqi Republic grants the right of political asylum for all Iraqis persecuted in foreign countries. (b) The Iraqi Republic grants the right of political asylum for all foreign people, persecuted in their countries for their spirited defense of the liberal and human principles in this Constitution. (c) The extradition of political refugees is prohibited without the consent of the Constitutional Court. Article 42 [Golden Rule] It is the duty of the individual so to conduct them self in relation to others as they wish to be treated themselves. Article 43 [Duties of Children and Parents] It is the duty of every person to aid, support, educate and protect his minor children, and it is the duty of children to honor their parents always and to aid, support and protect them when they need it. Article 44 [Duty to Receive Instruction] It is the duty of every person to acquire at least an elementary education. Article 45 [Duty to Vote] It is the duty of every person to vote in the popular elections of the country and community of which he is a national and local, when he is legally capable of doing so. Article 46 [Duty to Obey the Law] It is the duty of every person to obey the law and other legitimate commands of the authorities of the country. Article 47 [Duty to Community and Nation] It is the duty of every able-bodied person to render whatever civil and military service their country may require for its defense and preservation, and, in case of public disaster, to render such services as may be in their power. It is likewise their duty to hold any public office to which they may be elected by popular vote in the state of which they are a national. Article 48 [Duty to Social Security and Welfare] It is the duty of every person to cooperate with the state and the community with respect to social security and welfare, in accordance with their income and with existing circumstances Article 49 [Duty to Refrain from Prohibited Political Activity] It is the duty of every person to refrain from taking part in political activities that, according to law, are reserved exclusively to the citizens of the state in which they are an alien. Every person must also refrain from joining any armed rebellion or criminal pact against the state in which they are a citizen. Article 50 [Duty to Pay Taxes] Payment of taxes is the duty of every citizen. Taxes cannot be imposed, nor modified, nor levied, except by a law that shall take income into consideration by excusing the poor without being overly punitive to the wealthy. The purpose of taxation is to afford the Iraqi infrastructure and provide goods and services for the poor. Chapter IV Institutions of the Iraqi Republic Section I President of the Republic Article 51 [Head of State] (a) The President of the Republic is elected by the People of Iraq to serve as the Head of the State and the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, and he exercises the Executive Authority directly or by the assistance of his Deputies and Ministers, according to the rules of the Constitution. (b) The President of the Republic issues those decrees necessary for exercising his competencies stipulated in this Constitution. (c) The President is elected for 7 year terms. (d) The President is assisted by two Vice-Presidents who are independently elected in the popular elections when their 7 year term expires. Article 52 [Competencies] The President of the Republic exercises the following competencies: (a) Appointing deputies, promoting and terminating military and civil services, placing them on disponibility, and granting badges of honor and military grades, according to the law. (b) Preserving the independence of the Country, its territorial integrity, safeguarding its internal and external security, and protecting the rights and liberties of all citizens. (c) Declaring the state of total and partial emergency and ending it according to the law. (d) Nominating the Vice-Presidents of the Republic and relieving them of their posts. (e) Elaborating the draft general State budget, the independent and investment budgets annexed to it, and ratifying the final accounts of these budgets and referring them to the National Council to discuss them. (f) Preparing the general plan of the State in all economic and social affairs, elaborated by competent Ministries and referring it to the National Council. (g) Contracting and granting loans, supervising the organization and administration of money and credit. (h) Supervising all the deputies, public officials, public utilities, official and quasi-official organizations and public sector organizations. (i) Directing and controlling the work of Ministries and public organizations and coordinating them. (j) Conducting negotiations and concluding agreements and international treaties. (k) Accepting the diplomatic and international representatives in Iraq and demanding their withdrawal. (l) Appointing and accrediting the Iraqi diplomatic representatives in Arab and foreign Capitals and in international conferences and organizations. (m) Issuing special amnesty and prosecuting all judgments of capital punishment. (n) Supervising the good enforcement of the Constitution, the laws, decisions, judicial judgments, and developmental plans in all parts of the Iraqi Republic. (o) Signing all laws approved by the National Council and Council of Ministers for publication in the Official Gazette. (p) Calling meetings of the Council of Minister, National Council, or Constitutional Court (q) Conferring some of these constitutional competencies to one or more deputies or institutions. Article 53 [Control] Vice-Presidents of the Republic and Ministers are responsible for their functions before the President of the Republic. The President has the right to bring any of them to trial according to the rules of Constitution, for functional errors committed, for exploiting the authority, or for misusing it. Article 54 [Oath] Vice-President of the Republic, Prime Minister, Ministers and Justices of the Constitutional Court take the following oath before the President of the Republic, before assuming the responsibilities of their functions: "I swear by God Almighty, by my honor and by my faith to preserve the Iraqi system, to commit myself to its Constitution and laws, to look after the independence of the Country, its security and territorial integrity, and to do my best earnestly and sincerely to realize the objectives of the People." Section II The Council of Ministers Article 55 [Supreme Institution] The Council of Ministers is the supreme institution of Iraq with the responsibility to realize the public will of the people through the administration of law and democracy. The Council of Ministers replaces the Revolutionary Command Council as the supreme institution of the State. The Revolutionary Command Council assumed the responsibility to realize the public will of the people on 17 July 1968 and was overthrown in an unjust war by the United States of America in Spring 2003. The Council of Ministers shall begin administrating the New Iraq Constitutional Estate in accordance with this constitution on the Summer Solstice and Fall Equinox Elections of 2003. (a) The President, the Vice-President, Prime Minister or one third of the Ministers can call a meeting of the Council of Ministers. Meetings held are presided by the President, Prime Minister, or the Vice-Presidents and are attended by the majority of the members or summoned Minister(s). (b) Meetings and debates of the Council of Ministers are closed. Decisions of the Council are declared, published and communicated to the National Council for review and publication in the Official Gazette. (c) Laws and decisions are ratified in the Council by the majority of its members, except otherwise stipulated by the Constitution. (d) Ministers hold their office for 5 years when they must face re-election. (e) At the inception Ministers shall face election as a qualified candidate steps forth with 25,000 signatures and no less than 1,000 pages of research to create a staggered election process so that only a minority of Ministers is held for election in any given year. The Prime Minister shall organize these elections. Article 56 [Prime Minister] The Prime Minister shall exercise the following powers: (a) Chairing the council of ministers (b) Representing the council before the president and other branches of government (c) Exercising vigilance over the implementation of laws and regulations (d) Signing executive and organizational decrees (e) Exercising vigilance on the proper administration of the state (f) Coordinating governmental work (g) Proposing draft laws (h) Chairing the council of ministers except for those meetings where the president is present. (e) Elaborating its internal rules of procedure, determining its competencies, ratifying its budget, appointing its officials, determining rewards and remunerations of the President, the Vice-President, its Ministers and all public officials. (i) Elaborating the rules regarding the procedure for the prosecution of its members in co-operation with the Constitutional Court. (j) Elaborating the periodic reports of the several ministries. (k) Nomination of new Ministers for public election. (l) Foundation of Ministries not directly mentioned in this Constitution may request the Constitutional Court and 2/3 of the National Council and Council of Ministers to Amend this Constitution. (m) Ratifying the draft general budget of the state, ministerial, independent and investment budgets annexed to it, and ratifying final accounts approved by the National Council. (n) Supervising the elections to ensure the fairness of candidates and issues on the ballot. (o) Supervising the public elections of the 18 provinces in co-operation with the provincial councils. (p) Paying to ensure that the Fall Equinox Election ballots are publicly cast and impartially counted. Article 57 [General Competencies] In cooperation with the president, the council of ministers shall have competencies as follows: (a) Designing public policy within the bounds of its competence and in light of the ministerial program as approved. (b) Implementing public policy as established. (c) Preparing the draft public budget to be presented to the National Council for approval. (d) Organizing, governing, and supervising the offices, agencies, and institutions of the state at their various levels. (e) Executing laws and regulations and safeguarding compliance with them. (f) Overseeing and supervising the work and election of the ministries, offices, industries, and agencies. (g) Discussing proposals and plans of each ministry as well as its policies in the field of execution of its competencies. (h) Establishing the organization of administrative formations to present them to the National Council for approval. (i) The council of ministers shall prepare and issue the organizational decrees and regulations necessary for the procedures of executing the implementation of the laws. (j) Any other competencies granted by virtue of the provisions of the constitution or the law. (k) Reviewing and issuing monthly reports published by the Ministries. (l) Levying taxes as directed by law. Article 58 [Military and Public Safety] 1. The Ministry of Military and Public Safety is competent with the 2/3 consent of the Council of Ministers and National Council to get the signature of the President to: (a) Ratify matters of the Ministry of Defense and Public Safety, elaborating the laws and making decisions in whatever Ministry concerns them from the point of view of organization and competence. (b) Declare the public mobilization totally or partially, declaring the war, accepting the truce, and concluding the peace fully conscious that the Nation of Iraq does not attack other nations. (c) Draft the Ministerial Budget. (d) Draft legislation regarding the Military and Public Safety (e) Take the yearly and decennial census. 2. The day to day administration of the Ministry of Military and Public Safety involves: (a) Hiring and disciplining soldiers. (b) Educating and organizing soldiers. (c) Publicly disclosing all information regarding the Iraqi military. (d) Paying veterans benefits and maintaining the reserve. (e) Honoring contracts for public work and security. (f) Funding military research on the basis of social responsibility. (g) Publishing the official maps of the Republic of Iraq. (h) Conducting census, unarmed, in accordance with the research requests of the Council and Court. (i) publishing the monthly report. Article 59 [Foreign Ministry] 1. The Foreign Ministry is competent with 2/3 consent of the Council of Ministers and National Assembly to get the signature of the president to: (a) Ratify treaties and international agreements. (b) Draft the Ministerial Budget. (c) Found Iraqi embassies and consulates around the world. (d) Admit foreign embassies and consulates to the nation of Iraq. (e) Appoint ambassadors to foreign states and the United Nations. 2. The day to day administration of the Foreign Ministry involves: (a) Granting asylum to political refugees. (b) Preparing investigate reports on human rights in Iraq and abroad. (c) Preparing official statements to the United Nations. (d) Licensing international scholars for the Iraqi Foreign Service. (e) Approving of international investments and large purchases of foreigner. (f) Promoting foreign exchange programs. (g) Publishing the monthly report. Article 60 [Ministry of Education] 1. The Ministry of Education is competent with 2/3 of the National Council and Council of Ministers to get the signature of the President to: (a) Draft the Ministerial Budget. (b) Draft law to expand upon the education public library, computerization and internet system in Iraq. 2. The day to day administration of the Minister of Education involves: (a) Supervising educational organizations and curricula. (b) Granting assistance to students, teachers and schools. (c) Awarding outstanding students, teachers and schools. (d) Licensing teachers and schools. (e) Purchasing and indexing required textbooks for all grade levels and degrees. (f) Ensuring yearly and professional competency exams meet international standards. (g) Founding schools and elected school boards in co-operation with local government taxation. (h) Funding academic research. (i) Keeping accurate census of students, teachers and schools. (j) Publishing the monthly report. Article 61 [Ministry of Medicine] 1. The Ministry of Medicine is competent with 2/3 of the Council of Ministers and National Assembly to get the signature of the President to: (a) Draft the Ministerial Budget (b) Draft law benefiting the Iraqi medical establishment and patient population. 2. The day to day administration of the Ministry of Medicine involves: (a) Licensing doctors, nurses and hospitals. (b) Publishing and funding medical research and scholarship. (c) Regularly inspecting hospitals and medical offices. (d) Paying for the medical care of the un-insured and insuring government employee (e) Stockpiling and distributing pharmaceutical drugs and medical supplies. (f) Reporting the disease and mortality rates of the Nation of Iraq to the World Health Organization. (g) Supporting local health inspectors to investigate public buildings and epidemiology. (h) Founding hospitals in co-operation with the taxation and demands of the local government. (i) Encouraging employers to buy health insurance for their employees. (j) Keeping accurate census of the Hospitals & Asylums Patient Population Yearly. (k) Promoting medical education and practical experience. (l) Approving pharmaceutical drugs and medical procedures for use in the Republic of Iraq. (m) Publishing the monthly report. Article 62 [Ministry of Trade] 1. The Ministry of Trade is competent with 2/3 of the National Council and Council of Ministers to get the signature of the President to: (a) Draft the Ministerial Budget. (b) Draft law to benefit and regulate Iraqi trade, banking, financing, economy and stock market. 2. The day to day administration of the Ministry of Trade involves: (a) Supervising and taxing international and domestic trade fairly and in accordance with law. (b) Printing Iraqi currency. (c) Regulating and monitoring the banks. (d) Licensing Iraqi corporations. (e) Taxing incomes exceeding the poverty level as determined by law. (f) Funding research promoting the stability and growth of the Iraqi economy. (g) Reporting the status of the Iraqi economy to the United Nations and public. (h) Keeping accurate labor statistics. (i) Setting the minimum wage. (j) Ensuring healthy and happy places of work. (k) Publishing the monthly report. Article 63 [Ministry of Culture] 1. The Ministry of Culture is competent with 2/3 of the Council of Ministers and National Council to get the signature of the President to: (a) Draft the Ministerial Budget (b) Draft laws protecting agriculture, tourism, festivals, traditions, history, tribes and Babylonian ruins in the Republic of Iraq. 2. The day to day administration of the Ministry of Culture involves: (a) Supervising agricultural co-operation, development and marketing. (b) Promoting public festivals in co-operation with the local government. (b) Licensing agricultural engineers, anthropologists, museum curators and historians. (c) Promoting Iraqi museums and archeological sites. (d) Promoting tourism to Iraq. (e) Promoting tribal and local governments to better co-operate with the national government. (f) Funding agricultural, anthropologic, historical and cultural research. (g) Publishing information for tourists. (h) Helping to fund public art, statues and fountains. (i) Keeping accurate agricultural statistics. (j) Publishing the monthly report. Article 64 [Ministry of Information] 1. The Ministry of Information is competent with 2/3 of the Council of Ministers and National Council to get the signature of the President to: (a) Draft the Ministerial budget. (b) Draft laws promoting the freedom of information, information technology and the press. 2. The day to day administration of the Ministry of Information involves: (a) licensing journalists, Internet servers, newspaper, publishers, television, and radio stations. (b) making official statements to the public regarding the decisions of the government. (c) organizing press conferences for government officials. (d) publishing and distributing reports, binding books and making documentaries about the government and Republic of Iraq. (e) ensuring that all government offices have web-sites. (f) funding information technology and investigative reporting. (g) publishing the monthly report. Article 65 [Ministry of Religion] 1. The Ministry of Religion is competent with 2/3 of the Council of Ministers and National Council to get the signature of the President to: (a) Draft the ministerial budget. (b) Draft laws protecting the freedom of religion, religious institutions and religious traditions. 2. The day to day administration of the Ministry of Religion involves: (a) Promoting diverse religious traditions, leadership and scholarship. (b) Ensuring that all religions flourish in Iraq without political or religious persecution. (c) Entertaining representatives from the several organized religions in Iraq and abroad. (d) Housing all religious books, hymnals and scholarship in the Ministry library. (e) Promoting and funding charitable traditions amongst religious institutions. (f) Ensuring that there are funds for the upkeep of religious institutions and holy sites. (g) Licensing religious leaders. (h) Honoring diverse religions with full time representatives to the Ministry of Religion. (i) Publishing the monthly report Article 66 [Attorney General Executive] 1. The Attorney General Executive is competent with 2/3 of the Council of Ministers and Constitutional Court to get the signature of the President to: (a) Draft the Ministerial Budget. (b) Draft law to reform the Iraqi police, jails, attorneys, judges and justices. 2. The day to day administration of the Attorney General involves: (a) Representing the Nation of Iraq in national and international litigation. (b) Settling in behalf of the Nation Iraq. (c) Licensing attorneys. (d) Indexing the litigation of the Constitutional Court and Court of Cassation. (e) Conducting census and inspecting the nations jails and prisons. (f) Supervising the attorney generals and prosecutions in the 18 provinces. (g) Freeing prisoners. (h) Forfeiting prisons. (i) Collecting fines. (j) Investigating felonies and misdemeanors. (k) Supervising the police force. (l) Funding legal research. (m)Ensuring that prisons maintain human rights standards and refrain from the death penalty and torture. (n) Publishing the monthly report. (o) Reporting to the International Court of Justice and International Criminal Court. Article 67 [Ministry of Engineering] 1. The Ministry of Engineering is competent with 2/3 of the Council of Ministers and National Council to get the signature of the President to: (a) Draft the Ministerial Budget. (b) Draft laws regulating the building code, civil engineering, environmental engineering, chemical engineering and other fields of engineering such as city planning. 2. The day to day administration of the Ministry of Engineering involves: (a) Licensing engineers and architects to maintain international educational standard (b) Contracting with engineers to design and build projects for the Government of Iraq. (c) Designing and maintaining the highways and roads in Iraq. (d) Designing and maintaining bridges in Iraq. (e) Planning the development and maintenance of cities and towns. (f) Inspecting public and private buildings with the local government to ensure that they are up to code. (g) Environmental planning to irrigate and fertilize arid regions for agriculture and green space. (h) Patenting and licensing distributors of useful chemicals. (i) Funding research on engineering topics particularly city and environmental planning. (j) Planning and maintaining the sewers and utilities serving the Republic of Iraq. (k) Publishing the monthly report. Article 68 [Oil Ministry] 1. The Oil Ministry is competent with 2/3 of the Council of Ministers and National Council to get the signature of the President to: (a) Draft the Ministerial budget. (b) Draft laws regulating the oil industry and its taxation. 2. The day to day administration of the Oil Ministry involves: (a) licensing and regulating oil, drilling, refining and transportation companies. (b) representing Iraq to OPEC. (c) funding geologic research and investigative drilling to tap the vast oil reserves of Iraq. (d) ensuring that oil revenues are taxed to benefit the Iraqi people. (e) ensure that revenues from the UN Oil for Food Program are spent in humanitarian relief. Article 69 [Other Ministries] Other Ministries may be established by 2/3 of the combined Council of Ministers and National Council the signature of the President. The Constitutional Court must be called upon to amend the Constitution in recognition of the new ministry. Organizations are expected to operate as offices within the existing Ministries until such a time when they can declare independence in the Constitution. Article 70 [Oath] The President, Vice-President and Ministers take the following oath before the Council of Ministers: "I swear by God Almighty, by my honor and by my faith to preserve the Republican system, to commit myself to its Constitution and laws, to look after the independence of the Country, its security and territorial integrity and to do my best earnestly and sincerely to realize the objectives of the Arab Nation for Unity, Peace, Freedom and Socialism." Article 71 [Immunity] The President, Vice-President, Ministers and Justices enjoy full immunity from prosecution and shall not fear criminal trials initiated by the people to determine criminal facts and trends that the leader must remedy and pay for to the satisfaction of the Constitutional Court or be removed from their office with the consent of the combined 2/3 vote of the National Council and Council of Ministers. Other public officials can likewise be investigated by anybody in any competent court for similar review by the local council should the court wish to publicize the issue. Section III The National Council Article 71 [Composition] The National Council is composed of 250 democratically elected People's representatives from various political, geographic, economic, and social sectors. Its formation, membership, work procedures, and its jurisdiction are determined by a special law, called the National Council Law. Article 72 [Political Parties] There are 8 political parties in Iraq 1.  HYPERLINK "http://www.bndp.net/" Bet-Nahrain Democratic Party 2.  HYPERLINK "http://www.iraqcmm.org/" Constitutional Monarchy Movement 3.  HYPERLINK "http://www.iraqcp.org/" Al-Hizb al-Shuyu'i al-'Iraqi (Iraqi Communist Party) 4.  HYPERLINK "http://www.idu.net/" Iraqi Democratic Union 5.  HYPERLINK "http://www.iraq21.org/" Party of the New Republic 6.  HYPERLINK "http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Rhodes/4353/" Party of the New Rise 7.  HYPERLINK "http://www.wpiraq.org/" Worker Communist Party of Iraq 8.  HYPERLINK "http://www.inc.org.uk" Iraqi National Congress Article 73 [Sessions] The National Council is held in four ordinary sessions: (a) Spring Equinox that approves the budget. (b) Summer Solstice when the King makes his proclamation and taxes levied and refunded. (c) Fall Equinox Elections. (d) Winter Solstice when the Ministries make their yearly reports and budget requests. Article 74 [Publicity] The regular meetings of the Council are public, unless it is decided that some are to be held closed according to rules specified in its law. Article 75 [Indemnity] (a) Members of the National Council are not censured for opinions or suggestions expressed by them in the performance of their task. (b)The President of the National Council and every member of it, is responsible before the Council for violating the Constitution or for breaking the constituencies of the constitutional oath or for any action or behavior, considered by the National Council as disgracing the honor of the responsibility which he assumes. (c) No member of the Council can be pursued or arrested for a crime committed during a meeting session without permission of the Council, except in the case of flagrante delicto. Article 76 [Organization] The National Council undertakes: (a) To elaborate its internal statute, determining its competencies, deciding its budget, and appointing its employees. Rewards and remunerations of its President and members are determined by a law. (b) To elaborate rules for accusing and prosecuting its members. (c) To review and approve of Royal, Ministerial Council, Presidential and National Council Bills. Article 77 [Council of Ministerial Bills] (1) The National Council considers the draft laws proposed by the Council of Ministers within fifteen days from the date of their delivery to the office of the Presidency of the National Council. If the Council approves the draft, it is sent to the President of the Republic, to be promulgated; but if it is rejected or modified by the National Council, it is returned to the Council of Ministers. If this latter approves the modification, it sends the draft to the President of the Republic, to be promulgated. (2) If the Council of Ministers insists upon its point of view, in the second reading, it is returned to the National Council, to be reviewed in a common meeting between the two Councils; the decision taken by a two-thirds majority, is considered final. Article 78 [Presidential Bills] The National Council considers within fifteen days the draft laws presented to it by the President of the Republic. (1) If the Council rejects the draft, it is returned to the President of the Republic with the reasons which justified the rejection. (2) If the Council approves the draft, it is sent to the Council of Ministers and is issued after that Council approves it. (3) If the National Council modifies the draft, it is sent to the Council of Ministers and is issued if that Council approves it. (4) But if the Council of Ministers opposes the modification of the draft, or if it makes another modification, it is once again returned to the National Council within a week. (5) If the National Council approves the point of view of the Council of Ministers, it sends the draft to the President of the Republic for promulgating it. (6) But if the National Council insists, in the second reading, upon its point of view, a common meeting of the two Councils is held and the draft issued by two-thirds majority is considered definite and is sent to the President of the Republic to be promulgated. Article 79 [National Council Bills] The National Council considers the draft law presented by a quarter of its members. (1) If the Council approves the draft law, it is sent to the Council of Ministers to be considered within fifteen days from its delivery to the Council's Office. (2) If the Council of Ministers approves it, the draft is sent to the President of the Republic to be promulgated. (3) If the Council of Ministers rejects the draft, it is returned to the National Council. (4) If the Council of Ministers modifies the draft, it is returned to the National Council. (5) If this latter insists upon its point of view, in the second reading, a common meeting for the two Councils is held, presided over by the President of the Republic or the Vice-President. The draft issued by two-thirds majority is considered definite and is sent to the President of the Republic to be promulgated. Article 80 [Debate] (a) Vice-Presidents of the Republic, Ministers, and those at their rank, have the right to attend the meetings of the National Council and to participate in its debates. (b) The National Council, with a permission of the President of the Republic, has the right to call Ministers for the purpose of clarification or investigation. (c) People approved by 2/3 of the National Council may introduce and preside upon issues, in which they have been determined to be competent, to the Council. Section IV Justice Article 81 [Independence, Recourse] (a) The judiciary is independent and is subject to no authority save that of the law. (b) The right of litigation is ensured to all citizens. (c) The law determines the way of court formation, their levels, jurisdiction, and conditions for the appointment, transfer, promotion, litigation, and dismissal of judges, magistrates and justices of the peace. Article 82 [Constitutional Court] The Constitutional Court shall be the Supreme Court of the Iraqi Judiciary and shall function in co-operation with the Court of Cassation. The Constitutional Court shall be composed of 7 justices sworn to uphold AlLaw: (a) the Quran (b) the Iraqi Constitution (c) the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (d) the Law Enforcement Code of Conduct (e) Protection of All People From Enforced Disappearances (f) Standard Minimum Rules for Prisoners (g) Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment (h) laws of the Iraqi National Council (i) their judgment (j) the judgment of Iraqi Lawyers (k) the jury. (l) Trials of local, provincial, national, religious and international law will be held in Arabic, English and Kurdish. (m) In times of good behavior the justices shall be given a decent salary and the authority to settle debts, large and small, owed by the Iraqi government to the people of Iraq and the United Nations. Article 83 [Election of Justice] The 7 justices shall be publicly elected. The Attorney General shall nominate candidates and moderate the debate between candidates who must hold a degree from an accredited law school. The Iraqi people will decide upon the merit of issues publicly debated on the Summer Solstice in preparation for the Fall Equinox Elections. (a) Justices shall be appointed for 5 years and may serve no more than 2 terms to permit diverse opinions in the Constitutional Court. (b) The Constitutional Court, Court of Cassation and the Supreme Court of an Governorate may confer the title of Justice of the Peace upon any licensed attorney. Article 84 [Competencies of the Court a-z] (a) Questions of Iraqi and International law (b) Admittance to the Iraqi Lawyer List (c) Taleban, the payment of scholars (d) Al Queda, the forfeiture and civil uses of military bases (e) Hors de combat, the surrender of soldiers (f) Habeas Corpus, you have the body, freeing, prisoners: probation and payroll (g) Prohibition, criminalization of actions and possessions by the state (h) Quo Warranto, Appointment of trustees to investigate state contracts and trust funds that might require impeachment or the dissolution of an estate due to the conviction of crime. (i) Fines, reasonable fiscal penalties levied against public order offences, crimes and forfeitures (j) Forfeiture, the appropriation of property for rehabilitation, destruction or sale. (k) Bankruptcy, the absolution of debt with possibility of compensation. (l) Prosecution, of public officials and the review of criminal cases. (m)Flagrante Delicto, crime in progress. (n) Crime, evidence, due process, investigation and punishment (o) Class Action, administration of fines to a specific class of people from an oppressor. (p) International Truce, contracting for peace with foreign parties. (q) Wills, Trusts & Estates, appointing trustees to supervise the administration of capital. (r) Malpractice, fines paid at license bureaus by malpractice insurance for professional mistakes. (s) Hospitals & Asylums, subpoena for medical, military and legal records. (t) Treaties, ratification of international treaties. (u) Contracts, great and small. (v) Marriages, marriage ceremonies, certificates, divorce and child support. (w) Funerals, burial money for the poor. (x) Refugees, compensation for returning Iraqi refugees and people fleeing war in their country. (y) Asylum, all people are entitled to the protection of Iraqi law when persecuted in other countries. (z) Census, the court shall contract to conduct census of suspicious jails and ensure that the national census bureau publishes an accurate and informative census of all sectors of the population including jails and prisons. Article 85 [Rules of Practice] The Court shall publish rules of practice, prohibit all forms of murder and keep a yearbook of judgment on the Internet that shall be translated into English for unity of the Middle East. (a)The Court may appoint as many elected provincial judges as they can afford who shall judge and be judged upon the merit of the scholarship they promote. Article 86 [Prosecution] The law determines the posts of public prosecution, its agencies and conditions for the appointment of the attorneys general, their deputies, rules of their transfer, promotion, litigation, and dismissal. Section V Monarchy Article 87 [The Crown] To make peace with the past, Iraq shall elect Sharif Ali Bin Al Husseini as King of New Iraq as a symbol of unity, pride and honor with the acceptance of this constitution in a public referendum. He was born in Iraq, is cousin to the late King Faisal, he was two years old when King Faisal II was assassinated, his father was Prince of Mecca until 1908 and uncle to King Faisal I and his mother Princess Badies was aunt to King Faisal II. He is represented by the Constitutional Monarchy Movement and requires the Republican Palace in Baghdad and a stipend to assume his international responsibilities as the monarch.. The people shall elect him every Summer Solstice: (a) to sign the quarterly and yearly reports of new Iraqi laws published by the Official Gazette. (b) to make a proclamation or present an issue on the ballot every Summer Solstice. (c) to present issues and opinions to the National Council and Council of Ministers. (c) to strengthen Iraqi foreign relations through diplomacy and inter-marriage. (d) to hold ceremonies such as weddings, funerals, coronations and receptions of state. (e) to choose an heir from amongst the royal family who meets the approval of the Constitutional Court. (f) to confer titles of nobility upon people doing exemplary service to the Republic of Iraq Chapter V General Provisions Article 88 [Council of Ministers] (a) To be member of the Council of Ministers, President or Vice-President of the Republic or Minister, a person must be Iraqi by birth. (b) It is inadmissible for Members of the Council of Ministers, President and Vice-Presidents of the Republic and Ministers, during their term of office, to pursue any private professional or commercial work or to buy any State property or to sell or exchange with the State any of their own properties. Article 89 [Permanent Constitution] This Constitution is a Permanent Constitution: (a) The rules of this Constitution are enforced by the People and the Government of Iraq by means of education in schools and courts of law. (b) This Constitution cannot be modified except by the Constitutional Court and two-thirds vote of the combined Council of Ministers and National Council. Article 90 [Publication of Laws] (a) Laws are published in the Official Gazette after being signed by the President and are put into force, effective the date of publication, unless otherwise stipulated. (b) Laws have no retroactive effect, unless otherwise stipulated. This exception does not include penal laws, tax laws, and fiscal fees. (c) The Official Gazette presents a quarterly journal of all laws signed by the President every quarter and presents them to the King for his signature yearly, equinox and solstice before publishing. Article 91 [In the Name of The People] This Constitution and all laws and judiciary judgments are promulgated and put into force, in the name of the People. Article 92 [Continuity of Laws] All laws and decisions of the Council of Ministers, enacted prior to the promulgation of this Constitution, remain in force and cannot be modified or abolished except in accordance with the procedures prescribed in this Constitution. Article 93 [Promulgation, Publication] The President of the Republic undertakes promulgating this Constitution and publishing it in the Official Gazette. Article 94 [Amending the Law] Unconstitutional and broken laws can be returned to the Constitutional Court for Amendment. The Constitutional Court shall review these laws and submit proposed amendments for the 2/3 the National Council vote required to amend or repeal the law. Article 95 [Social Welfare] Social welfare is the foundation of state and community finances and the government is required to make accommodations to pay, heal and educate the poor through direct payments and the injunctive relief of fines administrated by patrons to pay for the poor in their immediate community. Article 96 [Community] The people are encouraged to join together to accomplish work as communities and shall be rewarded with tax deductions for the work they do for the community and in time collectives can be funded by the state to administrate charity to the poor. Article 97 [Identification] The state shall give everyone an identification card and number on their birth, a picture ID when they reach the age of 10 and a drivers license at the age of 18 should they pass the exam. Professionals are likewise issued picture identification particular to their field of work by the state. Article 98 [Prohibition of Slavery] Slavery and involuntary servitude are strictly prohibited by the State and the people. Article 99 [Ratification] For this constitution to come into force it will need to be held up for the scrutiny of the people who must decide whether they wish to approve of it in a public referendum such as the quarterly ballots and a Constitutional Court would need to be founded to hear cases arising under this Constitution of 2003. Article 100 [Implementation] The implementation of this Constitution shall begin immediately and the government shall begin working with new and old leadership. On the Summer Solstice 2003 the King shall make his first Proclamation. In the Fall Equinox elections old and new leaders shall compete on the ballot. The Prime Minister shall guarantee that candidates submit the appropriate number of signatures and at least 100 pages of writing to find qualified candidates for the Fall Equinox Elections. Due to the dissolution of the Baath party it will be necessary appoint many leaders the first year and then create a staggered order of succession for officials to run for election by the lottery of King Sharif who shall run for election, himself. The King shall randomly select national officials for speedy election by selecting 50 of the estimated 300 elected national offices. The King shall run for election every Summer Solstice and shall introduce such issues he finds to be important. Bibliography  1990 Iraqi Interim Constitution.  HYPERLINK "http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/iz00000_.html" http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/iz00000_.html 2 Article 123 AV. Mexican Constitution.  HYPERLINK "http://www.ilstu.edu/class/hist263/docs/1917const.html#TitleVI" http://www.ilstu.edu/class/hist263/docs/1917const.html#TitleVI 3 The Treaty of Nice.The Official Journal of the European Union. 10/3/2001.  HYPERLINK "http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/treaties/dat/nice_treaty_en.pdf" http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/treaties/dat/nice_treaty_en.pdf 4 American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man. OAS Resolution XXX. 9th International Conference of American States (1948).  HYPERLINK "http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/oasinstr/zoas2dec.htm" http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/oasinstr/zoas2dec.htm 5 2003 Palestinian Draft Constitution.  HYPERLINK "http://www.pcpsr.org/domestic/2001/conste1.html" http://www.pcpsr.org/domestic/2001/conste1.html 6 Election World. Iraq.  HYPERLINK "http://www.electionworld.org" www.electionworld.org 7 CIA World Factbook. Iraq.  HYPERLINK "http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/print/iz.html" http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/print/iz.html 8 The Holy Quran.  HYPERLINK "http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/HolKora.html" http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/HolKora.html 9 The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.  HYPERLINK "http://www.un.org/law/icc/statute/romefra.htm" http://www.un.org/law/icc/statute/romefra.htm 10The Law Enforcement Code of Conduct.  HYPERLINK "http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/h_comp42.htm" http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/h_comp42.htm 11 Declaration on the Protection of all People from Enforced Disappearances.  HYPERLINK "http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/47/a47r133.htm" http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/47/a47r133.htm 12 Standard Minimum Rules for Prisoners.  HYPERLINK "http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/h_comp34.htm" http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/h_comp34.htm 13 Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment  HYPERLINK "http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/h2catoc.htm" http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/h2catoc.htm 14 Constitutional Monarchy Movement.  HYPERLINK "http://www.iraqcmm.org/index.html" http://www.iraqcmm.org/index.html Draft Resolution Hospitals & Asylums May 20, 2003 Submitted to UN Secretary-General, Koffi Annan, for the Security Council meeting scheduled for June 3, 2003 in order to Pacifically Settle Disputes in accordance with Chapter VI of the UN Charter regarding: (1) the military situation and US/UK occupation of Iraq (2) sanction relief and the reinstatement of the Oil for Food Program (3) the Iraqi Government and the New Constitution (4) UN enforced $10 billion US quarterly compensation for Afghan & Iraqi Dead (AID) US Afghan & Iraqi Deal (AID) I.  HYPERLINK \l "HI" Historical Invasion 34 II.  HYPERLINK \l "WC" War Crimes 43 III.  HYPERLINK \l "SCR" Security Council Resolutions 46 IV.  HYPERLINK \l "EAM" Economic Arbitration Method 57 Appendix A.  HYPERLINK \l "OO" Outline of Occupation 65 B.  HYPERLINK \l "Bib" Bibliography 69 C. New Iraq Constitutional Estate attached  HYPERLINK "http://www.icj-cij.org/icjwww/idecisions/isummaries/iasunsummary480528.htm" Conditions of Admission for a State to Membership to the United Nations  (1) a State; (2) peace-loving; (3) must accept the obligations of the Charter; (4) must be able to carry out these obligations, (5) must be willing to do so.  HYPERLINK "http://www.icj-cij.org/icjwww/ibasicdocuments/ibasictext/basicunchart.htm" \l "Chapter2" Article 4 (1) of the UN Charter The Glories of Peace They beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning-hooks; Nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more. But they shall all sit under their own vines and fig trees and no one shall make them afraid. MICAH 4:3 I. Historical Invasion Recalling the 63 United Nations Security Council Resolutions made in the name of Iraq in accordance with the Provisional Rules of Procedure of the Security Council. Noting that the 9 major US led military actions accompanied with 98% US sanctions have left the Iraqi economy devastated since the US- Iraq- Kuwait Conflict began on August 2, 1990. Accompanied with the recent destruction of the Government of Iraq by US and British forces who began their occupation on the Spring Equinox 2003 the UN employees mentioned in Resolutions 1472 and 1476 have the enormous task of reconstructing Iraq that was estimated at the end of the Iraq-Kuwait war at $170 billion. Ruling that international peace and security in Iraq require the Council to declare, US and UK militaries have lost their tenuous welcome in the North African Middle Eastern Countries (including Afghanistan). The Security Council must once and for all seize upon the matter and, dissolve all US military bases in the region in accordance with the Pacific Settlement of Disputes, Chapter VI of the UN Charter Encouraging the US President to eliminate sanctions against Iraq and the Secretary of Defense to close Saudi and other bases during the summer of 2003 as planned so that the United States can, immediately and unconditionally withdraw from the region. Demanding that the Security Council order the United States to pay the Security Council Compensation Commission in the Iraq (and Afghanistan) for the use of force in nine un-authorized US led military actions against the nation of Iraq (and massive air strikes against Afghanistan) to uphold Part III Article 35 of the 1977 Protocols of the Geneva Convention Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflict that prohibits the use of weapons that cause superfluous harm to civilians due the indiscriminate nature of destruction they cause and Article 40 that prohibits the order to kill non-combatants. Calling for (1) a prohibition of pre-emptive air and missile strikes by the US and UK (or any other nation) in the future. (2) US Central Command, led by four star General Tommy Franks, to call an immediate and unconditional cease fire (3) the forfeiture of all US/UK military bases and installations in the North African Middle Eastern (NAME) countries, including Afghanistan. Recalling that the United States Central Command (USCENTCOM) is one of the five geographically defined unified commands within the Department of Defense. It is located at MacGill Airforce Base in Florida. It is responsible for planning and conducting United States military activity in a region consisting of 25 countries in Northeast Africa, Southwest and Central Asia, and the island nation of the Seychelles. US CENTCOM was established on January 1, 1983 by the Reagan administration from the Deployment Joint Task Force (RDJTF) that had been established by the Carter administration. As its name implies, USCENTCOM covers the "central" area of the globe located between the European and Pacific Commands. It has been responsible for 9 military actions against Iraq only 1 of which was authorized by the United Nations and only 2 authorized by the United States government. Honoring Gen. H. Norman Schwarzkopf, U.S. Army, who became USCENTCOMS third commander-in-chief (USCINCCENT) on November 23, 1988. He led OPERATION DESERT STORM to halt the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and was appointed by Queen Elizabeth II who sailed her royal yacht Britannia to Tampa, on May 20 1991, to make him an Honorary Knight Commander in the Military Division of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath. Travelling around the Arabian Gulf during his first year as UNCINCCENT, Gen. Schwarzkopf found that most of the friendly countries in his area of responsibility were more concerned with Iran than Iraq. King Hussein of Jordan, for example, told Gen. Schwarzkopf in January 1989, "Dont worry about the Iraqis. They are war weary and have no aggressive intentions toward their Arab brothers." Gen. Schwarzkopf first tested this new strategy in INTERNAL LOOK, a command post exercise held from July 9 through August 4, 1990 at Fort Bragg and at Hurlburt and Duke Fields in Florida. As the exercise unfolded, he noticed that the real-world movements of Iraqs air and ground forces eerily paralleled the scripted scenario of the war game. The initial 1990 Iraq-Kuwait invasion began on August 2, 1990 after months of tension, when the Iraq army invaded Kuwait inspiring the United Nations Security Council to immediately pass Resolution 660 condemning the Invasion and demanding Iraq's immediate and unconditional withdrawal. The Arab League called for Iraq's withdrawal from Kuwait on August 3, 1990. On August 6, 1990 the Council passes Resolution 661, imposing comprehensive sanctions on Iraq and establishing a committee called the 661 Sanctions Committee to monitor the sanctions. Four days after the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait on August 2, 1990, Gen. Schwarzkopf and Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney traveled to Saudi Arabia to confer with King Fahd about the Iraqi threat to his kingdom. After USCINCCENT outlined his plan for the defense of Saudi Arabia, Secretary Cheney conveyed a personal message from President Bush that the United States was prepared to deploy the forces outlined in the generals plan, but sought no permanent bases in his country. Based on his experiences in the Middle East, Gen. Schwarzkopf had expected a dilatory and noncommittal response, but, to his considerable surprise, King Fahd accepted Cheneys offer almost immediately. Operation DESERT SHIELD began the next day, on August 7, 1990. Within two days of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, the first U.S. naval combatants began deploying toward the waters adjacent to the Arabian Gulf. On the same day that President Bush signed the initial combat forces deployment order, the first aircraft from the Military Airlift Command arrived in Saudi Arabia. The first combat aircraft and ground forces landed on August 8. On August 10, the ships of the Maritime Prepositioning Force were ordered to sail, 17 ships of the Ready Reserve Fleet were activated, the first agreement to charter a U.S. ship was signed, and more than one hundred additional aircraft were deployed to the theater. Elements of the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) and of the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force began deploying by air on August 12. Concurrently, President Bush ordered economic sanctions against Iraq and the deployment of additional naval vessels to enforce them. The first squadron of C-130 transport planes arrived in Saudi Arabia on August 17. On August 12, 1990 Iraq offered two peace treaties but the Bush Administration rejected the proposal. Jordan, Morroco and France offered peace treaties that were likewise rejected by the Bush Administration although the majority of expert witnesses at the November 22, 1990 Armed Forces Committee meeting agreed that military action was not necessary. On November 30, 1990 the US proposes peace talks that fail on January 9, 1991. Talks with UN Secretary-General fail on January 13, 1991. CIA director, William Webster however warned on December 5, 1991 that economic sanctions and the embargo against Iraq have already dealt a serious blow to the Iraqi economy. Iraqi civilian rations have been cut in half and many services ranging from medicine to sanitation have been curtailed with marginal effect on the military. During the next seven months, the United States Transportation Command moved nearly 504,000 passengers, 3.7 million tons of dry cargo, and 6.1 million tons of petroleum products to USCENTCOMs area of responsibility. Gen. Schwarzkopf officially established a forward headquarters in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, on August 26, while President Bush put together a coalition of 29 countries fielding a total force of nearly 700,000 men and women. As leader of the coalition forces, USCINCCENT acquired a new title: Supreme Allied Commander, Kuwaiti Theater of Operations. As forces continued to arrive in theater, a major milestone was reached on October 2, when the aircraft carrier USS Independence (CV-62) moved into the Arabian Gulf. This was the first time since 1974 that an American carrier had sailed into the relatively confined waters of the Gulf. By November of 1990, Gen. Schwarzkopf was able to shift his focus from defense to offense. Having successfully deterred Iraq from attacking Saudi Arabia, USCENTCOM now began to plan for the liberation of Kuwait. Additional forces deployed included a heavy division from the United States and the VII Corps from Germany, their associated combat and support elements, three carrier battle groups, one battleship, Amphibious Group 3 with the 5th Marine Expeditionary Brigade, the II Marine Expeditionary Force, and 410 additional Air Force aircraft. Backed by the United Nations Security Council, which had passed Resolution 678 on November 29, 1990 authorizing coalition forces to use all means necessary to enforce its earlier resolutions calling for Iraqi forces to leave Kuwait, USCENTCOM continued to build up a force adequate to the task. The United Nations resolution had given Iraq until January 15, 1991 to remove its forces or face military action from USCENTCOM and its coalition partners. Shortly before that deadline, the U.S. Congress passed a joint resolution on January 12, 1991 authorizing President Bush to use U.S. armed forces pursuant to the United Nations resolution. On January 16, 1991 the air war began destroying much of Iraqs civilian infrastructure. On January 18 & 21, 1991 the President signed Executive Orders 12743 & 12744 Designating of Arabian Peninsula areas, airspace, and adjacent waters as a combat zone. On January 21, 1991 Iran protested the large scale of the bombing and on January 29, 1991 the French defense minister resigned in protest against the scale of the bombing. On February 3, 1991 Pope John Paul II declared that the war against Iraq is unjust. By February 28, 1991 the Gulf War comprised of Operation Desert Storm and Sword were over. After more than five weeks of air strikes, ground operations commenced on February 24 at 0400 hours Riyadh time. Aided by a USMC amphibious feint along the coast of Kuwait which focused the attention of Iraqi forces to the east and south and assisted by secondary attacks along the border between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, the main coalition attacked on a sweep from the west northward deep into Iraqi territory. It then approached Kuwait eastward from an unexpected directionfrom inside Iraq. Attacking from the west cut off the enemys supply lines and his avenues of retreat. The main attack force consisted of U.S. Army, French, and British forces, while secondary operations were conducted by Egyptian, Kuwaiti, Saudi, Bahraini, Qatari, Omani, Syrian, and United Arab Emirates forces. Kuwait was liberated on February 27, 1991. The coalitions objectives having been met, a cease-fire was declared for 28 February at 0800 hours, exactly one hundred hours after ground hostilities began. On March 3, a cease-fire conference was held at Safwan. All coalition demands were agreed to by the Iraqis, allowing their forces to disengage near Basra. By the time that Gen. Schwarzkopf returned to his MacDill headquarters in April, he had become an international figure. The war resulted in many Iraqi casualties as well as grave damage to Iraqs infrastructure with losses estimated at $170 billion. Much of the damage was due to one of historys heaviest aerial bombardments, a 43-day long campaign conducted largely by units of the US air force. The fourth USCINCCENT was Gen. Joseph P. Hoar, USMC. Taking over from Gen. Schwarzkopf on August 9, 1991, he inherited a command that no longer had to justify its existence. Moreover, having been USCENTCOM Chief of Staff from the fall of 1988 through June 1990, he was intimately familiar with its activities. Many of USCENTCOMs operations in the years after the conclusion of the Gulf War dealt with Iraqs continued intransigence. On April 5, 1991 US, UK and French forces cut out a no fly zone while Operation Provide Comfort carved out an autonomous zone in a large part of the Kurdish areas. In April 1991, the US, the UK and France established a no-fly zone in the North, originally to protect coalition military operations in the area. This policy banned Iraqi aircraft from flying over the national territory above 36 degrees north latitude. To this the three allies added in August 1992 a no-fly zone in the South, excluding Iraqi over flight of territory below 32 degrees. The US and its partners claimed that Security Council Resolution 688 authorized these actions under Chapter VII of the UN Charter without mentioning military measures or Iraqs aircraft or airspace. The claimed no-fly enforcement over flights were undertaken to protect vulnerable populations of Shia in the South and Kurds in the North from further blows by Baghdad, but Turkey was not restrained from striking blows at Kurds in this zone or from repressing its own Kurdish population across the border. Further, the no-fly zone did not even include several major Kurdish cities in the North. Nor did the southern no fly offer any clear protection to populations there who were encouraged to revolt against the Iraqi Government with regular radio broadcasts. The no fly zone became the foundation for a decade long siege of Iraq called OPERATION SOUTHERN WATCH. Maritime interception operations, begun on August 17, 1990 in the early days of DESERT SHIELD, continued through the tenure of Gen. Hoar and his successors. These operations enforced United Nations sanctions against Iraq and were performed by multinational naval forces patrolling assigned areas and performing boardings and inspections. When the Iraqi port of Umm Qasr opened in July 1993, maritime interception operations were reinstituted in the Northern Arabian Gulf. By that time, more than 19,150 ships had been challenged and over 8,250 merchant ships had been boarded and inspected by warships from Australia, France, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Iraq complied with the no-fly zone for several months, but began to challenge it late in 1992 and early in 1993. In one incident, a U.S. F-16 shot down an Iraqi MiG-23 after it violated the no-fly zone. When Iraq persisted in flying in the zone and threatened coalition aircraft with antiaircraft artillery and surface-to-air missiles, USCENTCOM forces took decisive action. All told OPERATION SOUTHERN WATCH launched 11 attacks commanded by 5 different USCENTCOM generals. 1. On January 13-18, 1993 an attack involving 80 strike aircraft, 42 cruise missiles launched by co-alition US, UK and French forces struck at mostly civilian targets in Iraq. the U.S. Navy conducted a Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM) strike against the Zaafaraniyah nuclear fabrication, a false story, because of Iraqs refusal to comply with United Nations nuclear inspection requirements. Four surface vessels fired a total of 44 TLAM cruise missiles against the facility, rendering it unusable. 2. On June 26 1993 another attack occurred involving 23 cruise missiles but thereafter the French withdrew from this type of action. United States forces, operating from a variety of ground bases and naval ships, carried out most of these operations, sometimes with UK participation against the Baghdad headquarters of the Iraqi intelligence service in response to the probably fabricated discovery of Iraqi plans to assassinate former President Bush during his visit to Kuwait. 3. On August 5, 1994, Gen. J. H. Binford Peay III, United States Army, became the fifth USCINCCENT. As commander of the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) during the Gulf War, he was well acquainted with USCENTCOMs area of responsibility, doctrine, and tactics. He continued USCENTCOMs peacetime strategy designed to deter aggression and protect U.S. national security interests. These interests centered on the uninterrupted flow of Arabian Gulf oil, freedom of navigation, access to commercial markets, security of coalition partners and other allies, and regional peace and security. 4. Gen. Peay deployed forces to his area of responsibility in Operation VIGILANT WARRIOR. By the end of October, USCENTCOM had deployed more than 28,000 U.S. troops and over 200 additional aircraft to the region. Coalition forces amounted to more than 300 aircraft and 20 naval combatants. VIGILANT WARRIOR marked the first time that USCINCCENT, a USCENTCOM headquarters element, and component commanders and staffs had deployed overseas since Operations DESERT SHIELD and DESERT STORM four years earlier. On October 15, 1994, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 949. It condemned Iraqi aggression and demanded that Iraq withdraw its forces to their earlier positions. Five days later, the United States backed the United Nations resolution with a strong demarche of its own. In the face of this determined response, the Iraqi regime backed away from the crisis and pulled its forces north of the 32nd parallel, as required. By early November, the Secretary of Defense authorized redeployment of those U.S. forces no longer needed. 5. To send a clear signal of international condemnation of Iraqs violation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 688, which prohibited the repression of the Kurds in the north and the Marsh Arabs in the south, USCENTCOM planned and executed Operation DESERT STRIKE. In the early hours of September 4, 1996, the command launched a series of cruise missile attacks against surface-to-air missiles and command and control facilities in southern Iraq. A total of 12 cruise missiles were launched from the USS Laboon (DDG-58) of Task Force 50 and B-52 bombers from Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana. Using these precision unmanned weapons minimized the risk of collateral damage and aircrew exposure to Iraqi air defenses. To back up this unmistakable signal of American resolve, USCENTCOM deployed F-117 and F-16CJ aircraft, a heavy brigade task force, and a second aircraft carrier to the region. On August 31, 1996, elements of the Iraqi army attacked and captured the town of Irbil in the Kurdish autonomous region of northern Iraq. This renewed Iraqi aggression, led by a Republican Guard mechanized division with the support of regular army troops, alarmed the United States and its coalition partners. Saddam Hussein threatened GCC members if they assisted the United States, while Iraqi air defense forces launched surface-to-air missiles against U.S. aircraft patrolling the northern and southern no-fly zones. In response to the seizure of Irbil, Gen. Peay assessed an increased threat to American interests and, in close consultation with the National Command Authorities, began to develop military responses to deter further Iraqi aggression. On the diplomatic front, the United States and the United Kingdom issued demarches that expanded the southern no-fly zone from the 32nd to the 33rd parallel and promised disproportionate response if Iraqi air defense sites were repaired. The expanded no-fly zone reached the outskirts of southern Baghdad and forced relocation of all tactical aircraft in Iraq to more northerly bases, reducing the air threat to Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and coalition aircraft flying in support of Operation SOUTHERN WATCH. As a result of DESERT STRIKE, the commands ability to protect both its Gulf partners and its aircrew members was improved. 6. On August 13, 1997, Gen. Zinni became the sixth USCINCCENT and the first to have served previously as Deputy Commander in Chief. He had also been deputy commanding general of the combined task force during Operation PROVIDE COMFORT immediately after the Gulf War and, as mentioned earlier, commander of the combined task force for Operation UNITED SHIELD. With this wealth of experience, he was intimately familiar with all aspects of USCENTCOMs operations, many of which had grown out of the Gulf War, including SOUTHERN WATCH and the ongoing maritime interception operations. 7. Iraq remained the focus of attention of USCENTCOMs operations. Saddam Husseins continued intransigence and refusal to comply with United Nations inspection requirements led to coalition preparations for air strikes against Iraq. In 1997 there were a variety of US military operations titled Phoenix Scorpion I, II, III and IV in 1997 intended to intimidate Iraq. In a personal effort to resolve the crisis, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan, traveled to Baghdad. On February 24, 1998, Saddam shook the secretary-generals hand and agreed to comply fully with the United Nations inspection regime. When this agreement unraveled a few months later, USCENTCOM initiated Operation DESERT THUNDER on November 11, 1998. At the direction of the National Command Authorities, USCENTCOM began to deploy forces and posture in-theater assets for strike operations. This highly visible deployment resulted in Iraqs eventual, but short-lived, compliance with United Nations inspection requirements. 8. In 1998 phases of Operation Desert Thunder lasted until December. Some of these attacks targeted sites in Baghdad or other populated areas and resulted in civilian casualties. Towards the end of 1998, the legitimacy of the sanctions and disarmament regime was enormously compromised by evidence that the United States had used the UN weapons inspection teams of UNSCOM to carry out espionage and covert action. UNSCOM issued an alarmist report about the state of Iraqs disarmament, which appeared to be strongly influenced by US pressure. When first imposed, four days after Iraqs invasion of Kuwait, under Resolution 661, the comprehensive sanctions appeared legitimate, as a short-term means to press Iraq to withdraw. When redefined on April 3, 1991, under Resolution 687, after the US-led military coalition had forced Iraqs withdrawal, the sanctions likewise commanded broad support, as a means to compel Iraqs compliance with Security Council resolutions and in particular to end Iraqi possession of weapons of mass destruction. Iraq eventually reluctantly met many of the UN requirements and the United Nations supervised substantial Iraqi disarmament, including extensive dismantlement of Iraqs mass-destruction weapons, weapons programs and delivery systems. 9. On December 16-19 1998 Operation Desert Fox launched hundreds of strike aircraft and cruise missiles at Iraq. It was an intense aerial attack and destroyed a Basra oil refinery and hit a number of targets in Baghdad and other cities, including civilian housing. More US-UK air strikes followed Desert Fox as part of no-fly enforcement, under enlarged rules of engagement and an enlarged no-fly zone, to the 33 degree parallel, near the southern suburbs of Baghdad. These more robust and provocative patrols led to hundreds of clashes with Iraqi forces, including attacks on radar and anti-aircraft missile sites, command and control centers, intelligence installations and more, including sites outside the no-fly areas. They resulted in regular civilian casualties. As of January 15, 2000, SOUTHERN WATCH forces have flown nearly 240,000 sorties enforcing the no-fly zone in southern Iraq. Between 2000 and the start of 2003 Spring Equinox Operation Iraqi Freedom more than 300 Iraqi civilians died from air strikes. On October 1, 1999, USCENTCOM assumed responsibility for all U.S. military activities in the five Central Asian states of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, all former republics of the Soviet Union. Gen. Zinni ensured that these five countries were integrated into USCENTCOMs overall collective engagement strategy. According to this strategy, "an ounce of proactive engagement protection is cheaper than a pound of warfighting cure." As a military diplomat, Gen. Zinni was directly involved in efforts to defuse long-standing conflicts between countries in his area of responsibility before they lead to all-out war. 10. Gen. Tommy R. Franks, U.S. Army, became the seventh USCINCCENT on 6 July 2000. Facing similar challenges as his predecessors, Gen. Franks conducted Operation DETERMINED RESPONSE after the terrorist attack on the destroyer USS Cole in the port of Aden on 12 October 2000. With increased emphasis on force protection and combating global terrorism, USCENTCOM continues its active engagement in some of the most volatile parts of the world. Given its more than 20 years of evolutionary progress rising out of the former RDJTF and its intense involvement in the Central region during the Gulf War, the command has entered the new century with a proven track record of accomplishment and a proud heritage of achievement. 11. OPERATION IRAQI FREEDOM was conceived in a terrifying state of the Union address on January 29, 2002 by US President George W. Bush that declared Iraq to be part of anaxis of evil. Thereafter, reports of an impending attack on Iraq loomed and millions of peace protesters filled the streets around the world. On May 14, 2002 the Council adopted the Goods Review List and resolution 1441 in October 2002 permitting UNMOVIC weapons inspectors into the nation of Iraq. On December 2002 the Pope announced that the menacing of Iraq was, a disgrace to humanity. Hospitals & Asylums submitted a Peace Treaty for Afghan & Iraqi Dead (AID) to the World Court and United States Executives for the Winter Solstice calling for $4 billion to compensate Afghanistan and make peace with Iraq. On February 5 the Security Council refused to entertain US President George Bush Jrs request to attack Iraq. British Prime Minister Tony Blair however insisted on staging the invasion despite Security Council opinion that attacking Iraq would be illegal. While US troop population in the Persian Gulf soared from 25,000 to 270,000 President Bush went from nation to nation attempting to pay billions of dollars for supporting the war effort. Turkey and all other North African and Middle Eastern nations refused to join this criminal co-alition to destroy Iraq. The only aggressive nations appear to be the US with 270,000 occupation troops, UK with 25,000 occupation troops and Australia with 2,000 enforcing the trade embargo of Iraq. In February 2003, shortly before the attack, Iraqi deputy Prime Minister Tariq Aziz was granted an audience with the Pope John Paul II. A cardinal visited Saddam Hussein in Iraq a few days later. On March 20, 2003 George Bush Jr. signed The Rape of Baghdad (RoB), E.O. 13290 Confiscating and Vesting Certain Iraqi Property recognizing that Iraq and its airspace were a combat zone and calling for an armed robbery of Iraqi banks and Iraqi government accounts in the US. On March 21, 2003, the Spring Equinox, US and UK forces began a massive air attack. Nearly every Ministry was reported as having been hit by US/UK bombs within the month. The assault was immediately supported by armored and infantry soldiers who quickly declared air supremacy over Iraq and within two weeks ground forces had seized Baghdad. Most Iraqi soldiers surrendered or abandoned their arms and positions leaving the government in Baghdad. An estimated 10,000 were taken hostage and quickly released. The 2003 Spring Equinox Edition (SEE) of Hospitals & Asylums (HA) titled, Koran witnessed the first Iraqi dead. This peace treaty is directed for publication in Title 24 US Code Armed Forces Retirement Home Part 3 Peace Treaties 446-448and settles the Warrants and Reports (WaR) for Afghanistan, Iraq, Korea and the Palestinian Israeli Territories (PIT) and calls for $10 billion quarterly settlement from the US to the UN to pay war reparations plus $1 million for the families of victims under 42USC(10)420 starting with the Afghan & Iraqi Dead. In April 2003 the United States issued a deck of cards with the pictures of major figures in the Iraqi Government and has taken several leading figures in the Ba ath party, including Tariq Aziz, who had visited the Pope, hostage. Most Iraqi hostages were released in April and only around 600 Iraqis remain Prisoners of War. Restoring the Interim Iraqi Authority has not yet manifested out of fear of US atrocities that destroy most attempts to create a durable government. A 600 member Office of Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance (ORHA) is currently occupying the Republican Palace in Baghdad led by a retired US army general named Jay Garner who will soon be joined by a former official from the Secretary of State to send the troops home and reduce the US/UK occupation to an Embassy with the help of UNMOVIC and United Nations humanitarian relief operations who must be given immediate and unconditional access to Iraq and the authority to displace US troops stationed in the country. The Iraqi people and their former leaders must be assured that US aggression has totally ceased and that all US military bases have been forfeited to guarantee that Iraq has the international peace and security needed to peacefully assemble in order to constitute a democratically elected Government of New Iraq without fear. II. War Crimes Preluding the indictment of primarily US war criminals it is necessary to cite the Security Council for failing to prosecute the 11 major US led military actions and un-official attacks upon the Republic of Iraq. This failure to prosecute has created a legal environment where the definition of right and wrong was not applied equally to all parties and Iraq was harshly prosecuted and fined under resolution 692 (1991) while the US, UK and French have been able to commit murder without being recognized as criminals in Security Council resolutions. Negligence has caused US foreign policy to become exceedingly corrupt in sanctions and murder that are being brought to Justice 7 years after the first victims compensation settlement should have been deposited with Iraq when Iraq began to pay oil revenue compensation under resolution 986 (1996) . Prosecuting the US and UK is primarily a matter of seizing military bases of the US Central Command with the intention to dissolve all US military bases in North African Middle Eastern (NAME) countries so that all hostile foreign troops retire to a good college in their homeland on the basis of the determination that they have been engaged in illegal international activities, such as attacking Afghanistan & Iraq. Indicting war criminals involves (1) naming the official (2) citing the executive orders commanding the use of weapons of mass destruction that have caused superfluous injury to civilian populations and (3) counting the death certificates to uphold Articles 35 and 40 of the 1977 Protocols of the Geneva Convention Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflict and Article 7 (ha) of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court designates ethnic murder rates to be a crime against humanity. Compensating victims of war and negligent US government actions is best done individually to keep the murder rate prosecuted and low. When the US government is determined to be the cause of death they fine the responsible US official at a rate of $1 million the death and $500,000 for the investigation of the officer(s) inciting the crime of genocide with the issuance of such an executive order under 18USC(50A). When murders and destruction become so widespread that reconstruction becomes a priority of the government it becomes necessary for the Compensation Commission to demand $ billions of US dollars be paid on a regular basis until normalcy has been restored. Obstructions of international investigations of US Government Telemarketing Fraud, Terrorism and Torture 18USC(113ABC) surrounding acts of war are fined $1,000. Doing the, Bush Kingdom justice for the year requires the review of the applicable Executive Orders of President George Bush Sr., President Bill Clinton to determine whether President George Bush Jr. and Dick Cheney were not off their rocker in the opinion of the Armed Forces Retirement Home 24 USC(10)420 as was suggested by George Bush Sr. in 1991 who published the retirement of his troops in Hospitals & Asylums (HA), Chapter 10, who stated, his son was a failure at foreign relations. George Bush Sr. began officially began attacking Iraq in January 16, 1991 after blatantly disregarding numerous peace treaties from Iraq and several peaceful countries that had gained the approval of Iraq. George Bush Sr.s acts of war began in 1990 with E.O. 12710 Termination of Emergency with Respect to Panama that continues to hold former Panamanian president Manuel Noriega hostage. On August 2, 1990, the day that Iraq invaded Kuwait, President Bush signed E.O. 12722 Blocking Iraqi government property and prohibiting transactions with Iraq and E.O. 12723 Blocking Kuwaiti Government Property. On August 9, 1990 he seconded both motions in E.O. 12724 for Iraq and E.O. 12725 for Kuwait. On August 22, 1990 E.O. 12727 Ordered Selected Reserve of the Armed Forces to Active Duty on November 13, 1990 E.O. Authorized the extension of the period of active duty personnel of the Selected Reserve of the Armed Forces. On November 14, 1990 the President signed E.O. 12734 National Emergency Construction Authority. On November 16, 1990 he signed E.O. 12735 Chemical and Biological Weapon Proliferation. On January 18, 1991 President Bush signed E.O. 12743 Ordering the Ready Reserve of the Armed Forces to Active Duty. On January 21, 1991 the President signed E.O. 12744 Designating the Arabian Peninsula as areas, airspace and adjacent waters as a combat zone. On February 14, 1991 the President signed E.O. 12750 Designating Arab Peninsula area, air space, and adjacent waters as the Persian Gulf Desert Shield Area and E.O. 12751 Health Care Services for Operation Desert Storm. On June 11, 1991 the President signed E.O. 12765 Delegation of certain defense related authorities from the President to the Secretary of Defense. On July 25, 1991 the President signed E.O. 12771 Revoking previous orders regarding Kuwait. On October 21, 1991 the President signed E.O. 12817 Tranfer of Certain Iraqi Government Assets Held by Domestic Banks. 15 total orders concluding the Gulf War. On November 14, 1994 President Clinton signed E.O. 12938 Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction that imposed sanctions on nations that have used biological, chemical or nuclear weapons including Iraq until such a time when the Secretary of State reported sufficient compliance that was seconded by several other similar executive orders. Clinton furthermore signed several executive orders investigating the presence of Gulf War Illnesses. Iraq was not singled out for persecution during the Clinton Administration although several air and missile strikes were launched by US Military Bases at Iraq without direct approval of an Executive Order signed by the President. Bill Clinton is most noted for introducing an Internet Index of executive orders to NARA. On March 20, 2003 President President George W. Bush Jr. signed E.O. 13290 Confiscating and Vesting Certain Iraqi Property. The President determined that the United States is engaged at armed conflict with the Republic of Iraq and finds it the best interest of the United States to confiscate all property from the government of Iraq so that it may be invested by the US Secretary of the Treasury to assist in the reconstruction of Iraq and for the benefit of the Iraqi people. All accounts held in the United States under the name of the Government of Iraq, Rafidin Bank, Rasheed Bank, or the State Organization for Marketing Oil are confiscated and vested in the Department of the Treasury while protecting consular property . This act of war signals an exit from the asylum of the United Nations Security Council and is an unprecedented act of terrorism best known as the Rape of Baghdad (RoB). Preluding the executive order the US President signed, On October 20, 2001, E.O. 13232 Further Amendment to E.O. 10789, as Amended, To Authorize the Department of Health and Human Services to Exercise Certain Contracting Authority in Connection with National Defense Functions. On December 12, 2001 the President signed E.O. 13239 Designation of Afghanistan and the AirSpace Above it as a Combat Zone. On January 16, 2002 the President signed E.O. 13253 Amendment to Executive Order 13223, Ordering the Ready Reserve of the Armed Forces to Active Duty and Delegating Certain Authorities to the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Transportation. On July 2, 2002 the President signed E.O. 14268 Termination of Emergency with Respect to the Taliban and Amendment of Executive Order 13224 of September 14, 2001. For a total of 6 acts of war. George Bush Jr. clearly needs to retire his troops from the North African Middle Eastern (NAME) Countries with the publication of an executive order in the Federal Register. It is highly recommended to sue for his impeachment at the US Supreme Court in order extradite him to the International Court of Justice for an investigation by the International Criminal Court at its opening June 1, 2003. III. Security Council Resolutions Between August 2, 1990 and June 3, 2003 the United Nations Security Council adopted 63 resolutions regarding the situation between Iraq and Kuwait and Iran. Beginning with 660 (1990) the Council set up a sanctions committee creating a total embargo of Iraq. Although the council subsequently lifted sanctions on everything but military products and the Oil for Food Program has produced a hundred billion dollars in revenues for humanitarian purposes in Iraq and war reparations to Kuwait the conflict with the United States remains censored and the Iraqi resolutions do not address the Compensation due to the nation of Iraq as the result of US military actions. This synopsis of UN Security Council Resolutions clearly demonstrates the sanctions and cease fire regarding the invasion of Kuwait, international observation, the lifting of UN sanctions, the development of the Oil for Food Program and the UNs response to Operation Iraqi Freedom. On August 2, 1990 the Security Council adopted resolution 660 in response to the August 2, 1990 invasion of Kuwait by Iraq. This resolution recognizes and condemned the breach in international peace and security of the invasion and calls for Iraqi forces to withdraw to their August 1, 1990 positions. On August 6, 1990 the Security Council adopted resolution 661 to express deep concern over the loss of life and property damage resulting from the disregard of resolution 660. Wherefore import and export to and from the territories of Iraq and Kuwait were prohibited with the exception of humanitarian supplies. Supplies to commercial, industrial or public utility projects in Iraq or Kuwait were particularly prohibited. 661 calls upon member states to implement the sanctions and informs them not to recognize any regime set up by the occupying power and keeps this item on the agenda to bring a speedy end to the invasion. On August 9, 1990 the Security Council adopted resolutions 662. This resolution expresses grave alarm at Iraqs declared merger with Kuwait, for the second time orders Iraqi forces to immediately withdraw to their positions on August 1 and decides that the annexation of Kuwait by Iraq has no validity whatsoever. On August 18, 1990 the Security Council adopted resolution 664. This resolution expressed deep concern for the safety of third world nationals in Kuwait and demands that Iraq take responsibility for the health and welfare of these people who must be permitted to leave Kuwait. It also reaffirms the decision made in resolution 662 (1990) that Iraqs annexation of Kuwait and closure of diplomatic missions are null and void. It counts many letters received by the council from dozens of nations expressing concern over the invasion of Kuwait. On August 25, 1990 the Security Council adopted resolution 665. This resolution reaffirmed economic sanctions set forth in resolution 661 in retaliation to the loss of life resulting from the invasion. It furthermore set for the principle of inspecting all ships entering the region for prohibited goods. On September 13, 1990 the Security Council adopted resolution 666 recalling the total sanctions of imports by Iraq of all goods other than foodstuffs and medical supplies to relieve human suffering that must be constantly monitored to prevent the shipment of prohibited goods to Iraq and Kuwait. On September 16, 1990 the Security Council adopted resolution 667 overruling the Iraqi decision to order the closure of diplomatic and consular missions in Kuwait on the grounds of the Vienna Declaration on Diplomatic Relation of April 18, 1961. The council strongly condemned Iraqs attack of embassies in Kuwait and demanded the release of hostages and the protection of consular property. On September 24, 1990 the Security Council adopted resolution 669 recognizing pleas for assistance to help address the Iraq and Kuwait situation particular from Jordan who wished to implement a peace treaty and plan to provide humanitarian assistance. On September 28, 1990 the Security Council adopted resolution 670 condemning the occupation of Kuwait by Iraq and the treatment of people in Kuwait. This resolution prohibits the flow of any non-humanitarian supplies into or out of Kuwait or Iraq and orders all Iraqi ships acting in contravention to resolution 661 to be confined to their port or refused entrance. On September 27, 1990 and November 28, 1990 the Security Council adopted resolutions 671 and 676 which called for continued UN observer missions in both Iran and Iraq for the full implementation of the cease fire set forth in resolution 598 between these neighboring nations who have been officially at peace since 1988. On October 29, 1990 the Security Council adopted resolution 674 reiterating the need for Iraq to immediately withdraw their troops from Kuwait. Demanding that Iraqi forces desist in taking Kuwaiti and third nation hostages and release those in custody. Iraq is also held responsible for supplying water and food to Kuwaitis. This resolution reminds Iraq that it is liable for any damages caused by the invasion and calls upon Kuwaiti corporations to list their damages. On November 28, 1990 the Security Council adopted resolution 677 which deplored Iraqs attempts to alter the demographic structure of Kuwait and the destruction of Kuwaiti civil records. The Security-General therefore requested a population record for Kuwait. On November 29, 1990 the Security Council adopted resolution 678 reinforcing the need for Iraq to fully comply with previous resolutions beginning with 660 or suffer an authorized attack by international peacekeeping forces if they do not comply by January 15, 1991. On January 31, 1991 the Security Council adopted resolution 685. This resolution stated the intention to continue the military observer mission to monitor the behavior of international peacekeeping and Iraqi troops engaged in hostilities in Iraq and create offices in both Iraq and Iran. On March 2, 1991 the Security Council adopted resolution 686. This resolution calls for Iraq to demonstrate their peaceful intentions in light of the recent invasion of Kuwait and calls for Iraq to cease the firing of missiles and the flight of military aircraft at its neighbors. To promote peace Iraqi military leaders are called upon to meet with their counterparts to arrange for the cessation of hostilities. It furthermore calls for the return of Kuwaiti prisoners of war. The council makes the decision to fully investigate the humanitarian crisis in Iraq. On April 3, 1991 the Security Council adopted resolution 687. This resolution affirms the intention to swiftly withdraw military forces working for Kuwait in Iraq and for Iraq to state their friendly intentions clearly to Kuwait by officially demarking the border between the two nations. It also notes threats made by Iraq to use chemical weapons as they have before in contravention to the 1925 Geneva Protocol Prohibiting for use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous Gases and Bacteriologic Weapons and furthermore prohibits missiles with a range of over 150 km. It recalls that Iraq has subscribed to this law and intends to eliminate and destroy such weapons. It calls for disarmament of Iraq and the demarcation of a demilitarized zone 10 km into Iraq and 5 km into Kuwait and the deployment of a United Nations observer mission to ensure compliance. It reminds Iraq that it owes Kuwait reparations for damages caused by the war and the its statements nullifying its previous debts made on August 2, 1990 are void and all such obligations are therefore valid and shall be addressed by the Compensation Commission that shall take a portion of Iraqs oil revenues to pay for the reparations and care for the humanitarian concerns of Iraqi civilians. It reinforces the prohibition on the sale of all items other than foodstuffs or health supplies particularly arms and military supplies. In conclusion it upholds the cease-fire set forth in resolution 678 (1990). On April 5, 1991 the Security Council, in response to letters from Turkey, France and Iran adopted resolution 688. This resolution condemns the repression of the Iraqi people that recently led to a large number of refugees to seek asylum leaving the country at the borders and demands that Iraq contribute to reducing the threat to international peace and security and commits the United Nations to taking all necessary steps to protect the refugees. On April 9, 1991 the Security Council passed resolution 689. This resolution set the stage for a permanent United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observer Mission (UNIKOM) led by Austrian Major-General Gunther Grendl and staffed with people from around the world. On May 20, 1991 the Security Council passed resolution 692. This resolution set forth the initial plans for the Compensation Commission to pay war reparations to Kuwait with petroleum revenues whose export license can be revoked if the nation is non-compliant with the United Nations. On June 17, 1991 the Security Council passed two resolutions dealing with Iraq 699 and 700. Resolution 699 ordered Iraq to pay for the inspections of the IAEA. Resolution 700 reinforced the prohibition on the sale of arms to Iraq. On August 15, 1991 the Security Council passed three resolutions dealing with Iraq 705, 706 and 707. Resolution 705 determined that Compensation Commission reparations would not exceed 30% of Iraq petroleum sales. Resolution 706 was concerned with the humanitarian situation in Iraq and the return of Kuwaiti civilians missing in the recent military action. It set forth a $1.6 billion cap on oil sales and ensures that revenues will be used for humanitarian purposes. Resolution 707 recognized the letter received from the Government of Iraq on meeting the criteria for achieving the cease fire set forth in resolution 687. The council however noted significant non-compliance with the resolutions intentions to eliminate chemical, biological, nuclear weapons and missiles with a range of more than 150 km. On September 19, 1991 the Security Council passed resolution 712. This resolution reaffirmed the United Nations commitment to developing an escrow account to promote the sale of Iraqi petroleum to pay war reparations and alleviate the Iraqi humanitarian crisis. On October 11, 1991 the Security Council passed resolution 715. This resolution approves the executive director of the International Atomic Energy Association (IAEA) in co-operation with the Secretary-General and the Special Commission to monitor and verify the compliance of the Iraqi government with previous resolutions. The Security Council determined that humanitarian assistance would be required to alleviate the suffering of the Iraqi people, that there were an estimated 2,000 Kuwaitis still missing in action and that the oil sales program had not yet been implemented. On August 26, 1992 the Security Council adopted resolution 773. This resolution recalls the order for the Iraq-Kuwait Boundary Commission made on May 2, 1991 to uphold the Agreed Minutes between the State of Kuwait and the Republic of Iraq Regarding Friendly Relations, Recognition and Related Matters signed on October 4, 1963 and makes provisions for Iraqi oil revenues to pay for half of this border demarcation commission. On October 2, 1992 the Security Council adopted resolution 778. This resolution condemns Iraqs non-compliance with resolutions 706 and 712 (1991) that is aggravating the humanitarian crisis in Iraq due to a lack of oil revenues. The escrow account created in 706 was earmarked at this time for the Compensation Commission to return Kuwaiti property, pay half of the Border Commission and alleviate the humanitarian crisis in Iraq and debts incurred subsequent to the August 2, 1990 invasion of Kuwait. All Iraqi petroleum purchases of less the $200 million US dollars were to be channeled through the escrow account in order to pay reparations. On February 5, 1993 the Security Council adopted resolution 806. This resolution noted the progress being made to demark the demilitarized zone and border between Iraq and Kuwait and condemned the harassment of UNIKOM workers investigating the border by Iraq while bringing their mission before the Security Council every 6 months. On May 27, 1993 the Security Council adopted resolution 833. This resolution, subsequent to the exchange of letters between Iraq and Kuwait affirmed the exact border demarcation between Iraq and Kuwait set forth in the, Agreed minutes between the State of Kuwait and the Republic of Iraq Regarding Friendly Relations, Recognition and Related Matters signed on October 4, 1963. The Secretary-General agreed with the definition of the border for the purpose of the demilitarized zone between Iraq and Kuwait. On March 4, 1994 the Security Council adopted resolution 899. This resolution, having considered the matters of Iraqi private citizens who had lost property to Kuwait after the demarcation of the border and determined that they should be remunerated by the Compensation Commission. On October 15, 1994 the Security Council adopted resolution 949. This resolution recognized Iraqs compliance with past resolutions and the successful correspondence between the state of Kuwait on October 6 and Iraq on October 10 that agreed that Iraq must withdraw its recent military deployment towards the Kuwait border. Iraq is ordered to refer to the Special Commission on all other such deployments that might considered menacing to Iraqs neighbors or the United Nations. On April 14, 1995 the Security Council adopted resolution 986. This resolution was concerned about the severe nutritional and health situation in Iraq and called for the equitable administration of humanitarian relief to address this situation and permitted states to purchase $1 billion of oil from Iraq every 90 days to provide funds. It also permits Iraq to export oil to Turkey. To promote the production of petroleum the United Nations offered to pay $130-150 million US in the northern governorates- Dihouk, Arbil and Suleimaniyeh for every $1 billion produced in every 90 day period and $10 million to cover costs. This resolution decides that Iraqi oil shall be immune to legal proceedings and not subject to any form of attachment, garnishment or execution although Iraq is responsible for the repayment of its foreign international debt. On March 27, 1996 the Security Council adopted resolution 1051. This resolution granted to the Special Commission and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) the right to monitor import and export records. On June 12, 1996 the Security Council adopted resolution 1060. This resolution noted the progress made by Iraq on eliminating its weapons of mass destruction. It however deplores the prohibition of immediate, unconditional and unrestricted access to all areas, facilities, equipment, records and means of transportation. On June 2, 1997 the Security Council adopted resolution 1111. This resolution followed resolution 986 that called for the immediate supply of humanitarian relief to the nation of Iraq on the basis of the successful delivery of humanitarian supples as reported by UN observers commissioned to determined the equitable distribution of oil revenues as medicine, health supplies, foodstuffs and other humanitarian supplies to the Iraqi people. On June 21, 1997 the Security Council adopted resolution 1115. This resolution recalled specific occasions when the Special Commission had been denied access to immediate, unconditional and unrestricted access to inspection sites. On September 12, 1997 the Security Council adopted resolution 1129. This resolution recognized that although Iraq would not be able to produce the $2 billion amount of petroleum set forth in resolution 1111 it should be able to produce the $1 billion set forth in resolution 986 (1995). The Security Council therefore decided to endorse states offering to purchase oil in order to uphold resolution 1111. On October 23, 1997 the Security Council adopted resolution 1134. This resolution expressed grave concern about the refusal of access to inspection sites of UN weapons inspectors. Notwithstanding Iraq permits both fixed wing and helicopter flights through the nation of Iraq by the Special Commission for inspections, surveillance, aerial surveys, transportation and logistics. Therefore the Security Council decided to condemn Iraqi Armed Forces for their repeated refusal of access to inspection sites of UN Special Commission weapons inspectors. On November 12, 1997 the Security Council adopted resolution 1137. This resolution took note of the request of the Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister to cease the use of reconnaissance spy planes by the UN Special Commission as the information appeared to be used by US military bases to launch attacks (the US was not indicted in the resolution). The government of Iraq had also refused Special Commission inspectors entrance into the country and specific inspection sites. The Security Council therefore decided to condemn Iraq for their refusal to comply with previous resolutions regarding weapons inspections reaffirming the responsibility of the Iraqi Government to comply with the Special Commission. On December 4, 1997 the Security Council adopted resolution 1143. This resolution was convinced that the United Nations needed to equitably administrate relief to the nation of Iraq. Concerned with the ongoing implementation of 986 and 1111 that should alleviate the ongoing nutritional and health situation the Security Council decided that all efforts should be made to enforce resolution 1111 to address the humanitarian crisis. On February 28, 1998 the Security Council adopted resolution 1153. This resolution determined that between $682 and $788 million US dollars can be taxed should Iraq sell $5.256 billion dollars in oil. Directing the Compensation Committee established in accordance with resolution 661 to pay for expenses related to the Hajj pilgrimage. On March 2, 1998 the Security Council adopted resolution 1154. This resolution recalls the previous resolutions, which constitute the governing standards of Iraq. Stressing for the Secretary-General and Deputy Prime-Minister of Iraq the importance of co-operating fully with the United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to uphold resolution 687. On March 25, 1998 the Security Council adopted resolution 1158. This resolution reported the expression of willingness to co-operate with the Secretary-General by the Iraqi government to implement resolution 1153. The council therefore decided to enforce resolution 1143 in order to promote the sale of Iraqi petroleum in order to overcome the humanitarian crisis to the full extent of $1.4 billion US Dollars within 90 days. On June 19, 1998 the Security Council adopted resolution 1175. This resolution reported that experts reported that Iraq was unable to produce the $ 5.256 billion US in petroleum that was ordered in resolution 1153 and oil production parts and equipment were called for and $300 million were authorized for reasonable expenses associated with the program. On September 9, 1998 the Security Council adopted resolution 1194. This resolution noted that Iraq had decided on August 5, 1998 to suspend relations with UNSCOM and IAEA as the result of an attack by US military bases (the indictment of the US was not mentioned in the resolution). Iraq is called upon to rescind their decision. On November 5, 1998 the Security Council adopted resolution 1205. This resolution expressed alarm at the expulsion of UNSCOM and demanded the immediate return of Special Commission inspectors. On November 24, 1998 the Security Council adopted resolution 1210 that issued the standard orders regarding oil sales, the administration of humanitarian relief and international observers. On May 21, 1999 the Security Council adopted resolution 1242 that issued the standard orders regarding oil sales and the administration of humanitarian relief. On October 4, 1999 the Security Council adopted resolution 1266 to raise the cap on oil revenues that Iraq can earn to pay for humanitarian relief. On November 19, 1999 the Security Council adopted resolution 1275 to extend the deadline for resolution 1242 and 1266 to December 4. On December 3, 1999 the Security Council adopted resolution 1280 to extend the deadline of resolution 1242 and 1266 until December 11. On December 10, 1999 the Security Council adopted resolution 1281 that issues the standard mandate to administrate oil revenues equitably to disadvantaged Iraqis. On December 17, 1999 the Security Council adopted resolution 1284. This resolution called for the return of all Kuwaiti property taken in the Gulf War and reprimanded Iraq for failing to return all prisoners of war or their remains. It establishes the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) as a subsidiary body of the council replacing UNSCOM as the weapons inspection team that must be given immediate, unconditional and unrestricted access to Iraqi weapons sites in co-operation with the IAEA. Iraq shall be responsible for paying these inspectors. Measures were taken to increase the export of oil and the administration of humanitarian relief. Particular attention was paid by humanitarian relief investigators of vulnerable groups defined as children, pregnant women, the disabled, the elderly and mentally ill with whom they must have unrestricted access to conduct a study. Displaced people are to be compensated. Mine removal in the north governorate was reported to be nearly completed and plans were made to expand the de-mining to other governorates. On March 31, 2000 the Security Council adopted resolution 1293. This resolution made arrangements for Iraq to acquire spare oil parts and for the United Nations to have a $600 million to pay for expenses. On June 8, 2000 the Security Council adopted resolution 1302 that was carbon copied on December 5, 2001when the Security Council adopted resolution 1330. These resolutions were intended to provide a temporary measures to improve the flow of humanitarian supplies into the country and the sale of oil. The resolution makes accommodations for a $600 million budget and $15 million dues to the United Nations. Electrical and housing supplies were ordered to be delivered to those Iraqi citizens determined to be most in need. Oil drilling and refining parts were also ordered for delivery to Iraq. On June 1, 2001 the Security Council adopted resolution 1352. This resolution expressed interest in improving the sale and supply of commodities to Iraq by the introduction of a Goods Review List that would prevent the sale of prohibited to Iraq and ensure that all oil revenues to Iraq be funneled through the escrow account that invested in Iraq on a well investigated basis of need. On July 3, 2001 the Security Council adopted resolution 1360. This resolution ensured that oil revenues are equitably administrated to the people of Iraq in the form of food, medicine, health supplies and materials used for civilian necessities. It sets aside $600 million US to pay for observers and relief workers. The Compensation Commission war reparation fee was reduced to 25%. On November 29, 2001 the Security Council adopted resolution 1382. The resolution recognized the need for humanitarian relief, as oil revenues established in previous resolutions have not been fully upheld it also upholds the prohibition of the importation of arms and military equipment. On May 14, 2002 the Security Council adopted resolution 1409. The resolution reaffirmed the Councils resolve to help provide for humanitarian relief to Iraq and adopted a revised Goods Review List lifting United Nations sanctions on all but military equipment. On November 8, 2002 the Security Council passed resolution 1441. The resolution recognized the threat that Iraqs non-compliance with previous resolutions and the potential proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and long range missiles present to peace and security. The resolution deplores Iraqs failure to disclose all information regarding weapons programs and the expulsion of UNSCOM and IAEA inspectors from specific sites and the entire country. The resolution furthermore deplores the refusal to let UNMOVIC into the country in 1999 and the failure to return third world nationals missing in action or detained in Iraq with the passage of resolution 1284. The council decided that Iraq was in material breach of disarmament disclosures and must permit unimpeded access to UNMOVIC and IAEA inspectors. UNMOVIC and IAEA were granted access to manned and unmanned reconnaissance planes by the United Nations. In the attached letter to Iraqi General al-Saadi signed by UNMOVIC executive chairman Hans Blix and IAEA Director General Mohammed el Baradei after a conference in Vienna the international inspection organizations made arrangements to be protected by Iraqi security guards, use Iraqi airports, receive free fuel from Iraq and have immediate, unrestricted access to inspection sites. On December 4, 2002 the Security Council issued Resolution 1447 reinforcing the need for humanitarian assistance, Iraqi sovereignty and weapons inspections calling for amendments to the Goods Review List. On December 30, 2002 the Security Council passed 17 page long Resolution 1453. This resolution also recognizes the continued need for humanitarian assistance and the sovereignty of Iraq. Its primary purpose was to make amendments to the Goods Review List in accordance with the determined needs of Iraq as expressed in Annex A and B. UN Security Council Resolution 1472 was adopted on March 28, 2003 in response to the March 21, invasion of Iraq by US and UK forces. The resolution notes that the occupying powers are obligated to supply food, medicine and humanitarian assistance as needed to Iraq in accordance with Article 55 of the Fourth Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Times of War. The Security Council reaffirms the right of the Iraqi people to determine their own political future, control their own natural resources and the commitment of member nations to the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Iraq. Having withdrawn UN personnel from Iraq on March 18 the resolution makes plans for new aid shipments of medicine, food and humanitarian supplies via the Office of the Iraq Programme and Oil for Food Program that will be continued on June 3, 2003. On April 24, 2003 the Security Council passed Resolution 1476 reinforcing Resolution 1472 in so far as it provides humanitarian relief to vulnerable Iraqis and calls for the return of United Nations humanitarian relief and observer missions. IV. Economic Arbitration Method Recalling that the Sanctions Committee established by Security Council resolution 661 has become increasingly criticized by member nations for the destruction of the Iraqi economy and the UN command economy established by the Oil for Food Program that has been developed to provide humanitarian assistance to Iraq by helping Iraq capitalize upon its vast oil reserves that amount to 11% of the worlds total has had only limited success in restoring pre-war affluence to the Republic of Iraq. Contrary to common perception, the Oil-for-Food program is not humanitarian aid. No foreign government or NGO donates food, medicines or other necessities to Iraq under the program. The government of Iraq sells oil and then pays in hard currency from a UN-controlled escrow account for imports which the Security Council Sanctions Committee must approve. Thereafter, the UN distributes the imports in the North and UN staff oversee Iraqi government distribution in the Center and South. Between December 10, 1996 and July 19, 2002, a period of over five and a half years, the government of Iraq sold a total of $55.4 billion in oil through UN-controlled sales. After 33% deductions for a combination of war reparations, UN operations and other items, the Council and the UN Secretariat approved $35.8 billion in humanitarian contracts. As of July 19, 2002, only $23.5 billion worth of goods had actually arrived in Iraq. A combination of factors explain this $10.2 disparity, including cumbersome Security Council rules, poor or obstructionist Iraqi management and holds mostly imposed by the United States. Over a period of about five years, serving an Iraqi population of 23 million, the Oil for Food program has delivered roughly $200 worth of goods per capita per year, including oil parts and other goods not directly used by the population. Allowing for domestic production outside the Oil-for-Food program and for smuggling, the result still appears to leave Iraqi citizens an exceedingly low per capita income which at or below the $1 per day World Bank threshold of absolute poverty. Determining that while on its prima-facie the Oil for Food program appears to be a charitable contracting enterprise higher scrutiny shows that it is overly vulnerable to arbitrary sanctions by the Sanctions Committee relying on paranoid claims that the Iraqi military has not complied with weapons inspectors or plans to use certain civilian products for military uses. On March 30, 1999 the Security Council panel found that Iraq had, experienced a shift from relative affluence to massive poverty and predicted, The humanitarian situation in Iraq will continue to be dire in the absence of a sustained revival of the Iraqi economy, which in turn cannot be achieved solely through remedial humanitarian efforts that Iraq must pay for. Therefore a new international regime will need to be developed to compliment Iraqi oil sales with war reparations and the definition of humanitarian aid should be expanded to accommodate contracts for education supplies to improve the 60% Iraqi literacy rate. UNMOVIC should scrutinize all international military contracts in co-operation with the director of Iraqi Military and Public Safety so that military transactions are scrutinized and mistakes do not lead to general sanctions harming the average Iraqi citizen. Surveying throughout the 1990s by the Food and Agriculture Organization and World Food Program documented the lack of food in Iraq and its effect on vulnerable groups. In 1996 the World Health Organization reported on health, morbidity and mortality data for 1989-1994 and commented: In marked contrast to the prevailing situation prior to the events of 1990-91, the infant mortality rates in Iraq today are among the highest in the world, low infant birth weight affects at least 23% of all births, chronic malnutrition affects every fourth child under five years of age, only 41% of the population has regular access to clean water, 83% of all schools need substantial repairs. Infant mortality rose from 47 per 1000 live births during 198489 to 108 per 1000 in 199499, and under-5 mortality rose from 56 to 131 per 1000 live births. 800,000 Iraqi children are chronically malnourished, 21% of children under five are underweight, 20% are stunted due to chronic malnutrition and 9% are wasted due to acute malnutrition. Investigation of the principal cause of this poverty shows that it results from the imposition of sanctions by the fifteen Council members, of whom only two made regular use of holds: the United States and the UK. The United States imposed the overwhelming majority. As of February 2001, the US was solely responsible for over 93% of all holds, the US and the UK together for 5%, and the UK alone for 1%, while 1% was attributable to all other Council delegations, past and present. As of July 19, 2002, no less than $5.4 billion in contracts were on hold, up from $3.7 billion on May 14, 2001. Holds have blocked vital goods. They have affected water purification systems, sewage pipes, medicines, hospital equipment, fertilizers, electricity and communications infrastructure, oil field equipment, and much else. Sometimes just a small part of these contracts is alleged to have dual use. On December 18, 2001, the OIP weekly update noted that The total value of contracts placed on hold by the 661 Committee continued to rise . . . The holds covered 1,610 contracts for the purchase of various humanitarian supplies and equipment, including 1,072 contracts, worth $3.85 billion, for humanitarian supplies and 538 contracts, worth $527 million, for oil industry equipment. During the week, the Committee released from hold 14 contracts, worth $19.8 million. However, it placed on hold 57 new contracts, worth $140.6 million. Neighboring states such as Jordan, Syria, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates and Turkey have clear interests in a lucrative export trade with Iraq, which greatly influences their policy towards this powerful neighbor. They get oil-for-food contracts and are involved in the smuggling trade when they dont contract with the Security Council that is apparently monopolizing Iraqi trade to extract taxes and must adapt to tolerate non-criminal transactions by the independent nation and contractors of Iraq who pay taxes to their sovereign states. Egypt saw its exports to Iraq soar from $105 million in 1997 to almost $1 billion in 2000. UAE exports to Iraq rose from $24 million to over $500 million in the same period. Syria and Turkey benefit from transiting Iraqs oil exports, for they are bordering states through which Iraqs oil flows, both legally and illegally. Additionally, Jordan has a special deal for Iraqi oil at reduced prices for its domestic use. France, Russia and China, permanent members of the Security Council, also have very substantial interests in commercial relations with Iraq, selling hundreds of millions of dollars in goods every year to Baghdad. Of the first $18.29 billion of oil-for-food contracts approved by the Security Council, $5.48 billion went to just these three countries. Further, Russia and France are owed billions of dollars by Iraq from arms sales prior to the Gulf War, loans they hope will be repaid through enlarged trade, oil deals, and growing Iraqi prosperity. Finally, Russian, Chinese and French companies are buyers of Iraqs oil. Russian traders, in particular, have won a very large share of recent Iraqi oil-sale contracts. Commercial interests incline these states to support Iraq and to favor a more lenient approach to sanctions policies, though continued monopolization may offer some of them rich rewards in smuggling and political contracts that they could not win on an open market that would provide a higher standard of living for the average Iraqi. Evolution of the Oil for Food Program was begun in a UN mission to Iraq led by Sadruddin Aga Khan in 1991 concluded that Iraq needed $22 billion that year to provide civilian services at pre-war levels that is acknowledged in UN Security Council Resolution 706 that called for oil sales not to exceed $1.6 billion over 6 months to be placed in an escrow account deducting 30% of these revenues for a Compensation Commission for Kuwait and nations with Prisoners of War (POW), plus UNSCOM weapons inspectors and other international obligations. Resolution 712 on September 19, 1991 approved the deal ensuring that $900 million for the Iraqi people disregarding the Secretary-Generals request that the cap be raised. Security Council passed Resolutions 706 and 712 on August 15 and September 19, 1991 respectively, which put a low cap on Iraqs allowed oil sales and deducted about a third of the oil revenues to pay for war reparations, weapons inspectors and UN administrative expenses. The oil sales ceiling would have yielded, after deductions, about $1.1 billion every six months for Iraqs humanitarian needs, a small fraction of Sadruddin Aga Khans estimate for essential spending. The stage was set for rejection by Baghdad and years of fruitless maneuvering resulted. Neither side gave priority to the growing humanitarian crisis among Iraqi civilians who were impoverished by sanctions on humanitarian goods and indiscriminate air strikes inflicted by the United States. By May 20, 1996 it was determined that Iraq was no longer able to provide survival sustenance for its civilian population so the Iraqi government and UN came to an agreement to implement Resolution 986. Nearly five years later, on May 20, 1996, the Council and the government of Iraq finally agreed to an Oil-for-Food program, under Resolution 986. The agreement allowed for the sale of oil to pay for humanitarian and other vital imports. Under Resolution 986, the Council initially allowed Iraq to sell $2.0 billion worth of oil every six months. The resolution called for deductions of 30% from all Iraqi oil sales to finance the Compensation Fund. The resolution allowed additional deductions of about 4% for UN agencies including the Office of the Iraq Programme (OIP), the arms inspection units (the UN Special Commission - UNSCOM - and the International Atomic Energy Authority IAEA), and for fees for the use of the Turkish pipeline for Iraqs oil exports. Of the remaining 66%, the resolution earmarked 13% for the three autonomous Kurdish northern governorates of Dahuk, Arbil and Suleymaniyah, where a UN inter-agency group would run the humanitarian program, and the remaining 53% for the balance of the country where the government would be in charge of distribution. The government of Iraq accepted the resolution in May 1996, and oil started flowing in December 1996. Because of procurement and shipping lags, the UN humanitarian supplies did not arrive in Iraq until April 1997. On December 10, 1996 the Oil for Food Program began and has been renewed every six months since. Various agencies, including UNICEF, presented reports to the Council, cataloguing the suffering, but the US and the UK used their diplomatic weight and threatened use of the veto to block remedial action beyond the Oil-for-Food program. The Councils Oil-for-Food program eased the worst of the food shortages as supplies began to arrive in mid-1997, but reports from the field suggested that the situation remained very serious. By 1998 Oil-for-Food sales cap increased to $5.256 billion per six month phase. This arrangement contained a strange allocation of the deductions, taking them all from the portion allocated to the Baghdad-controlled population. Thus the 13% of the population in the Kurdish areas of the North got 13% of the total oil sales, while 87% of the population in the Baghdad-controlled areas in the Center and South got just 53% of oil sales 61% of the rate available in the North. Resolution 1330 further expanded the list of humanitarian items permitted into Iraq. The Compensation Commission fund was reduced to 25% from 30% of oil revenues with the additional resources targeted to vulnerable groups. Compensating victims of the invasion of Kuwait has been a priority in the Oil for Food Program. The Council set up the Compensation Commission with Resolution 692 and in Resolution 705 it set the deductions from the Oil-for-Food account at the very high level of 30%, against the advice of the Secretary General. The Compensation Commission has considered a very large number of claims, including claims on behalf of many individuals. According to the Commissions web site, the Commission received approximately 1,356,500 small individual claims and settled them all with payments of approximately $16 billion. Many of the claimants had been migrant workers from Egypt and other countries, working in Iraq and Kuwait at the time the war broke out. A strong case can be made for compensating these individuals. The Commission wisely gave priority to their claims. Corporations and governments have made most of the remaining claims, which come to an additional sum of about $290 billion. This includes claims by various Kuwait government ministries and by the Kuwait Oil Company concerning wartime losses. Considering the wealth of Kuwait and the absence of humanitarian problems there, the deduction of a large share of Iraqs oil sales for war reparations to such claimants appears punitive and not attuned to Iraqs urgent humanitarian and reconstruction needs. While the compensation fund received an allocation of about 29% on average, it actually awarded a total of $38 billion in compensation as of April 2002 compared to just $47 billion in humanitarian supplies ordered by Iraq as of the same date, putting the compensation fund awards at 45% vs. humanitarian orders placed at 55%. As of the same date, the compensation fund had paid out $16 billion to settle claims, while the humanitarian program had received only $21 billion in goods, putting the compensation fund at 43%, while the actual humanitarian outlays came to just 57%. Rethinking sanctions Secretary-General Boutrous Ghali issued a report in January 1995 calling sanctions a, blunt instrument and on April 14, 1995 UN Security Council Resolution 986 allows Iraqi government $2 billion in oil sales every six months. 13% of total available funds were set aside for UN use in the northern governorates. The 661 sanctions committee was expected to review and approve all supplies purchased through the escrow account. In May to June of 2001 the UK, French and Russian presented draft resolutions to propose various new approaches to overcoming the US embargo and the UK proposed a Goods Review List to alleviate sanctions, whereas the decision for land based border monitoring was vacated. On August 12, 1999 UNICEF reports that, an additional half million children under five who would be alive under normal circumstances had died in Iraq between 1991 and 1998. Resolution 1284 offered to improve the Oil-for-Food program and expressed its intention to suspend sanctions with the fundamental objective of improving the humanitarian situation in Iraq. The Oil sales cap was lifted and some prohibited items were permitted to enter Iraq. In February 2000 UN Secretary General Kofi Annan expressed doubts of his own. At a meeting organized by the International Peace Academy and in the presence of most Council ambassadors he concluded that: The record of the Sanctions Decade has raised serious doubts not only about the effectiveness of sanctions, but also about their scope and severity when innocent civilians often become victims not only of their own government, but of the actions of the international community as well. When robust and comprehensive economic sanctions are directed against authoritarian regimes, a different problem is encountered. Then, tragically, it is usually the people who suffer, not the political elites whose behavior triggered the sanctions in the first place. ...Sanctions remain a blunt instrument, which hurt large numbers of people who are not their primary targets. Investing in oil is the most important commercial interest in Iraq that is not trade but oil and gas production. Prior to 1990 Oil revenues created a welfare state with considerable benefits. Iraq possesses the worlds second largest proven oil reserves, currently estimated at 112.5 billion barrels, about 11% of the world total and its gas fields are immense as well. Many experts believe that Iraq has additional undiscovered oil reserves, which might double the total when serious prospecting resumes, putting Iraq nearly on a par with Saudi Arabia. Iraqs oil is of high quality and it is very inexpensive to produce, making it one of the worlds most profitable oil sources. Oil companies hope to gain production rights over these rich fields of Iraqi oil, worth hundreds of billions of dollars. In the view of an industry source it is a boom waiting to happen. As rising world demand depletes reserves in most world regions over the next 10-15 years, Iraqs oil will gain increasing importance in global energy supplies. According to the industry expert: There is not an oil company in the world that doesnt have its eye on Iraq. Geopolitical rivalry among major nations throughout the past century has often turned on control of such key oil resources that is monitored by OPEC. Five companies dominate the world oil industry, two US-based, two primarily UK-based, and one primarily based in France. US-based Exxon Mobil looms largest among the worlds oil companies and by some yardsticks measures as the worlds biggest company. The United States consequently ranks first in the corporate oil sector, with the UK second and France trailing as a distant third. Considering that the US and the UK act almost alone as sanctions advocates and enforcers, and that they are the headquarters of the worlds four largest oil companies, we cannot ignore the possible relationship of sanctions policy with this powerful corporate interest. US and UK companies long held a three-quarter share in Iraqs oil production, but they lost their position with the 1972 nationalization of the Iraq Petroleum Company. The nationalization, following ten years of increasingly rancorous relations between the companies and the government, rocked the international oil industry, as Iraq sought to gain greater control of its oil resources. After the nationalization, Iraq turned to French companies and the Russian (Soviet) government for funds and partnerships. Today, the US and UK companies are very keen to regain their former position, which they see as critical to their future leading role in the world oil industry. The US and the UK governments also see control over Iraqi and Gulf oil as essential to their broader military, geo-strategic and economic interests. At the same time, though, other states and oil companies hope to gain a large or even dominant position in Iraq. As de-nationalization sweeps through the oil sector, international companies see Iraq as an extremely attractive potential field of expansion. France and Russia, the longstanding insiders, pose the biggest challenge to future Anglo-American domination, but serious competitors from China, Germany and Japan also play in the Iraq sweepstakes. During the 1990s, Russias Lukoil, China National Petroleum Corporation and Frances TotalElfFina held contract talks with the government of Iraq over plans to develop Iraqi fields as soon as sanctions are lifted. Lukoil reached an agreement in 1997 to develop Iraqs West Qurna field, while China National signed an agreement for the North Rumailah field in the same year (Chinas oil import needs from the Persian Gulf will grow from 0.5 million barrels per day in 1997 to 5.5 million barrels per day in 2020, making China one of the regions most important customers. Frances Total at the same time held talks for future development of the fabulous Majnun field. Direct military intervention by the US-UK offers a tempting but dangerous gamble that might put Exxon, Shell, BP and Chevron in immediate control of the Iraqi oil boom, but at the risk of backlash from a regional political explosion. In testimony to Congress in 1999, General Anthony C. Zinni, commander in chief of the US Central Command, testified that the Gulf Region, with its huge oil reserves, is a vital interest of long standing for the United States and that the US must have free access to the regions resources. Free access, it seems, means both military and economic control of these resources and not, free trade. This has been a major goal of US strategic doctrine ever since the end of World War II. Prior to 1971, Britain (the former colonial power) policed the region and claimed its oil riches. Since then, the United States has deployed ever-larger military forces to assure free access through overwhelming armed might. Protecting Iraqs economic interests during this criminal period of foreign occupation clearly requires the Oil for Food Program to continue and that the United Nations Office of Iraq and OPEC take responsibility for the continued production and sale of oil to benefit the people and government of Iraq. Rather than bless the massacre by granting oil rights to the US and UK as US President George Bush calls for in his peace plan the Security Council must tax the US and UK for war reparations to the Republic of Iraq and expel these hostile nations from the peaceful country of Iraq. Resolution 1409 of May 14, 2002 legally eliminates holds, but it will probably not eliminate blocked goods. The massive Goods Review List, with suspect items totaling more than 300 pages, provides a substantial barrier to future importation of goods into Iraq and must be demoted from its position of sanctioning power to a useful guide for exporting to Iraq that would be monitored for the importation of weapons and dangerous materials by UNMOVIC and the Minister of Military and Public Safety (MaPS). Wherefore all member nations are encouraged to provide economic and humanitarian relief to the people and Republic of Iraq via the United Nations Security Council or World Bank so that Iraq can swiftly recover from over a decade of sanctions and the destruction of their government on Spring Equinox of 2003. Rebuilding Iraq in 2003 is going to be similar to the $170 billion reconstruction estimate after the Gulf War in 1991 that was never met by the United States who imposed 98% of the sanctions. For an Iraqi Interim Authority to form before unemployment creates deeper economic wounds the United Nations will need to take over the international civil relief operation from the US and UK and implement the, New Iraq Constitutional Estate that should have the monarchy restored to Sharif Husseini by the Summer Solstice 2003 and democratic governance restored in the Fall Equinox Elections. To ensure that the withdrawal of troops occurs in an orderly fashion UNMOVIC must be permitted to re-enter the nation of Iraq with a new mandate to disarm and retire US troops while taking responsibility in co-operation with other UN humanitarian relief organizations. to fund national electoral candidates in accordance with the implementation strategy in Article 100 of the New Iraq Constitutional Estate. Due to the murder rates of the US/UK troops in both Afghanistan and Iraq neither Permanent Member of the Security Council may be reasonably permitted to occupy Iraq, Afghanistan or any other nation in the North African Middle East. To successfully declare peace the United States military will need to retire the 300,000 United States troops stationed in the Middle East with the banking and administration of a $30 billion college and home trust fund. This US Afghani & Iraqi Deal (USAID) will set aside $10 billion US quarterly from the budget of the US Department of Defense (DoD) that would be administrated by the World Bank as directed by the New Iraq Constitutional Estate (NICE) that shall serve as the 2003 Iraqi Constitution. Appendix: A. Outline of the Occupation 1990 Aug 2 After months of tension, the Iraqi army invades Kuwait. The United Nations Security Council passes Resolution 660 condemning the Invasion and demanding Iraq's immediate and unconditional withdrawal. Aug 3Arab League calls for Iraq's withdrawal from Kuwait. Aug 6 Council passes Resolution 661, imposing comprehensive sanctions on Iraq and establishes a committee (the 661 or Sanctions Committee) to monitor the sanctions. Aug 12-15Iraq offers two peace plans which are rejected by the US.Aug 28Jordan proposes a peace plan which is accepted by Iraq but rejected by the US. Sep 19Morocco proposes a peace plan which is rejected by the US. Sep 24 France proposes a peace plan which is accepted by Iraq but rejected by the US.Nov 22 Most expert witnesses to US Senate Armed Services Committee reject military option towards Iraq. Nov 29 Security Council Resolution 678 authorizes use of force against Iraq if it has not withdrawn from Kuwait by 15 January 1991. Nov 30 US proposes talks; Iraq accepts. Dec 5CIA director, William Webster tells US Congress that ``economic sanctions and the embargo against Iraq ... have dealt a serious blow to the Iraq economy. ... In late November, Baghdad cut civilian rations for the second time since the rationing program began ... In addition, services ranging from medical care to sanitation have been curtailed." Although sanctions are hurting Iraq's civilian economy, they are affecting the Iraqi military only at the margins. 1991Jan 9US-Iraq talks fail. Jan 13UN Secretary-General's talks with Iraq fail. Jan 16Air war begins, destroying much of Iraq's civilian infrastructure. Jan 21Iran protests scale of bombing.Jan 29French defence minister Chevnement resigns in protest against scale of bombing. Feb 3Pope John Paul II rejects the claim that the war against Iraq is a "just war." Feb.28War ends.Mar 20Ahtisaari Report to Security Council on humanitarian crisis in Iraq and Kuwait. "Most means of modern life support have been destroyed or rendered tenuous." "Sanctions in respect of food supplies should immediately be removed." No remedy to humanitarian need, "without dealing with the underlying need for energy." Apr 3 Resolution 687 begins cease-fire, establishes UN Special Commission on weapons, extends sanctions by tying them to Iraq's weapons. UK ambassador Sir David Hannay states in the Council that "it will in fact prove impossible for Iraq to rejoin the community of civilized nations while Saddam Hussein remains in power." Apr 5.Resolution 688 condemns "the repression of the Iraqi civilian population" in the ensuing civil war. Mid-Apr US, UK and France organize a "no-fly" zone in northern Iraq, while Operation Provide Comfort carves out an autonomous zone in a large part of the Kurdish areas. Jul 17 UN mission to Iraq led by Sadruddin Aga Khan concludes that Iraq needs $22 billion that year to provide civilian services at pre-war levels. Aug 15 Resolution 706 acknowledges the Sadruddin Aga Khan Report and calls for oil sales not to exceed $1.6 billion over 6 months to be placed in escrow account, deducting 30% for a Compensation Commission, plus UNSCOM and other international obligations, leaving less than 1/3 of the Report's recommended amount for humanitarian aid. Sep 19Resolution 712 proposes that Iraq be allowed $1.6 billion oil sales over six months, of which $900 million would be available for civilian needs, disregarding the Secretary General's request that the cap be raised. 1992Feb 1Iraq rejects 706 and 712.Feb 5 Council declares that Iraq "therefore bears full responsibility for their humanitarian problems." August US, UK and France establish no-fly zone in southern Iraq1993Jan 13US, UK and France attack Iraq with aircraft and cruise missiles. US and UK continue air strikes on January 17 and June 26. 1995Jan UN Secretary General Boutros Ghali issues a report calling sanctions a "blunt instrument" Apr 14 Resolution 986 allows Iraqi government $2 billion in oil sales every six months. 13% of total available funds set aside for UN use in the northern governorates. Sanctions Committee must review and approve all supplies purchased through escrow account. 1996May 12US Ambassador to the UN Madeleine Albright, in response to claims of half a million child deaths in sanctioned Iraq, replies: "I think this is a very hard choice, but the price - we think the price is worth it." May 20Iraq is no longer able to provide survival sustenance for its civilian population. Iraqi government and UN reach agreement on implementing Resolution 986. Sep 3-4In Operation Desert Strike, US fires cruise missiles at Iraqi targetsDec 10First oil sales start, beginning the Oil-for-Food program. It has since been renewed mostly in six month phases. 1998Feb 20Oil-for-Food oil sales cap increased to $5.256 billion per six month phase. Dec UNSCOM's credibility is undermined by evidence that staff members seconded to the agency by the United States have compromised the independence of the agency and engaged in espionage and covert action to overthrow the Iraq government. Dec 15 UN weapons inspectors withdraw from Iraq due to impending aerial attacks by the United States and the UK. Dec 16-19Operation Desert Fox air campaign by US and UK1999Mar 30Security Council panel report finds that Iraq had ``experienced a shift from relative affluence to massive poverty'' and predicted that ``the humanitarian situation in Iraq will continue to be a dire one in the absence of a sustained revival of the Iraqi economy, which in turn cannot be achieved solely through remedial humanitarian efforts.'' Aug 12UNICEF estimates that an additional half million children under five who would be alive under normal circumstances had died in Iraq between 1991 and 1998. Dec 17 Resolution 1284 offers improvements in Oil-for-Food, although less than those recommended by the Security Council panel, and expresses its intention to suspend sanctions with the ``fundamental objective of improving the humanitarian situation'' in Iraq. The oil sales cap is removed and some items are allowed into Iraq with automatic Security Council approval. 2000Jun 8 Resolution 1302 establishes a team of "independent experts to prepare by November 26, 2000 a comprehensive report and analysis of the humanitarian situation". Iraqi government does not allow the team to enter its territory. Security Council rejects the alternative of a report based on UN agency information and other reliable external sources. Dec 5Resolution 1330 further expands lists of humanitarian items. Compensation fund reduced to 25% from 30% of oil revenues with the additional resources targeted to vulnerable groups. 2001 May-JunUK, French, and Russian draft resolutions propose various new approaches. The UK proposes a Goods Review List of potential dual-use items and land-based border monitoring of Iraq trade. Objections by Russia and by Iraq, as well as differences among Permanent Members blocks Council action. Jun 6One month extension of Oil-for-Food under previous conditions. Jul 4 Lacking agreement with Iraq, five month extension of existing Oil-for- Food. Nov 29Oil-for-Food program extended by six months in Resolution 1382. Resolution proposes a Goods Review List to be adopted in May. 2002Jan 29US President George W. Bush declares Iraq to be part of an "axis of evil" in his State of the Union message to Congress. Thereafter, reports abound of plans for a large-scale US military attack on Iraq.Feb 26OIP Director Benon Sevan warns the Security Council of a "financial crisis" in the humanitarian program due to the dispute over oil pricing. May 14Resolution 1409 adopts Goods Review List. Aug 1Iraq Foreign Minister Naji Sabri writes to UN Secretary General Kofi Annan suggesting that Iraq may be ready to allow arms inspectors back into Iraq, but scepticism remains that inspections will resume Nov. 14Resolution 1441 contracts with Iraq to permit UN weapons inspection unit UNMOVIC to have immediate, unconditional and unimpeded access to inspection sites.Dec. 10Pope John Paul II calls Bushs planned attack of Iraq a, disgrace to humanity.Dec. 21Hospitals & Asylums (HA) request $4 billion from the US to compensate Afghanis and Iraqis.2003Feb. 5UN Security Council refuses to endorse President Bushs attack of IraqFeb. 12UK Prime Minister Tony Blair recommends that the US disregard the Security Councils decision not to go to war.MarchUS troop presence in the Gulf increases from 27,000 to 250,000March 21Operation Iraqi Freedom begins with massive air strikes causing severe damage to civil government.End of MarchMany Iraqi Troops surrender to US soldiers and many abandon their posts.AprilUS Department of Defense Issues deck of playing cards with Baath officials to the troops for them to do as they please.AprilUS soldiers and Organization for Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance (ORHA) are currently occupying the Palaces of Baghdad.June 3UN Security Council MeetingJune 21Long live, Sharif Husseini, King of New Iraq  B. 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HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/575/17/IMG/NR057517.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/575/17/IMG/NR057517.pdf?OpenElement 60 UN Security Council. Resolution 669. September 24, 1990.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/575/20/IMG/NR057520.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/575/20/IMG/NR057520.pdf?OpenElement 61 UN Security Council. Resolution 674. October 29, 1990.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/575/24/IMG/NR057524.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/575/24/IMG/NR057524.pdf?OpenElement 62 UN Security Council. Resolution 678 &677. November 28 and 29, 1990.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/575/28/IMG/NR057528.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/575/28/IMG/NR057528.pdf?OpenElement 63 UN Security Council. Resolution 685. January 31, 1991.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/596/21/IMG/NR059621.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/596/21/IMG/NR059621.pdf?OpenElement 64 UN Security Council. Resolution 686. March 2, 1991.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/596/22/IMG/NR059622.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/596/22/IMG/NR059622.pdf?OpenElement 65 UN Security Council. Resolution 687. April 3, 1991.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/596/23/IMG/NR059623.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/596/23/IMG/NR059623.pdf?OpenElement 66 UN Security Council. Resolution 688. 2982nd Meeting. April 5, 1999.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/596/24/IMG/NR059624.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/596/24/IMG/NR059624.pdf?OpenElement 67 UN Security Council. Resolution 689. April 9, 1991.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/596/25/IMG/NR059625.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/596/25/IMG/NR059625.pdf?OpenElement 68 UN Security Council. Resolution 692. May 20, 1991 and Resolution 699 June 17, 1999.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/596/35/IMG/NR059635.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/596/35/IMG/NR059635.pdf?OpenElement 69 UN Security Council. Resolution 700. June 17, 1991.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/596/36/IMG/NR059636.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/596/36/IMG/NR059636.pdf?OpenElement 70 UN Security Council. Resolution 707. August 15, 1991.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/596/43/IMG/NR059643.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/596/43/IMG/NR059643.pdf?OpenElement 71 UN Security Council. Resolution 715. October 11, 1991.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/596/51/IMG/NR059651.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/596/51/IMG/NR059651.pdf?OpenElement 72 UN Security Council. Resolution 773. 3108th Meeting. August 26, 1992.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N92/404/62/IMG/N9240462.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N92/404/62/IMG/N9240462.pdf?OpenElement 73 UN Security Council. Resolution 806. 3171st Meeting. February 5, 1993.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/072/56/IMG/N9307256.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/072/56/IMG/N9307256.pdf?OpenElement 74 UN Security Council. Resolution 833. 3224th Meeting. May 27, 1993.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/313/44/IMG/N9331344.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/313/44/IMG/N9331344.pdf?OpenElement 75 UN Security Council. Resolution 949. 3439th Meeting. October 15, 1994.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N94/401/71/PDF/N9440171.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N94/401/71/PDF/N9440171.pdf?OpenElement 76 UN Security Council. Resolution 986. 3519th Meeting. April 14th 1995.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N95/109/88/PDF/N9510988.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N95/109/88/PDF/N9510988.pdf?OpenElement 77 United Nations Charter. Chapter VI Pacific Settlement of Disputes. Articles 33-28.June 26, 1945.  HYPERLINK "http://www.un.org/Overview/Charter/chapter6.html" http://www.un.org/Overview/Charter/chapter6.html 78Security Council. Resolution 1143. 3840th Meeting. December 4, 1997.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N97/351/77/PDF/N9735177.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N97/351/77/PDF/N9735177.pdf?OpenElement 79Security Council. Resolution 1153. 3855th Meeting. February 28, 1998.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N98/039/34/PDF/N9803934.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N98/039/34/PDF/N9803934.pdf?OpenElement 80The Bible.  HYPERLINK "http://www.bible.com/bible_read.html" http://www.bible.com/bible_read.html 81UN Security Council. Resolution 1352. 4324th Meeting. June 1, 2001.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N01/393/73/PDF/N0139373.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N01/393/73/PDF/N0139373.pdf?OpenElement Anthony J. Sanders, the Hospitals & Asylums Writer (HAW), would like to be appointed to serve as a US trustee to this $10 billion US quarterly settlement to ensure that the World Bank, the UN Security Council Compensation Commission and the Heads of State of the North African Middle Eastern (NAME) countries administrate United States funds in order to compensate Afghan & Iraqi Dead (AID) to found a new society amongst the Arab nations founded upon peace, freedom and literacy. Those interested should contact him at  HYPERLINK "mailto:sanderstony2000@yahoo.com" sanderstony2000@yahoo.com or Hospitals & Asylums 451 Ludlow Ave. #212; Cincinnati, Ohio 45220. Hospitals & Asylums 24 US Code Chapter 3 71-132 County Poor Relief  HYPERLINK \l "P1" Article 1 General Provision 75 71  HYPERLINK \l "s71" Preamble 72  HYPERLINK \l "s72" Country Census 73  HYPERLINK \l "s73" Purpose of Poor Relief 74  HYPERLINK \l "s74" Additional county auditor clerical help 75  HYPERLINK \l "s75" The County Ballot 76  HYPERLINK \l "s76" The Trustee 77  HYPERLINK \l "s77" The Board of Trustees  HYPERLINK \l "P2" Article 2 Poor Relief Employees 78 78  HYPERLINK \l "s78" Office expense and clerical help 79  HYPERLINK \l "s79" Ratio of supervisors to investigators; compensation 80  HYPERLINK \l "s80" Qualifications of investigators 81  HYPERLINK \l "s81" Qualifications of supervisors 82  HYPERLINK \l "s82" Paying investigators on a case by cases basis 83  HYPERLINK \l "s83" Supervisors, investigators, assistants, and employees; pay; vacation; sick leave 84  HYPERLINK \l "s84" Rehabilitation, training, and work programs authorized 85  HYPERLINK \l "s85" Hospitals & Asylums Writing  HYPERLINK \l "P3" Article 3 Poor Relief Standards 80 86  HYPERLINK \l "s86" Oversight and care 87  HYPERLINK \l "s87" Temporary relief 88  HYPERLINK \l "s88" Processing of applications; nondiscrimination 89  HYPERLINK \l "s89" Standards; content 90  HYPERLINK \l "s90" Adequate access ensured; telephone number; office 91  HYPERLINK \l "s91" Scheduled hours of township trustee 92  HYPERLINK \l "s92" Income standards  HYPERLINK \l "P4" Article 4 Application for Poor Relief 82 93  HYPERLINK \l "s93" Consent; form; filing 94  HYPERLINK \l "s94" Eligibility for other public assistance 95  HYPERLINK \l "s95" Denial of relief; welfare fraud 96  HYPERLINK \l "s96" Action on application 97  HYPERLINK \l "s97" Notice of action taken 98  HYPERLINK \l "s98" Hearing on appeal; uniform written procedures 99  HYPERLINK \l "s99" Investigation; relatives 100  HYPERLINK \l "s100" "Resident" defined HYPERLINK \l "AP5"Article 5 Vouchers 84 101  HYPERLINK \l "s101" Appropriations 102  HYPERLINK \l "s102" Temporary stay in a county homeless shelter 103  HYPERLINK \l "s103" Aid in securing employment 104  HYPERLINK \l "s104" Medical examination 105  HYPERLINK \l "s105" Scholarships 106  HYPERLINK \l "s106" Required participation in training program 107  HYPERLINK \l "s107" Utility services payment 108  HYPERLINK \l "s108" Federal food stamp program eligibility 109  HYPERLINK \l "s109" Funeral and burial or cremation expenses 110  HYPERLINK \l "s110" Processing materials for poor relief; gardens 111  HYPERLINK \l "s111" Inspection of Housing Units 112  HYPERLINK \l "s112" County Homeless Shelters 113  HYPERLINK \l "s113" Temporary relief to sick and needy persons  HYPERLINK \l "P6" Article 6 Poor Relief Finance 89 114  HYPERLINK \l "s114" Cooperation with state and federal government 115  HYPERLINK \l "s115" Social Security 116  HYPERLINK \l "s116" Certification, audit, and payment of claim 117  HYPERLINK \l "s117" Borrowing to pay claims 118  HYPERLINK \l "s118" Tax levy 119  HYPERLINK \l "s119" County general fund appropriation 120  HYPERLINK \l "s120" Townships; quarterly reports 121  HYPERLINK \l "s121" Additional appropriations 122  HYPERLINK \l "s122" Copies of yearly budgets filed with County Auditor 123  HYPERLINK \l "s123" County Borrowing to Meet the Needs of Poor Relief 124  HYPERLINK \l "s124" County Bonds 125  HYPERLINK \l "s125" Direct obligations of county; tax levy 126  HYPERLINK \l "s126" Township Appeal for right to borrow; showing 127  HYPERLINK \l "s127" Equitable Contracting by the Trustee  HYPERLINK \l "P7" Article 7 Public Reports 95 128  HYPERLINK \l "s128" Census Report and Recommendation 129  HYPERLINK \l "s129" Distressed township supplemental poor relief fund 130  HYPERLINK \l "s130" Criminal and civil auditing 131  HYPERLINK \l "s131" Annual statistical report 132  HYPERLINK \l "B132" Bibliography 97 Article 1 General Provision 71 Preamble Congress must take responsibility for the repair of Title 24 Hospitals & Asylums USC Chapter 3 National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers. The chapter has been vacated as the result of numerous repeals from 71 up to 151-154 and currently provides refuge only to Subchapter V Battle Mountain Sanitarium Reserve that shall not be infringed upon by this act. The most expeditious method of repair is to replace the many blank sections 71-132 in chapter 3 of Hospitals & Asylums with this draft of County Poor Relief, as it is codified for that purpose, and promises to promote the general welfare of US Citizens without increasing federal taxes by re-codifying Indiana Poor Relief IC-12-20 to link local taxation to the federal taxes administrated as Social Security under 42USC(7). Local taxes would provide much needed support to trust funds and account for the provision of relief to every American with an income under $1,000 per month. County Poor Relief would re-institute the tradition of the county almshouse that was lost in the US during the 1850s due to the demands of the newly created State Mental Institution Library & Education buildings. Poor relief remains a cultural institution and priority to many nations in other parts of the globe. County poor relief trusts would improve the accountability of the federal government and promote the county, city and township governments and their employees to provide relief to the poor while developing culturally significant employment such as the publication of writers, the settlement of lawsuits, urban renewal, environmental projects, homeless shelters, soup kitchens and free food. Poor relief policy can be started with Social Service Agencies collectively paying their income taxes in Poor Relief Trust Funds earmarked for cash relief for the poor people they come into contact with on a daily basis. When the County Auditor is satisfied with the accounting system state, federal, county, municipal and township agencies could introduce a tax on the county and local ballots to supplement the County Poor Relief Trust Fund to the full estimated value determined to be required to alleviate poverty in the county. Ultimately poor relief would be indispensable in the dissolution of large and expensive bureaucracies and corporations and would grant workers greater independence in their professional publishing and the discretion to pay taxes in cash and vouchers to the community on the rational basis of pure poverty. The US government could conceivably guarantee everybody living in the US an income greater than $12,000 per year. 72 Country Census The US Census Bureau Current Population Survey- Historical Poverty Table 1959-2001 sets forth a current poverty line of roughly $10,000 per individual in 2001. In 2001 11.7% of the total US population lived in poverty. The poverty rate for all blacks and Hispanics remained near 30 percent during the 1980s and mid-1990s. Thereafter it began to fall. In 2000, the rate for blacks dropped to 22.1 percent and for Hispanics to 21.2 percentthe lowest rate for both groups since the United States began measuring poverty. In 2001, the rates were 22.7 for blacks and 21.4 for Hispanics. Among children under age 18, 16.3 percent, or 11.7 million children, lived in poverty. In 2001, 26.4 percent of all female-headed families were poor, compared to 4.9 percent of families in which males were present. Among black and Hispanic families headed by women, poverty rates exceeded 35 percent. In 1979, the average central city poverty rate was 15.7 percent; at its highest point, in 1993, it was 21.5; by 2001 it was 16.5 percent, but was still over twice the rate for the suburbs (8.2 percent). Poverty in rural areas is not negligible either; in 2001, 14.2 percent of people living outside metropolitan areas (that is, in the countryside and small country towns), were poor. In the late 1950s, the overall poverty rate for individuals in the United States was 22 percent, representing 39.5 million poor persons. In 1973, the poverty rate was 11.1 percent. At that time roughly 23 million people were poor, 42 percent fewer than were poor in 1959. In 2000, 31 million people were poor (11.3 percent of the population). In 2001 the number of poor and the poverty rate both rose as economic difficulties moved into recession, reaching 32.9 million and 11.7 percent, respectively. Based on 3-year averages (state poverty rates in a single year are not very reliable, owing to small sample sizes). Among the states, New Mexico had the largest percentage of individuals in poverty; from 1998 to 2000 it was 19.3 percent. Connecticut, Iowa, Maryland, Minnesota, and New Hampshire had the lowest poverty rates among statesbelow 8 percent from 1998 to 2000. The upper limit of income amongst the lowest 20% was $17,970, the 50th median was $42,100, the 80% was $83,500 and the 95% was more than $150,499. It should not be difficult to promote public welfare by taxing income locally to generate tax revenues that could be used to ensure that the poor make more than $1,000 a month, or $12,000 a year. The current US population is estimated at 291,081,931, therefore 30 million people live in poverty in the USA. These people would clearly benefit from cash assistance supplemented with health care for uninsured people. To properly address the needs of the poor it is estimated that a total of $30 billion would be necessary every month or $360 billion every year, essentially $1 billion a day needs to be provided in direct assistance to the poor every day. There are3,066 countiesin the United States. Counties vary greatly in size and population. They range in area from 67 square kilometers (Arlington County, Va.) to 227,559 square kilometers (North Slope Borough, Alaska). The population of counties varies from Loving County, Texas, with 140 residents to Los Angeles County, California, which is home to 9.2 million people. Forty-eight of the 50 states have operational county governments. Connecticut and Rhode Island are divided into geographic regions called counties, but they do not have functioning governments. Alaska calls its counties boroughs and Louisiana calls them parishes. It is calculated that every county should administrate an average of $100,000 of poor relief every day of the year. That means counties should spend an average of $3,000,000 every month or $30,600,000 every year. This money must be administrated frugally and swiftly to people who demonstrate need through writing, personal interview and payroll. 73 Purpose of Poor Relief The purpose of this chapter is to provide necessary and prompt relief to the citizens and residents of the United States of America. It shall be liberally construed so that altruistic purposes and policies may be accomplished as equitably and expeditiously as possible. 74 Additional county auditor clerical help (a) Each county auditor is entitled to reasonable additional clerical help to carry out the auditor's responsibilities under this article, as determined to be necessary by each county's fiscal body. (b) The county fiscal body shall make an appropriation for the payment of additional clerical help under this section. 75 The County Ballot (a) each county board of elections shall admit petitioners with 10,000 local signatures for the foundation of a poor relief trust at the county, municipal or township levels dependent upon the review of the county auditor and the perceived needs of the community. (b) upon receipt of the 10,000 signatures the county ballot may issue a special tax for any number of years with the consent of local voters. (c) issues are expected to be presented on the ballot every year and special elections are preferred. (d) some of the budget should be directed to employing the poor to collect signatures and conduct surveys to ensure the issues are truthfully and fairly presented to the public on the county ballot. (e) the election results of the County Ballot are reported to the Secretary of State. 76 The Trustee (a) The poor relief trustee is the chief executive officer of a trust fund designated to pay for poor relief. The Trustee is responsible for accounting and budgeting for the expenditure of poor relief in accordance with the decisions of the board of trustees while supervising employees and ensuring that the great majority of poor relief funds go directly to the poor rather than operational costs. (b) If a township, city or county trustee, who serves as administrator of poor relief, dies, is removed from office, resigns, or in any other way vacates the office of township or city trustee, the township or city trustee shall immediately deliver all books, papers, and other materials concerning the office to the county auditor and the trustee's successor upon the successor's appointment. 77 The Board of Trustees (a) The Board of Trustees shall be comprised of no less than 5 people selected for their expertise and inspiration in the administration of charity. 1. must be a council person in the local government financing the Trust Fund. 2. must be the county auditor. 3. must be a lawyer. 4. must be a doctor of medicine or social work. 5. must serve as the treasurer. (b) The Board shall review denied poor relief claims on weekly basis and make decisions in a monthly public meeting regarding the adequacy of funds and the success of research projects, the minutes and reports of which must be published on the Internet. (c) Trustees must be paid for their time spent working and are encouraged to work in the poor relief office in their professional capacity every day. (d) The Board shall publish a quarterly and yearly financial report for the county auditor. (e) The Board shall hear the grievances of employees, poor relief applicants, poor relief recipients and residents of the community to settle disputes in a literate fashion. Article 2 Poor Relief Employees 78 Office expense and clerical help (a) The trustee may pay out of poor relief money the necessary office expense and clerical or other help necessary to properly administer poor relief. (b) The trustee shall determine the number of poor relief supervisors, investigators, assistants, or other necessary employees that are employed to administer poor relief. (c) The pay of poor relief supervisors, investigators, assistants, and other necessary employees shall be fixed by the trustee subject only to the total budgetary appropriation for personnel services for the administration of poor relief approved by the township board. (c) A poor relief supervisor, investigator, assistant, or other necessary employee who uses an automobile in the performance of the employee's work is entitled to the same mileage paid to state officers and employees. 79 Ratio of supervisors to investigators; compensation (a) The ratio of supervisors to poor relief investigators may not exceed one (1) supervisor for the first four (4) poor relief investigators. If there are more than four (4) poor relief investigators, the trustee may employ one (1) additional supervisor for each twelve (12) poor relief investigators or major fraction of that number. (b) The pay for supervisors of poor relief investigators shall be fixed in the manner provided by law for other city or township salaries in the county. 80 Qualifications of investigators An individual may not be employed as a poor relief investigator unless the individual: (1) is a high school graduate or possesses an equivalent degree; (2) is at least eighteen (18) years of age; and (3) is a resident of the county where the township is located. 81 Qualifications of supervisors An individual may not be employed as a supervisor of poor relief investigators unless the individual: (1) is a US citizen (2) has had at least one (1) years experience as a poor relief investigator. (3) has a college degree. (4) is knowledgeable of Social Security law. 82 Paying investigators on a case by cases basis (a) Two (2) or more trustees in the same county may jointly employ an investigator to investigate poor relief applicants and recipients. (b) Payment for professional investigation conducted under this section has been set by the Commissioner of Social Security at 25% of the 1st months settlement. (c) Investigators in training are paid on an hourly basis until the commission gained from the settlement of claims provides greater reward than an hourly wage. 83 Supervisors, investigators, assistants, and employees; pay; vacation; sick leave (a) A poor relief supervisor, investigator, assistant, or other necessary employee shall be paid only for the number of days the employee is actually engaged in employment during each month. (b) A poor relief supervisor, investigator, assistant, or other necessary employee shall be paid at the rate established by the trustee from an appropriation by the township board. (c) A poor relief supervisor, investigator, assistant, or other necessary employee shall be paid out of the same money as claims for poor relief are paid. Claims for pay are payable upon presentation of a sworn claim itemizing each day or successful claim for which pay is requested. Claims are to be made and filed in the same manner as other claims for poor relief expenditures are payable, at least once each month. (d) Each poor relief chief deputy, investigator, supervisor, assistant, or other necessary employee may be granted paid vacation leave or sick leave. (e) The trustee having a population of at least ten thousand (10,000) may appoint a chief deputy. A chief deputy may be paid from poor relief funds. 84 Rehabilitation, training, and work programs authorized The trustee may, with the approval of the board of trustees, employ personnel to supervise rehabilitation, training, retraining, and work programs. 85 Hospitals & Asylums Writing Trustees are encouraged to pay poor writers in the community and periodically publish a magazine interesting decisions and reports to the Board of Trustees. Professional writers and researchers may be given higher rates of relief or paid $100 whether or not the Board of Trustees decides to publish or enforce the article. Article 3 Poor Relief Standards 86 Oversight and care The township trustee, as administrator of poor relief, in each township is responsible for the oversight and care of all poor individuals in the township as long as the individuals remain in the trustee's charge. The trustee shall see that the individuals are properly taken care of in the manner prescribed by law. 87 Temporary relief The trustee, as administrator of poor relief, shall investigate and grant temporary relief as needed to cover emergency shortfalls in rent and utilities. If a trustee determines by investigation that a poor relief applicant or a poor relief applicant's household requires assistance, the trustee shall, after determining that an emergency exists, furnish to the applicant or household the temporary aid necessary for the relief of immediate suffering. However, before any further final or permanent relief is given, the trustee shall consider whether the applicant's or household's need can be relieved by means other than an expenditure of township money. 88 Processing of applications; nondiscrimination (a) The trustee shall process all applications for poor relief according to uniform written standards and without consideration of the race, creed, nationality, or gender of the applicant or any member of the applicant's household. (b) Standards for the issuance of poor relief and the processing of applications must be: (1) governed by the requirements of this chapter; (2) reviewed and updated annually to reflect changes in the cost of basic necessities in the township and changes in the law; (3) published in a single written document, including addenda attached to the document on the Internet. (4) posted in a place prominently visible to the public in all offices of the trustee where poor relief applications are taken or processed. 89 Standards; content (a) Standards for the administration of poor relief must contain the following: (1) Criteria for determining poor relief eligibility. (2) Minimum requirements of township trustee accessibility. (3) Other information as needed, including the following: (A) Township office locations, hours, and days of availability. (B) Initial eligibility criteria. (C) Continuing eligibility criteria. (D) Workfare requirements. (E) Essential and nonessential assets. (F) Available resources. (G) Income exemptions. (H) Application process. (I) Countable income. (J) Countable assets. (K) Wasted resources. 90 Adequate access ensured; telephone number; office (a) The trustee shall ensure adequate access to poor relief services, including a published telephone number in the name of the county, city or township. (b) A poor relief office, if separate from the trustee's residence, must be designated by a clearly visible sign that lists the: (1) trustee's name; (2) availability of poor relief assistance; and (3) poor relief office's telephone number. The sign must conform to all local zoning and signage restrictions. 91 Scheduled hours of township trustee (a) This section does not apply to a trustee who has assisted less than fifty-one (51) households during each of the two (2) years immediately preceding the date of the trustee's annual report to the county auditor and public. (b) To ensure minimum accessibility, a trustee operating a poor relief office in a township with a population of at least ten thousand (10,000) shall provide scheduled office hours for poor relief and staff each office with an individual qualified to: (1) determine eligibility; and (2) issue relief sufficient to meet the poor relief needs of the township. (3) Provide poor relief office hours for at least fourteen (14) hours per week. (4) Provide for after hours access to by use of an answering machine or a service: (A) capable of taking messages; and (B) programmed to provide information about poor relief office hours. (5) Respond to a telephone inquiry for poor relief services within 24 hours (6) Respond to mail inquiries within 1 week. (7) Post poor relief office hours, telephone numbers and mailing address at the entrance to each poor relief office. (8) File lawsuits with the county court on a monthly basis. 92 Income standards (a) The poverty line is best determined locally by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and varies widely regionally. A national poverty line is estimated to be roughly less than $1,000 per month per individual and less than $1,500 per month for a small family or $2,500 for a large family. Article 4 Application for Poor Relief 93 Consent; form; filing (a) Each applicant and each adult member of the applicant's household seeking poor relief must consent to a disclosure and release of information about the applicant and the applicant's household before poor relief may be provided by the trustee. The consent must be made by signing a form prescribed by the county auditor. The form must include the following: (1) The applicant's name, case number, and address. (2) The types of information being solicited, including the following: (A) Countable income. (B) Countable assets. (C) Wasted resources. (D) Relatives capable of providing assistance. (E) Past or present employment. (F) Pending claims or causes of action. (G) A medical condition if relevant to work or workfare requirements. (H) Any other information required by law. (3) The names of individuals, agencies, and township trustee offices that will receive the information. (4) The expiration date of the permission to disclose information. (b) Information that is declared to be confidential by state or federal statute may not be obtained under the consent form prescribed by this section. (c) The trustee shall keep all applications on file and shall make available to the county auditor and office of Medicaid policy. (d) If an individual who is required to sign a form under this section is unable to sign the form in the township trustee's office due to a physical or mental disability or illness, the township trustee shall make alternate arrangements to obtain the individual's signature. 94 Eligibility for other public assistance Each poor relief trustee shall obtain information about public assistance programs administered by federal, state and county offices and co-operate with these programs and agencies and determine if individuals and families are eligible for relief from the Social Security Administration or Center for Medicaid, Medicare and SCHIP under 42USC Chapter 7 and from the federal Food Stamp program under 7 USC 2011 by filling out and filing these agencies application forms. 95 Denial of relief; welfare fraud (a) If a trustee finds that an individual has obtained poor relief assistance from any poor relief trust by means of fraudulent or criminal conduct, the township trustee may refuse to extend aid to or for the benefit of that individual for sixty (60) days after the later of the: (1) date of the improper conduct; or (2) date aid was last extended to the individual based on the improper conduct. 96 Action on application (a) In a case of emergency, a trustee shall accept and promptly pay for a completed application from an individual requesting assistance. In a non-emergency request for poor relief assistance, the trustee shall file completed applications not later than seventy-two (72) hours after receiving the application, excluding weekends and legal holidays for inclusion in the Internet Publication with decision regarding inclusion on monthly payroll. The trustee's office shall retain a copy of each application and affidavit whether or not relief is granted. (b) The actions that a trustee may take on a completed application for poor relief, except in a case of emergency, are the following: (1) Grant assistance. (2) Deny assistance, including a partial denial of assistance requested. (3) Leave the decision pending. 97 Notice of action taken (a) A trustee shall promptly notify in writing each applicant for poor relief of action taken upon a completed application for poor relief. The trustee shall do the following: (1) Mail notice or provide personal notice not later than seventy-two (72) hours, excluding weekends and legal holidays, after the completed application is received, advising the applicant of the right to appeal an adverse decision of the trustee to the board of commissioners. (2) Included in the notice required the trustee shall provide the following: (A) The type and amount of assistance granted. (B) The type and amount of assistance denied or partially granted. (C) Specific reasons for denying all or part of the assistance requested. (D) Information of the procedures for appeal to the board of commissioners. (b) A copy of the notice described in subsection (a) shall be filed with the recipient's application and affidavit in the trustee's office. (c) An application for poor relief is not considered complete until all adult members of the requesting household have signed: (1) the poor relief application; and (2) any other form, instrument, or document: (A) required by law; or (B) determined necessary for investigative purposes by the trustee. 98 Hearing on appeal; uniform written procedures (a) The board of county commissioners may: (1) conduct a hearing on the appeal; or (2) appoint a hearing officer: (A) from among the board; (B) from among the employees of the board; or (C) from qualified residents of the county; who will serve without compensation to conduct a hearing for the board. (b) The board of county commissioners shall develop uniform written procedures, including provisions for: (1) before the hearing, an opportunity for the appellant or the appellant's legal representative to review the appellant's poor relief file and any documents or evidence used by the township trustee to make the determination under appeal; (2) the order of the proceeding and the procedure for subpoena: (A) of a witness; or (B) for production of evidence; if reasonably requested by the appellant or the township trustee; and (3) the issuance of a hearing decision within the period prescribed by section 6(b)(2) of this chapter. (c) The applicant may appeal a decision of the board of commissioners to a court within the jurisdiction of the county. In hearing an appeal, the court shall be governed by the local poor relief standards for determining eligibility. If legally sufficient standards have not been established, the court shall be guided by the circumstances of the case and national protocol. 99 Investigation; relatives (a) If an application for poor relief is made to the trustee as administrator of poor relief, the township trustee, as administrator of poor relief, shall carefully investigate the circumstances of the applicant and each member of the applicant's household to ascertain the following: (1) Legal residence. (2) Names and ages. (3) Physical condition relating to sickness or health. (4) Present and previous occupation. (5) Ability and capacity to perform labor. (6) The cause of the applicant's or household member's condition of need. (7) Whether the applicant is entitled to income in the future from: (A) Past or present employment. (B) A pending claim or cause of action that may result in a monetary award. (C) A pending determination for assistance from another governmental entity. (8) The family relationships of the poor relief applicant. (9) Whether the poor relief applicant or members of the applicant's household have relatives able and willing to assist the applicant or a member of the applicant's household. (b) As used in this section, "relative" includes the parent, stepparent, child, stepchild, sibling, stepsibling, grandparent, stepgrandparent, grandchild, or stepgrandchild of a poor relief applicant. (c) If an applicant who applies for poor relief or a member of the applicant's household has a relative living in the area who is able to assist the applicant or member of the applicant's household, the trustee shall, as administrator of poor relief and before granting aid a second time, ask the relative to help the applicant or member of the applicant's household, either with allowance, housing, material relief or by furnishing employment. 100 "Resident" defined For purposes of this chapter, an individual is a "resident" of a township or county if the individual: (1) has located in the township or county; and (2) intends to make the township or county the individual's sole place of residence. (3) is traveling through the county who needs emergency assistance. (4) has a mailing address in the county, city or township Article 5 Vouchers 101 Appropriations (a) An expenditure of money may not be made under this chapter except after a specific appropriation made and approved by the board of trustees in the manner provided by law. (b) An appropriation may not be made or approved unless a sufficient amount of money to cover the proposed expenditure is included in the annual budget of the trust for poor relief purposes. (c) Vouchers are the most effective method for administrating special programs and must be funded with appropriations approved by the Board of Trustees. 102 Temporary stay in a county homeless shelter If an individual or family is homeless the trustee or staff may place them in a county homeless shelter and make arrangements for their postal service. 103 Aid in securing employment If a poor relief applicant is in good health or if any members of the applicant's household are in good health, the trustee, as administrator of poor relief, shall require the individuals who are able to work to seek employment. The trustee shall refuse to furnish any permanent poor relief assistance until the township trustee is satisfied that the poor relief applicant or members of the applicant's household are endeavoring to find work. Poor relief offices, shall make all possible efforts to secure employment for an able-bodied poor relief applicant in the township where the applicant resides. The office may call upon residents of the township to aid in finding employment for a poor relief applicant who is able to work and distribute classified listings of employment opportunities to poor relief applicants and recipients. 104 Medical examination (a) The trustee shall pay for the following primarily preventative medical services for the poor in co-operation with the Center for Medicaid, Medicare and SCHIP for: (1) Prescription drugs and insulin as prescribed by an attending practitioner, (2) Yearly check-ups provided by a physician or another medical provider. (3) Yearly dental cleanings and to treat pain or infection or to repair cavities. (4) Repair or replacement of dentures. (5) Emergency room treatment that is of an emergency nature. (6) Pre-operation testing prescribed by an attending physician (7) Over-the-counter drugs prescribed by a practitioner. (8) X-rays and laboratory testing as prescribed by an attending physician (9) Physical therapy prescribed by an attending physician (10) Eyeglasses. (11) Prosthetic limbs and their repair and replacement (d) The township trustee may establish a list of approved medical providers to provide medical services to the poor. Any medical provider who: (1) can provide the particular medical services demanded (2) is willing to provide the medical services for the charges established by the trustee; is entitled to be included on the list. 105 Scholarships The trustee may pay for a limited number scholarships for poor relief recipients, if the recipient: (1) has a proven aptitude for the courses being studied; (2) was referred by the trustee; (3) does not qualify for other tax supported educational programs; (4) maintains a passing grade in each course; and (5) maintains the minimum attendance requirements of the educational institution. 106 Required participation in training program (a) As a condition of continuing eligibility, a trustee may require a recipient of poor relief or any member of a recipient's household to participate in an appropriate work training program that is offered to the recipient or a member of the recipient's household within the county or an adjoining township in another county by a: (1) federal, state, or local governmental entity; or (2) nonprofit agency. (b) A township trustee may, with the approval of the township board, do the following: (1) Conduct the following for poor relief recipients in the township: (A) Rehabilitation programs. (B) Training programs. (C) Retraining programs. (D) Work programs. (2) Employ personnel to supervise the programs. (3) Pay the costs of the programs from poor relief money. (4) Contract with employers to hire poor relief recipients. 107 Utility services payment (a) The trustee may, in cases of necessity, authorize the payment from poor relief money for essential utility services, including the following: (1) Water services. (2) Gas services. (3) Electric services. (4) Fuel oil services for fuel oil used for heating or cooking. (5) Coal, wood, or liquid propane used for heating or cooking. (b) The trustee may authorize the payment of delinquent bills for the services listed in subsection (a)(1) through (a)(5) when necessary to prevent the termination of the services or to restore terminated service if the delinquency has lasted not longer than twenty-four (24) months. The township trustee has no obligation to pay a delinquent bill for the services or materials listed in subsection (a)(1) through (a)(5) if the delinquency has lasted longer than twenty-four (24) months. 108 Federal food stamp program eligibility (a) a trustee, as administrator of poor relief, may not purchase food out of the township poor relief fund for an applicant or a household that is eligible to participate in the federal food stamp program. (b) A township trustee, as administrator of poor relief, may purchase food for an eligible food stamp applicant or household only under any of the following conditions: (1) During the interim period when an applicant or a household is awaiting a determination of eligibility from the food stamp office and ending not more than five (5) days after the day the applicant or household becomes eligible to participate in the federal food stamp program. (2) Upon the verified loss of the household's food stamps or food supply by: (A) fire or other natural disaster; or (B) burglary or other criminal act, if the requesting applicant or household files a report with the appropriate law enforcement agency. (3) Upon the loss of the applicant's or household's food supply through spoilage. (4) Upon a written statement from a physician indicating that at least one (1) member of the household needs a special diet, the cost of which is greater than can be purchased with the household's allotment of food stamps. (5) If the township trustee, as administrator of poor relief, determines that an applicant or a household: (A) is in need of supplementary food assistance; and (B) has participated in the federal food stamp program to the fullest extent allowable under federal and state law; and supplementary food assistance is required by the circumstances of the particular case. (c) The township trustee, as administrator of poor relief, may purchase feed for a minimum amount of subsistence livestock if the cost is less than the cost of food that is otherwise necessary for the township trustee to furnish under this chapter. 109 Funeral and burial or cremation expenses (a) If: (1) an individual dies without leaving: (A) money; (B) real or personal property; (C) other assets that may be liquidated; or (D) other means necessary to defray funeral expenses; and the trustee, as administrator of poor relief, shall provide a funeral director to contact family members, superintend and authorize either the funeral and burial or cremation of the deceased individual. (c) The necessary and reasonable expenses of the funeral and burial or cremation, including a burial plot, shall be paid in the same manner as other one time claims for poor relief. A trustee shall determine the cost for the items and services required by law for the funeral and burial of an individual, including a burial plot, and for the cremation of an individual, and include in the township's poor relief standards the maximum funeral and burial or cremation amount to be paid from poor relief funds. The trustee may deduct from the maximum amount the following: (1) Any monetary benefits that the deceased individual is entitled to receive from a state or federal program. (2) Any money that another person provides on behalf of the deceased individual. (d) If an individual described in subsection (b) is a resident of a state institution at the time of the individual's death, the division that has administrative control of the state institution shall reimburse the township trustee for the necessary and reasonable expenses of the funeral and burial or cremation of the deceased individual. The township trustee shall submit to the division that has administrative control of the state institution an itemized claim for reimbursement of the necessary and reasonable funeral and burial or cremation expenses incurred by the township trustee. (e) The township trustee may not cremate a deceased individual if: (1) the deceased individual; or (2) a surviving family member of the deceased individual; has objected in writing to cremation. (f) If a township trustee provides a funeral under this section, the cost of the funeral may not be more than the cost of the least expensive funeral, including any necessary merchandise and embalming, available from the funeral director under the funeral director's price list disclosed to the Federal Trade Commission. 110 Processing materials for poor relief; gardens (a) The trustee, as administrator of poor relief, may process materials provided by charitable or governmental agencies to provide any item of poor relief if the expense of the processing is less than the cost of the finished product. (b) The trustee, as administrator of poor relief, may buy materials and supplies of any item of relief and may process the materials for poor relief purposes. (c) The trustee, as administrator of poor relief, may buy garden seeds and plant and maintain gardens for poor relief purposes. 111 Inspection of housing units (a) A township trustee may employ the services of a housing inspector to inspect all housing units, including: (1) mobile homes; (2) group homes; (3) single household units; (4) multiple household units; (5) apartments; or (6) any other dwelling; inhabited by a poor relief recipient. (b) A township trustee may contract with a local housing authority: (1) for housing inspection services; and (2) to train a township housing inspector. Costs of these contractual services shall be paid from the poor relief fund. (c) A housing inspector shall use the following for determining a housing structure's suitability for habitation: (1) Standards recommended by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development as used by local housing authorities. (2) Local building codes and municipal ordinances. (d) Substandard housing that does not meet minimum standards of health, safety, and construction is not eligible for: (1) the maximum level of shelter payments; or (2) damage or security deposits paid from or encumbered by poor relief funds. (e) If the trustee determines that a housing unit for which payment is requested is substantially below minimum standards of health, safety, or construction, the trustee, when necessary, shall assist the applicant in obtaining appropriate alternate shelter. 112 County Homeless Shelters (a) As used in this section, "shelter" means a facility that provides temporary emergency assistance. (b) A township trustee may establish, purchase, acquire, maintain, or operate a shelter for eligible poor relief households needing temporary housing assistance. (c) A township having a population of less than eight thousand (8,000) may not expend more than ten thousand dollars ($10,000) to implement this section without the approval of the county executive. (d) A township having a population of at least eight thousand (8,000) may not expend more than one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) to implement this section without the approval of the county executive. (e) In counties where the implementation of this section can be more efficiently and expeditiously handled in units larger than a single township, a township trustee may combine resources with other townships within a county to: (1) establish one (1) or more household shelter units; and (2) pay a pro rata share of all administrative and other costs incidental to the maintenance and operation of each shelter unit. (f) A poor relief trustee may contract with private agencies offering a shelter program in order to comply with this section (g) A poor relief trustee is not obligated to: (1) enter into a contract with; or (2) pay shelter costs to; a shelter that is supported by federal or state funds. (h) However a poor relief trustee is expected to make many referrals and be a major supporter of homeless shelters in the community. 113 Temporary relief to sick and needy persons (a) Upon complaint that an individual within the township is: (1) sick; (2) in need; (3) without necessary financial resources; and (4) likely to suffer; the administrator of poor relief, shall investigate and grant the temporary relief required. Article 6 Poor Relief Finance 114 Cooperation with state and federal government (a) A trustee, as administrator of poor relief, may cooperate with the state and federal government in the furnishing of poor relief so that the poor relief is furnished adequately and economically. (b) A trustee, as administrator of poor relief, shall provide facilities for relief headquarters and storage and transportation of commodities for poor relief purposes as are demanded. (c) A trustee, as administrator of poor relief, shall primarily be required to list all local providers of shelter, food, counseling and health care for the poor. (d) The trustee, as administrator of poor relief, may participate in surplus agricultural commodities distributions provided by the United States Department of Agriculture to the state and all applicable Social Security Programs. (e) A township trustee, as administrator of poor relief: (1) may establish the trustee's own distribution plan; or (2) shall participate with other local administrators of Social Security and relief. 115 Social Security Social Security Statutes are published in 42 US Code Chapter 7 Subchapters 1-21 and by the Social Security Administration in a separately codified book beginning with 1. In 2003-2004 the Social Security Administration whose administrative budget is limited to $8.53 billion out of a total yearly outlay of $535 billion, the administration 1. Payd benefits to more than 50 million people every month. 2. Processes more than 5million claims for benefits; 3. Issues 16 million new and replacement Social Security number (SSN) cards; 4. Processes 265 million earnings items to maintain workers life-long earnings records; 5. Handles approximately 54 million phone calls to SSAs 800-number; and 6. Issues 136 million Social Security Statements to advise workers how much they have contributed to Social Security and provide estimates of future benefits. 7. Amends one of the 21 Subchapters of Social Security at least once a year. The 21 Subchapters of Social Security are listed below,  HYPERLINK "http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/42/ch7schI.html" SUBCHAPTER I GRANTS TO STATES FOR OLD-AGE ASSISTANCE  HYPERLINK "http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/42/ch7schII.html" SUBCHAPTER II FEDERAL OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS, AND DISABILITY INSURANCE BENEFITS  HYPERLINK "http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/42/ch7schIII.html" SUBCHAPTER III GRANTS TO STATES FOR UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION ADMINISTRATION  HYPERLINK "http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/42/ch7schIV.html" SUBCHAPTER IV GRANTS TO STATES FOR AID AND SERVICES TO NEEDY FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN AND FOR CHILD-WELFARE SERVICES  HYPERLINK "http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/42/ch7schV.html" SUBCHAPTER V MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH SERVICES BLOCK GRANT  HYPERLINK "http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/42/ch7schVI.html" SUBCHAPTER VI GRANTS TO STATES FOR SERVICES TO AGED, BLIND, OR DISABLED  HYPERLINK "http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/42/ch7schVII.html" SUBCHAPTER VII ADMINISTRATION  HYPERLINK "http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/42/ch7schVIII.html" SUBCHAPTER VIII SPECIAL BENEFITS FOR CERTAIN WORLD WAR II VETERANS  HYPERLINK "http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/42/ch7schIX.html" SUBCHAPTER IX EMPLOYMENT SECURITY ADMINISTRATIVE FINANCING  HYPERLINK "http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/42/ch7schX.html" SUBCHAPTER X GRANTS TO STATES FOR AID TO BLIND  HYPERLINK "http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/42/ch7schXI.html" SUBCHAPTER XI GENERAL PROVISIONS, PEER REVIEW, AND ADMINISTRATIVE SIMPLIFICATION  HYPERLINK "http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/42/ch7schXII.html" SUBCHAPTER XII ADVANCES TO STATE UNEMPLOYMENT FUNDS  HYPERLINK "http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/42/ch7schXIII.html" SUBCHAPTER XIII RECONVERSION UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS FOR SEAMEN  HYPERLINK "http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/42/ch7schXIV.html" SUBCHAPTER XIV GRANTS TO STATES FOR AID TO PERMANENTLY AND TOTALLY DISABLED  HYPERLINK "http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/42/ch7schXV.html" SUBCHAPTER XV UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION FOR FEDERAL EMPLOYEES  HYPERLINK "http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/42/ch7schXVI.html" SUBCHAPTER XVI SUPPLEMENTAL SECURITY INCOME FOR AGED, BLIND, AND DISABLED  HYPERLINK "http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/42/ch7schXVII.html" SUBCHAPTER XVII GRANTS FOR PLANNING COMPREHENSIVE ACTION TO COMBAT MENTAL RETARDATION  HYPERLINK "http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/42/ch7schXVIII.html" SUBCHAPTER XVIII HEALTH INSURANCE FOR AGED AND DISABLED  HYPERLINK "http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/42/ch7schXIX.html" SUBCHAPTER XIX GRANTS TO STATES FOR MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS  HYPERLINK "http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/42/ch7schXX.html" SUBCHAPTER XX BLOCK GRANTS TO STATES FOR SOCIAL SERVICES  HYPERLINK "http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/42/ch7schXXI.html" SUBCHAPTER XXI STATE CHILDREN'S HEALTH INSURANCE PROGRAM 116 Certification, audit, and payment of claim (a) If a trustee, as administrator of poor relief, grants poor relief to an indigent individual or to any other person or agency on a poor relief order or obligates the trust for an item properly payable from poor relief money, the claim against the township, city, county, state or federal government must be: (1) itemized and sworn to as provided by law; (2) accompanied by the original poor relief order, which must be itemized and signed; and (3) checked with the records of the trustee, as administrator of poor relief, and audited and certified by the trustee. (b) The trustee shall pay claims for poor relief in the same manner that payroll is paid. 117 Borrowing to pay claims (a) If money is not available for the payment of poor relief claims the county, city or township fiscal body shall promptly pass necessary ordinances and make the necessary appropriations to enable this to be done, after determining whether to borrow money by any of the following methods: (1) A temporary loan against taxes levied and in the process of collection. (2) The sale of county poor relief bonds or other county obligations. (3) Any other lawful method of obtaining money for the payment of poor relief. 118 Tax levy (a) A trustee and board may levy a specific tax on the county ballot for the purpose of providing money for the payment of poor relief expenses in the following year. The tax may be sufficient to meet the entire requirement of the township in the following year or the part that is determined to be proper. (b) If a tax levy is established, all proceeds derived from the tax levy shall be distributed to the trust fund at the same time and in the same manner as proceeds from other property tax levies are distributed to the county, municipality or township. The proceeds of the tax levy shall be held free and available for the payment of poor relief obligations. (c) The poor relief administration must furnish the required number of signatures to get the tax levy on the ballot. 119 county general fund appropriation If the board of commissioners determines from the quarterly reports filed by the trustees with the county auditor that the levies made by the respective townships for poor relief purposes will be insufficient to provide free and available money during the following year for poor relief purposes. (1) the board of commissioners may include estimates for the advancements in the county general fund budget; (2) the county fiscal body may appropriate for the advancement in the budget and levy as adopted by the county fiscal body; and (3) the department shall include that amount in the final county general fund levy. 120 Townships; quarterly reports The trustee shall supply the county auditor with information that the auditor needs to comply with this chapter. 121 Additional appropriations (a) A trustee may not, acting as administrator of poor relief, disburse any money or incur any obligation in the furnishing of poor relief in excess of the amount appropriated for that purpose. (b) Appropriations for poor relief purposes must be made in the manner provided by law. (c) When preparing the annual budget for a county, city or township the commission shall set out in the budget the amount of expenditures estimated to be reasonably required for current poor relief in the following calendar year. If the amount provided for poor relief in the annual budget as finally adopted and approved is insufficient to meet the requirements for that purpose, additional appropriations may be made in the manner provided by law for the making of additional appropriations for other purposes. 122 Copies of yearly budgets filed with County Auditor (a) Copies of all Trustee budgets for current poor relief shall, as finally adopted and approved, be placed on file in the office of the county auditor and on made accessible on the Internet. If an additional appropriation for current poor relief is made: (1) a certified copy of the action of the township, city or county board in making the additional appropriation; and (2) a certified copy of the order of the department approving the additional appropriation; shall be filed in the office of the county auditor. (b) A trustee may not pay any poor relief order or claim in excess of the amount appropriated for current poor relief purposes, except as otherwise provided by law. (a)The state auditor shall adopt uniform forms and necessary rules under this chapter to make the method of budgeting and appropriating poor relief money uniform in all counties. 123 County Borrowing to Meet the Needs of Poor Relief (a) If the board of commissioners of a county finds that the amount of money required by the townships of the county for the providing of poor relief is greater than can be reasonably advanced by the county out of available money, the board of commissioners of the county may borrow on behalf of the county sufficient money for that purpose, subject to the limitations set forth in this chapter. (b)A county may not borrow money to provide an advancement to a township unless the township has a township poor relief ad valorem property tax rate of at least one and sixty-seven hundredths cents ($0.0167) per one hundred dollars ($100) of assessed valuation. (c) A loan may be made under this chapter in an amount sufficient to pay the following: (1) The indebtedness incurred by the townships in providing poor relief. (2) The amount estimated by the board of commissioners to be needed for a period not to exceed six (6) calendar months beginning with the month following the month in which the board's finding is made. (d) Before making a loan under this chapter, the board of commissioners shall, in either a regular or special session, enter of record the following: (1) A finding that the necessary advancements are in excess of the amount that can be reasonably advanced by the county out of available money. (2) The period to be provided for from the proceeds of the proposed loan. (3) The estimated requirements for each township of the county for that period. (e) Before making a loan, the board of commissioners also shall direct the county auditor to call the county fiscal body into special session for the purpose of considering the making of the loan. (f) when giving notice of a special session of the county fiscal body for the purpose of considering making a loan under this chapter, the county auditor shall include in the notice a statement of the estimated amounts required by the township and the period covered by the estimate. The township trustee of a township seeking the loan shall supply the county auditor with information that the auditor needs to comply with this section. (g) The county fiscal body may authorize a loan under this chapter by ordinance, at any regular meeting, without special notice being given, if requested by the county commissioners. (h) An ordinance authorizing a loan under IC12-2-5 (before its repeal) or this chapter may be finally adopted at the meeting at which the ordinance is first presented or the county fiscal body may adjourn from day to day for the further consideration of the ordinance. (i) An ordinance adopted by a county fiscal body authorizing a loan under this chapter must do the following: (1) Authorize the issuance of the bonds of the county to evidence the loan. (2) Fix the maximum amount of the bonds, subject to subsection (b). (3) Fix the maximum rate of interest to be paid on the bonds, (4) Fix the number of semiannual series in which the bonds must be payable, 124 County Bonds (a) After the adoption of a bond ordinance by the county fiscal body, the board of commissioners shall enter an order fixing the following: (1) The exact amount of the proposed loan within the maximum amount provided in the ordinance. (2) The exact rate of interest on the bonds or providing that the interest rate must be the lowest interest rate bid on the bonds, not exceeding the maximum interest rate provided in the ordinance. (b) The board of commissioners may fix the denominations of the bonds or may provide that the bonds must be in the denominations requested by the successful bidder. However, the denominations so selected must not change the amount of the serial maturities of the bonds. (c) The board of commissioners shall adopt the form of bond to be used in the issuance of the bonds.  (d) The provisions of general statutes relating to the preparation and sale of bonds by counties apply to the preparation and sale of bonds. (e) Before the sale of bonds, the county auditor shall cause notice of the sale to be published: (1) at least one (1) time each week for two (2) weeks in at least two (2) newspapers published in the county; and (2) one (1) time in a newspaper published in the capitol city of the state; at least seven (7) days before the date fixed for the sale of the bonds. (f) If the order of the board of commissioners provides for a bid rate on the bonds, the notice of sale must state the following: (1) The bid rate. (2) That the highest bidder for the bonds will be the person that offers the lowest net interest cost to the county, to be determined by computing the total interest on all of the bonds to maturity and deducting from the amount the premium bid if any. (g) The county auditor shall sell the bonds to the highest bidder. If a satisfactory bid is not received for all of the bonds at the time fixed in the notice of sale, the county auditor may continue the sale from day to day and sell the bonds in parcels, until otherwise directed by an order of the board of commissioners. (h) If the successful bidder for all or any part of the bonds is the holder of approved poor relief claims as provided by law against any of the townships of the county, the bidder may apply those claims on the purchase price of the bonds awarded to the bidder. The county treasurer shall receive the claims at face value in lieu of cash, and the county auditor shall charge that amount against the proper township as an advancement to the township from the county. 125 Direct obligations of county; tax levy (a) All bonds issued by the county are the direct general obligations of the county issuing the bonds, payable out of unlimited ad valorem taxes to be levied and collected on all of the taxable property within the county. Each official and body having to do with the levying of taxes for the county shall ensure that sufficient levies are made to meet the principal and interest on the bonds at the time fixed for the payment of the bonds, without regard for the provisions of any other statute. If an official or a body fails or refuses to make or allow a sufficient levy, the bonds and the interest on the bonds are payable out of the general fund of the county without an appropriation being made for the payment. (b) A tax levy may be reduced by the amount the county will receive in reimbursements from each township that receives an advancement of bond proceeds. The department shall determine the amount the county will receive for each year that the bond principal and interest are payable. However, to the extent that the advancements together with all other township indebtedness exceed two percent (2%) of the adjusted value of the taxable property in the township, the township may not impose an ad valorem property tax levy to reimburse the county and the county is liable for the principal and interest obligations on the bonds. 126 Township Appeal for right to borrow; showing (a) In addition to the other methods of poor relief financing provided by this article, if a township trustee for a township determines that a particular township's poor relief account will be exhausted before the end of a fiscal year, the township trustee shall notify the township board of that determination. (b) After receiving notice under subsection (a) that a township's poor relief account will be exhausted before the end of a fiscal year, the township board shall appeal for the right to borrow money on a short term basis to fund poor relief services in the township. In the appeal the township board must do the following: (1) Show that the amount of money contained in the township poor relief account will not be sufficient to fund services required to be provided within the township by this article. (2) Show the amount of money that the board estimates will be needed to fund the deficit. (3) Indicate a period, not to exceed five (5) years, during which the township would repay the loan. (c) An appeal from a township shall immediately be transmitted to the county commissioners. Upon receipt of this request, the board of commissioners shall as soon as possible determine whether or not to loan the requested amount to the township board. (d) If the board of commissioners determines to make a loan under section 2 of this chapter, the money shall be transferred from a county fund designated by the commissioners to the township's poor relief account. (e) If the board of commissioners determines not to make the loan, the commissioners shall submit the request to the county auditor. The county auditor shall call for a special meeting of the county council. At the meeting, the county council shall determine whether or not to allow the township board to borrow money. (f) If the county council determines to allow the loan to be made, the county auditor shall borrow the money from a financial institution on behalf of the township board. (g) If the county council determines that the township board should not be allowed to borrow money under this chapter, the county council shall inform the township board of the council's decision. 127 Equitable Contracting by the Trustee (a) The board of trustees may adopt rules concerning the distribution of poor relief designed to reduce the cost and improve the delivery of poor relief. The rules may include provisions governing the following: (1) The minimum quality of goods and services required to be provided by poor relief vendors. (2) The rate of reimbursement to be provided to vendors of goods and services under the poor relief program. (3) The types of assistance that are to be provided to poor relief recipients. (4) Competitive bidding requirements for purchases of goods and services for poor relief recipients, other than food, other perishable products, and goods or services needed on an emergency basis. (5) The time within which providers of poor relief are to present claims for payment, which may not exceed sixty (60) days from the date the poor relief was provided. (6) The purchase of goods and services to meet the emergency needs of poor relief applicants without competitive bids. (b) If rules described in subsection (a)(4) are adopted, the rules must require that: (1) purchases may be made only after bids have been solicited; and (2) the contract for furnishing goods or services must be awarded to the lowest and best responsible and responsive bidder or to more than one (1) bidder if the selection of more than one (1) bidder is appropriate to provide the necessary goods or services. (c) If practicable and prudent, poor relief purchases should be made from local vendors. Article 7 Public Reporting 128 Census Report and Recommendation (a) As soon as the trustee has completed the financial, compliance, economy, and efficiency audits the trustee shall make a report to the board or trustees. The report must include the following: (1) The findings of the financial, compliance, economy, and efficiency audits. (2) An estimate of the overall poor relief needs of the community (3) An itemization of claims made in the previous year (4) A proposed operating budget for the poor relief trustee's office. (5) An estimate of future operating costs for poor relief. (6) The amount of outstanding poor relief bonds issued and loans incurred by the county and advancements made by the county. (7) The maximum permissible poor relief tax levy. (b) The county fiscal body may recommend a financial plan to the management committee that ensures that future revenue increases, if necessary, come from sources other than ad valorem property taxes imposed on property. (c) Upon receipt of the required report the board of trustees shall adopt the following: (1) An operating budget for the trustee's office. (2) A financial plan that will ensure that future revenue will do the following: (A) Cover operating expenses and pay poor relief claims. (B) Satisfy the outstanding valid and reasonable claims of creditors. (C) Retire outstanding bonded indebtedness, the proceeds of which were advanced to the distressed township, and repay outstanding loans or advances made for poor relief in the distressed township within three (3) years. (d) If the county fiscal body submits a financial plan, the board of trustees shall review the plan and determine whether it wants to adopt the fiscal body's plan. 129 Distressed township supplemental poor relief fund (a) The distressed township supplemental poor relief fund is established to assist economically distressed townships, cities and counties who demonstrate that their community lives substantially below the poverty line. The fund shall be administered by the treasurer of state. The fund shall be used to provide state support to distressed townships. (b) State support provided from the distressed township supplemental poor relief fund: (1) is supplemental to other financing for poor relief; (2) may be used to satisfy poor relief claims incurred during the period the management committee is in control of the township trustee's office; (c) The distressed township supplemental poor relief fund consists of appropriations made to the fund by the general assembly. Interest earned on the money in the fund remains in the fund. The balance remaining in the fund at the end of a state fiscal year remains in the fund and does not revert to the state general fund. 130 criminal and civil auditing (a) If a financial or compliance audit discloses negligence or unlawful conduct in the administration of poor relief, a copy of the audit may be filed with the prosecuting attorney and with the attorney general to determine if either of them wish to press charges. 131 Annual statistical report (a) The annual public report filed with the county auditor must contain the following information: (1) The total number of requests for assistance. (2) The total number of poor relief recipients. (3) The total value of benefits provided poor relief recipients. (4) The total number of poor relief recipients receiving utility assistance. (5) The total value of benefits provided for the payment of utilities. (6) The total number of poor relief recipients receiving housing assistance. (7) The total value of benefits provided for housing assistance. (8) The total number of poor relief recipients receiving food assistance. (9) The total value of food assistance provided. (10) The total number of poor relief recipients provided health care. (11) The total value of health care provided. (12) The total number of burials and cremations. (13) The total value of burials and cremations. (14) The total number of nights of emergency shelter provided to the homeless. (15) The total number of referrals of poor relief applicants to other programs. (16) The total number of hours of training programs or. (17) The total number of job placements found for poor relief recipients. (18) The total number of scholarship granted by the poor relief trustee (19) The total value of scholarships granted by the poor relief trustee (b) If the total number or value of any item required to be reported under this subsection is zero (0), the township trustee shall include the notation "0" in the report where the total number or value is required to be reported. (c) The annual report must be furnished to the public upon request and (1) should be published on the Internet. (2) should be copied and bound as a yearly public report. 132 Bibliography 1 US Census Bueau. Historical Poverty Tables.  HYPERLINK "http://www.census.gov/hhes/poverty/histpov/hstpov1.html" http://www.census.gov/hhes/poverty/histpov/hstpov1.html 2 US Bureau of the Census.  HYPERLINK "http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/irp/faqs/faq3.htm" http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/irp/faqs/faq3.htm 3 US Bueau of the Census.  HYPERLINK "http://www.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/ie1.htmlv" http://www.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/ie1.htmlv 4 National Association of Counties (NACO).  HYPERLINK "http://www.naco.com" www.naco.com 5 US Code. 42USC(7)Subchapters 1-21.  HYPERLINK "http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/42/ch7.html" http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/42/ch7.html 6 Social Security Administration. Statement by Jo Anne Barnhart Commissioner of Social Security. March 4, 2002  HYPERLINK "http://www.ssa.gov/budget/genst04.htm" http://www.ssa.gov/budget/genst04.htm 7 Social Security Administration. Budget 2004.  HYPERLINK "http://www.ssa.gov/budget/2004bud.html#Summary" http://www.ssa.gov/budget/2004bud.html#Summary 8 Indiana Code. IC-12-20. Poor Relief.  HYPERLINK "http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/title12/ar20/" http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/title12/ar20/ 24 Hospitals & Asylums US Code Chapter 6: Freedmens Hospital 261 Death Row (DR) The three death row inmates scheduled to die this June need to be granted their stay on the grounds of the prohibition of murder RC 2903.02. The US Code must be published. Campbell - scheduled date June 27 - Friday [June 13] 6:30 am at Fountain Square with signs; stay until 8:30 if possible - Friday [every] 12 noon at Hamilton County Courthouse - petitions Martin - scheduled date June 18 - Tues June 17, 7pm Holy Name - Wed. June 18, 6 am depart for Lucasville Williams - scheduled date June 24 - Mon 7pm June 23, vigil at Holy Name - Tues. 6am depart for Lucasville IN THE STATE OF OHIO Jerome Campbell, et al ) Ohio Governor Bob Taft Relater ) Ohio Justice Pfeiffer ) Cincinnati Councilman Cranley Hamilton County ) Pardon Prosecutor, Mike Allen Sheriff, Simon Leis ) Hamilton County Case # B890098 & ) Murder RC 2903.02 State of Ohio ) Aggravated Murder RC 2903.01 Chief Justice, Moyer Ohio Supreme Court Case # 91-2137 Warden ) S. Ohio Correctional Facility Co-Defendants ) Quo Warranto A.  HYPERLINK \l "A" Certificate of Service B.  HYPERLINK \l "B" Commencing the Quo Warranto C.  HYPERLINK \l "C" Cumulative Remedial Orders D.  HYPERLINK \l "D" The Cost E.  HYPERLINK \l "E" Comparative Murder F.  HYPERLINK \l "F" Chief Just-Ice Burger Concession G.  HYPERLINK \l "G" Ohio Supreme Court Investigation H.  HYPERLINK \l "H" Jerome Campbell K.  HYPERLINK \l "K" History of the Death Penalty in Ohio L.  HYPERLINK \l "L" Death Penalty Statistics M.  HYPERLINK \l "M" Bibliography A. Certificate of Service This 9th Day of June, 2003 by Anthony J. Sanders. Hospitals & Asylums Writer, 451 Ludlow Ave. B-100, Cincinnati, Ohio 45220  HYPERLINK "mailto:sanderstony2000@yahoo.com" sanderstony2000@yahoo.com Ohioans to Stop Execution 215 E. 14th St., Cincinnati, OH 45202. 513-579-8547 or write  HYPERLINK "mailto:euniceijpc@aol.com" euniceijpc@aol.com or, The committee meets at 7 p.m. the second Tuesday of each month at the Peaslee Neighborhood Center in Over-the-Rhine. Justice Pfeiffer. Ohio Supreme Court. 30E. Broad St; Columbus, Ohio 43215-3431 800.826.9010 Governor Bob Taft, 30th Floor, 77 South High Street, Columbus, Ohio 43215-6117 614-644-HELP  HYPERLINK "mailto:Governor.Taft@das.state.oh.us" Governor.Taft@das.state.oh.us John Cranley, 801 Plum St. Rm 348, Cincinnati, OH 45202-1979, Phone: (513) 352-5304, Fax: (513) 352-4657,  HYPERLINK "mailto:john.cranley@cincinnati-oh.gov" john.cranley@cincinnati-oh.gov APPEARANCES at Judge Charles J. Kubicki, Jr.s tele-conference regarding Ohio v. Campbell on May 23, 2003. Room 495 Hamilton County Courthouse 1000 Main Street, Cincinnati,OH 45202 On behalf of the State: 1 Phil Cummings, Esq. On behalf of the Attorney General: 2 John Folkerson, Esq. 3 Tim Prichard, Esq. 4 Charles Wille, Esq. 5 Carol Ellenshon, Esq. On behalf of the Defendant: 6 Joseph E. Wilhelm, Esq. 7 Pamela J. Prude-Smithers, Esq 8 H. Fred Hoefle, Esq. Kenneth L. Lawson, Esq. B. Commencing the Quo Warranto This quo warranto petition is commenced on behalf of Jerome Campbell and Ohios 203 death row inmates housed in the Mansfield Correctional Facility facing execution in the death chamber at Lucasville Correctional Facility to provide the governor, justices and prosecuting attorneys leverage under RC 2733.04 in their struggle for life in a world where only an estimated 70 nations and 10 states had prevailed in the moratorium of the death penalty in 1972; whereas others, such as the state of Ohio, remain impaired by the inferior judgment of certain county prosecutors and Chief Justice Moyer who misuses his right conferred upon him by law, in this case, to justify the aggravated murder RC 2903.01 of a murder suspect RC 2903.02. This brief maintains (1)that the imposition and carrying out of the death penalty in this case, and in all cases, constitutes cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment, and (2) the disproportionate number of death row inmates from Hamilton County, such as Jerome Campbell - 25% of death row inmates come from Hamilton County, roughly 50 prisoners requires judicial remedy to provide for the equal protection of the law as ordered by the Fourteenth Amendment to the US Constitution. (3) evidence is too weak to support claims that Jerome Campbell is an aggravated murderer eligible to receive the death penalty and he must be entitled to appeal his +/- 20 year murder sentence before the parole board of a habeas corpus correctional institution (4) all Hamilton County residents convicted of aggravated murder and detained on death row must have their sentences reduced to murder and be transported to a habeas corpus correctional institution as the disproportionate sentencing of Hamilton County casts the judgment of local judges, prosecutor and chief justice Moyer into question. (5) the family of the victim, John Henry Turner, be compensated, if they have not yet been compensated by the state of Ohio. Are people laughing at Hamilton County habeas corpus? Calling Hamilton County habeas corpus no-bodies? Killing them so that they can say such things as, you have the body, now you dont, to themselves, as they sign 1 page warrants written by the warden? Hamilton County residents find it very hard to believe that any of these prosecutors have caught any aggravated murderers but themselves for years. Ohio Governor Taft must let Hamilton County people go on murder convictions RC 2903.02. The [ethnic] murder rate of Hamilton County citizens living on Ohios Death Row is far too disproportionate, at 25 %, to escape notice as the worst crime against humanity as codified in the Rome State of the International Criminal Court Article 7 (ha) occurring in the state of Ohio. Executions of Hamilton County convicts must be brought to a halt. Mr. Campbell has successful gained a stay of execution from the Ohio Supreme Court until June 27, 2003 before when we must plead with Governor Taft to grant Jerome Campbell clemency on the grounds of the prohibition of murder RC 2903.02. Whereas (1) the merits of the factual dispute were not resolved in the state hearing, either at the time of the trial or in a collateral proceeding; (2) the state factual determination is not fairly supported by the record as a whole; (3) the fact-finding procedure employed by the State Court was not adequate to afford a full and fair hearing; (4) there is a substantial allegation of newly discovered evidence; (5) the material facts were not adequately developed by the state; (6) Due to the recent convincing DNA evidence that indicates that the possibility that he is completely innocent has become the most rational conclusion. C. Cumulative Remedial Orders The Supreme Court wrote: "[I]n Ohio, a learned treatise may be used for impeachment purposes to demonstrate that an expert witness is either unaware of the text or unfamiliar with its contents. Moreover, the substance of the treatise may be employed only to impeach the credibility of an expert who has relied upon the treatise, . . ., or has acknowledged its authoritative nature." Stinson v. England (1994), 69 Ohio St.3d 451, 458, 633 N.E.2d 532. To effectively utilize the quo warranto strategy set forth in RC 2733.01 to give these murderers RC 2903.02 of different Ohio social classes the impeachment afforded by XIV Amendment it is HEREBY ORDERED that either Jerome Campbell be impeached from his unwanted office of death row inmate as RC 2903.02 from the Mansfield Correctional Facility before he is executed at Lucasville when his stay of execution expires on June 27, 2003, or Chief Justice Thomas J. Moyer be impeached from his office for the aggravated murder 2903.01 of Jerome Campbell and pay $1 million to Campbells family. Mike Allen be impeached from his office of Hamilton County Prosecutor by an experienced attorney who is competent to prohibit murder, and pay $500,000 for incitement, to get Hamilton County prisoners a murder conviction 2903.02, and. Simon Leis the Hamilton County Sheriff be impeached for the telemarketing fraud 18USC(113A) 2325, poor nutrition, destruction of the Queensgate Law Library and the Internet Shortage in Hamilton County Correctional facilities. The Sheriff must be held responsible for the freedom of information regarding telephones, mail and Internet with the goal to dissolve the Queensgate Correctional Facility in accordance with RC 2733.02 when the county jail inmate population can be contained in the 1,200 bed facility at the Hamilton County Justice Center. To create an economic environment where this jail reduction is feasible the county jails will need to institute a computer education program and guarantee reasonable access to telephones, messages, mail, e-mail for the prisoners. Current policy transports prisoners serving more than 1 years to state correctional facilities (prisons) that are known for having a college education program but somewhat shady communication system. Wherefore, having learned what is virtuous at prison and disregarding the crime, it is determined that the Sheriff must make two reforms and is HEREBY ORDERED to do so immediately Institute a computer program for the 2,400 prisoners in the county that is estimated to cost $100,000 under RC 2733.37 so that computers and printers are accessible to prisoners for the vast majority of the day and books are available to read at night to educate trust in the law. Repeal the $1.50 fee for receiving local calls from prisoners in part because the court has repeatedly demonstrated that they do not pay reasonable fees charged by disenfranchised prison investigators, and in part because fraudulent communication must not the foundation for the incarceration of prisoners. It must be ensured that Guards are competent to write and deliver telephone messages to prisoners and the Sheriff competent to pay for communication, computers, and legal literacy in the county jail. Prisoners must be ORDERED to write their case in accordance with the Ohio Revised Code, Ohio Supreme Court and County Clerk websites to lighten the burden on both the prosecution and defense by providing a definitive statements regarding the case and/or class for the review of the court, and be less likely to break the law because they have been trained in basic legal research and are empowered to write their way into the grace of the law. D. The Cost The unusually prolific death penalty judgments radiating from Hamilton County will clearly require the prosecutor Mike Allen and sheriff Simon Leis enforce a total moratorium of the death penalty in Hamilton County under RC 2723.37. The crime of aggravated murder of inmates that meets the threshold for federal genocide statute18USC(50A)1091(1) per capita payouts by virtue of the government fatalities. As interpreted this statute fines deaths at a rate $1 million to compensate the families and friends of executed death row inmates and would fine the judge and prosecutor $500,000 for incitement of the crime of genocide every time a Hamilton County Judge issues a death sentence. They must instead issue the civilized judgment of murder RC 2903.02. The Death Penalty Information Center reports that the estimated that death penalty cases takes 300-500% longer than ordinary trials and cost an average of $100,000 for the defense of each individual death row defendant and $1.3-3.4 million per actual execution. Due to the high cost of the nerve wracking and socially controversial trials the cost of death row was an estimated 38% more than the cost of a life without parole. Rich counties often use the death penalty more than poor counties because they have the money to pay for the trials. Wherefore is apparent that defense attorneys regularly charge the full cost of this fine for genocide to compensate the great amount of time and spiritual duress required to grant death row inmates some due process of the law. E. Comparative Murder According to the definition for aggravated murder in RC 2903.01 (A&B) executions, as performed by the state of Ohio, meet the threshold of aggravated murder, as No person shall purposely, and with prior calculation and design, cause the death of anotherwhile attempting to commit the crime of kidnapping. In the state of Ohio a conviction of Aggravated murder with at least 1 of 7 aggravating circumstances is required under R.C. 2903.01, 2929.02, and 2929.04. The seven aggravating circumstances deal with: (1) assassination of the President, Vice President, Governor, Lieutenant Governor, or a person who has been elected to or is a candidate for any such office; (2) murder for hire; (3) murder to escape accountability for another crime; (4) murder by a prisoner; (5) repeat murder or mass murder; (6) killing a law enforcement officer; and (7) murder accompanied with other felonies. The defendant, Jerome Campbell, however does not meet the threshold of aggravated murder required to receive the death penalty. Although the evidence upon which Campbells conviction is reliant upon the testimony of jailhouse snitches whose multiple felony convictions qualify their damning statements for impeachment by evidence of conviction of a crime as set forth in the Ohio Rules of Evidence Rule 603(A)(1). Whereas the single murder of John Henry Turner was not accompanied with any robbery, kidnapping or other aggravating circumstances known to the court it would be better classified as murder RC 2903.02 or voluntary manslaughter 2903.03 with a sentence of not less than 15 years to life in prison. F. Chief Justi-Ice Burger Concession The new Hamilton County County Clerk of Court, Gregory Hartmann, clearly lives in fear of death row. OHIO CHIEF JUST-ICE MOYER, himself, has convincingly killed more Hamilton County people than any Hamilton County killer. Cincinnati Judges would perform much better were they cleansed of the sin of aggravated murder RC 2903.01 to live in the common grounds of the prohibition of murder with their prisoners under RC 2903.02. The deportation of Hamilton County convicts from death row to regular state prison is sustained by US CHIEF JUST-ICE BURGERs concession in Furman v. Georgia. 408 US 238 (1972), in which the CHIEF JUST-ICE declared that the majority opinion of the Court was successful in lifting the great burden of proof required to ban the use of the death penalty as a nation, the CHIEF JUSTICE coincidentally dissented along with the now incumbent US CHIEF JUSTICE REHNQUIST on the grounds that Congress must amend the legislation issuing the death penalty. When the death penalty is used to encourage guilty pleas and thus to deter suspects from exercising their rights to a jury trial where they are informed of the nature and cause of the accusation, to be confronted with the witnesses against him, to have a compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in favor and to have a counsel for the defense under the Sixth Amendment, it is unconstitutional to kill them under United States v. Jackson,  HYPERLINK "http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=390&invol=570" 390 U.S. 570 (1968) . One conclusion about the penalty that is universally accepted, the death penalty "tends to distort the course of the criminal law." In Campbell it is self-evident that every shred of evidence used to prosecute Campbell was inadmissible from the time of conviction in 1989 with new DNA evidence only further exonerates him In Furman Mr. JUSTICE FRANKFURTER said: "I am strongly against capital punishment . . . . When life is at hazard in a trial, it sensationalizes the whole thing almost unwittingly; the effect on juries, the Bar, the public, the Judiciary, I regard as very bad. I think scientifically the claim of deterrence is not worth much. Whatever proof there may be in my judgment does not outweigh the social loss due to the inherent sensationalism of a trial for life." The deleterious effects of the death penalty are also felt otherwise than at trial. For example, its very existence "inevitably sabotages a social or institutional program of reformation." In short "the presence of the death penalty as the keystone of our penal system bedevils the administration of criminal justice all the way down the line and is the stumbling block in the path of general reform and of the treatment of crime and criminals Death penalty moratorium decisions of the early 1960's had the effect of amplifying the scope of the federal habeas corpus remedy for unconstitutional restraint through various ruling such as Fay v. Noia,  HYPERLINK "http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=372&invol=391" 372 U.S. 391 (1963); where robbery and murder convicts were released after appealing for a long period off their sentence. In Townsend v. Sain,  HYPERLINK "http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=372&invol=293" 372 U.S. 293 (1963) the defendant sought collateral relief in the state courts as has been done in the Campbell case. During the moratorium of the death penalty jails and prisons did not present statistically alarming rates of incarceration. This period of relatively sound judgment, that heralded the civil rights acts, is attributed to the time saved on death penalty cases and the liberty of having judicial minds that are not clouded with the fear of impeachment for - the greatest crime of all- murder. G. Ohio Supreme Court Investigation To resolve the disparity amongst counties Ohio JUSTICE PFEIFFER has declared his intention to investigate the Hamilton County Prosecutor on June 6, 2003. Justice Pfeiffer stated that this investigation is not an indictment of Mike Allen but a review of the racial and geographic anomalies brought to light by the disproportionate number of death row inmates from Hamilton County. The study promises to review Death Row Inmates in accordance with race, county of origin. The Supreme Court should review orders to discover if justices actually kill or attempt to kill Hamilton County residents more. We hope that JUSICE PFEIFFER will assist GOVERNOR TAFT as he did in the vigil of March 14, 2001 by forwarding an approved copy of this document to GOVERNOR TAFT for approval. GOVERNOR TAFT, by approving this PARDON, will only reduce MR. CAMPBELLs sentence from a charge of aggravated murder RC 2903.01 to murder RC 2903.01. RULE 405 Ohio Ev. Demands that we utilize Methods of Proving Character in formulating a new Reputation or opinion regarding Chief Justice Moyer, Hamilton County Prosecutor Mike Allen and Hamilton County Sheriff Simon Leis as they continue to exhibit evidence of behavior and traits of character more admissible to a state prison than to a Court. On cross-examination, inquiry is allowable into relevant specific instances of conduct and should focus upon the relationship of Chief Justice Moyer and the Death Warden. These people must come to an understanding that Hamilton County habeas corpus cannot be killed liked pigs. Their fecundity indicates that they are indeed a unique class of people in need of special prosecution to discern why Hamilton County prosecutors dish out the death penalty at higher rates than Montgomery County prosecutors although the City of Dayton has a much higher murder rate. In Furman MR. JUSTICE STEWART said, the penalty of death differs from all other forms of criminal punishment, not in degree but in kind. It is unique in its total irrevocability. It is unique in its rejection of rehabilitation of the convict as a basic purpose of criminal justice. And it is unique, finally, in its absolute renunciation of all that is embodied in our concept of humanity. The very purpose of a Bill of Rights was to withdraw certain subjects from the vicissitudes of political controversy, to place them beyond the reach of majorities and officials and to establish them as legal principles to be applied by the courts West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette,  HYPERLINK "http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=319&invol=624" \l "638" 319 U.S. 624, 638 (1943). If a punishment is unusually severe, occurs very frequently, if there is a strong probability that it is inflicted arbitrarily, if it is substantially rejected by contemporary society, and if there is no reason to believe that it serves any penal purpose more effectively than some less severe punishment, then the continued infliction of that punishment violates the command of Witherspoon v. Illinois,  HYPERLINK "http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=391&invol=510" 391 U.S. 510 (1968), the State may not inflict inhuman and uncivilized punishments upon those convicted of crimes. H. Jerome Campbell Jerome Campbell has served 14 years on death row as the result of being convicted of the aggravated murder of John Henry Turner. Campbell was scheduled to be poisoned -- the state calls it "lethal injection" -- May 14, 2003 in accordance with case # 91-2137 signed by Chief Justice Moyer on March 14, 2003. On May 1, 2003 the Supreme Court issued an order approving the states motion to suspend Ohio Supreme Court Rule of Practice XIV4(b) that states, this amendment clarifies current practice. The defendant motioned for a new trial in order to utilize the DNA evidence and Judge Charles J. Kubicki, Jr entertained counsel and the state in a 191 page teleconference regarding new DNA evidence and whether or not the state should grant the defendant his re trial of Case No. B-8900095 on May 30, 2002 and June 3, 2003 briefs were filed regarding the Jerome Campbells death penalty case. He is presumed to be alive on June 9, 2003 and is not reported by Ohio to be scheduled for execution again until June 27, 2003 . The stabbing of 78-year-old John Henry Turner discovered on Christmas Eve of 1988 created such a bloody mess that investigators knew the killer would have some of it on his clothing. Crime scene photos show pools of blood on the stairwell of the West End apartment building where Turner's body was found. Bloody shoeprints near the corpse -- a knife still stuck in it -- seemed to point the way to solving the crime. When Cincinnati Police officers seized Campbell's gym shoes, one of them had human blood on it -- the dead man's blood, according to prosecutors. The best excuse Campbell could come up with? It was his own blood, dripping on the shoe after he'd cut his finger. That explanation didn't sway the jury. After about three hours of deliberation, jurors unanimously found Campbell guilty of aggravated murder. On May 18, 1989, after the jury recommended Campbell's execution, Hamilton County Judge Thomas Nurre sentenced him to death in case numbers B890098, C890330, C950746, C9600531. Campbell was arrested Dec. 30, 1988 -- 6 days after the homicide -- at his sister Pamela's house. Police didn't have a murder warrant; they picked him up on a rape complaint by his live-in girlfriend. During police interrogations, Campbell admitted his shoe had blood on it. He said the blood was his own. He said his girlfriend had cut his finger during a domestic dispute and blood dripped on his shoes. During Campbell's trial, his girlfriend, Estelle Roe, corroborated the story. She swiftly dismissed her rape charge and there is question as to whether she was forced to make the plea by a police officer. Jerome Campbell and his girlfriend, Estelle Roe, who testified she cut his finger, causing blood to drip on his shoe. 2 days after arresting Campbell, Police Specialist Ron Camden made a note about the homicide investigation. "We got a suspect now, just need a little evidence to nail his second hand to the wall," he wrote. But a funny thing happened to the investigators' theory after they found Campbell's shoes: they didn't match the prints at the crime scene. The bloody shoeprint found near Turner's body wasn't from Campbell's shoes. After being mentioned during a pre-trial hearing, the shoeprint seems to have disappeared from the case altogether. The jury never learned that Campbell's shoes didn't make the bloody imprint. Instead, prosecutors focused on the fact that his shoe had drops of blood on it. Campbell was indicted Jan. 9, 1989 on 1 count of aggravated murder and 2 counts of aggravated burglary. Even without the DNA testing the conviction is clearly a trial error on the basis of the shoe-prints. Pamela Campbell, his sister, signed a consent form allowing police to search her house. But she later testified she signed only because the police threatened to take her kids to Allen House, a shelter run by the county. In United States v. Jackson,  HYPERLINK "http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=390&invol=570" 390 U.S. 570 (1968) the Supreme Court determined that it is not appropriate to seize confessions as the result of threat of murder [or child abduction]. During the search, police seized a bag of Jerome Campbell's clothing. The Pony gym shoes were in the bag. Investigators were looking for a pair of shoes with the victim's blood on them. One of Campbell's shoes had reddish brown spots, which tested positive for human blood. Krumbein. But the tests were inconclusive: There was not enough material to get a banding pattern. Judge Nurre however allowed the identification of blood although the bloody shoe clearly fails as evidence due to the prior inconsistency with the testimony of Estelle Roe Ohio Ev. RULE 613 (C) and in accordance with Westinghouse Electric Corp v. Dolly Madison Leasing & Furniture Corp. (1975), 42 Ohio St.2d 122, 132, 326 N.E.2d 651 was admissible for impeachment for "inconsistency in behavior". Judge Nurre should not have permitted the jury to give out the maximum penalty on such controversial evidence. 13 years later, law enforcement officials still consider Jerome Campbell's bloodstained, Pony brand gym shoe to be key evidence in the death of John Henry Turner, however, as the key evidence testifying to the innocence of Jerome Campbell who has been accused of killing Turner by the state of Ohio although the state makes no records of compensating the family of the victim. When Jerome Campbell's shoe went to Columbus for testing last summer, the laboratory came up with a startling conclusion: The blood on the shoe was Campbell's -- not the murder victim's. Campbell had been telling the truth. But the real surprise for Campbell and his family came next. Instead of the DNA test leading to his release or at least to a new trial, the Petro Ohio Attorney General's Office reversed itself. The state's new position? The blood on the gym shoe was irrelevant to the case and he was to be swiftly executed. To save Campbell's life, the Ohio Public Defender's Office sought to have all the unused bloody articles tested -- 13 years after the trial. In the summer of 2002, improved technology permitted the Ohio's Bureau of Criminal Investigations to prove the blood on Campbell's shoe came from Campbell himself. In October 2002, Prude-Smithers asked the Ohio Attorney General's Office for additional DNA testing and fingerprint comparison on items found in the murder victim's apartment. The lab report says "John Henry Turner (victim) is excluded as the source of the DNA from all stains from the white Pony gym shoes, the DNA profile from the stain on the shoes is consistent with Jerome Campbell." Campbell has been telling the truth!! Campbell became a suspect early in the investigation because a neighbor, Donna Roberts, supposedly saw a man known as "Burnt Face." He'd been leaning against the vacant building next to Turner's early in the morning of Dec. 24. Campbell, who has prominent scarring on the left side of his face and head, was severely burned in a house fire when he was 5 years old and spent most of a year in the hospital. Years of surgeries followed yet People around the York Street area called him "Burnt Face." The case against Campbell was highly circumstantial, according to his current attorneys, Ohio Public Defender Joe Wilhelm and Pamela J. Prude-Smithers. One of Campbell's fingerprints was found on a lightbulb outside Turner's apartment. His palm print was found on the outside surface of Turner's back kitchen door. But Campbell had lived in that building until a month or so earlier. The fingerprints were in a common hallway. Campbell had also been in Turner's "house joint" to purchase alcohol, as were many other people in the neighborhood. But his prints weren't found there -- nor, more to the point, on the knife the killer left in Turner's body. A fingerprint expert could have explained that prints have an indefinite duration and can remain on a surface for years. Campbell was a resident of 1008 York St.; his prints could be found in a lot of public places inside the building. Reasonable doubt could have been developed based on the lack of prints on the murder weapon, indicating gloves might have been worn. As it happens, a bloody glove was found at the crime scene. But the jury never heard about it: It was not used as evidence. The closest thing prosecutors had to an eyewitness, Donna Roberts, didn't actually witness the crime. She only placed Campbell in the area. By itself, that wasn't even suspicious behavior, as pointed out by former U.S. Rep. Thomas Luken, one of the people campaigning to save Campbell, who said, "That's his own neighborhood." A note in the police investigation file that same day says, "At this point, we are thinking this is our possible suspect in this case." Five days later, on December 29 investigators returned to Roberts' apartment and showed her a picture of Campbell. Studies have shown that one of the most common factors leading to wrongful convictions is mistaken identification. In 60 of the first 82 DNA exonerations handled by the Innocence Project, mistaken eyewitnesses played a major part. Using a single witness makes the situation particularly vulnerable. But it would take more than a blood-spotted gym shoe and a sort-of eyewitness to convince the jury Campbell was a murderer. Prosecutors didn't have his fingerprints on the murder weapon or in the victim's apartment. In a pre-trial hearing April 18, 1989, Officer Jim Lawson testified that Roberts provided Campbell's name. But Donna Roberts testified that was untrue. She only later heard rumors that "Burnt Face did it," she said. Campbell's attorneys tried to suppress Roberts' identification of Campbell because it was too suggestive. "Our motion to suppress is based on the fact that the identification was improper and suggestive and has nothing to do with his actual whereabouts," Upon Roberts own confession her testimony is clearly HEARSAY as defined by Art. VIII Ohio Ev. RULE 801 and cannot be interpreted as a positive identification as such. Mark Krumbein said in a 1989 hearing. "The investigating officers themselves are, I believe, totally inconsistent." Lawson's testimony conflicted with testimony by Officer Ed Zieverink, who said the identification process took place downtown, in the Violent Crimes Division. The absence of public record and entry of this identification of Jerome Campbell by the Violent Crimes Division at the Hamilton County Clerks Office causes it also to be dismissed as HEARSAY under Ohio Ev. RULE 803 (10) as it is in conflict with the more believable tale told by Ohio Death Penalty News that exonerates the death row inmate. Ev. RULE 704 grants Campbell the right to Testify on the Ultimate Issue in the form of an opinion or inference is not objectionable solely because it embraces an ultimate issue to be decided by the trier of fact. Campbell has always maintained his innocence. Facing a possible death sentence, he refused to allow his attorneys to negotiate any plea bargains. It's a stance he still holds 14 years later on death row. Having exhausted all his legal appeals, Campbell will get a clemency hearing. But he doesn't want his sentence commuted to life imprisonment; he's asking Gov. Bob Taft for a full pardon, nothing less. Opponents of capital punishment are rallying to Campbell's defense as his death day nears. They point to a host of irregularities in the investigation of Turner's murder and the conduct of Campbell's trial. Put together, his attorneys say, the case includes the worst elements of the death penalty as it's practiced in the United States: a faulty eyewitness, jailhouse snitches and ineffective legal representation for a penniless defendant. "Confidence in the result of this trial is undermined because the state of Ohio cheated in order to convict Campbell," says a June 2000 brief filed with the 6th Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals. "Campbell's due process right to a fair trial was infringed by the state's unfair tactics." In 1992, attorneys Scheck and Peter Neufeld created the Innocence Project in New York City. The project handles death penalty cases in which post-conviction DNA testing can yield conclusive proof of innocence. The University of Cincinnati Law School has set up shop for an Innocence Project here (see Trial and Error, issue of Nov. 21-27, 2002). Cincinnati City Councilman John Cranley, who led the effort, is the executive director. He also administers the school's Urban Justice Institute, where a group of his students recently authored a report, Death Row in Ohio, 2003: The Case for a Study Commission. Illinois Gov. George Ryan created such a commission after 13 death row inmates in his state were exonerated post-mortem. The commission identified common practices and factors that led to the highest reversal rates in capital cases. The UC students found that more than half of the people facing execution in this state wouldn't be on death row if the Illinois reforms were implemented here. The students examined 173 Ohio inmates' cases and found that 88 inmates -- including Campbell -- wouldn't be eligible for the death penalty. Campbell's conviction featured the very factors the Illinois commission highlighted as prone to error: a single eyewitness and jailhouse snitches. Gov. Taft will examine Campbell's case carefully, according to his spokesman, Orest Holubec. 14 years later, law enforcement officials still consider Jerome Campbell's bloodstained, Pony brand gym shoe to be key evidence in the death of John Henry Turner, however, as the key evidence testifying to the innocence of Jerome Campbell who has been accused of killing Turner by the state of Ohio although the state makes no records of compensating the family of the victim. With advanced DNA technology leading to the release of condemned prisoners across the country, the state of Ohio announced it would provide testing for its death row. For the sake of simplicity it is recommended that the Governor commute Jerome Cambells aggravated murder 2903.01 sentence to murder 2903.02 with eligibility for parole board hearings in an ordinary state correctional facility of the state of Ohio, where Jerome Campbell can reside without fear of death. Hamilton County's record so far is appalling, according to Rep. Luken and Justice Pfeiffer. The State of Ohio will clearly need to investigate the racial, geographic and judicial demographics of death row inmates to determine how often Hamilton County convicts are victims of aggravated murder convictions that mock the prohibition of murder set forth as a crime against humanity in Article 7 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ha). "Every published survey in recent years, such as Professor Liebman of Columbia University Law School and The Chicago Tribune 1999 series, identify Hamilton County as in the top tier of counties sending people to Death Row," Luken says. "We are 8 percent of Ohio's population and consistently 25 percent of Ohio's Death Row population. Our county is, in fact, 'Little Texas' when it comes to executions." CINCINNATI MAYOR CHARLES LUKEN, himself, spoke out for the pardon of the Jerome Campbell on the evening News. For more information about the campaign to win a new trial for Jerome Campbell, call 513-579-8547 or write  HYPERLINK "mailto:euniceijpc@aol.com" euniceijpc@aol.com or Ohioans to Stop Execution, 215 E. 14th St., Cincinnati, OH 45202. The committee meets at 7 p.m. the second Tuesday of each month at the Peaslee Neighborhood Center in Over-the-Rhine. K. History of the Death Penalty in Ohio The history of the death penalty in Ohio reaches back to the earliest days of statehood. Indeed, the first executions in Ohio, those executed from 1803 until 1885, were carried out by public hanging in the county where the crimes were committed. In 1885, the Ohio State Legislature enacted laws which required all further executions in the state to be carried out at the Ohio State Penitentiary in Columbus, Ohio. In the ensuing eleven year period from July 31, 1885 until April 29, 1896, twenty eight condemned men met their demise when the trap doors of the gallows were released in Ohio's first death chamber. In 1897, the electric chair became the method of choice for executions in the state of Ohio. This procedure delivers 1,950 volts of electricity through the human body for a period of 60 seconds, and was thought to be more humane than breaking a man's neck by dropping him through the floor of the gallows. Thus it was that on April 27, 1897, the first legal electrocution took place in the state of Ohio when 17 year old, William Haas, earned the dubious distinction of being the first to take his seat in "Old Sparky" as Ohio's electric chair has been aptly named. Execution by electrocution would remain the method of choice for legally sanctioned murder in Ohio for the next sixty-six years. From 1897 to 1963,312 men and 3 women were put to death in Ohio's electric chair. On March 15, 1963, 29 year old, Donald L. Reinbolt, was "Old Sparky's" last victim, having paid the ultimate price for the murder of Edgar L. Weaver, a Columbus, Ohio, grocer. Death by electrocution remains one of two options available to those sitting on Ohio's death row today. In 1972, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the then existing laws governing the use of capital punishment in this country were unconstitutional.  HYPERLINK "http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=search&court=US&case=/us/408/238.html" (Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (1972) As a result of that historic decision 65 Ohio death sentenced inmates had their sentences commuted to life in prison. Undaunted by the ruling of the United States Supreme Court in Furman, The Ohio General Assembly undertook a revision of the death penalty laws in Ohio and in 1974 presented a new capital punishment sentencing scheme to the Supreme Court justices for their review. This new sentencing scheme also failed to pass constitutional muster and was rejected by the Supreme Court in 1978. As a result of this most recent rejection, an additional 100 men and 4 women escaped the electric chair when their death sentences were commuted to life in prison. Determined to enact a sentencing scheme that would withstand constitutional scrutiny, Ohio lawmakers, once again, went back to their legal drawing boards and drafted new legislation that would meet the strict guidelines imposed by the court. This new legislation went into effect on October 19, 1981, effectively breathing new life into Ohio's death machinery. Leonard Jenkins, convicted of murdering a Cleveland police officer during a robbery, on October 21, 1981 was the first man sentenced under Ohio's current law. In February of 1995, death row was moved from the Southern Ohio Correctional Facility in Lucasville, Ohio, to the newly constructed Mansfield Correctional Institution in Mansfield, Ohio. The death house and death chamber remain housed at the Lucasville facility. Currently there are 203* men and no women under a sentence of death in Ohio. In the event that a woman should be sentenced to death in Ohio, she would be incarcerated at the Ohio Reformatory for Women in Marysville, Ohio. Before he left office in January of 1991, then Governor, Richard F. Celeste, commuted to life in prison the death sentences of four men and four women, including that of Leonard Jenkins. The Franklin County Court of Common Pleas subsequently determined that seven of these eight commutations were improperly granted, including that of Jenkins and the death sentences were reinstated and the inmates returned to death row on February 14, 1992. However, upon appellate review, the decision of the Franklin Country Court was overturned and the commutations were allowed to stand and the seven clemencies were re-instated. Leonard Jenkins remains incarcerated at the North Central Correctional Institution in Marion, Ohio. More recently, a bill giving inmates the option to choose between death by lethal injection or by electrocution was passed by the General Assembly and signed into law by Governor George Voinovich on July 2, 1993. Under this law the inmate is asked to choose his own poison so to speak. Some time before his scheduled execution date the inmate is asked to sign a form stating which method of execution he chooses. If he refuses to choose, the State of Ohio, somewhat surprisingly, proceeds with execution by electrocution. On Wednesday, November 21, 2001, Governor Bob Taft signed legislation that eliminated the electric chair as an option for execution in the State of Ohio. From this point forward all executions in Ohio will take the form of lethal injection. * Timothy Dunlap is under a sentence of death in Ohio but is currently incarcerated in Idaho, under a sentence of death there as well. L. Death Penalty Statistics In the 1930's, executions averaged 167 per year; in the 1940's, the average was 128; in the 1950's, it was 72; and in the years 1960-1962, it was 48. There have been a total of 46 executions since then, 36 of them in 1963-1964. Yet our population and the number of capital crimes committed have increased greatly over the past four decades. In 1972 Alaska, Hawaii, Iowa, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Oregon, West Virginia, and Wisconsin have abolished death as a punishment for crimes. US Death Row Inmates 1953-2001 19531311964315197548819861,80019973,32819541471965331197642019871,96719983,46519551251966406197742319882,11719993,54019561461967435197848219892,24320003,60119571511968517197959319902,34620013,58119581471969575198069219912,46519591641970631198186019922,5001960212197164219821,06619932,7221961257197233419831,20919942,9051962261197313419841,42019953,0641963297197424419851,57519963,242  Actual US Executions 1953-2001 19538119631519730198321199331195476196471974019841819945619556519651197501985181995451956651966219761198625199674195749196701977019871119976819584919680197821988161998981959561969019790198923199985196047197001980119901420006619614719710198121991312001711962211972019825199238 The Bureau of Justice Statistics reported the number of people executed each year has risen from roughly 0 in 1968-1976 to 71 in 2002. Only roughly 1.9% of the 3,581, or 71 death row inmates were actually executed in 2002. The average time served for murder in 2001 was roughly 250 months or 20 years. In 2001 the 3,581 inhabitants of US death row inmates indicate that many people adjudicated at an average of 1 inmate per county. In 1979, the last year of the moratorium on executions, the average county had only 1/5 of a person on death row at any given year. Ohios 203 Death Row inmates make up 5.7% of the national total of 3,581; 2.85 times the national average of 2%. Hamilton County is repeatedly ranked in the top tier of death penalty verdict producers. M. Bibliography  Campbell, Jerome. Hamilton County Clerks Office. Gregory Hartmann Clerk of Court.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb070.asp" http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb070.asp 2 Ohio Supreme Court. State of Ohio v. Campbell. March 14, 2003. # 91-2137. Chief Justice Moyer.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radE1D5D.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radE1D5D.pdf 3 Ohioans to Stop Executions.  HYPERLINK "http://www.otse.org/ohioinfo.html" http://www.otse.org/ohioinfo.html 4 Judge Kubicki. Hamilton County Clerk. 181 page teleconference. May 5-23, 2003  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/rad9FF94.txt" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/rad9FF94.txt 5 Ohio Supreme Court. State of Ohio v. Campbell. March 14, 2003. Chief Justice Moyer.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radE1D5D.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radE1D5D.pdf 6 Ohio Supreme Court. State of Ohio v. Campbell. March 14, 2003. # 91-2137. Chief Justice Moyer.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radE1D5D.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radE1D5D.pdf 7 In Hebrew the word for prosecutor is satan pronounced, Satan. The Attorney General Executive (AGE) is incidentally in charge of the prosecution of all death penalty cases. The current Ohio Attorney General, Jim Petro, must mitigate Jerome Campbells sentence to murder out of respect for the work Attorney General Betty Montgomery did testing DNA evidence and appealing to the Federal Courts.  Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Part 2 Jurisdiction, Article 7 Crimes Against Humanity, (ha)  HYPERLINK "http://www.un.org/law/icc/statute/romefra.htm" http://www.un.org/law/icc/statute/romefra.htm 9 Ohio Supreme Court. State of Ohio v. Campbell. March 14, 2003. # 91-2137. Chief Justice Moyer.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radE1D5D.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radE1D5D.pdf 10 Telemarketing Fraud 18USC(113A)2325.  HYPERLINK "http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/2325.html" http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/2325.html 11 Genocide 18USC(50A)1091(1)  HYPERLINK "http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/pIch50A.html" http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/pIch50A.html 12 Dieter, Richard. Death Penalty Information Center. Joint Committee on Criminal Justice. Massachusetts Legislature. March 27, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/MassCostTestimony.pdf" http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/MassCostTestimony.pdf 13 Bureau of Justice Statistics. Capital Punishment 2001. Crime Punishable by the Death Penalty.  HYPERLINK "http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/article.php?did=144&scid=10" http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/article.php?did=144&scid=10 14 Ohio Rules of Evidence.  HYPERLINK "http://www.sconet.state.oh.us/Rules/evidence/default.asp" http://www.sconet.state.oh.us/Rules/evidence/default.asp 15 Furman v. Georgia. 408 US 238 (1972)  HYPERLINK "http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=408&invol=238" http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=408&invol=238 16 United States v. Jackson,  HYPERLINK "http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=390&invol=570" 390 U.S. 570 (1968)  HYPERLINK "http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=390&invol=570" http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=390&invol=570 17 Fay v. Noia,  HYPERLINK "http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=372&invol=391" 372 U.S. 391 (1963)  HYPERLINK "http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=372&invol=391" http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=372&invol=391 18 Townsend v. Sain,  HYPERLINK "http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=372&invol=293" 372 U.S. 293 (1963).  HYPERLINK "http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=372&invol=293" http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=372&invol=293 19 Board of Education v. Barnette,  HYPERLINK "http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=319&invol=624" \l "638" 319 U.S. 624, 638 (1943).  HYPERLINK "http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=319&invol=624#638" http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=319&invol=624#638 20 Witherspoon v. Illinois,  HYPERLINK "http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=391&invol=510" 391 U.S. 510 (1968)  HYPERLINK "http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=391&invol=510" http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=391&invol=510 21 Ohio Supreme Court. State of Ohio v. Campbell. March 14, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radE1D5D.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radE1D5D.pdf 22 Ohio Supreme Court. State of Ohio v. Campbell. May 1, 2003  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radDF89E.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radDF89E.pdf 23 State v. Campbell. Teleconference. May 5, 2003  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radC7E09.txt" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radC7E09.txt 24 Attorney General Betty Montgomery. US District Court. Campbell v. Coil. C-1-97-711.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/rad81868.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/rad81868.pdf 25 Campbell, Jerome. Hamilton County Clerks Office.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb070.asp" http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb070.asp 26 Ohio Death Penalty News.  HYPERLINK "http://www.ohiodeathrow.com/ohio_death_penalty_news.htm" http://www.ohiodeathrow.com/ohio_death_penalty_news.htm 27 Ohios Death Row.  HYPERLINK "http://www.ohiodeathrow.com/" http://www.ohiodeathrow.com/ 28 Bureau of Justice Statistics.  HYPERLINK "http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/glance/tables/drtab.htm" http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/glance/tables/drtab.htm Since the federal death penalty was re-instated in 2001, 25 people have been placed on Federal Death Row. 29 The Bureau of Justice Statistics. Execution in the United States 1953-2001.  HYPERLINK "http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/glance/tables/exetab.htm" http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/glance/tables/exetab.htm 30 The Bureau of Justice Statistics. Incarceration Sentence Length.  HYPERLINK "http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/html/cjusew96/isl.htm" http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/html/cjusew96/isl.htm In the Hamilton County Common Pleas Court Municipal Criminal Division/ Freedmens Hospital The State of Ohio ) Honorable Judge Helmick The City of Cincinnati ) B0303140 Plaintiff ) v. ) $4,240 request for Just Compensation, Alonzo Johnson ) Hospitals & Asylums 24USC (6) 262 Defendant ) June 17, 2003 (proposal) 24HAUS Code (6) 262 A Bad Rap 262 I.  HYPERLINK \l "I262" Summary Judgment 262 II.  HYPERLINK \l "Two" Law Review 262 III.  HYPERLINK \l "III" The Facts 262 IIIA.  HYPERLINK \l "IIA" Aprils Fool 262 IIIB.  HYPERLINK \l "IIB" Indictment 262 IIIC.  HYPERLINK \l "IICC" Not Guilty Plea 262 IIID.  HYPERLINK \l "IID" Request for Discovery 262 IIIE.  HYPERLINK \l "IIC" State Request for Discovery IV.  HYPERLINK \l "IV" Prior Criminal Convictions 262 IVA.  HYPERLINK \l "IVA" Count 262 IVB.  HYPERLINK \l "IVB" Dismissed Assault 262 IVC.  HYPERLINK \l "IVC" Sexual Offence 262 IVD.  HYPERLINK \l "IVD" Un-authorized Use of Property 262 IVE.  HYPERLINK \l "IVE" Theft 262 IVF.  HYPERLINK \l "IVF" Dismissed Voyeurism 262 IVG.  HYPERLINK \l "IVG" Possessing Criminal Tools V.  HYPERLINK \l "V" Interviews 262 VA  HYPERLINK \l "VA" Rape Victim Compensation Program 262 VB. HYPERLINK \l "VB"Camille Smith 262 VC.  HYPERLINK \l "VC" Alonzo Johnson 262 VD.  HYPERLINK \l "VD2" CORE Respite Center 262 VE.  HYPERLINK \l "VD" Lisa Rabenus 262 VF.  HYPERLINK \l "VE" Roxanne Dieffenbach 262 VG.  HYPERLINK \l "VG" Just Compensation 262 VH. HYPERLINK \l "VI"Volunteers of America Sexual Offender Program 262 I. Summary Judgment To help the Honorable Judge Helmick and his friends publish the July 15, 2003 rape jury trial of Alonzo Johnson, Mr. Sanders has taken the opportunity to review the case of Suspect: Alonzo Johnson. Black Male; 22 year old. Brown Eyes. Dob 9/25/1980. 6 ft. 150 lb. Previous address 2922 Eden Ave. Cincinnati, Ohio 45219. Current address ID 1050864. Hamilton County Justice Center 900 Sycamore; Cinti, OH 45202. Under 28USC1821 he will be owed $4,240 for the days jailed since April Fools Day 2003. Charges: (1) rape 2907.02(A)(2)(F), (2) obstruction of official business 2921.31, (3) falsification of testimony 2921.13(A)(3)(M1). Charges 2 & 3 can be dismissed on the grounds that they are the same behavior exhibited by the witnesses and Jail. Forensic Orders: (1) DNA testing came back positive, (2) psychiatric evaluation of defendant determined that he is competent to stand trial. Bond: $102,000 = $100,000 rape + $1,000 obstruction of official business + $1,000 falsification of testimony. (it is suggested to pay the victims, attorneys and their assistants in +/- $1,000 increments for their involvement with the municipal criminal case) The judge and jury must permit Mr. Alonzo the liberty of a plea bargain to plead guilty to rape in exchange for release to a sexual offender program. Many of the violent and sexual factors leading to the incident were common to both the victim and suspect who were fighting. The primary defense of Mr. Johnson is that Ms. Smith started the fight and in a pause from fighting said, God loves! Do you want some pussy? Wherefore there are four issues for the jury to decide Sentencing: Length of Time ____________ release date:____________ $4,240 Just Compensation proposal okay? y____ n_____ Release to 6 mo. Sexual Offender Program y____ n_____ when?_________ Do you recommend this brief and the July 15 trial for publication in a blank Of Title 24 US Code Chapter 6 Freedmens Hospital 262 A Bad Rap ? y_____ n______ It is highly recommended to deduct some money from the $4,240 Just Compensation allotted to Johnson, Alonzo, April 1 July 15 2003, for each person involved with the case to come to an egalitarian resolution more or less as follows Defense Attorney: Roxanne Dieffenbach D-206 #0010648, 13 E. Court St. Suite #100, Cincinnati, Ohio 45202, (513)621-2250 $200. Prosecuting Attorney: Lisa Rabenus, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney #0069525P, 280 E. 9th St. Suite 4000, Cincinnati, Ohio 45202, (513) 946-3132 $200. Hospitals & Asylums Writer: Anthony J. Sanders. 451 Ludlow Ave. B-100, Cincinnati, Ohio 45220; (513) 281-3029; (please summon to the trial)  HYPERLINK "mailto:sanderstony2000@yahoo.com" sanderstony2000@yahoo.com, $200. Victim: Camille Smith, 2560 Harrison Ave. #1, Cincinnati, Ohio 45211 (513)662-1740 C/O Officer Gehrig, $1,000 Women Helping Women: (513) 872-9259 protect line is most recommended for victims to call, and the (513) 977-5541 x 302 business line of Tracey Burnett, can be reached at the e-mail address of,  HYPERLINK "mailto:whwsateam@fuse.net" whwsateam@fuse.net . Volunteers of America (513)639-3743. 2400 Reading Rd. Cinti, Ohio Sexual Offender Program. $1,000 Court: Judge Helmick $200 & Judge Grant $200; Jurists $500, leaving $740 for Mr. Johnson to survive until he begins to receive Social Security Disability Income under 42USC(7)421 for his exposure to the criminal justice and mental health systems. Hamilton County Courthouse Room 485. 1000 Main St., Cinti, OH 45202 (513)946-5830 Crime Scene: CORE Respite Center 5609 Hamilton Ave March 31, 2003. Corrections Complaint: Telephone calls cannot be made to inmates of the Hamilton County Justice center and Mr. Sanders would like to conduct an interview with Mr. Johnson. The author feels obstructed by his need to go downtown to visit Alonzo Johnson at the Justice Center as he did on Saturday June 14, 2003. Official business could be better taken care of in the US mail or on the telephone if the Justice Center would only permit the free flow of information. Mr. Sanders hopes that Alonzo Johnson is placed in a responsible sexual offender program. If you wish for more info send your query to  HYPERLINK "mailto:sanderstony2000@yahoo.com" sanderstony2000@yahoo.com . Please invite all of the mailing addresses served to the trial on July 15, 2003 as they have been served this June 17th, 2003. 262 Law Review The author, Anthony Sanders, had the pleasure of meeting Alonzo Johnson on February 25, 2003 when Mr. Sanders transcribed their interview in a brief dismissing two pending charges by the University of Cincinnati Police for unauthorized use of property involving Internet pornography and a separate charge of voyeurism that was upheld as a dismissal by both Judge Cheryl Grant in 03/CRB/3687 and Mr. Sanders, a former student of the University. In response to the States Request for Discovery that clearly calls for witnesses in favor of the defendant Mr. Sanders hopes that the state will ensure that Alonzo Johnson will have access to a computer, also a former UC student, no matter what the outcome of the trial, so that he can read messages sent to  HYPERLINK "mailto:dybodecoosay@yahoo.com" dybodecoosay@yahoo.com and write his own statements with the assistance of a responsible corrections program with a sexual offender program. Mr. Sanders would like to enter a complaint with Hamilton County regarding the lack of incoming calls permitted into the Justice Center as it needlessly obstructs official business RC 2921.31 by requiring the caller to visit the jail in person, without an invitation from the prisoner. Mr. Sanders apologizes for not looking at the Clerks Office sooner and confesses to seeing a News Flash saying that Alonzo Johnson had been indicted on Rape Charges occurring on April Fools 2003. Mr. Sanders wrote to Alonzos mother but did not get a response so thought to check at the Clerks Office and found his worst fears confirmed. State v. Sanders (May 15, 2000), Clermont App. No. CA99-07-069 brings to light a trial error in the courts oversight to review Alonzo Johsnons entire record at the County Clerks Office to determine that Mr. Johnson did indeed have a prior sexual offense in 2000 and his name should therefore have been and should be entered as a habitual sex offender with the police in accordance with RC 2950.04 before the police brought him in on, rape, falsification and obstruction of official business on April Fools Day. Judge Grant posted a $100,000 bond for suspected rape on April 11, 2003. R.C. 2950.09(B)(3) states: After reviewing all testimony and evidence presented at the hearing the judge shall determine by clear and convincing evidence whether the offender is a sexual predator. Rape is a very serious crime, Ohio statute involving rape as is alleged to have occurred in this case is set forth in RC 2907.02 (2) states, No person shall engage in sexual conduct with another when the offender purposely compels the other person to submit by force or threat of force. (B) Whoever violates this section is guilty of rape, a felony of the first degree. If the offender under division (A)(1)(b) of this section purposely compels the victim to submit by force or threat of forceshall be imprisoned for life. Evidence of specific instances of the defendant's sexual activity, opinion evidence of the defendant's sexual activity, and reputation evidence of the defendant's sexual activity shall not be admitted under this section unless it involves evidence of the origin of semen, pregnancy, or disease. State v. Bolton, Cuyahoga App. No. 80263, 2002-Ohio-4571 informs courts that applying the appropriate sentencing section of the Revised Code, i.e. R.C. 2929.14. R.C. 2929.11 (B) does not require the trial court make specific findings; rather it sets forth objectives for sentencing courts to achieve. In State v. Bare 12th App. CA-2001-08-190 (2002) the defendant who pled guilty to two charges of rape and one charge of gross imposition in the molestation of two children was sentenced to three years in prison. In State v. Bush 11th App. 2000-T-0042 the defendant, who was indicted on 8 counts of rape, was sentenced to life in prison. R.C. 2950.09(E) requires that the trial judge determine, prior to sentencing, whether the offender has previously been convicted of at least one other sex offense. If the court finds the offender has been convicted of at least one other sex offense, then the court must find the offender a habitual sex offender. The court has no discretion in making this finding and it is made automatically. Under Woods v. Telb, 89 Ohio St.3d 504, 513, 2000-Ohio-171, a trial court must inform the offender at sentencing * * * that postrelease control is part of the offenders sentence. Therefore Alonzo Johnson should be considered a habitual sex offender for the public record and a local sex offender program found for him. State v. Gooden 8th App. Cuyahoga 81320 R.C. 2950.01(E) defines a sexual predator as a person who has been convicted of or pleaded guilty to committing a sexually oriented offense and is likely to engage in the future in one or more sexually oriented offenses. The factors that a trial court must consider when making its determination whether the offender is a sexual predator include: (1) the offenders age; (2) the offenders prior criminal record; (3) the age of the victim of the sexually oriented offense; (4) whether the sexually oriented offense involved multiple victims; (5) whether the offender used drugs or alcohol to impair the victim or to prevent the victim from resisting; (6) whether the offender has completed his sentence for any prior criminal offense, and if the prior offense was a sex offense or a sexually oriented offense, whether the offender participated in available programs for sexual offenders; (7) any mental illness or mental disability of the offender; (8) the nature of the offenders sexual conduct and whether that conduct was part of a demonstrated pattern of abuse; (9) whether the offender displayed cruelty or made one or more threats of cruelty during the commission of the offense; and (10) any additional behavioral characteristics that contributed to the offenders conduct. State v. Sanders (May 15, 2000), Clermont App. No. CA99-07-069 held that R.C. 2950.04 is constitutional in its requirement that upon entry and release from penal institution the defendant must be registered as a habitual sexual offender in accordance with  HYPERLINK "http://onlinedocs.andersonpublishing.com/oh/lpExt.dll?f=FifLink&t=document-frame.htm&l=jump&iid=6215141c.6b9b302e.0.0&nid=b3f" \l "JD_295001" 2950.01 to  HYPERLINK "http://onlinedocs.andersonpublishing.com/oh/lpExt.dll?f=FifLink&t=document-frame.htm&l=jump&iid=6215141c.6b9b302e.0.0&nid=118ef" \l "JD_295008" 2950.08, and have the significance of this nickname explained to him. The court shall obtain the address where the person expects to reside upon his release or discharge, and shall report within three days such address to the bureau. The charges of 1. RC 2921.13 Falsification (A) No person shall knowingly make a false statement, or knowingly swear or affirm the truth of a false statement previously made, when any of the following applies (3) The statement is made with purpose to mislead a public official in performing the public official's official function. 2. RC 2921.31 Obstructing official business (A) No person, without privilege to do so and with purpose to prevent, obstruct, or delay the performance by a public official of any authorized act within the public official's official capacity, shall do any act that hampers or impedes a public official in the performance of the public official's lawful duties. Should be admitted as a request for immediate payment in affordable $1,000 increments for both the prosecution and the defense. Anthony J. Sanders, in capacity of Hospitals & Asylums Writer requests that $100 be paid to him, $1,000 to the victim and $400 to the court to guarantee that Alonzo Johnson expeditiously finds a $1,000 sexual offender program as requested in State v. Johnson Ohio 5th App. Richland 01-CA-88 (2002). 262 III. The Facts The Facts 262 III A. Aprils Fool Aprils Fool On March 31, 2003 an affidavit was filed by Police Officer Gehrig #P117 stating, On or about the 31st day of March, 2003, at 5609 Hamilton Ave. Cincinnati, Ohio Alonzo Johnson did force the victim to engage in sexual intercourse with him. The victim Camille Smith is a night manager at the group home where he was placed. Alonzo bit the victim and used a knife during the offense. He also reportedly struck the victim numerous times on the head causing visible injury. In conjunction Officer Gehrig filed a Complaint with the Hamilton County Municipal Court classifying the crime as a 1st degree felony. The Bill of Particulars was updated by Assistant Prosecutor Lisa Rabenous estimating the exact time of the rape at 3:30 am on March 31, 2003 at the place of CORE respite center where Camille Smith was serving as a night manager. In response to the affidavit and complaint on March 31, 2003 a warrant was issued by the Hamilton County Clerk of Court, Gregory Hartmann, for the arrest of Alonzo Johnson, SS# 288-76-5565, a 6 ft tall, 150 lb, African American, 22 year old, male born on September 25, 1980 who was apprehended at 2922 Eden Ave. Cincinnati, Ohio 45219 with the charge of rape Ohio RC 2907-02. On April 1, 2003 a Complaint was filed with the Municipal Court for the falsification of testimony that under RC 2922.13 is a 1st degree misdemeanor. Alonzo Johnson apparently attempted to tell the arresting officer that his name was, Asano Jackson. The complaint reports that Alonzo Johnson was arrested on April 1, 2001 by Police Officer Jump. On April 1, 2003 another Complaint was filed with the Municipal Court for obstructing official business that under 2921.31 is a 2nd degree misdemeanor. The complaint reports that false information provided by Alonzo Johnson intentionally obstructed the investigation being conducted by arresting police officer Jump because, he knew he had a felony rape warrant out for his arrest. 262 III B Indictment Indictment On April 3, 2003 the Hamilton County Public Defender appointed Roxanne Dieffenbach as trial defense attorney for Alonzo Johnson in accordance with MC Sup R. (3)(A). On April 11, 2003 Judge Cheryl Grant issued a $100,000 cash bond for Alonzo Johnson as the result of his indictment on April 10, 2003 for rape 2907.02 (A)(2) a 1st degree felony. The arrest date was established at April 1, 2003 and the Prosecuting witness as Officer Gehrig. On April 15, 2003 Judge Helmick was assigned to the case. On April 16, 2001 Simon Leis the Hamilton County Sherrif filed the warrant of indictment dated April 10, 2003 citing Alonzo Johnson with three counts (1) rape 2907.02(A)(2), (2) falsification of testimony 2921.13(A)(3), (3) obstructing official business 2921.31(A) and a new case # B0303140. The warrant reports that Alonzo Johnson was held in custody and served with a copy of the indictment on April 16, 2003. 262 III C. Not Guilty Plea Not Guilty Plea On April 18, 2003 Alonzo Johnson entered a reversible plea of not guilty in a written waiver of presence of the defendant at arraignment that set forth a $102,000 bond that was signed by Alonzo Johnson and both defense and prosecuting attorneys. On April 24, 2003 the counsel for Defense Roxanne H. Dieffenbacher filed suggestion of incompetency whereas the defendant was unable to clearly, completely understand the nature of the charges against him and was unable to assist the counsel in preparation of the defense to the indictment. Therefore the counsel for the defendant in accordance with RC 2945.07 and previous diagnosis of mental illness of the defendant entered a written plea of not guilty by reason of insanity. On April 30, 2003 the defendant was granted a continuance until May 5, 2003. On May 2, 2003 Judge Helmick issued a an order for the Court Clinic Forensic Services Psychiatric Clinic to conduct an examination of Alonzo Johnson to determine (1) if he would be competent to stand trial, (2) if he would possibly become competent to stand trial within a year, (3) recommendations of the psychiatric evaluator regarding least restrictive treatment opportunities available. 262 III D. Request for Discovery Request for Discovery On April 24, 2003 Judge Helmich entered a Request for Discovery at the request of the defendants counsel pursuant to Ohio Criminal Procedural Rule 16 to produce: (1) copies of the defendants statements, (2) Defendants prior records, (3) copies of any documents or tangible records, (4) copies of any reports or examination results, (5) Witnesses names and addresses and prior felony conviction of each, if any, (6) any other evidence favorable to the defendant . 262 III E. States Request for Discovery State Request for Discovery On May 5, 2003 the state issued a response to the defendants request for discovery. Assistant Prosecutor Lisa Rabenus provided (1) written summaries of statements made by the defendant, (2) prior criminal records, (3) documents and tangible objects that the state of Ohio intends to present at the trial (a) notification of rights form, (b) tape and transcript of the defendants statements, (c) photos of defendant, victim, crime scene and from rape exam (d) University Hospital Rape Kit and Report, (e) Search Warrant, Affidavit and Return (saliva samples), (f) Coroners lab report, (g) braided key rope, (h) sweatshirt and sweatpants, (i-t) victims personal items including DNA evidence. At trial the prosecution will rely upon the DNA evidence and inconclusive fingerprinting. 13 police officers are listed as witnesses. On May 5, 2003 the State also made a request for discovery requesting the defense to provide the prosecutors office with (1) copies of any books, papers or evidence the defense wishes to present at the trial, (2) the results of any physical or mental exams the defendant wishes to present at the trial, (3) a complete list of the names, addresses and social security numbers of any witnesses the defendant wishes to appear at the trial. This motion provided for complete exchange of information before the trial on July 15, 2003 in accordance with Ohio Criminal Procedural Rules 16B&C. 262 Prior Convictions Prior Convictions 262 IV A. Count Alonzo Johnson has spent a lot of time in the criminal justice system primarily due to the color of his skin, the great length of time it has taken to process his case and capias recalls that make reviewing his case fairly confusing and often choose the wrong misdemeanor case to prosecute. Alonzo Johnson has been on probation since October 3, 2002 and was cited with probation violation on March 31, 2003 due to his having moved from his mothers house without informing his probation officer. Several criminal charges against him have been dismissed, (1) assault in 1999, (2) misdemeanor theft in 2000, (3) possession of drugs in 2002, (4) unauthorized use of property and trespassing in 2003; these dismissed charges must not be held against him. He has been convicted of two offences in Hamilton County (1) corruption of a minor B0002772 in 2000 that should be dismissed on the grounds that she was 15 years old at the time above the 14 yr. current corruption of a minor guidlines, (2) Unauthorized use of property in 2002 02/CRB/21542. Mr. Johnson had three cases pending before Judge Cheryl Grant rose to process on Friday June 13, 2003, (1) theft valued at $445 in November 2002 02/CRB/40285, (2) possessing criminal tools on February 26, 2003 03/CRB/6341, (3) rape, obstructing official business and falsification B0303140 (the case at hand). On Friday June 13, 2003 Judge Cheryl Grant determined that the theft 02/CRB/40285 and 03/CRB/6341 should be credited as time served. Judge Cheryl Grant effectively cleared the board for Alonzo Johnson leaving only Judge Helmick to determine the just compensation for B0303140. 262 IV B. Dismissed Assault On March 4, 1999 Alonzo Johnson was arrested and charged with assault knowingly harming the victim. On March 6, 1999 10% of the $1,000 bond was posted. He was given a 180 day suspended sentence and the charges were suspended and the defendant placed on probation that was terminated on December 3, 1999. On March 30, 2000 Alonzo Johnson was accused of the crime of misdemeanor assault and was arrested and charged the next day on March 31, 2003. On April 6, 2000 the misdemeanor indictment was filed. The capias was recalled on October 1, 2001 and he was released on his own cognizance bond. On December 19, 2001 the charge was dismissed. 262 IV C. Sexual Offence On January 19, 2000 Alonzo Johnson was arrested and charged with the 1st degree misdemeanor of the theft of a box of Trojan condoms from a Kroger store. After having the provision for time extended on February 28, 2000 the charge was dismissed on April 27, 2000. On March 9, 2000, when Alonzo Johnson was 19 years old, he was charged with corrupting a minor over 12 but under 15 as described in RC 2907.04 by Police Officer Mary Turner as the result of the testimony of both victim, Lindsy Hall, and suspect, Alonzo Johnson, determined that Alonzo Johnson had engaged in sexual intercourse with the girl and detained him. Alonzo Johnson reports that the girl was 15 at the time, well above current standards of age. On April 14, 2000 he was assigned a new case no. # B0002772. On October 19, 2001 in case # 00/CRB/16252 Alonzo Johnson was convicted of the 1st degree misdemeanor charge of theft and sentenced to 180 days in jail and two years of probation. On September 31, 2001 his capias was recalled and he remained detained until October 3, 2002 when his sentence was transferred to two years of probation. On March 31, 2003 police investigating him were informed that he was no longer living at that house and he was cited with violating probation although he was arrested that same day for different charges. 262 IV D. Un-authorized Use of Property On July 5, 2002 Alonzo Johnson was arrested and charged with Unauthorized use of property and possession of drugs. On July 10, 2002 he was released on an own recognizance bond and was appointed an attorney. On July 17, 2002 he was convicted of unauthorized use of property and the possession of drugs charge was dismissed. He was sentenced to 30 days in jail. 262 IV E. Theft On November 27, 2002 Alonzo Johnson was arrested and charged with attempting to steal 8 items valued at $445 from Lazarus. On November 29, 2002 he was appointed a trial attorney. On December 17, 2002 a subpoena was issued for his arrest. He was released 6 days later on an own recognizance bond on December 23, 2002. On February 13, 2003 an entry was made determining that the defendant was incompetent to stand trial and he was taken to Summit Behavioral Healthcare to undergo an examination as to when he might be competent to stand trial. The psychiatric facility immediately found him to be competent and released him. On December 17, 2002, January 7, 2003, February 10, 2003, March 4, 2003 and May 12, 2003 summons were sent to Scott Burdine the arresting police officer. On June 13, 2003 Judge Grant determined that Alonzo Johnson should be credited as time served. 262 IV F. Dismissed Voyeurism In 2003 Mr. Johnson became interested in computer research at the University of Cincinnati and encountered problems with the police. On January 20, 2003 Alonzo Johnson was arrested and charged with Criminal Trespassing and Unauthorized Use of Property on the University of Cincinnati Campus. On February 2, 2003 Alonzo Johnson was arrested and charged with trespassing and voyeurism at Langsam Library at University of Cincinnati. Both of these charges were dismissed on March 3, 2003. 262 IV G. Possessing Criminal Tools On February 26, 2003 Alonzo Johnson was arrested and charged with possessing criminal tools that was last extended due to insanity until May 15, 2003. Judge Cheryl Grant determined his 95 days had been served on Friday June 13, 2003. Mr. Johnson pleaded that he was merely apprehended while looking suspicious in a bank with a note in his pocket that stated, put the money in the bag. Mr. Sanders had sent a note to Judge Grant the day before, on February 25, 2003 on Mr. Johnsons behalf requesting Social Security and it appears that both of us found that we were influenced by Mr. Johnsons Social Security petition due to our ultimate need for national bank administration of Social Security. Judge Grant dismissed the possessing criminal tool charges as Mr. Johnson did not have any weapons and credited it as, time served. 262 V. Interviews Interviews 262 Rape Victim Compensation Program A Rape Victim Compensation program is an important friend of anybody who has ever been raped. The Cincinnati Rape Compensation Program advertised at Bruegger Bagels on Clifton offered to pay victims of rape to attend counseling sessions. However after calling (513)315-8526 and e-mailing  HYPERLINK "mailto:recoveryresearch@hotmail.com" recoveryresearch@hotmail.com to determine the availability of funds this organization had, on June 9, 2003 Amberly Panepinto, the lead researcher stated, the research project was over and she would be leaving town. She recommended that a rape victim seek counseling with Women Helping Women. Women Helping Women offer both self-help groups and individual counseling. They have two phone numbers: the (513) 872-9259 protect line that is most recommended for victims to call, and the (513) 977-5541 x 302 business line of Tracey Burnett, her e-mail address is,  HYPERLINK "mailto:whwsateam@fuse.net" whwsateam@fuse.net . All you have to do to register for an appointment is call the protect line, you can schedule an appointment for one on one counseling or join a support group. Both of these programs are free of charge. Women Helping Women has application packets for Victims Compensation that might get the victim more handsomely rewarded than the $1,000 cap, the Municipal Criminal Court affords. 262 V B. Camille Smith Camille Smith The Assistant Prosecutor Lisa Rabenus estimates that Camille Smith was violently raped at 3:30am on March 31, 2003 at her place of employment at CORE Respite Center when she was working the midnight shift of the homeless shelter on 5609 Hamilton Ave. The author was very cautious about calling the victim but Amberly Panepinto exhorted not to beat around the bush, while the memories might be painful or difficult, rape victims tend to have no trouble complying with an investigation. In fact, they rarely choose to pass up on an opportunity to speak out against the crime of rape 2907.02(A)(2)(F) in court or on the printed page. On June 10, 2003 at 4:30 pm a call was placed by the author, Anthony J. Sanders, to the residence of Camille Smith, (513)662-1740, to ask her some questions regarding the rape, (1) whether she wishes to attend counseling with Women Helping Women, and (2) her testimony regarding Alonzo Johnson. The answering machine at this number stated in the voice of a middle aged black lady, that it was the residence of, One Love and wishes everyone to, Stay Blissful and Give Thanks. At 10:15 June 10th, 2003 Mr. Sanders received a telephone call from Camille Smith. SANDERS: Thank you for calling, are you working at the CORE Respite Center. I was hoping to get your testimony regarding the rape that is alleged to have occurred on March 31, 2003. SMITH: I dont know if it would okay to talk? Have you talked to the prisoner? SANDERS: I am sorry. I wanted to talk to the prisoner first but he is not permitted phone calls and I must godowntown. I write for the periodical Hospitals & Asylums. How do you know Alonzo Johnson raped you? SMITH: I cant talk right now, perhaps you should talk to my lawyer. I dont feel right talking right now. SANDERS: Okay, Ill talk to the prosecutor, feel free to write the court. Mr. Sanders told Camille Smith to seek victims compensation from Women Helping Women with a medical report and free counseling. The absence of testimony compels a ruling determining Ms. Smiths eyewitness identification to be Hearsay Ohio Ev. RULE 803 (10). 262 VC. Alonzo Johnson Alonzo Johnson Alonzo Johnson has the difficult job of being a rape suspect with four misdemeanor sexual offences in his prior criminal record, three of which had been dismissed, before this most recent charge of rape, a felony of the 1st degree. The first offense was theft of a box of Trojan condoms from a Kroger store in 2000, the second was corruption of a minor for having consensual sex with a 13-15 year old when he was 19 in 2000 that was dismissed, he did 180 days in jail in 2001 and was still serving 2 years of probation when the third offense occurred at the University of Cincinnati Criminal Justice Law Library in 2003, he was accused of viewing Internet pornography that he claimed was spam and could not be easily delete from the computer screen, he did several weeks in jail for it. The fourth offense was also at the University of Cincinnati where a girl accused him of voyeurism to which he contested he was merely picking up his pencil, he was detained for several weeks on this charge before Mr. Sanders and Judge Cheryl Grant decided that these two charges from the University of Cincinnati should be dismissed. The two misdemeanor priors and pending non-sexual misdemeanors automatically dub Alonzo Johnson a, habitual sexual offender. The court must determine if he presents too much of a risk of being a sexual predator to be immediately released to the Veterans of America sexual offender release program or must be sentenced to prison. On Friday June 13, 2003 Mr. Sanders called the Hamilton County Justice Center at 946-6300 to see if it would be possible to visit Alonzo Johnson. They said to report to the North Building during visiting hours on Tuesdays and Thursdays from 12-7:30pm and Saturdays from 9:30am to 4:30pm. On Saturday June 14, 2003 Mr. Sanders went to the Justice Center to visit Mr. Johnson. Mr. Sanders took the visitors elevator to interview Mr. Johnson on the 5th M Floor where Mr. Johnson greeted him. Mr. Johnson was honest and friendly during the interview as he told the disturbing story of how he knew Camille Smith. SANDERS: Hi how are you doing? Do you remember me, I wrote your case before Judge Grant in February, my name is Tony Sanders? JOHNSON: Yes. SANDERS: I took the liberty to review your case and was hoping to submit a request to Judge Helmick for a three judge panel to clear the board of all three of the charges pending against you. (1) rape, (2) possessing criminal tools and (3) theft. JOHNSON: Oh, Judge Grant decided on those cases on Friday June 13, 2003. The theft charge and the possessing criminal tools charges were given a 95 day sentence and credited as time served. SANDERS: What was the criminal tool you were possessing? JOHNSON: A friend and I went to the bank and they thought we looked suspicious and searched my pocket and found a note saying, put the money in the bag. We did not have any weapons and Judge Grant credited it as time served. I just wrote the note as a joke before hand. SANDERS: So, that leaves only the rape charge. That is a really bad rap. It comes with a possible life sentence although most people serve much less. When I went to interview Camille Smith and CORE Respite Center I couldnt get a statement from them and determined that it must have been HEARSAY. Were you actually a resident at CORE Respite Center? JOHNSON: Yes I stayed there at that time. SANDERS: What happened on March 31, 2003? JOHNSON: I couldnt sleep that night and had been up smoking cigarettes and cigars listening to a worker have sex with a patient in the room above mine. In the morning I woke up Camille to be let out and she woke up swinging. She hit me and I hit her back. I grabbed her and said, will you stop hitting me if I stop she said, yes. But when I stopped she started hitting me again. I threw her to the ground and sat on her. She said, God Loves. Do you want some pussy. So I had sex with her. SANDERS: That sounds strangely like domestic violence. Her answering machine also says this is, One Love. CORE sounds like a very erotic place. Are you sure she consented? JOHNSON: Yes. Thats what she said. She didnt come to the first trial. So I think it might be dismissed like another prisoner just was for robbery. I didnt use a condom though. SANDERS: This is a disturbing case because of the violence and they do have evidence. You never should have hit her back. It can maybe be reduced to the lesser charge of gross sexual imposition but that is not as important as determining how threatening you are. How old was the girl you had sex with in 2000. JOHNSON: She was 15. SANDERS: Thats what I thought, according to the current statute she is actually legal. That shouldnt be the source of your bad rap as a habitual sexual offender. JOHNSON: I am looking for a 6 month stay with Veterans of America sex offender program. The trial is scheduled on July 15, 2003. SANDERS: Please tell your defense attorney Roxanne Dieffenbach that I would like to be invited to the trial to serve as a witness in your defense. Ill submit a copy of the essay when I finish it on Fathers day and will investigate the Veterans of America program. How did the psychiatric exam go. JOHNSON: They said that I wasnt eligible for a plea of not guilty by reason of insanity. SANDERS: Its just as well, NGRI prisoners tend to serve 9 times longer for the same criminal offense. While psychiatry is an interesting study it does not do well with criminal justice where it slows down the trial dramatically. At the very worst you will be able to go to a prison with a college and there is a good possibility that you will get released. Does the Justice Center have a computer you can use? JOHNSON: Yes. They have a computer in the Law Library but it is only a MacIntosh with library information and there is no Internet. SANDERS: Okay. Ive got to go but Ill send you a copy of the brief that I will be submitting to the court on Monday or Tuesday [June 16 or 17, 2003]. Have a happy Fathers Day. Ill try to stop by again when Im downtown. JOHNSON: Goodbye. 262 VD. CORE Respite Center CORE Respite Center On Friday June 13, 2003 at 2:47 Tony Sanders called CORE Respite Center at 541-7577 to see if the mental health shelter where the crime was alleged to have occurred on March 31, 2003 could positively identify Alonzo Johnson and Camille Smith. Allen Maybury, the executive diretor, quickly returned the phone call and at 3 pm stated that he could not testify to the matter. He was not concerned that evidence must be disclosed before the trial to be admissible and offered no opinion that the charge must be considered hearsay under Ohio Ev. RULE 803 (10). 262 VE. Lisa Rabenus Lisa Rabenus On Thursday June 11, 2003 at 1:56 pm Lisa Rabenus the Assistant Hamilton County Prosecutor at (513) 946-3132 returned Mr. Sanders call in regards to the DNA test results in the State v. Johnson rape case and request for relief. SANDERS: I was interviewing witnesses on the way to visit Mr. Johnson as he does not have access to incoming calls. The victim, Ms. Smith, refused to testify although expert testimony says that rape victims are usually quite happy to talk to the court and investigators. Her reluctance to speak forces me to consider her allegations hearsay and the entire charge, a bad rap. RABENUS: (laughing) I am not comfortable please ask the defense attorney. The DNA test is in route to defendant. Much of record release is contingent upon the wishes of the defendant. 262 VF. Roxanne Dieffenback Roxanne Dieffenbach Roxanne Dieffenbachs, Mr. Johnsons public defenders, secretary can be reached at (513)621-2250. 262 VG. Just Compensation Just Compensation Under 28USC1821 witnesses are entitled to $40 per day that they attend court proceedings plus travel expenses and housing if these expenses are incurred. In Hurtado v. United States 410 US 578 (1973) the Supreme Court determined that prisoners detained because they could not afford a security bond for making an appearance are entitled to this per diem rate for every day of pre-trial detention. The current evaluation in 28USC1821(d) seconds the motion for $40 per diem incarcerated. Alonzo Johnson has been detained in case B0303140 since April 1, 2003. The trial is not scheduled until July 15, 2003. Therefore it can be calculated that Mr. Johnson will spend a total of 106 days in jail before he receives his hearing. On July 15, 2003 he will be entitled to a total of $4,240 under 28USC1821. This money would permit Mr. Johnson an income to pay for correctional housing supervised by the Veterans of America sexual offender program until his Social Security Disability income, that was requested on February 15, 2003, comes in, or he finds a job. Camille Smith, Judge Grant, attorneys and Mr. Sanders will also be entitled to $ for their work. 262 VH Volunteers of America Sexual Offender Program The Volunteers of America offers of Sexual Offender Program and should be summoned to the trial on July 15, 2003 to explain what the program is about. Bibliography  The State of Ohio, The City of Cincinnati, v. Alonzo Johnson. B0303140. March 31, 2003 May 5, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb026.asp?B0303140" http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb026.asp?B0303140. A hyperlinked .doc copy of this document can be sent to you via e-mail by request made to  HYPERLINK "mailto:sanderstony2000@yahoo.com" sanderstony2000@yahoo.com 2 Witness Fees. 28USC1821.  HYPERLINK "http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/28/1821.html" http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/28/1821.html 3 Dismissal of Consolidated Charges. April 11, 2003. 03/CRB/3687.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb026.asp?/03/CRB/3687" http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb026.asp?/03/CRB/3687 4 The author would like to enter an apology for so grossly associating Alonzo Johnson with President Bush so shortly before the Rape of Baghdad (RoB) E.O. 13290 on March 21, Spring Equinox 2003 Confiscating and Vesting Certain Iraqi Property that states, The President determined that the United States is engaged at armed conflict with the Republic of Iraq and finds it the best interest of the United States to confiscate all property from the government of Iraq so that it may be invested by the US Secretary of the Treasury to assist in the reconstruction of Iraq and for the benefit of the Iraqi people. 5 State v. Bare 12th App. CA-2001-08-190 (2002)  HYPERLINK "http://www.sconet.state.oh.us/search/query.asp" http://www.sconet.state.oh.us/search/query.asp 6 State v. Bush 11th App. 2000-T-0042 (2001)  HYPERLINK "http://www.sconet.state.oh.us/search/query.asp" http://www.sconet.state.oh.us/search/query.asp 7 State v. Gooden 8th App. Cuyahoga 81320 (2002).  HYPERLINK "http://www.sconet.state.oh.us/search/query.asp" http://www.sconet.state.oh.us/search/query.asp 8 State v. Johnson 5th App. Richland 01-CA-88 (2002)  HYPERLINK "http://www.sconet.state.oh.us/search/query.asp" http://www.sconet.state.oh.us/search/query.asp 9 Affidavit by Police Officer Gehrig testify to the rape of Camille Smith by Alonzo Johnson. Case # 03/CRA/10359. March 31, 2003  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radC13E7.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radC13E7.pdf 10 Complaint by Police Officer Gehrig charging Alonzo Johnson with rape, a 1st degree felony. Case # 03/CRA/10359. March 31, 2003  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/rad799E5.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/rad799E5.pdf 11 Bill of Particulars. B0303140. May 5, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/rad5FDEE.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/rad5FDEE.pdf 12 Arrest Warrant for Alonzo Johnson signed by Hamilton County Clerk of Court Gregory Hartmann. Case # 03/CRA/10559. March 31, 2003  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radF973B.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radF973B.pdf 13 Complaint regarding the falsification of testimony to Officer Jump during arrest. 03/CRA/10555. April 1, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/rad0DFCF.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/rad0DFCF.pdf 14 Complaint regarding the obstruction of official business of Officer Jump during arrest. 03/CRA/10556. April 1, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radE589E.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radE589E.pdf 15 Appointment of Trial Attorney by the Hamilton County Public Defender for Alonzo Johnson. 03/CRA/10359 & 03/CRA/103556. April 2, 2003  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radD0267.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radD0267.pdf 16 Journal Entry- Mittimus. Indictment of Alonzo Johnson. 03/CRA/10359. April 11, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radEB9B2.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radEB9B2.pdf 17 Warrant of Indictment by Hamilton County Sherrif Simon Leis to Alonzo Johnson. B0303140. April 16, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radBC6D5.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radBC6D5.pdf 18 Waiver of Presence at Arraignment. B0303140. April 18, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/rad092EF.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/rad092EF.pdf 19 Suggestion of Incompetency. B0303140. April 24, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/rad4BFCD.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/rad4BFCD.pdf 20 Written Plea of Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity. B0303140. April 24, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radFF421.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radFF421.pdf 21 Continuance. B0303140. April 30, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/rad8F70A.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/rad8F70A.pdf 22 Entry Appointing Court Clinic Forensic Examination. B0303140. May 2, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radED70E.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radED70E.pdf 23 Request for Discovery. B0303140. April 24, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radEC33A.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radEC33A.pdf 24 States Response to Defendants Request for Discovery. B0303140. May 5, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/rad32525.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/rad32525.pdf 25 States Request for Discovery. B0303140. May 5, 2003  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radFDAEB.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radFDAEB.pdf 26 Assault. 99/CRB/8221. March 4, 1999-December 3, 1999.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb026.asp?/99/CRB/8221" http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb026.asp?/99/CRB/8221 27 Complaint 1st Degree Misdemeanor. 00/CRB/2556. January 19, 2000  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radC2F9D.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radC2F9D.pdf 28 Appearance Sheet. 00/CRB/2556. January 19, 2000- April 27, 2000  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb026.asp?/00/CRB/2556" http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb026.asp?/00/CRB/2556 29 Corruption of Minor Complaint. 00/CRA/12411. March 9, 2000.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radDC309.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radDC309.pdf 30 Johnson, Alonzo. Saturday June 14, 2003. Hamilton County Justice Center. 31 Reassignment of Case numbers. B0002772. April 14, 2000.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radB7EA4.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radB7EA4.pdf 32 Plea Entry. 00/CRB/16252. October 19, 2001.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/rad4DDCC.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/rad4DDCC.pdf 33 State of Ohio v. Alonzo Johnson. 00/CRB/16252. 1/19/2000- 4/24/2003.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb026.asp?/00/CRB/16252" http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb026.asp?/00/CRB/16252 34 Unauthorized use of property. 02/CRB/21542. July 5, 2002-July 17, 2002  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb026.asp?/02/CRB/21542" http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb026.asp?/02/CRB/21542 35 Complaint of Theft. 02/CRB/40285. 11/29/02.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radE7037.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radE7037.pdf 36 The Lazarus officer was never reported to have been compensated for his time. Judge Grant. 37 University of Cincinnati Board of Trustees v. Alonzo Johnson. January 20, 2003- January 29, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb026.asp?/03/CRA/2255" http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb026.asp?/03/CRA/2255 38 Shortly after Mr. Sanders filed University of Cincinnati Board of Trustees v. Alonzo Johnson. Judge Grant February 3, 2003-March 3, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb026.asp?/03/CRB/3687" http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb026.asp?/03/CRB/3687 39 Possessing Criminal Tools. February 26, 2003-present.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb026.asp?/03/CRB/6241" http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb026.asp?/03/CRB/6241 40 Panepinto, Amberly. Telephone Interview. June 9, 2003. 2 pm (513)315-8526  HYPERLINK "mailto:recoveryresearch@hotmail.com" recoveryresearch@hotmail.com 41 Women Helping Women. Self-help groups and individual counseling. (513) 872-9259 protect line (513) 977-5541 x 302 business, ask for Tracey Burnett,  HYPERLINK "mailto:whwsateam@fuse.net" whwsateam@fuse.net 42 Witness Fees. 28USC1821.  HYPERLINK "http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/28/1821.html" http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/28/1821.html 43 Hurtado v. United States 410 US 578 (1973)  HYPERLINK "http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=410&invol=578" http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=410&invol=578 Hospitals & Asylums Title 24 US Code Chapter 7 National Cemeteries  HYPERLINK "http://www4.law.cornell/uscode/24/ch7.html" 271-300 271 HYPERLINK \l "s271"Application of provisions 272 HYPERLINK \l "s272"Definitions a-z 273  HYPERLINK \l "s273" Perpetual care 274  HYPERLINK \l "s274" Funeral home 275  HYPERLINK \l "s275" Operating crematories; registration application 276  HYPERLINK \l "s276" Authorizing agents 277  HYPERLINK \l "s277" Federal Indigent Burial Trust 278  HYPERLINK \l "s278" Death Certificate Required 279  HYPERLINK \l "s279" Record Keeping 280 HYPERLINK \l "s280" Casket requirements 281 HYPERLINK \l "s281" Time spent with human remains 282 HYPERLINK \l "s282" Final Disposition of Cremated Remains 283 HYPERLINK \l "s283" Violations; offenses 284 HYPERLINK \l "s284" Curfews to memorialize the dead 285 HYPERLINK \l "s285" Recording of survey and plat 286 HYPERLINK \l "s286" Reinterment of bodies from burial structure declared to be public nuisance 287 HYPERLINK \l "s287" Burial Rights in Multi-Space Plots 288 HYPERLINK \l "s288" Improvements to approaches or roads 289 HYPERLINK \l "s289" Power of Cemetery Owner to Make Rules and Regulations 290 HYPERLINK \l "s290" Powers and duties of person in charge of cemetery 291 HYPERLINK \l "s291" The Nature of Cemetery Funds 292 HYPERLINK \l "s292" Disposition of Dead Human Bodies 293 HYPERLINK \l "s293" Disinterment, Disentombment, and Disinurnment 294 HYPERLINK \l "s294" Common Errors 295  HYPERLINK \l "s295" Board of cemetery regents 295a HYPERLINK \l "s295a" Arlington Memorial Amphitheater 296 HYPERLINK \l "s296" Budget 297  HYPERLINK \l "s297" Eminent Domain 298 Death Certificate (pending) 296 HYPERLINK \l "s296" Budget 297  HYPERLINK \l "s297" Eminent Domain 298 Death Certificate 271 Application of provisions (a)The provisions of this chapter apply to all states and their care of: (1) cemeteries; (2) community or public mausoleums; (3) community or public garden crypts; (4) columbaria; (5) the licensing and payment of funeral directors; (6) cemeteries owned by: (A) a church or other religious organization; or (B) a fraternal beneficiary society; and (7) burial rights held in the cemetery; (b) These laws are adapted primarily from Indiana Code  HYPERLINK "http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/title23/ar14/" IC-23-14 to be upheld in the rules and regulations of the owners of cemeteries in the United States and around the world with the publication of this chapter in the repealed and blank sections of Hospitals & Asylums Title 24 US Code Chapter 7  HYPERLINK "http://www4.law.cornell/uscode/24/ch7.html" National Cemeteries and Chapter 7a  HYPERLINK "http://www4.law.cornell/uscode/24/ch7A.html" Private Cemeteries. preserving  HYPERLINK \l "s295a" 295a Arlington Memorial Amphitheater to guarantee that the Secretary of Defense exercises his authority to erect monuments in Arlington National Cemetery with the permission of Congress. (d) the Federal Indigent Burial Trust in  HYPERLINK \l "s277" 277 of this chapter sets forth a provision for the federal government, meaning national, state, county, city and township governments to pay $250 million every year in $1,000 ceremonies to licensed funeral directors for the burial of indigents with death certificates who cannot afford their own cremation and authorizes the investigation of murder. (e) requesting the Secretary of Defense to designate Hospitals & Asylums with the right to write a monument to be erected by Congress in Arlington National Cemetery, in memory of US Soldiers, Afghan & Iraqi Dead in the War on Terror 18 Crime USC Chapter  HYPERLINK "http://www4.law.cornell/uscode/18/2325.html" 113B 2331(4) Whose families receive a  HYPERLINK \l "b" $1 million will to honor their lives and Death Certificates 24 Hospitals & Asylums USC Chapter 10 Armed Forces Retirement Home, Will  HYPERLINK "http://www4.law.cornell/uscode/24/420.html" 420; And whose governments receive $5 billion a quarter for every year of peace they bring. 272 Definitions a-z (a) "Burial" "Burial" means the opening and closing of a grave, grave space, burial space, crypt, or niche for purposes of: (1) interment; (2) entombment; or (3) inurnment (b) "Burial right" "Burial right" means a right of interment, entombment, or inurnment granted by the owner of a cemetery and unless otherwise stated in the deed, certificate, or license given by the owner of the cemetery, is an easement for the specific purpose of burial. (c) "Cemetery" "Cemetery" means any land or structure that is: (1) dedicated to; and (2) used for, or intended to be used for; the interment, entombment, or inurnment of human remains. (d) "Cemetery owner" or "owner of a cemetery" "Cemetery owner" or "owner of a cemetery" means the person that: (1) owns; or (2) operates and conducts the business of; a cemetery. (e) "Cemetery purposes" "Cemetery purposes" means all things necessary for or incident or convenient to the establishment, maintenance, management, operation, improvement, and conduct of a cemetery, the preparation of cemetery property for interment, entombment, or inurnment and the interment, entombment, or inurnment of the human dead, and the care, preservation, and embellishment of cemetery property. (f) "Columbarium" "Columbarium" means a structure or room or space in a building or structure used or intended to be used for the inurnment of cremated human remains. (g) "Cremation" "Cremation" means: (1) the incineration of: (A) the body of a deceased individual; or (B) a body part of a non-deceased individual; and (2) the mechanical or manual reduction of identifiable bone fragments to unidentifiable bone fragments. (h) "Crematory" "Crematory" means a building or structure, including a holding facility, within which the remains of deceased individuals: (1) are; or (2) are intended to be; cremated. (i) "Crypt" "Crypt" means a chamber in a mausoleum or garden crypt that is of sufficient size to entomb the un-cremated remains of a deceased individual. (j) "Disinterment" "Disinterment" means the recovery of human remains by exhumation, disentombment, or disinurnment. The term does not include: (1) the raising and lowering of human remains to accommodate two (2) interments within a single grave: or (2) the repositioning of human remains or the repositioning of an outside burial container or vault that encroaches on an adjoining grave, grave space, or burial space. (k) "Entombment" "Entombment" means any lawful disposition of the remains of a deceased individual in a mausoleum or garden crypt. (l) "Financial institution" "Financial institution" means a state or national: (1) bank; (2) bank and trust company; (3) trust company; (4) savings bank; or (5) savings association; that maintains a principal place of business in Indiana and is qualified to serve as a trustee. (m) "Garden crypt" (1) "Garden crypt" means a structure or building that is: (A) used; or (B) intended to be used; for the entombment or inurnment of human remains in crypts, vaults, or niches, in which entombment or inurnment is done from the exterior of the structure or building. (2) The term includes a columbarium within a garden crypt. (n) "Human remains" or "remains" (1) "Human remains" or "remains" means the body of a deceased individual. (A) The term includes: (i) the body in any stage of decomposition; and (ii) cremated remains. (o) "Interment" "Interment" means any lawful disposition in the earth of the remains of a deceased individual. (p) "Inurnment" "Inurnment" means any lawful disposition of the cremated remains of a deceased individual in a mausoleum, garden crypt, niche, or scattering garden area. (q) "Lot", "plot", "burial space", or "section" (1) "Lot", "plot", "burial space", or "section" means any space within a cemetery that is: (A) used; or (B) intended to be used; for interment, entombment, or inurnment, irrespective of where the space is located. (2) The term includes a crypt, a niche, and a grave space. (r) "Lot owner", "lot holder", "plot owner", "plot holder", "burial right owner", "burial right holder", "burial space owner", or "burial space holder" "Lot owner", "lot holder", "plot owner", "plot holder", "burial right owner", "burial right holder", "burial space owner", or "burial space holder" means a person: (1) under whose name a burial space is listed; or (2) who is identified as the owner or holder of a burial space; in the records of the office of the cemetery owner. (s) "Mausoleum" (1) "Mausoleum" means a structure or building that: (A) is used; or (B) is intended to be used; for the entombment or inurnment of human remains in crypts, vaults, or niches, in which entombment or inurnment is done from the interior of the building or structure. (2) The term includes a columbarium within a mausoleum. (t) "Niche" "Niche" is a space in a columbarium that is: (1) used; or (2) intended to be used; for the inurnment of the cremated remains of one (1) or more deceased individuals. (u) "Owner" (1) "Owner", when used in reference to a: (A) lot owner; (B) lot holder; (C) plot owner; (D) plot holder; (E) burial right owner; (F) burial right holder; (G) burial space owner; or (H burial space holder; includes a holder of a lot, plot, burial right, or burial space; it does not include a cemetery owner or an owner of a cemetery. (v) "Person" "Person" means an individual, an association, a limited liability company, a corporation, a firm, or another legal entity. (w) "Religious cemetery" Religious cemetery" means a cemetery that is owned, operated, controlled, or managed by: (1) any recognized church, religious society, association, or denomination; or (2) any cemetery authority or corporation: (A) that administers; or (B) through which is administered; the temporalities of any recognized church, religious society, association, or denomination. (x) "Vault" (1 "Vault" means: (A) an outer burial container that is designed for placement in a burial space or grave around a casket or alternative container; or (B) the container that forms the chamber of a crypt. (2) The term includes a burial vault, grave box, or grave liner. (y) "Urn" defined As used in this chapter, "urn" means a receptacle designed to encase cremated remains (z) Ventilation defined (1) A crypt placed in a mausoleum, vault, or other structure shall be so constructed that all parts of it may be readily examined by the state department of health or any other health officer. (2) All ventilation from a crypt constructed after March 15, 1945, may be released at a height of the lowest roof level. 273 Perpetual care (a) "Perpetual care" or "endowment care" pays for the maintenance of the cemetery grounds and graves in keeping with a properly maintained cemetery, including the following: (1) Cutting the grass on cemetery plots at reasonable intervals. (2) Raking and cleaning of cemetery plots at reasonable intervals. (3) Pruning of shrubs and trees. (4) Procuring, maintaining, and keeping in workable condition the machinery, tools, and equipment needed for maintenance purposes, and replacing the machinery, tools, and equipment when necessary. (5) Keeping in repair and preserving the drains, water lines, roads, buildings, fences, and other structures, including cemetery owned statues and embellishments of a general character applicable to the cemetery as a whole or a particular area. (6) The administration of the cemetery, including: (A) the payment of insurance premiums; (B) the payment of pensions; and (C) maintaining the necessary records of lot ownership or holdership, burial right ownership or holdership, burials, and other necessary information, and making the records available to the public authorities and interested persons. (b) When used in connection with a mausoleum, garden crypt, columbarium, crematory, or other structure, the term "perpetual care" or "endowment care" means, in addition to the meaning set forth in subsection (a): (1) the general upkeep of the structure and the ground surrounding the structure; (2) the repair, replacement, and improvement of the structure; (3) the procuring, maintaining, and keeping in reasonable condition the machinery, tools, and equipment needed for the purposes set forth in subdivisions (1) through (2); and (c) The owner of each cemetery shall provide for the creation and establishment of an irrevocable perpetual care fund. (d) The principal of a perpetual care fund established under this section shall permanently remain intact. (e) Fifty percent (50%) of any appreciation of the principal of the fund may be withdrawn annually not more than forty-five (45) days after the end of the fund's fiscal year. (f) Any income earned by the fund during the fiscal year may be withdrawn quarterly during the fund's fiscal year. (g) The income from a fund established under this section and any withdrawal of the appreciation of the principal under subsection (c) shall be devoted to the perpetual care of the cemetery. (h) The fund established by this chapter is not subject to attachment by a creditor unless the underlying debt was incurred for the perpetual care or endowment care of the cemetery for which the fund was established. (i) A perpetual care fund shall be established with deposits as follows: (1) In the case of a cemetery for earth burials, by the application and payment to the perpetual care fund of an amount at least equal to: (A) fifteen percent (15%) of the sale price; or (B) eighty cents ($0.80) per square foot of area; of each burial plot sold or transferred, whichever is greater. (2) In the case of a community or public mausoleum, or community or public garden crypt, by the application and payment to the perpetual care fund of an amount at least equal to: (A) eight percent (8%) of the sale price; or (B) one hundred dollars ($100) per crypt sold or transferred; whichever is greater. (3) In the case of a community columbarium, by the application and payment to the perpetual care fund of an amount at least equal to twenty dollars ($20) per niche sold or transferred. (j) a cemetery making its first burial shall cause to be deposited in a financial institution the sum of twenty-five thousand dollars ($25,000) in cash in the perpetual care fund or endowment care fund established under this chapter for the maintenance of the cemetery. (k) The cemetery owner shall designate the financial institution as trustee of the fund. The financial institution must execute an affidavit stating that it has accepted the trusteeship of the fund and that the twenty-five thousand dollars ($25,000) has been deposited in the fund. (l) The cemetery shall: (1) exhibit the affidavit in the principal office of the cemetery; (2) keep the affidavit available at all times for examination; and (3) record the affidavit in the miscellaneous records in the office of the recorder in the county in which the cemetery is located. (m) A perpetual care or endowment care fund may be increased by adding to the fund surplus money or property that the cemetery receives by will, deed, gift, or otherwise. (n) Not more than ninety (90) days after the end of the fiscal year of a cemetery to which this chapter applies, the custodian of the perpetual care fund of the cemetery shall prepare and file with the owner of the cemetery a detailed accounting and report of the perpetual care fund for the preceding fiscal year. The report: (1) must include, among other things, a properly itemized listing of the securities in which the funds are invested; and (2) shall be available for inspection and copying at all times by any owner of or holder of a burial right in the cemetery at the usual place at which the regular business of the cemetery is transacted. 274 Funeral home (a) As used in this chapter, "funeral home" means a place licensed by the state where (1) human remains are prepared for a funeral or disposition; (2) human remains are held for disposition; and (3) funerals are conducted or provided. (b) "Holding facility" Funeral homes shall have a "holding facility" that: (1) is designated for the retention of human remains before cremation, including a cremation room; (2) complies with all applicable public health laws; and (3) preserves the health and safety of the crematory authority personnel. (c) The funeral home shall be responsible for the ceremonial "scattering" and final disposition of cremated human remains. (d) "scattering area" means a designated area on a dedicated cemetery property where cremated remains that have been removed from their container can be mixed with or placed on top of the soil or ground cover. 275 Operating crematories; registration application (a) A person, a corporation, a limited liability company, a partnership, or any other business entity that is registered under this section may erect, maintain, and operate a crematory. (b) To register to erect, maintain, or operate a crematory, an applicant must complete an application for registration as a crematory authority on a form furnished by the board that contains the following information: (1) The name and address of the applicant: (2) The address and location of the crematory. (3) Any other information the board may reasonably require. Licenses and permits; construction of crematories (1) A crematory shall obtain all necessary licenses and permits from appropriate local, state, or federal agencies. (2) A crematory may be constructed on or adjacent to a cemetery, a funeral home, or another location if allowed by local zoning ordinances. (d) Annual report (1) Each crematory authority shall file an annual report with the state board. The report must include any changes in the information or a statement indicating that no changes have occurred. (2) The annual report must be filed not later than ninety (90) days after the end of the fiscal year of the crematory authority. (3) If a crematory authority files a written request for an extension and demonstrates good cause for the extension, the board shall grant an extension of not more than sixty (60) days for filing the annual report. (4) If a crematory authority fails to submit an annual report to the board within the time specified the board may take action against the crematory. (5) Upon reasonable notice, the board may inspect all records relating to the registration and annual report of the crematory authority. 276 Authorizing agents (a) The following persons, in the priority listed, have the right to serve as an authorizing agent to a funeral director: (1) The individual who was the spouse of the decedent at the time of the decedent's death. (2) The decedent's surviving adult children. If more than one (1) adult child is surviving, any adult child who confirms in writing that the other adult children have been notified, unless the funeral director receives a written objection to the cremation from another adult child. (3) The decedent's surviving parent. If the decedent is survived by both parents, either parent may serve as the authorizing agent unless the crematory authority receives a written objection to the cremation from the other parent. (4) The individual in the next degree of kinship to inherit the estate of the decedent. If more than one (1) individual of the same degree is surviving, any person of that degree may serve as the authorizing agent unless the crematory authority receives a written objection to the cremation from one (1) or more persons of the same degree. (5) In the case of an indigent or other individual whose final disposition is the responsibility of the state or township, the following may serve as the authorizing agent: (A) If none of the persons family or friends are available: (i) a public administrator, including a responsible township trustee or the trustee's designee; or (ii) the coroner. (B) A state appointed guardian. However, an indigent decedent may not be cremated if a surviving family member objects to the cremation or if cremation would be contrary to the religious practices of the deceased individual as expressed by the individual or the individual's family. (b) When a body part of a non-deceased individual is to be cremated, a representative of the institution that has arranged with the crematory authority to cremate the body part may serve as the authorizing agent in the record. 277 Federal Indigent Burial Trust (a) The Federal Government, national, state, county, city and township shall pay $1,000 to any licensed funeral director for the burial of any indigent who is unable to afford cremation and a scattering ceremony for friends. Whereas there are 2.4 million deaths annually in the United States and 11% of people live below the poverty line it is suggested that $250 million be set aside every year for the burial of indigents by the Federal Government payable to licensed funeral directors. (b) Under Federal Genocide Statutes  HYPERLINK "http://www4.law.cornell/uscode/24/plch50A.html" 18USC(50A) any government official caught murdering owes $1million in restitution to the victims family and $500,000 to the investigator. A smaller award of $1000, or more, may be granted to funeral directors and citizens reporting any suspected murder to the county or municipal prosecutor. 278 Death Certificate Required (a) A crematory authority or cemetery shall not cremate or bury human remains until the County Coroner or reporting doctor of the  HYPERLINK "http://www.thename.org/" National Association of Medical Examiners has signed a Death Certificate: (1) A cremation authorization form provided by the crematory authority, signed by an county coroner or pronouncing doctor, containing the following information: (A) The identity of the human remains and the time and date of death. (B) The name of the funeral director who obtained the cremation authorization. (C) The cause of death. (D) A statement by the authorizing agent explaining how the authorizing agent: (i) is related to the decedent (E) A statement that the human remains do not contain a pacemaker or any other material or implant or radiation producing device that may be potentially hazardous or cause damage to the cremation chamber or the individual performing the cremation. (F) The name of the cemetery authorized to receive cremated remains. (G) The date and time of the viewing or service. (a) The crematory shall not hold the human remains for more than 30 days before placing them in a columbaria or scattering their ashes. 279 Record Keeping (a) A cemetery owner shall keep a record of each interment, entombment, and inurnment in the cemetery. The record must: (1) show: (A) the date on which the body was received; (B) the date of interment, entombment, or inurnment; (C) the name and marital status of the person whose remains are interred, entombed, or inurned; and (D) the plot and the grave in which the interment or inurnment was made or the location within the building or structure in which the entombment or inurnment was made; and (b) The cemetery in which an interment, entombment, or inurnment takes place shall permanently preserve the record required by this chapter either: (1) in the form of the original record; or (2) in alternative form such as microfilm, microfiche, computer disk, or compact disk. (c) The crematory authority shall furnish a receipt to the funeral director or the funeral director's representative who delivers human remains to the crematory authority. (d) A crematory authority shall maintain at the authority's place of business a permanent record of each cremation that took place at the facility. The record must contain the name of the decedent, the cause of death and the date of the cremation. (e) The crematory authority shall maintain a record of all cremated remains disposed of by the crematory authority. (f) Each cemetery shall maintain a record of all cremated remains: (1) that are disposed of on the cemetery's property; (2) that have been properly transferred to the cemetery columbaria; and (3) for which the cemetery has issued a receipt acknowledging the transfer of the cremated remains. 280Casket requirements (a) A crematory authority shall not require that human remains be placed in a casket before cremation or that human remains be cremated in a casket. (b) A crematory authority shall not refuse to accept human remains for cremation because the human remains are not embalmed. (d) A crematory authority shall not accept a casket or an alternative container if there is evidence of the leakage of body fluids. 281Time spent with human remains (a) human remains shall not be cremated less than forty-eight (48) hours after the time of death as indicated on the Death Certificate. (b) a crematory authority may schedule the actual cremation to be performed at the authority's convenience at any time after the human remains have been delivered to the crematory authority. (c) A crematory authority shall not cremate human remains when the authority has actual knowledge that the human remains contain a pacemaker or other material or implant that may be potentially hazardous to the individual performing the cremation. (d) When a crematory authority is unable to or unauthorized to cremate human remains immediately upon taking custody of the remains, the crematory authority shall place the human remains in a holding facility. (e) After each cremation, all the recoverable residue of the cremation process that it is practical to recover must be removed from the cremation chamber. (f) A receptacle large enough to hold all the cremated remains must be selected. (g) Cremated remains may only be shipped by a method that has an internal tracing system that provides a receipt signed by the person accepting delivery. (h) A crematory authority shall maintain an identification system that ensures that the authority can identify the human remains in the authority's possession throughout all phases of the cremation process. 282Final Disposition of Cremated Remains (a) Cremated remains may be retained by the person having legal control over the remains or may be disposed of in any of the following manners: (1) Placing the remains in a grave, niche, or crypt. (2) Scattering the remains in a scattering area. (3) Disposing of the remains in any manner if: (A) the remains are reduced to a particle size of one-eighth (1/8) inch or less; and (B) the disposal is made on the property of a consenting owner, on uninhabited public land, or on a waterway. (b) Except with the express written permission of the authorizing agent, a person shall not do the following: (1) Dispose of cremated remains in a manner or location that commingles the cremated remains with the cremated remains of another individual. This prohibition does not apply to the scattering of cremated remains at sea or in the air. (2) Place the cremated remains of more than one (1) individual in the same temporary container or urn. 283Violations; offenses (a) If a crematory or cemetery authority: (1) refuses to file or neglects to file an annual report; (2) fails to comply with the registration requirements; or (3) refuses to comply with record inspection. the board may maintain an injunctive action in the name of the state to enjoin the crematory authority from performing cremations until they comply if a first offence or permanently if the crematory authority has one or more priors. 284Curfews to memorialize the dead A county, city, or town may impose a curfew specific to cemeteries or other facilities used to memorialize the dead by posting signs on the fence that must completely surround the cemetery and be 8 feet tall. 285Recording of survey and plat (a) Before granting or selling any burial right in any cemetery they must be platted. The owner of the cemetery shall cause to be recorded in the recorder's office of the county in which the cemetery is located an accurate survey and plat of that part of its property in which it proposes to grant or sell burial rights. (b) Each transfer of interment, entombment, or inurnment rights issued by the cemetery owner under this chapter must include a reference to the recorded plat. (c) The owner of a cemetery shall issue a deed, certificate, or license to each purchaser of a burial right in the cemetery. Each deed, certificate, or license issued under this section must be properly signed and acknowledged before a notary public. (d) A survey and plat recorded under this chapter must: (1) show all lots, walks, and drives in the cemetery, all with descriptive names and numbers; and (2) include a proper instrument in writing, duly executed and acknowledged by the owner, dedicating the property to cemetery purposes. (e) the owner of property described in a survey and plat recorded under this chapter by an instrument properly executed, acknowledged, and recorded may vacate the recorded plat and make and file a new or altered plat and survey of: (1) the property described in a survey and plat; or (2) a part of the property described in the survey and plat. (f) The vacation or alteration of a recorded plat is not valid if it affects burial rights previously granted in the property described in the plat, unless each owner of affected burial rights has consented to the vacation or alteration. (g) After recording the plat, the owner of the cemetery may sell and grant burial rights in the cemetery. 286Reinterment of bodies from burial structure declared to be public nuisance (a) This section applies if: (1) a person fails to maintain a mausoleum, garden crypt, vault, or other burial structure in a good state of repair; and (2) a court of competent jurisdiction declares the mausoleum, garden crypt, vault, or other burial structure to be a public nuisance. (b) The deceased body or bodies interred in the mausoleum, garden crypt, vault, or other burial structure shall be removed and properly interred: (1) within thirty (30) days after the judgment declaring the mausoleum, garden crypt, vault, or other burial structure to be a nuisance, if the judgment is not appealed; (c) The mausoleum, garden crypt, vault, or other burial structure shall be removed: (1) within one hundred eighty (180) days after the judgment declaring the mausoleum, garden crypt, vault, or other burial structure to be a nuisance, (d) The cost of re-interring the bodies and removing the mausoleum, garden crypt, vault, or other burial structure shall be paid: (1) by the person who owns the mausoleum, garden crypt, vault, or other burial structure; or (2) if the person who owns the mausoleum, garden crypt, vault, or other burial structure is not found, by the county in which the mausoleum, garden crypt, vault, or structure is located. 287Burial Rights in Multi-Space Plots (a) This chapter applies to all burial rights in cemeteries organized in the United States; (b) The burial rights in a lot, plot, burial space, crypt, or niche granted to an individual are the sole and separate property of the individual named as descendent. (c) If the descendent of a burial plot containing more than one (1) interment, entombment, or inurnment space is married at the time of the grant of the burial plot, the spouse of the decedent has a vested right of interment, entombment, or inurnment of the spouse's remains in the burial plot as the spouse is the primary descendent. (d) No transfer or other action of a decedents spouse shall change the vested right of interment, entombment, or inurnment unless: (1) the spouse joins in the transfer or other action; or (2) the written consent of the spouse is endorsed on or attached to the transfer or other action. (e) A final dissolution of marriage decree between a decedent and the descendent spouse terminates the spouse's vested right of interment, entombment, or inurnment recognized unless the dissolution of marriage decree provides otherwise. (f) Any burial rights that are held in joint tenancy by two (2) or more persons who are not husband and wife are owned with the right of survivorship. (g) If the owners of burial rights held in joint tenancy are husband and wife, the title shall be recognized as a tenancy by the entirety, and the right of interment, entombment, or inurnment shall be vested and controlled equally by both while living, or, after the death of one (1) spouse, by the surviving spouse or the surviving spouse's successor in interest. (h) grant of burial rights to two (2) or more persons as joint tenants, each joint tenant has a vested right of interment, entombment, or inurnment of the joint tenant's remains in the burial plot. Upon the death of a joint tenant, the title to the burial rights previously held in joint tenancy immediately vests in the survivor or survivors, subject to the vested right of interment, entombment, inurnment for the remains of the deceased joint tenant owner. (i) In a family burial plot: (1) one (1) grave, crypt, or niche may be used for the record owner's interment, entombment, or inurnment; (2) after the record owner's interment, entombment, or inurnment, one (1) grave, crypt, or niche may be used for the surviving spouse of the record owner; and (3) in the spaces remaining, if any, the parents and children of the deceased record owner, in order of need, may be interred, entombed, or inurned without the consent of any person claiming an interest in the family burial plot. (j) If there is no parent or child who survives the deceased record owner, the right of interment, entombment, or inurnment in a family burial plot shall go: (1) first, in order of need, to the spouse of any child of the deceased record owner; and (2) second, in order of need, to: (A) the heirs at law of the deceased record owner, as specified by the statutes of descent; or (B) the spouse of any heir at law of the deceased record owner. (l) An affidavit that sets forth: (1) the fact of the death of the record owner of the burial rights in a family burial plot; and (2) the name of the individual or individuals who are entitled to use the family burial plot in accordance with this chapter; is complete authority to the cemetery to permit the use of the unoccupied portions of the family burial plot by the individual or individuals who are shown by the affidavit to be entitled to use the family burial plot. 288Improvements to approaches or roads (a)The officers, owners, or directors in charge of a public or private cemetery that is organized and incorporated in the United States may use any funds arising from: (1) the sale of; or (2) assessments upon; lots in the cemetery to improve the approaches or roads to the cemetery. (b) The part of an approach or road may not exceed a distance of one-half (1/2) mile from the cemetery. (c) A railroad, street, road, alley, pipeline, pole line, or other public thoroughfare or utility shall not be laid out through, over, or across any part of the cemetery within one hundred (100) feet of: (1) a space in which burial rights have been transferred; (2) a mausoleum in the cemetery; (3) a garden crypt in the cemetery; or (4) a columbarium in a cemetery; without the consent of the owner of the cemetery. (d) Upon the complaint of any person, a permanent injunction shall be issued to prevent any other person from locating or constructing a railroad, street, road, alley, pipeline, pole line, or other public thoroughfare or utility on any ground that is: (1) held, used, or occupied as a cemetery; or (2) held for cemetery purposes. (e) A person shall not locate or construct a railroad on any real estate held, used, or occupied as a cemetery. (f) Upon the complaint of any person, another person shall be perpetually enjoined from locating or constructing a railroad on any ground that is: (1) held, used, or occupied as a cemetery; or (2) held for cemetery purposes. 289Power of Cemetery Owner to Make Rules and Regulations (a) the owner of a cemetery: (1) may make, adopt, and enforce rules and regulations: (A) for the use, care, control, management, restriction, and protection of all parts and subdivisions of the cemetery; (B) for restricting, limiting, and regulating the use of all property within the cemetery; (C) for regulating the care of plants or shrubs within the grounds and preventing the introduction of certain types of plants or shrubs; (D) for regulating the conduct of persons and preventing improper assemblages in the cemetery; and (E) for all other purposes considered necessary by the owner of the cemetery for the proper conduct of the business of the cemetery and the protection and safeguarding of the premises and the principles, plans, and ideals on which the cemetery was organized; and (2) may periodically amend, add to, revise, change, modify, or abolish the rules and regulations. (b) The owner of a cemetery may: (1) prescribe penalties for the violation of a rule or regulation adopted under section 1 of this chapter; and (2) recover penalties in a civil action. (c) Rules and regulations adopted by a cemetery shall be: (1) plainly printed or typewritten; and (2) kept available for inspection and copying at the usual place for transacting the regular business of the cemetery preferably on the Internet. (d) A public notice, including a notice of nonpayment, may not be attached to any lot, grave, gravestone, marker, or memorial upon a lot for the purpose of enforcing a penalty for the nonpayment of perpetual care charges. 290Powers and duties of person in charge of cemetery (a) The sexton, superintendent, manager, director, or other person in charge of a cemetery has the same powers, functions, duties, and authority granted by law to a peace officer within the jurisdiction in which the cemetery is located for the purpose of: (1) maintaining order; and (2) enforcing: (A) the rules and regulations of the cemetery; (B) the laws of the state; and (C) the ordinances of the city or town in which the cemetery is situated; within the cemetery and within an area immediately outside the cemetery as large as necessary to protect the property of the cemetery. (b) Because the owner of a cemetery is responsible for the performance of the care and maintenance of the cemetery, a cemetery owner has the exclusive right to: (1) open and close a grave or grave space, burial space, crypt, or niche in the cemetery; (2) set or install a: (A) marker; (B) monument; or (C) any type of memorial; in the cemetery; and (3) install any kind of foundation or other type of base for the marker, monument, or any type of memorial in the cemetery. The authorized representative of the owner of the cemetery may also exercise this exclusive right. (c) A cemetery owner has the right to establish reasonable rules and regulations regarding the: (1) type; (2) material; (3) design; (4) composition; and (5) finish; of any commodity to be used or installed in the cemetery. (d) A cemetery owner shall not prevent the use of or installation in the cemetery of any commodity purchased from any source if the commodity meets the rules and regulations (e) The fee that a cemetery owner charges for services in connection with the installation or use of commodities in the cemetery shall be the same to all regardless of who furnishes the commodities. (f) At the usual place for transacting the regular business of each cemetery, the cemetery owner shall maintain a complete schedule of all charges that the cemetery imposes for services in connection with the installation or use of commodities in the cemetery. The schedule must be: (1) plainly printed or typewritten; and (2) subject to inspection and copying. 291The Nature of Cemetery Funds (a) The accumulation and holding of funds for a cemetery are expressly permitted and shall be considered to be for a charitable and eleemosynary purpose. (b) The funds and contributions are considered to be a provision: (1) for the discharge of a duty due from the person or persons contributing to the fund to the person or persons whose remains are or will be interred in the cemetery; and (2) for the benefit and protection of the public by preserving, beautifying, and keeping cemeteries from becoming places of reproach and desolation in the communities in which they are situated. (c) payment in the form of gift, grant, bequest, will or other contribution to the fund: (1) is not invalid by reason of any indefiniteness or uncertainty of the persons designated as beneficiaries in the instruments creating the fund; and (2) is not invalid as violating any law against perpetuities or suspension of the power of alienation of title to property. 292Disposition of Dead Human Bodies (a) Subject to the rights of transportation and removal of dead human bodies or other disposition of dead human bodies, as provided by law, the remains of all individuals who die shall be deposited: (1) in the earth in an established cemetery; (2) in a mausoleum; (3) in a garden crypt; or (4) in a columbarium; within a reasonable time after death, except as ordered by the state department of health. (b) All dead human bodies interred in the earth shall have a cover of at least two (2) feet of earth at the shallowest point over the outer receptacle in which the body is placed. (c) All private or family mausoleums shall be constructed in such manner as to admit proper ventilation. (d) The remains of dead human bodies that have been cremated may be deposited in mausoleums, garden crypts, or columbaria or deposited in or on the earth. (e) The owner of a cemetery is authorized to inter, entomb, or inurn the body or cremated remains of a deceased human upon the receipt of a written authorization of an individual who professes: (1) to be (in the priority listed) the: (A) surviving spouse; or (B) surviving child, parent, or next of kin; of the decedent; or (2) to have acquired the right to control the disposition of the deceased human body or cremated remains; 293Disinterment, Disentombment, and Disinurnment (a) As used in this section, "removed" refers to the disinterment, disentombment, or dis-inurnment of the remains of a deceased human. (b) the remains, either cremated or un-cremated, of a deceased human shall not be removed from a cemetery without: (1) a written order issued by the state department of health; and (2) the written consent of: (A) the owner of the cemetery; or (B) the owner's representative; and (3) the written consent of: (A) the spouse of the deceased; or (B) the parents of the deceased in the case of a deceased minor child; authorizing the disinterment, disentombment, or dis-inurnment. (c) Before issuing a written authorization under subsection (b), the state department of health shall do the following: (1) Obtain written evidence of the legal ownership of the property from which the remains will be removed. (2) Obtain written evidence that a licensed funeral director has agreed to: (A) be present at the removal and at the re-interment, re-entombment, or re-inurnment of the remains; and (B) cause the completed order to be recorded in the office of the county recorder of the county where the removal occurred. (4) Obtain written evidence that a notice of the proposed removal has been published at least five (5) days before in a newspaper of general circulation in the county where the removal will occur. (d) If the written consent of: (1) the spouse of the deceased; or (2) the parents of the deceased in the case of a deceased minor; is not available, a person petition a court to determine whether to waive the consent requirement. In determining whether to waive the requirement, the court shall consider the viewpoint of any issue of the deceased. (e) upon the written order of the coroner of the county in which the cemetery is situated. human remains can be exhumed from the cemetery. (f) The remains of a deceased human interred, entombed, or inurned in a plot in a cemetery may be removed from the plot for the purpose of autopsy or reinterment, reentombment, or reinurnment in another cemetery with: (1) the consent of the owner of the cemetery; and (2) the written consent of: (A) the surviving spouse in the case of a deceased married person; or (B) the surviving parents in the case of a deceased minor child. (g) Before any disinterment, disentombment, or dis-inurnment may take place, the reasonable costs and expenses of the funeral director and attorney's fees, must be paid by the person or persons applying for the disinterment, disentombment, or dis-inurnment. 294 Common Errors (a) When a wrongful burial, entombment, inurnment, disinterment, disentombment, or dis-inurnment occurs, the cemetery owner shall: (1) at the expense of the cemetery owner, correct the wrongful burial, entombment, inurnment, disinterment, disentombment, or dis-inurnment as soon as practical after becoming aware of the error; and (2) notify: (A) the spouse, if living, of the deceased person whose remains were wrongfully buried, entombed, inurned, disinterred, disentombed, or dis-inurned, or whose outer burial container was wrongfully placed; (B) the parents, if living, of a deceased minor child whose remains were wrongfully buried, entombed, inurned, disinterred, disentombed, or dis-inurned, or whose outer burial container was wrongfully placed; (C) the person or persons whose marker, monument, memorial, foundation, or base was wrongfully placed; or (D) the person or persons who authorized the original burial, entombment, inurnment, disinterment, disentombment, or dis-inurnment; of the occurrence. (b) A cemetery owner or anyone acting on behalf of a cemetery owner is liable for any error made by placing an improper description, including an incorrect name or date, on: (1) a marker; (2) a monument; (3) any type of memorial; or (4) the container for cremated remains. (c) the cemetery owner responsible for these common errors shall correct them and pay any compensation the court deems sufficient. 295Board of cemetery regents (a) The officers of a board of cemetery regents shall consist of licensed funeral directors acting as: (1) a president; (2) a vice president; and (3) a secretary; who shall be elected by the board members composed of funeral home or cemetery employees at the first meeting of the board in January and in each subsequent year. (b) A vacancy on a board of cemetery regents shall be filled by appointment by the executive of the county, city or town. The person appointed serves until the expiration of the term of the member whom the appointee is appointed to replace. (c) Each member of a board of cemetery regents: (1) must take and subscribe to the usual oath of office before beginning the duties of office; and (2) shall be issued a certificate of appointment, upon which the member's oath of office must be endorsed. (d) A majority of the members of a board of cemetery regents constitutes a quorum. An action of the board is binding only if: (1) it is authorized by a vote taken at a regular or special meeting of the board; and (2) a majority of all the members of the board vote in favor of the action. (e) If there is a tie vote or equal division among the members of the board upon any motion, resolution, or action, the executive of the municipality is entitled to vote on the matter under consideration. (f) The people may, at any time, remove a member of the board from office upon filing the reasons for the removal in writing with the clerk or clerk-treasurer of the county or municipality and the court or council shall appoint a successor (g) The legislative body may authorize compensation for actual expenses incurred by members of the cemetery board in performance of their official duties, including any additional compensation that the legislative body determines. (h) A cemetery board may: (1) make all necessary rules and regulations for the management of the cemetery or cemeteries over which it has control and management; (2) sell lots or parts of lots at prices that the board considers reasonable; and (3) require payment for sales: (A) in cash; or (B) partly in cash and the balance in deferred payments spread over a time the board considers reasonable. (i) If a member of the Board of Cemetery Regents should die or become to sick to serve in their capacity as Trustee the Board shall select one or two candidates for the approval of an executive of the county, city or town. 295aArlington Memorial Amphitheatre (a) Recommendations of Secretary of Defense, or his designee, for memorials and entombments shall be sent to Congress in January of each year, his recommendations with respect to the memorials to be erected, and the remains of deceased members of the Armed Forces to be entombed, in the Arlington Memorial Amphitheater, Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia. (b) Specific authorization from Congress must be received before any memorial may be erected or any remains entombed in such amphitheater or cemetery. (c) The character, design, or location of any memorial authorized by Congress is subject to the approval of the Secretary of Defense or his designee. 296Budget (a) During January of each year, a cemetery board shall make a report. The report must: (1) provide information on: (A) the financial condition of the cemetery board; and (B) the business done by the cemetery board during the previous year; and (2) include a statement showing the receipts and expenditures of the cemetery board for the year. (b) A cemetery board shall annually prepare a budget for the cemetery or cemeteries under its control in the same manner as other offices and departments of the municipality prepare budgets. The budget of the cemetery board is subject to review under the budget statutes applying to municipalities. (c) A cemetery board may not expend funds without prior appropriation by the legislative body of the municipality. If the revenues of the cemetery board are not sufficient to meet the: (1) current operating expenses; and (2) amounts to be paid for the purchase of cemetery lands or other property; the deficiency in the revenues may be resolved through an appropriation from the general fund of the municipality. (d) A public cemetery commission may request the levy of an annual tax for the purpose of restoring and maintaining one (1) or more cemeteries that are located in the county. The tax may not exceed fifty cents ($0.50) on each one hundred dollars ($100) of assessed valuation of property in the county. 297 Eminent Domain (a) This chapter applies to the following: (1) A: (A) city; (B) town; (C) township; (D) corporation or association; or (E) county; that owns or controls a public cemetery that has been in existence for at least thirty (30) years or desires to own a public cemetery. (b) If land has not been appropriated or set apart by the owners by platting for a public cemetery and it is necessary to purchase real estate for the cemetery: (1) the legislative body of the city or town; (2) the executive of the township; (3) the trustees or directors of the corporation or association; or (4) the other owners; have the power of eminent domain to condemn and appropriate the land for cemetery purposes under proceedings provided by statute that must grant just compensation to the previous owners of the land. United States Supreme Court United States Senate ) Chief Justice Rehnquist v. ) ) Armed Forces Retirement Home United States President ) Art. 17 US Constitution Bush Kingdom 2003 King George III is dead. Long live King George II. I.  HYPERLINK \l "AKG" American King George A.  HYPERLINK \l "KG" King George III 1760-1776 B.  HYPERLINK \l "GHWBI" George Herbert Walker Bush I 1980-1993 C.  HYPERLINK \l "GWBII" George W. Bush II 2001-present II.  HYPERLINK \l "EO" Executive Orders A.  HYPERLINK \l "DOOR" Department of Organized Religion B.  HYPERLINK \l "FedLab" Labor C.  HYPERLINK \l "SS" Social Security D.  HYPERLINK \l "Energy" Energy E.  HYPERLINK \l "Health" Health F.  HYPERLINK \l "IT"  International Fraud G.  HYPERLINK \l "HOW" Hypocrisy on War H.  HYPERLINK \l "Ad" Advisors I.  HYPERLINK \l "HS" Homeland Security J.  HYPERLINK \l "Ed" Education K.  HYPERLINK \l "Tech" Technology L.  HYPERLINK \l "Rec" Records M.  HYPERLINK \l "Christmas2001" Christmas 2001: Council of Europe/Corruption/Orders of Succession N.  HYPERLINK \l "Freedom" Freedom O.  HYPERLINK \l "Sports" Council on Physical Fitness and Sports P.  HYPERLINK \l "Rules" Agency Rulemaking Q.  HYPERLINK \l "Trade" Trade S.  HYPERLINK \l "Christ" Christmas 2002 T.  HYPERLINK \l "USE" United States Embassy III.  HYPERLINK \l "BB" Bush Budget  Table S-1  HYPERLINK \l "Table1" Budget Totals Table S-2  HYPERLINK \l "Table2" Budget Summary Table S-7  HYPERLINK \l "Table7" Discretionary Spending IV.  HYPERLINK \l "BUSHBib" Bibliography  I. American King George American King George In accordance with Article I 9(8) US Constitution, No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince or foreign state. The National Archive & Record Administration (NARA) introduced E.O. 13233 Further Implementation of the Presidents Records on November 1, 2001 providing that confidential record keeping policies of George Bush II be reviewed by the Court in a similar fashion with Nixon v. Administrator of General Services 433 US 425 (1977). Special prosecutors have explicit power to contest the invocation of executive confidentiality privilege in the process of seeking evidence deemed relevant to the performance of duties relegated in accordance with the courts determination of specific need. The Court held nonetheless that "[t]he generalized assertion of privilege must yield to the demonstrated, specified need for evidence in a pending criminal trial. "The President's powers originate not from statute, but from the constitutional command to "take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed" "The President, both as Commander-in-Chief and as the Nation's organ for foreign affairs, has available intelligence services whose reports are not and ought not to be published to the world. It would be intolerable that courts, without the relevant information, should review and perhaps nullify actions of the Executive taken on information properly held secret [or to never have occurred]." Since George Washington's Presidency, our constitutional tradition, without a single exception, has treated Presidential papers as the President's personal property. This view has been congressionally and judicially ratified, both as to the ownership of Presidential papers, Folsom v. Marsh, 9 F. Cas. 342 (No. 4,901) (CC Mass. 1841) (Story, J., sitting as Circuit Justice), and, by the practice of Justices as to ownership of their judicial papers. As Marshall said in his great argument of March 7, 1800, in the House of Representatives, The President is the sole organ of the nation in its external relations, and its sole representative with foreign nations. He manages our concerns with foreign nations and must necessarily be most competent to determine when, how, and upon what subjects negotiation may be urged with the greatest prospect of success. For his conduct he is responsible to the Constitution. The Senate should assist in the direction of foreign negotiations calculated to diminish the responsibility of the President in issues of national safety. The nature of transactions with foreign nations, moreover, requires caution and unity of design, and their success frequently depends on secrecy and dispatch.' U.S. Senate, Reports, Committee on Foreign Relations, vol. 8, p. 24." For the reasons set forth by THE CHIEF JUSTICE, in United States v. Nixon, a narrow request for specified documents in connection with a criminal prosecution, provide no support for the Court's use of a balancing test in a case such as this where the seizure is a broad and undifferentiated intrusion into the daily operations of the Office of the President. President Nixon resigned on August 9, 1974. Less than two weeks earlier, the House Judiciary Committee had voted to recommend his impeachment, H. R. Rep. No. 93-1305, pp. 10-11 (1974), including among the charges of impeachable offenses allegations that the President had obstructed investigation of the Watergate break-in and had engaged in other unlawful activities during his administration. Id., at 1-4. One month after President Nixon's resignation, on September 8, 1974, President Ford granted him a general pardon for all offenses against the United States that he might have committed in his term of office. In Nixon v. General Services Administration JUSTICE REHNQUIST determined that the voluntary resignation of President Nixon posed a real threat to the ability of future Presidents to receive candid advice and to give candid instructions. This result, so at odds with our previous case law on the separation of powers, daily stands as a veritable sword of Damocles over every succeeding President and his advisers. Presidential papers may now be seized and shown to the public if they are of "general historical significance." At the debate on the impeachment of the Earl of Danby, the Earl of Carnarvon recounted this history: "My Lords, I understand but little of Latin, but a good deal of English, and not a little of the English history, from which I have learnt the mischiefs of such kind of prosecutions as these, and the ill fate of the prosecutors. I shall go no farther back than the latter end of Queen Elizabeth's reign: At which time the Earl of Essex was run down by Sir Walter Raleigh, and your Lordships very well know what became of Sir Walter Raleigh. My Lord Bacon, he ran down Sir Walter Raleigh, and your Lordships know what became of my Lord Bacon. The Duke of Buckingham, he ran down my Lord Bacon, and your Lordships know what happened to the Duke of Buckingham. Sir Thomas Wentworth, afterwards Earl of Strafford, ran down the Duke of Buckingham, and you all know what became of him. Sir Harry Vane, he ran down the Earl of Strafford, and your Lordships know what became of Sir Harry Vane. Chancellor Hyde, he ran down Sir Harry Vane, and your Lordships know what became of the Chancellor. Sir Thomas Osborne, now Earl of Danby, ran down Chancellor Hyde; but what will become of the Earl of Danby, your Lordships best can tell. But let me see that man that dare run the Earl of Danby down, and we shall soon see what will become of him." (Footnote omitted.) As quoted in Z. Chafee, Jr., Three Human Rights in the Constitution of 1787, p. 127 (1956). It is also told that President George W. Bush II ran Iraqi president Saddam Hussein out of office. In Calder v. Bull, 3 Dall. 386, 390 the Supreme Court noted, "That Charles 1st. king of England, was beheaded; that Oliver Cromwell was Protector of England; that Louis 16th, late King of France, was guillotined; are all facts, that have happened; but it would be nonsense to suppose, that the States were prohibited from making any law after either of those events, and with reference thereto". CHIEF JUSTICE REHNQUIST clearly needs to address the international thefts and acts of war committed by President George W. Bush II and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfield that have occurred without the consent of the United Nations Security Council. Whereas George Bush I and George Bush the II have reigned on the White House for 16 years, as long as King George the III, there are no spiritual impediments to the impeachment of George Bush II. The specific need for the public criminal prosecution of President George W. Bush II presented in Nixon v. General Services Administration requires that 2/3 of the Senate approve of an impeachment in accordance with Article I Section 9. The labor required of a full impeachment proceeding can however be avoided if US President George W. Bush II will consent to a criminal trial at the US Supreme Court where the Justices and President could draft an executive order ordering the return of US soldiers to US soil within 12 hours. The court would merely need to determine: 1. How many people have died in wars with President George W. Bush II? 2. Has the President paid reparations to Afghanistan and Iraq? 3. Has the President contracted to pay the United Nations $10 billion US a quarter to administrate these peaceful countries until other nations exhibit a greater specific need for international assistance due to their poverty or exposure to war? 4. Can the President withdraw all US Armed Forces from the Middle East in 12 hours? A. George III King George III (1760-1820)  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://graphics.britannia.com/history/monarchs/clear.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET  George III was born in 1738, first son of Frederick, Prince of Wales and Augusta. He married Charlotte of Mecklinburg-Strelitz in 1761, to whom he was devoted. The couple produced a prolific fifteen children: nine sons and six daughters. George was afflicted with porphyria, a maddening disease which disrupted his reign as early as 1765. Several attacks strained his grip on reality and debilitated him in the last years of his reign. Personal rule was given to his son George, the Prince Regent, in 1811. George III died blind, deaf and mad at Windsor Castle on January 29, 1820. George III succeeded his grandfather, George II, in 1760 (Frederick, Prince of Wales, had died in 1751 having never ruled). George was determined to recover the prerogative lost to the ministerial council by the first two Georges; in the first two decades of the reign, he methodically weakened the Whig party through bribery, coercion and patronage. Prime Minister, William Pitt the Elder was toppled by Whigs after the Peace of Paris, and men of mediocre talent and servile minds were hand-picked by George as Cabinet members, acting as little more than yes-men. Bouts with madness and the way he handled the American Revolution eroded his support and the power of the Crown was granted again to the Prime Minister. The Peace of Paris (1763) ended the Seven Years' War with France, with the strenuous, anti-French policies of the elder Pitt emphasizing naval superiority in the colonial warfare. Great Britain emerged from the conflict as the world's greatest colonial power. England thrived under peacetime conditions, but George's commitment to taxing the American colonies to pay for military protection led to hostilities in 1775. The colonists proclaimed independence in 1776, but George obstinately continued the war until the final American victory at Yorktown in 1781. The Peace of Versailles, signed in 1783, ensured British acknowledgment of the United States of America. The defeat cost George dearly: his sanity was stretched to the breaking point and his political power decreased when William Pitt the Younger became Prime Minister in 1783. George reclaimed some of his power, driving Pitt from office from 1801-04, but his condition worsened again and he ceased to rule in 1811. The peace following the French war settlement was short-lived. A mere ten years later, England joined a continental alliance against French revolutionary forces who, after gaining power in France, sought total French hegemony across Europe. By 1797, the largest part of Europe was under French dominance, with England standing alone against the revolutionary Republic. The British Navy again proved decisive, defeating French forces at Camperdown, Cape St. Vincent and the Battle of the Nile in 1797, and finally at Copenhagen in 1801. Peace was negotiated at Amiens in 1802, with the French supreme on land and the British at sea. Napoleon Bonaparte seized supreme power in France at the turn of the century, and renewed attacks against England in 1803. Hostilities with France lasted until 1814 taking several forms. Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington, led the land attack; the navy, commanded by Lord Horatio Nelson won the decisive battle off Cape Trafalgar, and imposed a blockade of Europe to offset Napoleon's " continental system" which was forbidden from importing British goods; and the younger Pitt guided the government through the hardships of total war. In addition to the continental conflict, England went to war again with the United States between 1812-14, over the British practice of pressing American seamen into service in the British Navy. Both conflicts were resolved in 1814; Napoleon was deposed and England agreed not to abscond with American sailors. Napoleon returned to Europe briefly in 1815, but was soundly defeated by continental forces led by Wellington. Other events and people also marked the reign. A second Act of Union was passed in 1801, bringing Ireland under the umbrella of Great Britain until the Government of Ireland Act (1920) established the modern arrangement. Slave trade was abolished in 1807, although slavery continued in British colonies until 1833. Population increases, improvements in agricultural and industrial methods and a revolution in transportation spurred British economic growth. English literature was graced by some of its best known authors: Wordsworth, Shelley and Keats were among the writers of the era. George's madness ultimately left the fate of the crown on his eldest son George, Prince Regent. Prince George was put in the daunting position of attempting to govern according to the increasingly erratic will of his father. A letter received by novelist E. M. Frostier from his aunt, Marine Thornton, describes the situation: "... there he was sitting on the Throne with his King's Crown on, his robes scarlet and ermine, and held his speech written out for him, just what he had to say. But, oh dear, he strode up and made a bow and began "My Lords and Peacocks'. The people who were not fond of him laughed, the people who did love him cried, and he went back to be no longer a king, and his eldest son reigned in his stead". B. George Bush I George Herbert Walker Bush I George Herbert Walker Bush Sr. felt the responsibility to make his contribution to the United States both in times of war and in peace. Born in Milton, Massachusetts, on June 12, 1924, he became a student leader at Phillips Academy in Andover. On his 18th birthday he enlisted in the armed forces. The youngest pilot in the Navy when he received his wings, he flew 58 combat missions during World War II. On one mission over the Pacific as a torpedo bomber pilot he was shot down by Japanese antiaircraft fire and was rescued from the water by a U. S. submarine. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for bravery in action. Bush next turned his energies toward completing his education and raising a family. In January 1945 he married Barbara Pierce. They had six children--  HYPERLINK "http://www.whitehouse.gov/president/gwbbio.html" George, Robin (who died as a child), John (known as Jeb), Neil, Marvin, and Dorothy. At Yale University he excelled both in sports and in his studies; he was captain of the baseball team and a member of Phi Beta Kappa. After graduation Bush embarked on a career in the oil industry of West Texas. Like his father, Prescott Bush, who was elected a Senator from Connecticut in 1952, George became interested in public service and politics. He served two terms as a Representative to Congress from Texas. Twice he ran unsuccessfully for the Senate. Then he was appointed to a series of high-level positions: Ambassador to the United Nations, Chairman of the Republican National Committee, Chief of the U. S. Liaison Office in the People's Republic of China, and Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. In 1980 Bush campaigned for the Republican nomination for President. He lost, but was chosen as a running mate by Ronald Reagan. As Vice President, Bush had responsibility in several domestic areas, including Federal deregulation and anti-drug programs, and visited scores of foreign countries. In 1988 Bush won the Republican nomination for President and, with Senator Dan Quayle of Indiana as his running mate, he defeated Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis in the general election. Bush faced a dramatically changing world, as the Cold War ended after 40 bitter years, the Communist empire broke up, and the Berlin Wall fell. The Soviet Union ceased to exist; and reformist President Mikhail Gorbachev, whom Bush had supported, resigned. While Bush hailed the march of democracy, he insisted on restraint in U. S. policy toward the group of new nations. In other areas of foreign policy, President Bush sent American troops into Panama to overthrow the corrupt regime of General Manuel Noriega, who was threatening the security of the canal and the Americans living there. Noriega was brought to the United States for trial as a drug trafficker. Bush's greatest test came when Iraqi President Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait, then threatened to move into Saudi Arabia. Vowing to free Kuwait, Bush rallied the United Nations, the U. S. people, and Congress and sent 425,000 American troops. They were joined by 118,000 troops from allied nations. After weeks of air and missile bombardment, the 100-hour land battle dubbed Desert Storm routed Iraq's million-man army. Despite unprecedented popularity from this military and diplomatic triumph, Bush was unable to withstand discontent at home from a faltering economy, rising violence in inner cities, and continued high deficit spending. In 1992 he lost his bid for reelection to Democrat William Clinton. George Bush Sr., issued a total of 166 executive orders when he was president between 1989 and 1993,  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1989_bush.html" 1989 E.O. 12668 - E.O. 12698 (31 Executive orders signed)  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1990.html" 1990 E.O. 12699 - E.O. 12741 (43 Executive orders signed)  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1991.html" 1991 E.O. 12742 - E.O. 12787 (46 Executive orders signed)  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1992.html" 1992 E.O. 12788 - E.O. 12827 (40 Executive orders signed)  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1993_bush.html" 1993 E.O. 12828 - E.O. 12833 (6 Executive orders signed) C. George Bush Jr. George W. Bush II George Bush Jr. is the current Republican President of the United States as the result of the 2000 elections in which he defeated Democratic candidate former Vice President Al Gore on the strength of 31 electoral college states although the Republicans lost the popular election with 50,456,062 votes for Bush and Cheney and 50.996,582 votes for Gore and Lieberman. Bush was born on July 6, 1946 in New Haven Connecticut to George Herbert Walker Bush and Barbara Pierce Bush. He moved to Texas when he was to 2 years old and has 3 brothers, 2 sisters named, John (Jeb), Neil, Marvin, Robin, Dorothy. Brother Jeb is currently the  HYPERLINK "http://tallahassee.about.com/tallahassee/msub4ele.htm" Governor of Florida. His Sister Robin died of  HYPERLINK "http://cancer.about.com/msubpedhem.htm" leukemia in 1953 at the age three. Bush Jr. played baseball and  HYPERLINK "http://rugby.about.com/" rugby while at Yale from 1964-1968 when he got a major in history. George got a Masters in Business Administration from Harvard in 1975.For more on the College Years see  HYPERLINK "http://austin.about.com/library/weekly/aa010900d.htm" Page 4. George Bush Jr. served in the Texas Air National Guard from 1968-1973. After a short, 3 month engagement George Bush II married Laura Welch on November 5, 1977. In 1978 after working with land and mineral rights and doing a bit of investing in drilling George started his own  HYPERLINK "http://energyindustry.about.com/mbody.htm" oil and gas company. His first taste of politics came in 1978 when he won the Republican primary but was defeated in the general election. In 1983 he became the CEO of Spectrum 7, another energy company. For more on his business dealings see  HYPERLINK "http://austin.about.com/library/weekly/aa010900e.htm" Page 5 George Bush Jr. has 2 daughters who are  HYPERLINK "http://multiples.about.com/" Twins born in 1981, Barbara and Jenna, named for their grandmothers, Granddaddy, George Bush Sr. was  HYPERLINK "http://americanhistory.about.com/library/weekly/blpresvp.htm" Vice-President under Ronald Reagan at the time. During Dad's time in the Governor's office the girls attended Austin Public Schools. Bush and family reside in the Governor's Mansion in Austin, Texas. They also lived in Midland,  HYPERLINK "http://dallas.about.com/mbody.htm" Dallas, and Washington D.C. at various times. In 1984 George Bush (and others) purchased the  HYPERLINK "http://baseball.about.com/msub_team29.htm" Texas Rangers Baseball team. He was a managing general partner until 1994. For more on his time with the Rangers see  HYPERLINK "http://austin.about.com/library/weekly/aa010900f.htm" Page 6 In addition to his interests in baseball and politics, George W. Bush enjoys  HYPERLINK "http://fishing.about.com/" bass fishing. He was elected as Governor of Texas in 1994 and again in 1998, he left office early when he was elected to become President of the United States in 2001. The Bush family owns a secluded, 1,600-acre ranch with canyons, waterfalls, meadows and a newly constructed limestone house in Crawford, Texas a town of 300 and district of 700 where he spends an estimated 40% of his time as President in what he claims are working vacations. II. George Bush Jr. Executive Orders Since becoming President in 2001 President George Bush Jr. has issued a total of 95 executive orders.  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/2001_wbush.html" 2001 E.O. 13198 - E.O. 13251 (54 Executive orders issued)  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/2002.html" 2002 E.O. 13252 - E.O. 13282 (31 Executive orders issued)  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/2003.html" 2003 E.O. 13283 - E.O. 13292 (10 Executive orders) A. Department of Organized Religion (DOOR) George Bush Jr.s first act as President of the United States was the passage of two executive orders to establish a Faith and Community Based Office in the White House and Federal Government. E.O. 13198 Agency Responsibilities with Respect to Faith Based and Community Initiatives and E.O. 13199 Establishment of White House Office of Faith Based and Community Initiatives were signed by the President on January 29, 2001 in order to help the Federal Government coordinate a national effort to expand opportunities for faith-based and community organizations to strengthen their capacity to better meet social needs in America's communities by establishing in all Executive Department Centers for Faith-Based and Community Initiatives namely the Attorney General, the Secretary of Education, the Secretary of Labor, the Secretary of Health and Human Services, and the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development in order to better come to more Charitable Choices. On December 12, 2002 the President signed E.O. 13279 Equal Protection of the Laws for Faith Based and Community Organizations. The act is intended to improve federal funding for faith and community organizations administrating (1) social service programs to low income families (2) childrens services (3) transportation (4) job training (5) preparation and delivery of meals to soup kitchens (6) health support services (7) literacy programs (8) programs for juvenile delinquents (9) housing assistance to low income families. On December 12, 2002 the President signed E.O. 13280 Responsibilities of the Department of Agriculture and Agency for International Development with Respect for Faith-Based and Community Initiatives. The act established in the Department of Agriculture and Agency for International Development an office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives. The office must conduct an agency audit to determine obstacles to the integration of Faith and Community Initiatives in the delivery of social services. B. Labor Labor On February 22, 2001 President Bush signed E.O. 13201 Notification of Employee Rights Concerning the Payment of Union Dues or Fees informed Federal Employees that they are not required to pay Union Dues unless they require collective bargaining, contract administration or grievance adjustment. E.O. 13202 Preservation of Open Competition and Government Neutrality Towards Government Contractors Labor Relations on Federal and Federally Funded Construction Projects grants to the Secretary of Labor the authority to fully investigate and hear disputes arising from federal construction contracts. E.O. 13203 Revocation of Executive Order and Presidential Memorandum Concerning Labor Management Partnerships and E.O. 13204 Revocation of Executive Order on Non-displacement of Qualified Workers Under Certain Contracts guarantee that all government employees are fully informed of their right not to have to pay union dues. On April 6, 2001 President Bush issued E.O. 13208 Preservation of Open Competition and Government Neutrality Towards Government Contractors Labor Relations on Federal and Federally Funded Construction Projects amending E.O. 13202 to more clearly state the objectives (1) promote and ensure open competition on Federal and Federally funded construction contracts (2) maintain government neutrality (3) expand job opportunities especially for small and disadvantaged businesses (4) reduce costs to the Federal government and the tax payer (5) prevent discrimination against government employees on the basis of their labor affiliation or lack thereof (6) prevent inefficiency that can result from disrupting existing contacts. On February 13, 2001 President Bush signed E.O. 13205 Establishing an Emergency Board to Investigate a Dispute Between Northwest Airlines, Inc. and Its Employees Represented by the Aircraft Mechanics Fraternal Association Notice of March 13, 2001- Continuation of Iran Emergency whereby three people were appointed by the President to investigate and resolve a labor dispute that threatened to disrupt air transportation to a large sector of the country should the workers go on strike. On June 20, 2001 the President signed E..O. 13218 21st Century Workforce Initiative. The executive order established an Office of the 21st Century Workforce in the Department of Labor to house the 13 member Presidents Council on the 21st Century Work Force. The principal functions of the Council is to (1) assess the effects of changing technology (2) examine approaches to adapting to new technology (3) identify impediments to adaptation (4) adult education and illiteracy (5) how the federal government can assist (6) the role of federal government technology as an education source (7) the role of the federal government in research and development (8) issues of technology pertaining to the Secretary of Labor . On January 7, 2002 the President signed E.O. 13252 Exclusion from the Federal Labor Management Relations Program. This executive order determined that several divisions of the Department of Justice (1) the US Attorneys Office (2) Criminal Division (3) INTERPOL US Central Intelligence Agency (4) National Drug Intelligence Center (5) Office of Intelligence Policy and Review could not be held subject to Title 5 Chapter 71 due to these offices intelligence, counterintelligence, investigative and national security work. C. Social Security Social Security Bush signed, E.O. 13210 Presidents Commission to Strengthen Social Security whereby 16 people were appointed by the President to study the modernization of Social Security. It was found that (1) modernization should not affect the plans of retirees (2) Social Security payroll taxes must not be increased (3) Government must not invest Social Security funds in the stock market (4) modernization must preserve survivor and disability components modernization must include individually and voluntarily controlled accounts to augment benefits. The entire commission was not funded beyond travel expenses and consisted only of an Interim and Final Report before the Commission was terminated. D. Energy Energy On May 18, 2001 President Bush signed E.O. 13211 Actions Concerning Regulation that Significantly Effect Energy Distribution, Supply or Use requiring government agencies to prepare a Statement of Energy Effects in order to improve the exchange of information regarding the use and management of energy by the federal government. The reports must divulge (1) any adverse effects on energy supply, distribution or use (2) reasonable alternatives to the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs. E.O. 13212 Actions to Expedite Energy Related Projects was signed the same day and established the Inter-Agency Task Force to expedite the review of energy permits and related claims by 28 agencies and departments chaired by the Chairman of the Environmental Council and housed with the Department of Energy . E. Health Health On May 28, 2001 the President signed E.O. 13214 Presidents Task Force to Improve Health Care Delivery for Our Nations Veterans that established a 15 member task force from health, Veterans and Defense backgrounds appointed by the President. The objectives of the organization are (1) to improve benefits and services to the Department of Veterans Affairs (2) review barriers and challenges that impede the Departments of Veterans Affairs and Defense (3) identify opportunities to improve resource utilization. On June 18, 2001 President Bush signed E.O. 13217 Community Based Alternatives for Individuals with Disabilities to uphold the Americans with Disabilities Act 42USC12101 and Olmstead v. LC 527 US 581 (1999). The executive order (1) committed the United States to community based alternatives for individuals with disabilities (2) community programs foster independence (3) unjustified isolation or segregation through institutionalization is prohibited (4) states must take responsibility to place people with mental disabilities in community settings (5) states must ensure that all Americans have the right to live close to their families and friends, to live independently, to engage in productive employment and to participate in community life. To implement the order the Attorney General, Secretary of Health and Human Services, Secretary of Education, Secretary of Labor, Secretary of Housing and Urban Development and Commissioner Social Security were called upon to co-operate in order to (1) respond to pleas for release from the mentally disabled (2) turn in a final report within 120 days . The final report titled Freedom Initiative was released on the Winter Solstice of 2001 setting forth a comprehensive plan to (1) Increase Access to Universally Designed Technology (2) Expanding Education Opportunities (3) Promoting Home Ownership (4) Integrating Americans with Disabilities into the Work Force (5) Expanding Transportation Options (6) Promoting Full Access to Community Life . On April 4, 2003 the President signed E.O. 13295 Revised List of Quarantinable Communicable Diseases. The order was prescribed by the Secretary of Health and Human Services to provide for the apprehension, detention, or conditional release of individuals to prevent the spread of communicable diseases by individuals. The diseases listed are (1) Cholera (2) Diphtheria (3) infectious Tuberculosis (4) Smallpox (5) Plague (6) Yellow Fever (7) Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (Lassa, Marburg, Ebola, Crimean-Congo, South American and other) (8) Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome SARS. The Secretary shall determine if a quarantine is necessary and the order confers no right to the federal government to determine if a person should be apprehended or detained. F. International Fraud International Theft On June 27, 2001 President Bush signed E.O. 13219 Blocking Property of Persons who Threaten International Stabilization Efforts in the Western Balkans. The executive order under the Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1952 8USC121(f) prevents the immigrant and non-immigrant entry of people found (1) obstructing the Dayton Peace Accords or United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 (2) seeking to intimidate returning refugees to the Western Balkans (3) otherwise seeking to undermine or destabilize peace, stability or democratic development in the Interim government (4) responsible for war time atrocities (5). United States citizens are also prohibited from transferring, paying, exporting, withdrawing, or otherwise dealing with the property of people listed in the Annex of the order . On July 2, 2001 President Bush signed E.O. 13220 Waiver on the Trade Act of 1974 with Respect to the Republic of the Western Balkans waiving 402(a&b) of the Act with respect to Belarus, liberating this Republic from the sanctions of E.O. 13219 . On August 22, 2001 President Bush signed E.O. 13222 Continuation of Export Control Regulations. This act is very disturbing because it interpreted a limited international boycott of certain US goods as an extraordinary threat to national security, foreign policy and economy requiring a declaration of national emergency . On April 22, 2001 the President signed E.O. 13213 Additional Measures with Respect to the Prohibition of the Importation of Rough Diamonds from Sierra Leone. In response to the Revolutionary United Fronts illicit sales of rough diamonds via Liberia to fund a civil war in Sierra Leone the President chose to exercise the International Emergency Economic Powers Act 50USC1701 The executive order implements United Nations Security Council Resolution 1343 totally prohibiting the importation of rough diamonds without the permission of the Sierra Leone government or the highest levels of the Liberian government and grants to the US Secretary of the Treasury the authority to enforce this prohibition on diamond imports including the modification and revocation of licenses. On September 21, 2001 the President signed E.O. 13224 Blocking Property and Prohibiting Transactions with Persons who Commit, Or Support Terrorism. This act exercised the Emergency Economic Powers Act 50USC1701, National Emergency Act 50USC1601 and the United Nations Participation Act of 1945 as amended in 22USC287c. It created a comprehensive framework whereby the Federal Government could seize the assets and trust funds of known terrorists that is still used to this day . On July 9, 2002 the President signed E.O. 13271 Establishment of the Corporate Fraud Task Force. This act established within the Department of Justice a Corporate Fraud Task Force intended to (1) provide direction for the investigation of corporate security fraud, accounting fraud, mail and wire fraud, money laundering, tax fraud and other related financial offenses. On March 6, 2003 the President signed E.O. 13288 Blocking Property of Persons Undermining the Democratic Processes or Institutions in Zimbabwe. The order invoked the Emergency Economic Powers Act of 50USC1701 as the President had determined that certain members of the Zimbabwe government were undermining the Zimbabwes democratic processes and institutions, contributing to the deliberate breakdown of the rule of law, politically motivated violence and intimidation, political and economic instability in the southern African region constitute a threat to the foreign policy of the United States warranting a national emergency. The order authorized the Secretary of the Treasury to enforce the prohibition of transactions between the United States and the Government of Zimbabwe. G. Hypocrisy on War Hypocrisy on War (HoW) On September 14, 2001 the President signed E.O. 13223 Ordering the Ready Reserve of the Armed Forces to Active Duty and Delegating Certain Authorities to the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Transportation. This Executive Order declared a state of emergency after the terrorist attacks of 9-11 and provided for the transportation of ready reserves to active duty for not more than 24 months of service in accordance with Title 10 of the US Code. The Secretary of Defense was authorized to pay for the unforeseen cost of active duty troops . On October 20, 2001 the President signed E.O. 13232 Further Amendment to E.O. 10789, as Amended, To Authorize the Department of Health and Human Services to Exercise Certain Contracting Authority in Connection with National Defense Functions. This executive order added the Department of Health and Human Services to a list of contractors in the previous executive order. On November 9, 2001 the President signed E.O. 13234 Presidential Task Force on Citizen Preparedness in the War on Terrorism. The executive order designated the heads of all major federal agencies as members of the Presidential Task force . On November 16, 2001 the President signed E.O. 13235 National Emergency Construction Authority. The executive order recognized that the United States was in a state of emergency as defined by the National Emergency Act 50USC1631 since Proclamation 7463 Authorized the Use of Armed Forces because of terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon. To improve the authority of the US Department of Defense the construction authority of 10 USC2808 was invoked at the discretion of the Secretary of Defense . On November 27, 2001 the President signed E.O. 13236 Waiver of Dual Compensation Provisions of the Central Intelligence Agency Retirement Act of 1964. This executive order granted to the Director of the CIA the authority not to grant retirement benefits and the discretion to pay for temporary help in life threatening situations . On December 12, 2001 the President signed E.O. 13239 Designation of Afghanistan and the AirSpace Above it as a Combat Zone. This executive order designated September 19, 2001 as the official date of the commencement of combatant activities in that zone and recognized that the United States has and is engaged in combat. On January 16, 2002 the President signed E.O. 13253 Amendment to Executive Order 13223, Ordering the Ready Reserve of the Armed Forces to Active Duty and Delegating Certain Authorities to the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Transportation. The executive order increased authority granted to the Secretary of Transportation to strengthen the Coast Guard. The order further amends E.O. 13223 to read, Based upon my determination under 10 USC 2201(c) that it is necessary to increase (subject to the limits of the law) the number of members of the armed forces on active duty and authorizes the Secretary of Transportation and Secretary of Defense to pay for the increase. On April 11, 2002 the President signed E.O. 13262 2002 Amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States. The 20 page executive order treats upon and makes amendments to the Uniform Code of Military Justice 10USC801-946 . On July 2, 2002 the President signed E.O. 14268 Termination of Emergency with Respect to the Taliban and Amendment of Executive Order 13224 of September 14, 2001. The executive order ended the national emergency in regards to the Taleban Islamic Movement without affecting any action taken against members of the Taleban previous to July 2, 2002. On July 3, 2002 the President signed E.O. 13269 Expedited Naturalization of Aliens and Non citizen Nationals Serving in Active Duty Status During the War on Terrorism. This order upholds the Immigration and Nationality Act 8USC1440 granting the authority to grant US citizenship and residency to aliens serving in the Armed Forces in the war on terrorists of global reach for the period beginning with September 14, 2001 and ending at a date yet to be specified . On March 28, 2003 the President signed E.O. 13293 Amendment to Executive Order 10448, Establishing the National Defense Service Medal. The order grants people in the Reserve eligibility for medals. On March 28, 2003 the President signed E.O. 13294 Regulations Relating to Hazardous Duty Incentive Pay, Aviation Career Incentive Pay, and Submarine Duty Incentive Pay. This order granted Presidential authority to grant hazardous duty pay to the Secretary of Defense, Secretary of Commerce, Secretary of Health and Human Services and Secretary of Homeland Security. On March 12, 2003 the President signed E.O. 13289 Establishing the Global War on Terrorism Medals. The order issues medals to be conferred upon exceptional members of the Armed Forces serving in the Global War on Terrorism after September 11, 2001 and before their recall on some to be established date. On March 20, 2003 the President signed E.O. 13290 Confiscating and Vesting Certain Iraqi Property. The President determined that the United States is engaged at armed conflict with the Republic of Iraq and finds it the best interest of the United States to confiscate all property from the government of Iraq so that it may be invested by the US Secretary of the Treasury to assist in the reconstruction of Iraq and for the benefit of the Iraqi people. All accounts held in the United States under the name of the Government of Iraq, Rafidin Bank, Rasheed Bank, or the State Organization for Marketing Oil are confiscated and vested in the Department of the Treasury while protecting consular property . H. Advisors Advisors On September 28, 2001 the President signed E.O. 13225 Continuance of Certain Federal Advisory Committees. The order continued 15 federal advisory committees until September 30, 2003 . On September 30, 2001 the President signed E.O. 13226 founding the Presidents Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST). The Council is composed of not more than 25 members whose job it is to advise the President on issues of science and technology as well as working with the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) to secure private investment in their activities. On November 28, 2001 the President signed E.O. 13237 Creation of the Presidents Council on Bioethics. The Council was established to provide counsel to the President on issues that may arise from advances in technology such as (1) advances in biomedical, behavioral science and technology (2) explore ethical and policy questions (3) provide a national forum for discussion on bio-ethical issues (4) explore opportunities for international collaboration on bioethical issues. The bio-ethics council shall have the authority to make regulations concerning bio-thical issues. The council shall be comprised of 18 members appointed by the President from officers who are not employees of the Federal government and have degrees in law, medicine, government philosophy and theology. The term of office shall be 2 years and they continue to be paid only if the president decides to continue in 2 years . On March 3, 2003 the President signed E.O. 13287 Preserving America. The order reinforced the policy of the US government to provide leadership in the preservation of Americas heritage by actively advancing the protection, enhancement and contemporary use of historic properties. Historic properties are listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The Advisory Council on the Preservation of Historic Structures within the Department of the Interior is the pre-eminent federal agency concerned with the Preserving Historical Structures. On December 11, 2002 the President signed E.O. 13278 Presidents Commission on the United States Postal Service. The commission is comprised of 9 members appointed by the President whose mission is to examine the US Postal Service and submit reports to the President treating upon (1) the role of the Postal Service in the 21st century and beyond (2) flexibility regarding price and market demands (3) rigidities in cost and efficiency that hinder the efficiency of the Postal System (4) to maintain US Postal Service at affordable rates (5) the extent that US mail monopoly advance the public interest in evolving market conditions with a private sector (6) most appropriate government and oversight for the Postal Service. I. Homeland Security Homeland Security (HS) On October 8, 2001 the President signed E.O. 13228 Establishing the Office of Homeland Security and Homeland Security Council. The mission of the Office of Homeland Security is to protect the United States from terrorist threats or attacks. In performing these functions the office works with federal, state and local agencies to (1) facilitate the collection of information (2) co-ordinate information on foreign terrorism (3) co-ordinate intelligence gathering on terrorists (4) co-ordinate the development of technology for the detection of chemical, biological and radioactive hazards (5) ensure that all appropriate intelligence is disseminated by federal agencies (6) ensure that preparedness of public health and safety professionals. On March 19, 2002 the President signed E.O. 13260 Establishing the Presidents Homeland Security Advisory Council and Senior Advisory Committees for Homeland Security. The act established a 21 member council that shall be appointed by the President with 4 advisory councils (1) state and local (2) academia and policy research (3) Private Sector (4) Emergency Services, Law Enforcement, Public Health and Hospitals. On June 20, 2002 the President signed E.O. 13267 Establishing a Transition Planning Office for the Department of Homeland Security within the Office of Management and Budget. The transitional office of Homeland Security was founded in the Office of Management and Budget to (1) coordinate and guide transition within the federal government for the proposed Department of Homeland Security (2) Consistent with Executive Order cooperate with Congress (3) make budget appropriations to accommodate the Department of Homeland Security. On August 21, 2002 the President signed E.O. 13273 Further Amending E.O. 10173, as Amended, Prescribing Regulations Relating to the Safeguarding of Vessels, Harbors, Ports, and Waterfront Facilities of the United States. This act improved the supervision of the District, Area Commanders of ports by amending Part 6 of Title 33 to transfer the authority of the Captain of the Port to the Commander. On November 15, 2002 the President signed E.O. 13275 Delegation of Responsibilities Concerning Undocumented Aliens Interdicted or Intercepted in the Caribbean Region. The act authorizes the Attorney General to detain any undocumented aliens attempting to enter the United States in any facility that is deemed appropriate the Naval base at Guatanamo Bay Cuba is set aside for purpose. The Attorney General shall take all care of these people until such a time when those people not determined to be in need of protection are returned to their native country. In cases of mass migration the Secretary of Defense may support Coast Guard . On January 23, 2003 the President signed E.O. 13284 Amendment of Executive Orders, and other Actions, in Connection with the Establishment of the Office of Homeland Security. The act adds the Secretary of Homeland Security to  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1960.html" \l "10865" EO 10865, February 20, 1960;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1968.html" \l "11423" EO 11423, August 16, 1968; HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1977_ford.html" \l "11958" EO 11958, January 18, 1977;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1980.html" \l "12260" EO 12260, December 31, 1980;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1981_reagan.html" \l "12333" EO 12333, December 4, 1981;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1987.html" \l "12590" EO 12590, March 26, 1987;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1993_clinton.html" \l "12859" EO 12859, August 16, 1993;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1993_clinton.html" \l "12881" EO 12881, November 23, 1993;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1996.html" \l "12992" EO 12992, March 15, 1996;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1996.html" \l "13011" EO 13011, July 16, 1996;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1997.html" \l "13048" EO 13048, June 10, 1997;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1999.html" \l "13122" EO 13122, March 25, 1999;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/2000.html" \l "13151" EO 13151, April 27, 2000;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/2001_wbush.html" \l "13224" EO 13224, September 23, 2001;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/2001_wbush.html" \l "13228" EO 13228, October 8, 2001;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/2001_wbush.html" \l "13231" EO 13231, October 16, 2001;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/2001_wbush.html" \l "13234" EO 13234, November 9, 2001. On February 28, 2003 the President signed E.O. 13286 Amendment of Executive Orders, and Other Actions, in Connection with the Transfer of Certain Functions to the Secretary of Homeland Security. The act inserts the Secretary of Homeland Security into the following executive orders Amends: EO 4601, March 1, 1927;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1950.html" \l "10113" EO 10113, February 24, 1950;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1950.html" \l "10163" EO 10163, September 25, 1950;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1950.html" \l "10179" EO 10179, November 8, 1950;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1951.html" \l "10271" EO 10271, July 7, 1951;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1953_eisenhower.html" \l "10448" EO 10448, April 22, 1953;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1953_eisenhower.html" \l "10499" EO 10499, November 4, 1953;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1954.html" \l "10554" EO 10554, August 18, 1954;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1955.html" \l "10631" EO 10631, August 17, 1955;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1955.html" \l "10637" EO 10637, September 16, 1955;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1957.html" \l "10694" EO 10694, January 10, 1957;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1958.html" \l "10789" EO 10789, November 14, 1958;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1961_kennedy.html" \l "10977" EO 10977, December 4, 1961;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1962.html" \l "11016" EO 11016, April 25, 1962;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1962.html" \l "11046" EO 11046, August 24, 1962;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1963_kennedy.html" \l "11079" EO 11079, January 25, 1963;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1964.html" \l "11139" EO 11139, January 7, 1964;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1964.html" \l "11190" EO 11190, December 29, 1964;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1965.html" \l "11231" EO 11231, July 8, 1965;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1965.html" \l "11239" EO 11239, July 31, 1965;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1967.html" \l "11366" EO 11366, August 4, 1967;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1968.html" \l "11438" EO 11438, December 3, 1968;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1969_johnson.html" \l "11446" EO 11446, January 16, 1969;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1969_johnson.html" \l "11448" EO 11448, January 16, 1969;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1971.html" \l "11623" EO 11623, October 12, 1971;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1972.html" \l "11645" EO 11645, February 8, 1972;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1974_ford.html" \l "11800" EO 11800, August 17, 1974;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1975.html" \l "11858" EO 11858, May 7, 1975;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1976.html" \l "11926" EO 11926, July 19, 1976;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1977_ford.html" \l "11965" EO 11965, January 19, 1977;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1977_carter.html" \l "12002" EO 12002, July 7, 1977;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1979.html" \l "12146" EO 12146, July 18, 1979;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1979.html" \l "12148" EO 12148, July 20, 1979;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1979.html" \l "12160" EO 12160, September 26, 1979;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1980.html" \l "12188" EO 12188, January 2, 1980;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1980.html" \l "12208" EO 12208, April 15, 1980;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1982.html" \l "12341" EO 12341, January 21, 1982;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1982.html" \l "12382" EO 12382, September 13, 1982;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1984.html" \l "12472" EO 12472, April 3, 1984;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1985.html" \l "12501" EO 12501, January 28, 1985;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1986.html" \l "12555" EO 12555, March 10, 1986;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1987.html" \l "12580" EO 12580, January 23, 1987;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1988.html" \l "12656" EO 12656, November 18, 1988;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1988.html" \l "12657" EO 12657, November 18, 1988;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1990.html" \l "12699" EO 12699, January 5, 1990;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1990.html" \l "12727" EO 12727, August 22, 1990;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1990.html" \l "12728" EO 12728, August 22, 1990;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1990.html" \l "12733" EO 12733, November 13, 1990;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1991.html" \l "12742" EO 12742, January 8, 1991;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1991.html" \l "12743" EO 12743, January 18, 1991;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1991.html" \l "12777" EO 12777, October 18, 1991;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1992.html" \l "12788" EO 12788, January 15, 1992;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1992.html" \l "12789" EO 12789, February 10, 1992;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1992.html" \l "12793" EO 12793, March 20, 1992;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1992.html" \l "12807" EO 12807, May 24, 1992;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1992.html" \l "12824" EO 12824, December 7, 1992;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1993_bush.html" \l "12830" EO 12830, January 9, 1993;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1993_clinton.html" \l "12835" EO 12835, January 25, 1993;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1993_clinton.html" \l "12870" EO 12870, September 30, 1993;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1994.html" \l "12906" EO 12906, April 11, 1994;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1994.html" \l "12919" EO 12919, June 3, 1994;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1995.html" \l "12977" EO 12977, October 19, 1995;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1995.html" \l "12978" EO 12978, October 21, 1995;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1995.html" \l "12982" EO 12982, December 8, 1995;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1996.html" \l "12985" EO 12985, January 11, 1996;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1996.html" \l "12989" EO 12989, February 13, 1996;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1996.html" \l "13011" EO 13011, July 16, 1996;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1998.html" \l "13076" EO 13076, February 24, 1998;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1998.html" \l "13100" EO 13100, August 25, 1998;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1999.html" \l "13112" EO 13112, Februay 3, 1999;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1999.html" \l "13120" EO 13120, April 27, 1999;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/1999.html" \l "13133" EO 13133, August 5, 1999;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/2000.html" \l "13154" EO 13154, May 3, 2000;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/2000.html" \l "13165" EO 13165, August 9, 2000;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/2001_wbush.html" \l "13212" EO 13212, May 18, 2001;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/2001_wbush.html" \l "13223" EO 13223, September 14, 2001;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/2001_wbush.html" \l "13228" EO 13228, October 8, 2001;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/2001_wbush.html" \l "13231" EO 13231, October 16, 2001;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/2002.html" \l "13254" EO 13254, January 29, 2002;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/2002.html" \l "13257" EO 13257, February 13, 2002;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/2002.html" \l "13260" EO 13260, March 19, 1992;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/2002.html" \l "13271" EO 13271, July 9, 2002;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/2002.html" \l "13274" EO 13274, September 18, 2002;  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/2002.html" \l "13276" EO 13276, November 15, 2002. J. Education Education On October 12, 2001 the President signed E.O. 13230 Presidents Advisory Commission on Educational Excellence for Hispanic Americans. The order establishes a 25 member commission in the Department of Education to study strategies to improve of academic achievement of Hispanic students to support the No Child Left Behind education blueprint. The commission must report to the President (1) efforts to increase Hispanic American participation in Federal education efforts (2) efforts improve funding for Hispanic school districts (3) levels of participation attained by Hispanic Americans in Federal education services (4) the measure of impact that these efforts achieve. The commission terminates after the Final Report on March 31  On February 6, 2002 the President signed E.O. 13255 Amendment to E.O. 13227 Presidents Commission on Excellence in Special Education extending the reporting date for the commission to July 1, 2002. On February 12, 2002 the President signed E.O. 13256 Presidents Board of Advisors on Historically Black Colleges and Universities. To strengthen the capacity of historically black colleges to provide the highest quality education and improve opportunities for these institutions to participate in federal programs the president shall appoint presidents of these colleges and related business leaders to the Presidents Board of Advisors on Historically Black Colleges and Universities located in an office within the Secretary of Education. The Board makes an annual report and shall be supported by the executive branch. On July 3, 2002 the President signed E.O. 13270 Tribal Colleges and Universities. The executive order granted tribal universities and colleges full federal support in recognition of their work preserving indigenous languages and cultures and providing opportunities in our nations poorest rural areas. The federal government will (1) use long term development, endowment building and planning to strengthen viability (2) improve financial management and security, obtain private sector support and expand Federal education initiatives (3) develop institutional capacity through the use of new technology (4) enhance the physical infrastructure to facilitate more efficient operation and improve the retention of students and staff (5) help implement the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. A Tribal board shall report to the president yearly. To improve funding the federal government shall match funds invested by the private sector. K. Information Technology On October 16, 2001 the President signed E.O. 13231 Critical Infrastructure Protection in the Information Age. The executive order intended to improve the protection of information systems including emergency preparedness. Protection of information technology is essential to telecommunications, energy, financial services, manufacturing, water, transportation, health care and emergency service sectors. To improve co-operation with and the protection of private and public critical infrastructure the Presidents Critical Infrastructure Protection Board was founded in the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)  L. Records Records On November 1, 2001the President signed E.O. 13233 Further Implementation of the Presidents Records Act. The executive order was intended to uphold the constitutionally based privileges pertaining to the management of records reflecting military, diplomatic and national security interests in a manner consistent with the United States Supreme Court decision regarding, Nixon v. Administrator of General Services 433 US 425 (1977). The Supreme Court determined that unless the President can assure his advisors some assurance of confidentiality a President could not expect to receive full fact and opinion upon which effective discharge of his duties depends. A party attempting to overcome the constitutional privileges pertaining to confidential records needs only to demonstrate, specific need. Presidential records marked confidential are therefore held confidential for a period of 12 years by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) in accordance with 42USC2204 before they become public under the Freedom of Information Act . On March 25, 2003 the President signed E.O. 13292 Further Amendment to Executive Order 12958, as Amended, National Security Information. The act further authorizes the federal government to determine that information is damaging to national security interests. The levels of classification for use by the President and Federal Agency heads are (1) Top Secret for information whose disclosure would cause grave security risks (2) Secret for information whose disclosure would potentially cause great damage to national security (3) Confidential for information whose disclosure poses a risk that is not directly identifiable at the time of original classification. Information shall not be classified in order to conceal violations of law, inefficiency or administrative error. M. Christmas 2001 Christmas 2001: Council of Europe on Corruption: Orders of Succession On December 5, 2001 the President signed E.O. 13238 Closing of Federal Government Departments and Agencies on December 24, 2001 reminding federal employees to close their offices for Christmas . On December 18, 2001 the President signed E.O. 13240 Council of Europe in Respect of the Group of States Against Corruption (GRECO). The executive order recognized GRECO as an organization with which the United States agrees with under the International Organizations Immunities Act 22 USC288. In quick succession several executive order were issued to resolve the order of succession should an agency secretary die, resign or otherwise be unable to fulfill the functions and duties of the office. On December 18, 2001 the President signed E.O. 13241 Providing an Order of Succession within the Department of Agriculture, E.O. 13242 Providing an Order of Succession within the Department of Commerce, E.O. 13248 Providing an Order of Succession within the Department of Housing and Urban Development, E.O. 13244 Providing an Order of Succession within the Department of Interior, E.O. 13245 Providing an Order of Succession within the Department of Labor, E.O. 13246 Providing an Order of Succession within the Department of the Treasury, E.O. 13247 Providing an Order of Succession in the Department of Veteran Affairs. On December 28 the President signed E.O. 13250 Order of Succession within the Department of Health and Human Services, E.O. 13251 Order of Succession within the Department of State, and E.O. 13261 Providing an Order of Succession in the Environmental Protection Agency and Amending Certain Other Provisions. On March 19, 2002 the President signed E.O. 13259 Designation of Public International Organizations for the Purpose of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977. The executive order recognized the institutions of the European Union such as the European Commission, Council of the European Union, European Parliament, European Court of Justice, European Court of Auditors, Economic and Social Committee, Committee of the Regions, European Central Bank, European Investment Bank, European Police and any departments and agencies thereof  N. Freedom Freedom On January 29, 2002 the President signed E.O. 13254 USA Freedom Corps. The USA Freedom Corps is an interagency initiative intended to encourage US citizens to serve their country for at least two years in such fields as homeland security, social and public services and international service. The executive branch is ordered to (1) recruit, mobilize and encourage Americans to participate in community service (2) provide concrete opportunities to engage in public service (3) provide public with access to information on public services (4) providing recognition and awards to volunteers. The order establishes all Federal government employees as Freedom Corp leaders with the President as the head of the Freedom Corp . On April 29, 2002 the President signed E.O. 13263 Presidents New Freedom Commission on Mental Health. To improve Americas mental health service delivery system for individuals with serious mental illness and children with serious emotional disturbances a 15 member commission was appointed by the President upon the recommendation of the Secretary of Health and Human Services. The objective of the commission is to advise the president on how to improve the system by (1) reviewing the effectiveness of providers (2) identify innovative mental health treatments (3) improve co-ordination amongst providers (4) improve community integration for patients. The guiding principles are (1) individual employment, self-care, interpersonal relationships and community participation (2) community models of care (3) utility maximization (4) implementation of research (5) federalism. The Secretary of Health and Human Services is expected to provide funds and office space for the Commission on Mental Health. On January 29, 2003 the President signed E.O. 13285 Presidents Council on Service and Civic Participation. The council shall be comprised of up to 25 members, several of whom should be youths. The mission is (1) to encourage outstanding volunteer service by schools, individuals, and civic organizations particularly for the youth (2) facilitate awareness of historic traditions in civic responsibility and service (3) work with the federal government and the USA Freedom Corps to draft civic service projects. On February 13, 2002 the President signed E.O. 13257 Presidents Interagency Task Force to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons. The act appoints (1) the Secretary of State (2) the Attorney General (3) the Secretary of Labor (4) the Secretary of Health and Human Services (5) the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (6) the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development. The task force shall (1) measure and evaluate the progress of domestic and foreign efforts to combat trafficking in humans (2) Assist the Secretary of State in the preparation of his annual reports (3) expand interagency procedures for processing information on human trafficking without violating the confidentiality of victims (4) improve the co-operative international prosecution of traffickers in humans (5) examine the role of sex tourism. O. Sports Council on Physical Fitness and Sports On June 6, 2002 the President signed E.O. 13265 Presidents Council on Physical Fitness and Sports. This act called upon the Secretary of Health and Human Services to (1) expand public interest in the benefits of regular physical activity and sports (2) stimulate and enhance programs within public and private sectors to promote physical activity and sports (3) expand quality information on sports and physical fitness (4) integrate physical activity into the federal preventative health efforts (5) target all Americans particularly children and adolescents. The council shall be comprised of 20 members appointed by the President and advise the Secretary of physical fitness and sport opportunities. On June 20, 2002 the President signed E.O. 13266 Activities to Promote Physical Fitness. To promote the health federal agencies are called upon to sponsor programs that (1) increase physical activity (2) promote responsible dietary habits (3) increase utilization of preventative health screening (4) encourage healthy choices concerning alcohol, tobacco, drugs and safety amongst the general populace. A working group founded in the Department of Health and Human Services shall report no less than twice a year. P. Rulemaking Agency Rulemaking On August 13, 2002 the President signed E.O. 13272 Proper Consideration of Small Entities in Agency Rulemaking. The act ensures that small entities are heard in agency rule to improve the review and flow of information by (1) informing agency heads of this act (2) providing training and education as to the ramifications of this act (3) providing comment on draft rules made by agencies and to the Office of Information and Regulatory Affair of the Office of Management and Budget. On September 18, 2002 the President signed E.O. 13274 Environmental Stewardship and Transportation Infrastructure Project Reviews. The development and implementation of transportation infrastructure projects is found to require the efficient and environmentally sound planning to uphold the American economic and environmental interests. Federal agencies particularly the Department of Transportation are required to streamline their approval process for transportation infrastructure projects . R. Trade Trade On April 4, 2001 the President signed E.O. 13206 Termination of Emergency Authority for Certain Export Goods relaxed restriction on the export of many goods to foreign countries without reducing adherence to the human rights standards of the Arms Export Control Act 22USC2778(e). On November 19, 2002 the President signed E.O. 13277 Delegation of Certain Trade Authorities and Assignment of Certain Functions under the Trade Act of 2002. This act grants the authority over international trade to the President with the consultative mechanism of the US Trade Representative supported by the Department of the Interior, Department of Health and Human Services, Environmental Protection Agency and Secretary of State . S. Christmas 2002 Christmas 2002 On December 19, 2002 the President signed E.O. 13281 Half-Day Closing of Executive Departments and Agencies of the Federal Government on Tuesday December, 24, 2002. The act excused federal employees from half a day of work on the day before Christmas December 24, 2002. On December 31, 2002 the President signed E.O. 13282 Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay. The act adjusts the statutory wage system set forth in 5USC5302 for senior executive officers, executives, justices, judges and uniformed officers. On March 21, 2003 the President signed E.O. 13291 Further Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay. The order adjusts rates of pay for judges and justices. T. United States Embassy United States Embassy (USE) On January 21, 2003 the President signed E.O. 13283 Establishing the Office of Global Communication. The mission of the office that is established in the White House is to provide effective communication to the President and the federal agencies. The office will ensure consistency of messages sent abroad to promote the interests of the United States abroad, prevent misunderstanding, build support for and amongst partners of the United States and inform international audiences. With the Secretary of State and Office of National Security Affairs the Office of Global Communication will disseminate information to provide an accurate and truthful message of the United States to the world. III. Bush Budget Table S1. Budget Totals (Dollar amounts in billions)2002200320042005200620072008In billions of dollars:Receipts1,8531,8361,9222,1352,2632,3982,521Outlays2,0112,1402,2292,3432,4642,5762,711Deficit-158-304-307-208-201-178-190Debt held by the public3,5403,8784,1664,3874,6034,7975,003As a percent of GDP:       Receipts17.917.117.018.018.118.318.3Outlays19.519.919.719.719.719.719.7Deficit-1.5-2.8-2.7-1.8-1.6-1.4-1.4Debt held by the public34.336.136.936.936.936.636.4 Table S2. Budget Summary by Category (In billions of dollars)2002200320042005200620072008Total 20042008         Outlays:        Discretionary:        Defense (050)3493763904104234364602,119Nondefense3854164294404474554662,237Total, Discretionary7347918198508708919264,356Mandatory:        Social Security4524744935125335595872,684Medicare2282412552723013233451,497Medicaid and SCHIP1511671851992172342541,089Other2743053013073193293441,599Total, Mandatory1,1061,1881,2341,2891,3691,4451,5316,868Net interest1711611762042252402541,099Total Outlays2,0112,1402,2292,3432,4642,5762,71112,323Receipts1,8531,8361,9222,1352,2632,3982,52111,239Deficit-158-304-307-208-201-178-190-1,084On-budget deficit-317-468-482-407-412-406-433-2,140Off-budget surplus1601631751992112282431,056         Table S7. Discretionary Budget Authority by Agency (Dollars in billions)Agency2002 ActualEstimateChange: 2003200420032004     Agriculture20.019.519.5*Commerce5.45.15.40.3Defense327.8364.6379.915.3Education48.550.353.12.8Energy20.922.123.41.3Health and Human Services59.564.666.21.6Homeland Security15.725.426.71.3Housing and Urban Development29.430.931.30.4Interior10.510.210.60.4State and International Assistance Programs23.024.527.42.9Justice18.618.317.7-0.6Labor12.111.611.5-0.1Transportation12.912.913.70.8Treasury10.511.011.40.4Veterans Affairs23.825.428.12.7Corps of Engineers4.54.04.0*Environmental Protection Agency7.97.67.6*Environmental Protection Agency Operating Program3.94.04.30.3National Aeronautics and Space Administration14.815.015.50.5National Science Foundation4.85.05.50.5Small Business Administration0.80.80.8*Social Security Administration6.46.77.30.6Other Agencies13.215.116.11.1Allowances1 1.1-0.51.7Total, excluding emergency response funding690.9751.8782.230.4Emergency response funding43.8***Total, including emergency response funding734.7751.8782.230.4 Bibliography 0 Fin dlaw. Nixon v. Administrator of General Services 433 US 425 (1977) June 28, 1977.  HYPERLINK "http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=433&invol=425" http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=433&invol=425 1. Britannia. George Bush III.  HYPERLINK "http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon55.html" http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon55.html 2 White House. Biography of George Walker Bush I.   HYPERLINK "http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/gb41.html" http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/gb41.html 3 NARA. Federal Register. Executive Order Disposition.  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/disposition_tables.html" http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/disposition_tables.html 4 Multieducator. 2000 Election Results.  HYPERLINK "http://www.multied.com/elections/2000certified.html" http://www.multied.com/elections/2000certified.html 5 About Austin. Biography of BW Bush.  HYPERLINK "http://austin.about.com/library/weekly/aa010900b.htm" http://austin.about.com/library/weekly/aa010900b.htm 6 Kiefer, Francine. Christian Science Monitor. $5 hair cuts, No groveries, Bush Ranch.  HYPERLINK "http://www.csmonitor.com/2001/0814/p1s3-uspo.html" http://www.csmonitor.com/2001/0814/p1s3-uspo.html 7 NARA. Subject Index for George Bush, 2001-  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/wbush_subjects.html#T" http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/wbush_subjects.html#T 8 E.O. 13198 & 13199. Federal Register January 31, 2001. Vol. 66, No. 21  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=01-2851-filed" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=01-2851-filed 9 Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 241. E.O. 13279 Equal Protection of the Laws for Faith Based and Community Organizations. December 12, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2002/pdf/02-31831.pdf" http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2002/pdf/02-31831.pdf 10 Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 241. E.O. 13280 Responsibilities of the Department of Agriculture and Agency for International Development with Respect for Faith-Based and Community Initiatives. December 12, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2002/pdf/02-31832.pdf" http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2002/pdf/02-31832.pdf 11 Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 36. E.O. 13201 Notification of Employee Rights Concerning the Payment of Union Dues or Fees. E.O. 13202 Preservation of Open Competition and Government Neutrality Towards Government Contractors Labor Relations on Federal and Federally Funded Construction Projects. E.O. 13203 Revocation of Executive Order and Presidential Memorandum Concerning Labor Management Partnerships. E.O. 13204 Revocation of Executive Order on Non-displacement of Qualified Workers Under Certain Contracts  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr22fe01-111.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr22fe01-111.pdf 12 Federal Register. Vol 66 No. 70. April 11, 2001. E.O. 13208 Amendments to 13202. 13 Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 50. E.O. 13205 Establishing and Emergency Board to Investigate a Dispute Between Northwest Airlines, Inc. and Its Employees Represented by the Aircraft Mechanics Fraternal Association Notice of March 13, 2001- Continuation of Iran Emergency  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr14mr01-127.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr14mr01-127.pdf 14 Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 121. June 20, 2001. E..O. 13218 21st Century Workforce Initiative.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr22jn01-128.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr22jn01-128.pdf 15 Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 8. E.O. 13252 Exclusions from the Federal Labor Management Relations Program. January 7, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=fr11ja02-128.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=fr11ja02-128.pdf 16 Federal Register. Vol 66, No. 87. May 4, 2001. E.O. 13210 Presidents Commission to Strengthen Social Security May 2, 2001  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr04my01-168.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr04my01-168.pdf 17 Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 99. May 22, 2001. E.O. 13211 May 18, 2001. Actions Concerning Regulation that Significantly Effect Energy Distribution, Supply or Use.  HYPERLINK "http://www.reg-group.com/EO13211.pdf" http://www.reg-group.com/EO13211.pdf 18 Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 99. May 22, 2001. E.O. 13212 May 18, 2001. Actions to Expedite Energy Related Projects.  HYPERLINK "http://www.reg-group.com/EO13212.pdf" http://www.reg-group.com/EO13212.pdf 19 Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 105. E.O. 13214 May 28, 2001. Presidents Task Force to Improve Health Care Delivery for Our Nations Veterans.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr31my01-129.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr31my01-129.pdf 20 Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 120. June 18, 2001. E.O. 13217 Community Based Alternatives for Individuals with Disabilities.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr21jn01-98.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr21jn01-98.pdf 21 White House. New Freedom Initiative. Winter Solstice 2001  HYPERLINK "http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/freedominitiative/freedominitiative.html" http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/freedominitiative/freedominitiative.html 22 Federal Register. Vol. 68, No. 68. E.O. 13295 Revised List of Quarantinable Communicable Diseases. April 4, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-8832.pdf" http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-8832.pdf 23 E.O. 13219 Blocking Property of Persons who Threaten International Stabilization Efforts in the Western Balkans June 27, 2001.  HYPERLINK "http://www.ustreas.gov/offices/enforcement/ofac/legal/eo/13219.pdf" http://www.ustreas.gov/offices/enforcement/ofac/legal/eo/13219.pdf 24 E.O. 13220 Waiver of the Trade Act of 1974 with Respect to the Republic of Belarus. July 2, 2001.  HYPERLINK "http://nodis3.gsfc.nasa.gov/library/displayEO.cfm?id=EO_13220_" http://nodis3.gsfc.nasa.gov/library/displayEO.cfm?id=EO_13220_ 25 Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 163. E.O. 13222 Continuation of Export Control Regulations. August 22, 2001.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr22au01-130.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr22au01-130.pdf 26 Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 101. E.O. 13213 Additional Measures with Respect to the Prohibition of the Importation of Rough Diamonds from Sierra Leone April 22, 2001.  HYPERLINK "http://www.ustreas.gov/offices/enforcement/ofac/legal/eo/13213.pdf" http://www.ustreas.gov/offices/enforcement/ofac/legal/eo/13213.pdf 27 E.O. 13224 Blocking Property and Prohibiting Transactions with Persons who Commit, Or Support Terrorism. September 21, 2001.  HYPERLINK "http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010924-1.html" http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010924-1.html 28 Federal Register. Vol. 67. No. 133. E.O. 13271 Establishment of the Corporate Fraud Task Force July 9, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-17640-filed.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-17640-filed.pdf 29 Federal Register. Vol. 68, No. 46. E.O. 13288 Blocking Property of Persons Undermining the Democratic Process or Institutions in Zimbabwe. March 6, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-5848.pdf" http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-5848.pdf 30 Federal Register. Vol 68, No. 56. E.O. 13290 Confiscating and Vesting Certain Iraqi Property. March 20, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-7160.pdf" http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-7160.pdf 31 Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 163. September 14, 2001. E.O. 13223 Ordering the Ready Reserve of the Armed Forces to Active Duty and Delegating Certain Authorities to the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Transportation.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr18se01-75.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr18se01-75.pdf 32 Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 206. E.O. 13232 Further Amendment to E.O. 10789, as Amended, To Authorize the Department of Health and Human Services to Exercise Certain Contracting Authority in Connection with National Defense Functions. October 20, 2001.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr24oc01-116.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr24oc01-116.pdf 33 Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 221. E.O. 13234 Presidential Task Force on Citizen Preparedness in the War on Terrorism. November 9, 2001  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr15no01-130.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr15no01-130.pdf 34 Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 224. E.O. 13235 National Emergency Construction Authority. November 16, 2001.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr20no01-130.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr20no01-130.pdf 35 Federal Register. Vol. 66, No.230 E.O. 13236 Waiver of Dual Compensation Provisions of the Central Intelligence Agency Retirement Act of 1964. November 27, 2001  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr29no01-73.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr29no01-73.pdf 36 Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 241. E.O. 13239 Designation of Afghanistan and the AirSpace Above it as a Combat Zone. December 12, 2001.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr14de01-105.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr14de01-105.pdf 37 Federal Register. Vol 67, No. 13. E.O. 13253 Amendment to Executive Order 13223, Ordering the Ready Reserve of the Armed Forces to Active Duty and Delegating Certain Authorities to the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Transportation. January 16, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=fr18ja02-129.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=fr18ja02-129.pdf 38 Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 74. E.O. 13262 2002 Amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States. April 11, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-9536-filed.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-9536-filed.pdf 39 Federal Register. Vol. 67, No 128. E.O. 13268 Termination of Emergency with Respect to the Taliban and Amendment of Executive Order 13224 of September 14, 2001. July 2, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-16951-filed.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-16951-filed.pdf 40 Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 130. E.O. 13269 Expedited Naturalization of Aliens and Non citizen Nationals Serving in Active Duty Status During the War on Terrorism. July 3, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-17273-filed.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-17273-filed.pdf 41` Federal Register. Vol. 68, No. 62. E.O. 13293 Amendment to Executive Order 10448, Establishing the National Defense Service Medal. March 28, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-8108.pdf" http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-8108.pdf 42 Federal Register. Vol. 68, No. 62. E.O. 13294 Regulations Relating to Hazardous Duty Incentive Pay, Aviation Career Incentive Pay, and Submarine Duty Incentive Pay. March 28, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-8109.pdf" http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-8109.pdf 43 Federal Register. Vol. 68, No. 50. E.O. 13289 Establishing the Global War on Terrorism Medals. March 12, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-6445.pdf" http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-6445.pdf 44 Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 192. October 3, 2001. E.O. 13225 Continuance of Certain Federal Advisory Committees.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr03oc01-140.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr03oc01-140.pdf 45 Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 192. E.O. 13226 Presidents Council of Advisors on Science and Technology September 30, 2001.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr03oc01-141.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr03oc01-141.pdf 46 Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 231. E.O. 13237 Creation of the Presidents Council on Bioethics. November 28, 2001.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr30no01-151.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr30no01-151.pdf 47 Federal Register. Vol. 68, No. 43. E.O. 13287 Preserving America. March 3, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-5344.pdf" http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-5344.pdf 48 Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 240. E.O. 13278 Presidents Commission on the United States Postal Service. December 11, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2002/pdf/02-31624.pdf" http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2002/pdf/02-31624.pdf 49 Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 196. E.O. 13228 Establishing the Office of Homeland Security and Homeland Security Council. October 8, 2001  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr10oc01-144.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr10oc01-144.pdf 50 Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 55. E.O. 13260 Establishing the Presidents Homeland Security Advisory Council and Senior Advisory Committees for Homeland Security. March 19, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=fr21mr02-104.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=fr21mr02-104.pdf 51 Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 121. E.O. 13267 Establishing a Transition Planning Office for the Department of Homeland Security within the Office of Management and Budget. June 20, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-16041-filed.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-16041-filed.pdf 52 Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 170. E.O. 13273 Further Amending E.O. 10173, as Amended, Prescribing Regulations Relating to the Safeguarding of Vessels, Harbors, Ports, and Waterfront Facilities of the United States. August 21, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-22526-filed.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-22526-filed.pdf 53 Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 223. E.O. 13275 Delegation of Responsibilities Concerning Undocumented Aliens Interdicted or Intercepted in the Caribbean Region. November 15, 2002  HYPERLINK "http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/21nov20020930/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2002/pdf/02-29580.pdf" http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/21nov20020930/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2002/pdf/02-29580.pdf 54 Federal Register. Vol. 68, No.18. E.O. 13284 Amendment of Executive Orders, and other Actions, in Connection with the Establishment of the Office of Homeland Security. January 23, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-2069.pdf" http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-2069.pdf 55 Federal Register. Vol. 68, No. 43. E.O. 13286 Amendment of Executive Orders, and Other Actions, in Connection with the Transfer of Certain Functions to the Secretary of Homeland Security. February 28, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-5343.pdf" http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-5343.pdf 56 Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 201. E.O. 13230 Presidents Advisory Commission on Educational Excellence for Hispanic Americans. October 12, 2001  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr17oc01-159.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr17oc01-159.pdf 57 Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 27. E.O. 13255 Amendment to E.O. 13227 Presidents Commission on Excellence in Special Education. February 6, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=fr08fe02-131.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=fr08fe02-131.pdf 58 Federal Register. Vol 67, No. 31. E.O. 13256 Presidents Board of Advisors on Historically Black Colleges and Universities. February 12, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=fr14fe02-114.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=fr14fe02-114.pdf 59 Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 130. E.O. 13270 Tribal Colleges and Universities. July 3, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-17274-filed.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-17274-filed.pdf 60 Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 202. E.O. 13231 Critical Infrastructure Protection in the Information Age. October 16, 2001  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr18oc01-139.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr18oc01-139.pdf 70 Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 214. E.O. 13233 Further Implementation of the Presidents Records Act. November 1, 2001.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr05no01-104.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr05no01-104.pdf 71 Federal Register. Vol. 68, No. 60. E.O. 13292 Further Amendment to Executive Order 12958, as Amended, National Security Information. March 25, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-7736.pdf" http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-7736.pdf 72 Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 237. E.O. 13238 Closing of Federal Government Deapartments and Agencies on December 24, 2001. December 5, 2001.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr10de01-105.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr10de01-105.pdf 73 Federal Register. Vol.66, No. 246. E.O. 13240 Council of Europe in Respect of the Group of States Against Corruption. December 18, 2001.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr21de01-152.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr21de01-152.pdf 74 Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 246. E.O. 13241 Providing an Order of Succession in the Department of Agriculture. December 18, 2001.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr21de01-153.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr21de01-153.pdf 75 Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 55. E.O. 13259 Designation of Public International Organizations for the Purpose of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977. March 19, 2002  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=fr21mr02-103.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=fr21mr02-103.pdf 76 Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 22. E.O. 13254 USA Freedom Corps. January 29, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=fr01fe02-123.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=fr01fe02-123.pdf 77 Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 86. E.O. 13263 Presidents New Freedom Commission on Mental Health. April 29, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-11166-filed.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-11166-filed.pdf 78 Federal Register. Vol. 68, No. 22. E.O. 13285 Presidents Council on Service and Civic Participation. January 29, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-2606.pdf" http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-2606.pdf 79 Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 33. E.O. 13257 Presidents Interagency Task Force to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons. February 13, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=fr19fe02-176.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=fr19fe02-176.pdf 80 Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 112. E.O. 13265 Presidents Council on Physical Fitness and Sports. June 6, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-14807-filed.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-14807-filed.pdf 81 Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 121. E.O. 13266 Activities to Promote Physical Fitness. June 20, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-16040-filed.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-16040-filed.pdf 82 Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 157. E.O. 13272 Proper Consideration of Small Entities in Agency Rulemaking. August 13, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-21056-filed.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-21056-filed.pdf 83 Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 184. E.O. 13274 Environmental Stewardship and Transportation Infrastructure Project Reviews. September 18, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-24252-filed.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-24252-filed.pdf 84 Federal Register. Vol 66, No. 68. Monday April 9, 2001. E.O. 13206 April 4, 2001. Termination of Emergency Authority for Certain Export Goods.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr09ap01-118.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr09ap01-118.pdf 85 Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 225. E.O. 13277 Delegation of Certain Trade Authorities and Assignment of Certain Functions under the Trade Act of 2002. November 19, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2002/pdf/02-29832.pdf" http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2002/pdf/02-29832.pdf 86 Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 246. E.O. 13281 Half-Day Closing of Executive Departments and Agencies of the Federal Government on Tuesday December, 24, 2002. December 19, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2002/pdf/02-32518.pdf" http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2002/pdf/02-32518.pdf 87 Federal Register. Vol. 68, No 5. E.O. 13282 Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay. December 31, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/21jan20030800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-464.pdf" http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/21jan20030800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-464.pdf 88 Federal Register. Vol. 68, No. 57. E.O. 13291 Further Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay. March 21, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-7313.pdf" http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-7313.pdf 89 Federal Register. Vol. 68, No.16. E.O. 13283 Establishing the Office of Global Communication. January 21, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-1798.pdf" http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-1798.pdf 90 Office of Management and Budget. Summary Tables. 2004.  HYPERLINK "http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/fy2004/tables.html" http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/fy2004/tables.html Hospitals & Asylums Submitted for publication in Title 24 US Code Chapter 13 500-519 $1 Meteors American Meteor Society ) Swift-Tuttle 2126 International Meteor Organization ) Perseid Meteors ) King Anthony & Queen Sharon Sanders Vs. ) $1 million American trial ) $11 million International total NASA ) yearly payroll for meteor observers 500 $ 1 Meteors  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://skyandtelescope.com/mm_images/587.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET  One of the 25 million meteors that strike the Earth's atmosphere every day.  501  HYPERLINK \l "Meteors" $1 Meteors 502  HYPERLINK \l "I" Contemporary Discovery Claims 503  HYPERLINK \l "II" Perseid Meteor Showers 504  HYPERLINK \l "IV" The Tears of St. Lawrence 505  HYPERLINK \l "V" Target Earth 506  HYPERLINK \l "VI" The End of the Dinosaurs 507  HYPERLINK \l "X" Sacred Stones 508  HYPERLINK \l "VII" The Meteoric Age 509  HYPERLINK \l "XII" African Meteors 510  HYPERLINK \l "XI" Indian Meteors 511  HYPERLINK \l "XIX" Perseid Monarchy 512  HYPERLINK \l "VIII" The Black Stone of Emessa 513  HYPERLINK \l "IX" The Black Stone of Kabaal  514  HYPERLINK \l "XIII" The Daylight Meteor of August 10, 1972 515  HYPERLINK \l "XV" Starfalls Statistics 516  HYPERLINK \l "XVI" Observing Meteors 517  HYPERLINK \l "XVIII" Bibliography 518  HYPERLINK \l "XVII" Visual Meteor Observer Form 501 $1 Meteors To uphold the Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other  HYPERLINK "http://disarmament.un.org/TreatyStatus.nsf/44e6eeabc9436b78852568770078d9c0/f2105db2706d928f852568770079dd9a?OpenDocument" Celestial Bodies, improve the utilization of the human resource of meteor observers and expand employment opportunities for campers and people living in rural areas where meteors can be observed NASA, as a government funded agency, is requested to provide a yearly budget with which the American Meteor Society and International Meteor Organization would pay people $1 for each meteor caught on their Meteor Observation Forms. This program would (1) improve the tracking of meteors, meteorites and comets, (2) strengthen linkage between International Meteor Organizations and NASA who could possibly destroy or divert any menacing comets before they struck the earth and (3) promote meteor observation and study around the globe by paying observers $1 per meteor (4) promote postal service in rural and third world regions (5) account for the payment of all meteor observers filing Meteor Observation Forms. 2003 is not expected to produce an outstanding number of visible Perseid Meteors due to a full moon on August 13th. The Perseids are space debris emanating from the tail of the parent Swift-Tuttle Comet. The last passage of Swift-Tuttle through the Solar System occurred in December 1992 and is not expected to return until 2126. The Perseid meteors are the largest, most visible and best behaved of all yearly meteor showers, Perseids are extremely swift and average speeds of 113,000 miles per hour or 31 miles per second. They radiate from the constellation Perseus in the AM after midnight and before 6 AM when the earth is rotating into the meteor storm that reigns at a rate of 76 meteors per hour during their peak between June 22 and August 20. At one time or another, almost everyone has glimpsed a swift little streak of light dashing across the night sky. These sudden celestial visitors are meteors, commonly called falling or shooting stars. Meteors are pieces of space debris that plow into the Earth's atmosphere. Because they arrive at very high speeds anywhere from 11 to 74 kilometers (7 to 46 miles) per second they vaporize by air friction in a white-hot streak. Most meteor parents (meteoroids) range in size from sand grains to pebbles. Occasionally a larger object will survive its descent and fall to Earth then it's called a meteorite. Thankfully, the larger the explosion, the rarer the event. Metropolis destroyers, with an explosive energy on the order of 100 million tons of TNT, happen roughly once per millennium. Regional destroyers, about 100 billion tons of TNT, have an event rate of around once per hundred millennia. Civilization destroyers, about 100 trillion tons of TNT, average once every 10 million years or so. A meteor that appears brighter than any of the stars and planets is called a fireball. The sudden appearance and fast motion of a bright meteor produces an illusion of closeness that can fool even well-trained professionals. Airline pilots have swerved to avoid meteors that were actually 160 kilometers (100 miles) away. Most meteors are seen 80 to 120 kilometers (50 to 75 miles) above the ground. Occasionally someone will claim to see a fireball land just beyond a tree or a hilltop, but in fact a typical fireball first appears at a height of about 125 kilometers (80 miles) and loses its brightness while still at least 20 kilometers (12 miles) above the ground. Much more abundant are smaller, everyday meteors. While most look white, some appear blue, green, yellow, orange, or red. One that explodes at the end of its visible flight is called a bolide. At certain times of the year we see more meteors than usual. This happens when Earth passes near a comet's orbit and sweeps through debris that the comet has shed. Such events are called meteor showers. For the major annual meteor showers, seeing one meteor every few minutes is typical, though there are often bursts and lulls. Shower meteors can appear anywhere in the sky, but their direction of motion is away from the constellation whose name the shower bears. This apparent point of origin is known as the radiant. Some observers feel that the best place to watch is between a shower's radiant and the zenith (the point directly overhead). In general, you'll do best by watching the darkest part of your sky, wherever you may be. 502 Discovery Claims On August 11, 1834, the Cincinnati Daily Gazette published a letter to the editor from John Locke, headmaster of a girls' school. (Locke was about to begin, at age 43, a highly productive career as a physicist, geologist, and scientific instrument maker.) Locke had seen a meteor shower on the evening of August 9th and, impressed with Olmsted's writings on the radiant of the Leonid storm less than a year earlier, watched the display carefully and detected that it too had a radiant. It was in Perseus (true), near the star Algol (about 17 too far south). John Locke, a physician and girls'-school headmaster in Cincinnati, Ohio, was the first person to discover that the August meteor shower comes from a radiant in Perseus. Prior to 1837, nobody realized the Perseids were an annual event. Edward Claudius Herrick was a bookworm. His father was a Yale graduate and founder of a girls' school. His mother was a descendant of one of Yale's founders. The Herricks lived in New Haven, Connecticut, the home of Yale. But young Edward did not go to Yale. He did not go to college. His parents felt that his chronic eyelid inflammation would keep him from succeeding in higher education. So in 1827, at the age of 16, Edward became a clerk in a bookstore.  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://skyandtelescope.com/mm_images/1518.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET One of the few early color representations of the 1833 Leonid storm over North America appeared in Bilderatlas der Sternenwelt, published in 1892 by Edmund Weik, University of Vienna, Austria. The illustration depicts the meteors over Niagara Falls. Courtesy University of Vienna. that served Yale students and faculty and was also the college's publishing house. Everyone in New Haven with intellectual interests stopped by the bookstore, and Herrick reveled in conversations with professors such as astronomer Denison Olmsted and chemist Benjamin Silliman. The young clerk worked hard, and at age 24 he became one of the bookstore's owners. But during the next three years the business failed and left Herrick broke. On the evening of August 9, 1837, just as his business was teetering toward collapse, Herrick observed an unusual number of meteors in the night sky. From people who had stayed up very late that night, he heard that the meteors were even more numerous and brilliant after midnight. American astronomers in 1837 were still gripped by the excitement of the epic meteor deluge that had taken place four years earlier. On the night of November 12-13, 1833, more than a thousand shooting stars per minute had been seen radiating from the constellation Leo (Sky & Telescope: November 1995, page 24). Astronomers had been taken completely by surprise; it was the first time that most of them had paid attention to meteors at all. They were especially startled by Olmsted's demonstration that the shower's meteors must have been flying together in parallel from a distant region of space. Most astronomers had believed that meteors were mere atmospheric phenomena, to be ignored like clouds and weather. 503 Perseid Meteor Showers Like most meteor showers, the Perseids are caused by comet debris. As comets enter the inner solar system, they are warmed by the sun and peppered by the solar wind, which produces the familar tails that stretch across the night sky when a bright comet is close to Earth. Comet tails are made of tiny pieces of ice, dust, and rock which are spewed into interplanetary space as they bubble off the comet's nucleus. When Earth encounters these particles on its journey around the Sun, they strike the atmosphere speeds exceeding 100,000 mph. (The average speed of Perseid meteoroids is 130,000 mph!) Most are observed as a bright streak across the sky that can last for several seconds, but occasionally a large fragment will explode in a multicolored fireball. Most of the streaks (popularly called 'shooting stars') are caused by meteoroids about the size of a grain of sand, but much less dense. Although they travel at high speeds, these tiny meteoroids pose no threat to people or objects on the ground. The Perseids were the first meteors ever associated with a particular comet. From 1861 to 1863, observers noted a great increase in the number of August Perseids. As many as 215 per hour were seen in 1863. The Italian astronomer Giovanni Virginio Schiaparelli (better known for giving the name "canali," or "channels," to the dark linear markings on Mars) calculated the orbits of some Perseid meteoroids and discovered that they closely matched that of periodic comet  HYPERLINK "http://medicine.wustl.edu/~kronkg/pcomets/109p.html" Swift-Tuttle, which had been discovered in 1862 during its close approach to Earth. Swift-Tuttle orbits the Sun once every 135 years. The last time it passed near Earth was in December 1992. The proximity of the comet once again caused an increase in Perseid activity and, in August 1993, observers in Central Europe were treated to 200 to 500 meteors per hour. Swift-Tuttle won't make another swing through the inner solar system until 2126, but when it does the comet itself is expected to be an impressive sight as seen from Earth, rivalling Comet Hyakutake in 1996 or Comet Hale-Bopp in 1997. 504 The Tears of Saint Lawrence The earliest discoverers of the Perseids were anonymous, and their feat lay buried in an English farmer's almanac. Both Quetelet and Herrick chanced upon it. Bravely, Herrick acknowledged, "The annual occurrence of a meteoric display about the 10th of August appears to have been recognized for a very great length of time." Thomas Furley Forster of London had recorded it in 1827 in his Pocket Encyclopaedia of Natural Phenomena. "According to Mr. T. Forster," Herrick reported in October 1839, citing Quetelet, "a superstition has 'for ages' existed among the Catholics of some parts of England and Germany that the burning tears of St. Lawrence are seen in the sky on the night of the 10th of August; this day being the anniversary of his martyrdom." Saint Lawrence was tortured and killed in Rome on August 10, 258, during the reign of the anti-Christian emperor Valerian. "The peasants of Franconia and Saxony have believed for ages past that St. Lawrence weeps tears of fire which fall from the sky every year on his fete (the 10th of August)," Herrick wrote, quoting a Brussels newspaper. "This ancient popular German tradition or superstition has been found within these [past] few years to be a fact which engages the attention of astronomers." Herrick never seemed bitter about being repeatedly upstaged. He continued to tend his August meteors with great faithfulness and to report their activity in Silliman's journal all the remaining years of his life. In 1838, soon after his first scientific articles appeared in print, Herrick lost his bookstore. But Yale was so impressed by his scholarship that it awarded him an honorary master of arts degree. Five years later, Yale built a new library and made Herrick college librarian. It was a pleasant irony for a man whose eye trouble had kept him from college and who had complained about New Haven's poor libraries. Herrick spent the next 15 years vigorously developing the Yale library collections. He never married. He never took a vacation. Later he assumed the duty of writing and publishing Yale's obituaries of graduates and faculty. Herrick was so organized and efficient that he wrote his own death notice a few days before he died in 1862 at the age of 51. 505 Target Earth NASA's robotic missions to other planets have shown that all old, solid surfaces in the solar system are heavily cratered. Earth too must have been heavily bombarded, but the evidence has been largely hidden by the erosion and life acting on the surface of our dynamic planet. Even so, the many meteorite finds, Chicxulub, and the approximately 140 known craters around the world demonstrate that Earth has suffered massive hits. In modern times, the best known destructive impact occurred in a remote region of taiga forests near the Tunguska River in eastern Siberia at about 11:30 a.m. on June 30, 1908. The explosive energy released by the event was equivalent to roughly 15 million tons of TNT a thousand times more powerful than the Hiroshima bomb and matching a large hydrogen bomb. The meteorite, likely of stony composition with a diameter of 200 feet, exploded at an altitude of 5 miles, creating an air burst that leveled more than 1,200 square miles of forest. But this famous event is by no means unique even in the current century.  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://skyandtelescope.com/mm_images/1533.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET Trees near the Tunguska River in Siberia still looked devastated nearly two decades after a large meteorite exploded four miles above the ground in June 1908. The Tunguska event, which ranks as one of the most violent cosmic impacts of this century, leveled nearly 1,400 square miles of taiga forest.Courtesy Sovfoto. Early on the morning of August 13, 1930, a large meteorite exploded over the Amazon jungles in an isolated area on the Curu River with a force estimated to be a tenth of the Tunguska event. The bolide was heard as a shriek of artillery shells followed by great balls of fire that fell from the sky like thunderbolts. Three massive explosions and three shock waves ripped through the jungle, followed by a very light rain of ash that veiled the Sun until midday. The blasts were heard up to 150 miles away, while the resulting magnitude 7 earthquake was recorded 1,320 miles away in La Paz, Bolivia. This massive meteor explosion would not have been known to the outside world if not for a Capuchin monk, Father Fedele d'Alviano, who had visited the terrified population during his yearly apostolic mission and then written about the event for the papal newspaper. The collision of  HYPERLINK "http://oposite.stsci.edu/pubinfo/Comet.html" \t "new_window" Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter in July 1994 was a widely publicized event NASA's Hubble Space Telescope's Planetary Camera. Eight impact sites are visible. From left to right are the E/F complex (barely visible on the edge of the planet), the star-shaped H site, the impact sites for tiny N, Q1, small Q2, and R, and on the far right limb the D/G complex. The D/G complex also shows extended haze at the edge of the planet. The smallest features in this image are less than 200 kilometers across. Most of the educated population in the world heard about the dark impact scars on the Jovian atmosphere, each larger than Earth. If such a comet were to hit Earth, mass extinction would be the most likely scenario. The moral of the Amazonian, Tunguska, and Shoemaker-Levy 9 events is that such occurrences are not unique even in modern times. Collisions of catastrophic proportions and worldwide scale can happen anytime within our lifetimes. Over the last decade or so, there has been a big change of consciousness among both scientists and the general public. The paradigm now is the realization that the Earth is a target in a giant shooting gallery, with the stakes as large as civilization itself. Countless articles, books, and movies on the threat of meteorite impacts have already appeared (Sky & Telescope: June 1998, page 26). Thankfully, the larger the explosion, the rarer the event. Metropolis destroyers, with an explosive energy on the order of 100 million tons of TNT, happen roughly once per millennium. Regional destroyers, about 100 billion tons of TNT, have an event rate of around once per hundred millennia. Civilization destroyers, about 100 trillion tons of TNT, average once every 10 million years or so. Astronomical events have changed history and affected the lives of ordinary people in a surprising number of ways, but only meteorites actually come down to Earth. They have had a great impact on humanity as a resource for building civilization, as a god come to ground, and as the cause of mass die-offs. But as you are watching the fiery trails of Perseid or Leonid bolides, please remember only the majesty and not the terror. 506 The End of the Dinosaurs What ended the age of dinosaurs 65 million years ago? Until 1980, paleontologists would answer their biggest mystery by mumbling something about climate, mammals, or volcanoes. Then Luis Alvarez and his coworkers hypothesized that a giant meteorite hit the Earth and caused global environmental damage, leading to the reptiles' extinction. Alvarez and his team tested their idea by seeking the element iridium in sediments around the world laid down at the correct time. Iridium is often abundant in meteorites but rare from Earthly sources. Alvarez examined clay from the distinct K-T boundary (named after the Cretaceous-Tertiary geological epochs) at three widely separated sites. They indeed found a thin layer of iridium-rich sediment coinciding with the death of the dinosaurs. The smoking gun. For nearly a decade geologists had been searching for the crater that supposedly formed when a giant meteor struck Earth at the end of the Cretaceous period 65 million years ago. In 1990 a huge circular structure, estimated to be 110 miles in diameter, was found centered beneath the coastal town of Chicxulub, in Mexico's northern Yucatn peninsula. The Chicxulub crater, shown in this false-color, 3-D gravity map, proved to be the long-sought impact site. The startling discovery of iridium at a few sites was intriguing, but the scientific community wasn't won over to the new idea. Various groups rushed to check many sites widely spread around the globe and confirmed that there really is an iridium layer and it really is worldwide. Then, the groups searched for and found other evidence, such as the presence of the element osmium and right-handed amino acids, which are relatively abundant in meteorites but rare on Earth. As the excitement mounted, yet more researchers found microtektites in the K-T boundary layer. But most geologists withheld judgment until the unique signature of shocked quartz was also found to be widespread and sharply confined to the K-T boundary. Finally the 110-mile-diameter Chicxulub crater was discovered under Mexico's Yucatn Peninsula. Its age of 64.98 million years 60,000 years matches that of the K-T boundary (64.3 million years 1.2 million years). Here we have a scientific revolution fought and finished by the scientific community that was won over in a decade by the great strength of the evidence, despite various deep prejudices This is science at its best. This progression from intriguing proposal to certainty of a gigantic meteor impact of worldwide consequences was made in only a few years and is a classic example of the repeated tests of critical predictions that is the hallmark of the scientific method. The research and debate has now shifted to understanding the consequences of the Chicxulub event. The immediate shock and heat from the impact would annihilate all life within perhaps a 1,000-mile radius from ground zero, while tsunamis would devastate anything near sea level in the Atlantic basin. Indeed, layers of tsunami-wave rubble have been found more than 30 feet thick all around the Caribbean, and the deposits extend up to 430 miles inland. The initial blast would also send out large masses of ejecta, which would reenter the Earth's atmosphere over the entire globe; the combined heat from all these simultaneous secondary meteors lighting up the sky would kindle worldwide forest fires. Indeed, the volume of soot in the K-T layer indicates that the majority of the world's biomass was burned to a crisp. In the months and years that followed, a dust veil would have cut off most sunlight, stopping photosynthesis and creating a "meteor winter." Together with other forced and deadly effects, entire food chains collapsed. The dinosaurs, unable to adapt, died out. Only about half of the world's species, including mammals, managed to have some breeding population survive through the holocaust. 507 Sacred Stones  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://skyandtelescope.com/mm_images/1527.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET The 1,635-pound Red River iron meteorite from central Texas currently resides at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. Considered sacred by the Pawnee Indians, the rock was donated to Yale by the wife of George Gibbs after his death in 1833.Courtesy Martha Schaefer. In 205 B.C., Hannibal's Carthaginian armies had marauded Italy for more than a dozen years, threatening the very existence of the Roman republic. After witnessing a frightening meteor shower, the Roman magistrates consulted the Sibylline books, which prophesied that Hannibal could be defeated if the Idaean Mother was brought to Rome. This "Mother," a large, conical meteorite thought to represent the Great Mother of Gods, was enshrined in a temple at Pessinus in central Turkey. The resplendent Roman delegation that was sent to King Attalus gained permission to remove the meteorite only after an earthquake changed the monarch's mind. A sacred ship was built and the meteorite sailed up the Tiber River to Rome. The leading citizen in the city performed the rituals of hospitality for the rock, then a procession carried it to the Temple of Victory. With this divine morale boost, the Romans expelled Hannibal from Italy within the year and soon conquered Carthage. In gratitude, the Romans built a special temple on the Palatine hill where the meteorite was worshipped for at least 500 years. However, the stone eventually fell into oblivion. In A.D. 1730 it was apparently excavated from its chapel, only to be discarded for lack of recognition. Many meteorites have been worshipped as gods through the ages. One such sacred rock was uncovered in 1808, when a party of explorers found a 1,635-pound hunk of metal near the Red River in central Texas. The Pawnee Indians had worshipped this meteorite for its curing powers and made regular pilgrimages to its site. The explorers, who thought the metal was platinum, returned to the city to get provisions and equipment. They eventually split into two rival groups as they tried to outrace one another in cashing in on the treasure. The first party, which had left hastily without the gear for transporting the hefty load, could only hide the "platinum" under a flat stone for safekeeping while they searched for horses. It took several days for the second party to find the prize and drag it toward the Red River. In their long overland journey they were repeatedly attacked by the desperate Indians. The meteorite was transported by boat down the river to New Orleans, and finally to New York. There, Benjamin Silliman of Yale University recognized its true nature based on its high nickel content, after which the disappointed owners sold the object to Colonel George Gibbs. After Gibbs' death in 1833 his wife rescued the meteorite from Irish laborers seeking to bury it; she then donated the rock to Yale as the largest meteorite in any collection at the time. 508 The Meteoric Age One characteristic that separates humans from animals is that we make lots of tools. Our early ancestors fashioned their first tools from bone, wood, and stone. The Stone Age takes its name from when stone implements represented the highest technology available. Later, copper and its alloy with tin (bronze) were discovered, yielding more durable weapons and tools that offered significant advantages to their possessors. The Bronze Age started during the third millennium B.C. for much of Eurasia, though its beginning and end varied widely around the world. Then around 1400 B.C. the Hittites of Asia Minor discovered that iron could be smelted from common ores to produce even more superior tools and armory, thus giving birth to the Iron Age. But how was iron discovered? Copper's melting point (1,980 Fahrenheit) is low enough that simple fires can both reveal and smelt the ore, while iron's melting point (2,795F) requires intentional discovery and special methods for processing. What gave the clue that iron should be sought and developed? Many late Bronze Age archaeological sites actually contain artifacts made of approximately 90 percent iron. A famous example is the dagger recovered from the tomb of the 14th-century B.C. Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamen. Chemical analyses show the dagger's "impurities" to be largely nickel, a sure sign that the iron came from a meteorite. So early metalsmiths found and used naturally smelted iron. They would have quickly realized its superiority. The Hittites and Sumerians acknowledged this connection by calling iron "fire from heaven." The Egyptian word for it means "thunderbolt of heaven," and the Assyrian term was "metal of heaven." With meteorites as an inspiration and a direct guide, the recognition of Earthly iron ores was probably inevitable. Meteorites jump-started the Iron Age. He pointed out that if the crossing date was August 11, Earth would be in the same place and some encounter was possible.  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://skyandtelescope.com/mm_images/1528.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET On the afternoon of August 14, 1992, a shower of stony meteorites pelted Mbale, Uganda, and its surroundings. These men from neighboring Malukhu recovered a fragment that weighs 24 pounds and created a crater 3 inches deep. The villagers believed that the stones were endowed with medicinal powers to cure illnesses, including AIDS. Courtesy the Dutch Meteor Society. 509 African Meteors In 1853 a meteorite that fell in eastern Africa just north of Zanzibar was declared to be a god by the Wanika tribe until famine and a massacre by the Masai rendered its owners skeptical of its powers. On August 14, 1992, dozens of rocks fell on the African town of Mbale in Uganda (Sky & Telescope: June 1993, page 96). Local residents ground up some of the fragments and ingested the powder as medicine. They believed the rocks had been sent by their god to cure AIDS. It's easy to understand that a fiery descent from heaven can be interpreted as a god, or a god's gift, come to Earth. 510 Indian Meteors For decades astronomers have reaped the values of written records kept for over 2500 years in China and Europe. Eclipses, planets, and comets are mentioned and have brought about refinements to our current understanding of the long-term motion of these bodiesespecially for comets such as Halley and Swift-Tuttle. Several meteor showers have also been identified which brought about a better understanding of their evolution as well. No other culture can provide comparable information as that gathered from the Chinese and European records, but this need not be a deterrent from learning about how other cultures felt about these moving bodies in the sky and one of the richest regions of meteor and comet lore in the world is North America. During the last 15 to 20 years, archeoastronomy has uncovered much concerning the astronomical beliefs of Native Americans. Unfortunately, the methods of keeping records of astronomical events were not as straight forward as those of the Chinese and Europeans, as there are no books lying around. Instead, the methods of record keeping included rock and cave drawings, stick notching, beadwork, pictures on animal skins and jars, and story tellingmost of which are not dateable.One of the few dateable events among the various records of native Americans was the 1833 appearance of the Leonid meteor shower. Historically recognized as one of the greatest meteor storms on record, it made a lasting impression among the peoples of North America. The most obvious accounts of the Leonid storm appear among the various bands of the Sioux of the North American plains. The Sioux kept records called "winter counts," which were a chronological, pictographic account of each year painted on animal skin. In 1984, Von Del Chamberlain (Smithsonian Institution) listed the astronomical references for 50 Sioux winter counts, of which 45 plainly referred to an intense meteor shower during 1833/1834. In addition, he listed 19 winter counts kept by other plains Indian tribes, of which 14 obviously referred to the Leonid storm. The Leonids also appear among the Maricopa, who used calendar sticks with notches to represent the passage of a year, with the owner remembering the events. The owner of one stick claimed records had been kept that way "since the stars fell." The first notch on his stick represented 1833. Story telling was a very important method of record keeping among most native Americans and several seem to have been influenced by the Leonids of 1833. A member of the Papago, named Kutox, was born around 1847 or 1848. He claimed that 14 years prior to his birth "the stars rained all over the sky." A less obvious Leonid reference may exist in the journal kept by Alexander M. Stephen, which detailed his visit with the Hopi Indians and mentions a talk he had with Old Djasjini on December 11, 1892. That Hopi Indian said "How old am I? Fifty, maybe a hundred years, I can not tell. When I was a boy of so big (eight or ten years) there was a great comet in the sky and at night all the above was full of shooting starsah! that was a very long time ago, maybe a hundred years, maybe more." During the probable lifetime of Old Djasjini there was never a "great comet" and a sky full of meteors in the same year, but he might be referring to two separate events such as the sungrazing comet of 1843 and the great Leonid storm of 1833, both of which occurred early in his life. The Pawnee have a story about a person known as Pahokatawa, who was supposedly killed by an enemy and eaten by animals, but then brought back to life by the gods. He was said to have come to Earth as a meteor and told the people that when meteors were seen falling in great numbers it was not a sign that the world would end. When the Pawnee tribe witnessed the time "the stars fell upon the earth," which was in 1833, there was a panic, but the leader of the tribe spoke up and said, "Remember the words of Pahokatawa" and the people were no longer afraid. Although the Pawnee learned not to be afraid, there were Native Americans who feared meteors. Why such beliefs came about is almost impossible to guess, but some of the best examples are as follows: The Blackfeet of Montana believed a meteor was a sign that sickness would come to the tribe in the coming winter, or that a great chief had just died. The Kawaiisu (California) thought a meteor that started high and fell to the horizon was an omen of sickness and death. The Cahuilla thought a meteor was the spirit of their first shaman, Takwich, who was disliked by his people. Takwich was said to wander the skies at night looking for people far from their tribe. When someone was found, he stole their spirit, and sometimes even the person, took them back to his home and ate them. The Shawnee believed meteors were beings "fleeing from the wrath of some adversary, or from some anticipated danger." There were other beliefs which generally did not strike fear into the hearts of native Americans. Some of these are as follows: The Wintu (northern California) explained meteors as the spirits of shamans traveling to the afterlife. The Chumash (California) referred to meteors as Alakiwohoch, which simply meant "shooting star." They believed a meteor was a person's soul on its way to the afterlife. The Luiseo (California) believed they were merely stars which suddenly moved. The Eastern Pomo (North Central California) thought meteors were fire dropping from heaven. Interestingly, one of the most widely accepted beliefs was that meteors were the feces of stars. Such lore existed in the stories of the Nunamiut Eskimos, the Koasati of Louisiana (formerly located in Tennessee), and numerous southern California tribes. A slight variation of this came from the Kiliwa (Baja California) who believe meteors were the fiery urine of the constellation Xsmii [Xsmii has not been defined--GWK]. Many of the beliefs mentioned above are also attributed to comets, and most story telling seems to rarely provide conclusive evidence that the object being discussed is indeed a meteor. Because of this a very interesting story is being included which originates from the Great Lakes region. The Ojibwa of the upper Great Lakes region had a story about Genondahwayanung, which meant "Long Tailed Heavenly Climbing Star." During the 1980's, Thor Conway visited the Ojibwa and talked to Fred Pine, an Ojibwa shaman. Pine's story about the creation notes that Genondahwayanung was a star with a long, wide tail which would return and destroy the world someday. He said, "It came down here once, thousands of years ago. Just like a sun. It had radiation and burning heat in its tail." The comet was said to have scorched the earth so that nothing was left, except the native americans, who were warned ahead of time by Chimanitou, a Holy Spirit, and had gone to a bog and rolled themselves up in the mud to protect themselves from the heat. Pine continued, "It was just so hot that everything, even the stones, were cooked. The giant animals were killed off. You can find their bones today in the earth. It is said that the comet came down and spread his tail for miles and miles." Thereafter, all comets and meteors were treated as serious omens which required the interpretation of the Ojibwa shamans. There are other stories of a great fire coming from the sky and destroying everything except for certain native american tribes. In some cases the tribes claimed they were warned, while others claimed they just ran for the nearest bodies of water. Another form of record keeping were rock petroglyphs, or pictures carved into rock. The western United States abounds with these pictures, but any dating is virtually impossible. Once again it is frequently difficult to determine whether the object carefully carved into rock is a meteor or a comet. One rock drawing frequently debated as to its exact depiction was produced by the Ventureo tribelet of the Chumash at Burro Flats. A pair of disks with long tails are located on the wall of a cave and have been interpreted by Travis Hudson and Ernest Underhay (1978) as portraits of a comet "seen over an interval of a few days or weeks." On the other hand, E. C. Krupp (1983) has pointed out that "the images have a dynamic appearance that suggests rapid movement and change. If they are celestial at all, I would associate them with meteors, and, in particular, with the especially bright and dramatic type known as fireballs." The most common petroglyphs depict a circle with a wiggly line emanating from it. Various archealogists have interpreted these as meteors, comets, and even snakes. Another form of record keeping appears in the form of pottery art. Although there are not many examples of this, the Field Museum in Chicago contains Hopi jar (designated number 66760) with a very striking scene depicted. Brought to the museum during the 1890s, the jar depicts mountains, above which are stars and three objects falling towards the ground. Although the scene seems to imply meteors, it is not certain whether it is a shower or a spectacular meteor that broke up as it fell. According to William Grewe-Mullins at the Field Museum, the notes on this jar indicate it was found near Oraibi, Arizona, and was of recent origin. He ventured to guess that the jar might have been made sometime during the 1850s to 1890s. It might be possible that this jar depicts the Leonid storm of 1833, although it seems difficult to imagine the Hopi would have still been impressed so much by the storm 2 to 5 decades after the event. On the other hand, it could be a painting of one of two other storms which were observed in various parts of the world in 1872 and 1884, although none of the winter counts mentioned earlier seem to have noted these. Some native Americans seem to have realized that some meteors can reach the ground. Among the Menomini of the Great Lakes region is the following legend: When a star falls from the sky It leaves a fiery trail. It does not die. Its shade goes back to its own place to shine again. The Indians sometimes find the small stars where they have fallen in the grass. The Nunamiut Eskimos also found meteorites, but believed they came from thunderstorms. On December 2, 1880, a 6-pound meteorite fell at the feet of two Brahmins near Andhra, India, who immediately proclaimed themselves as ministers of the "Miraculous God" and attracted up to 10,000 pilgrims a day. 511 Perseid Monarchy Anthony Joseph Sanders, the King of Perseid Meteors, is the Hospitals & Asylums Writer. He was conceived on an Israeli kibbutz in late 1973 of an American-Jewish mother, named Rivka Sammoss, who is now a family physician, by a Dutch-Agnostic Catholic father, named Marcel Sanders, who is now a veterinarian. Their relationship was initially scorned by the mothers Jewish family, resulting in their expulsion from the Holy Land by a Jewish Court, the marriage became tolerated after the birth of Tony on August 11, 1974 in Tholen, Netherlands on the largest yearly meteor shower, the Perseids. Sharon, the Queen, his sister, was born two years later, in Visalia, California on August 11, 1976 during the same meteor shower. Tony was naturalized a US citizen in 1986. Tony returned to the Netherlands to study Dutch when he graduated from high school a year early in 1991. After Tonys family visit visa expired he returned to work, study and travel through the United States and Canada. Tony started studying International Affairs at the University of Cincinnati in 1992. In 1994 he went to Mexico to study anthropology at the Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan and purchase arts and crafts near the meteor impact crater at Chicxulub that was responsible for the extinction of the dinosaurs. After working in the California National Parks he traveled to Rainbow Gatherings and Logging Protests on the West Coast during 1996 and 1997. In 1997 he returned to the University of Cincinnati to finish his degree in International Affairs and wipe the State Mental Institution Library & Education buildings off the prima facie of the Hamilton County Probate Court in compensation for an unpaid civil tort filed in the U.S. District Court as, Sanders v. Kravetz (Southern Ohio) C-98-466. In 1999 he was elected the President and then the Vice President of the University of Cincinnati Earth Company until he was impeached for amending the Higher Education of 1998 in a peaceful protest in 1999 in co-operation with Ohio University. He graduated from the University of Cincinnati in 2000 with a BA in international affairs. Tony was initially employed in 2000 by the US Census Bureau but is fired every time he picks up a pen so he just writes law for Social Security 42USC(7)421. This grant has enabled him to file Constitutional Mental Health Commission v. Pauline Warfield Lewis Center US 6th Circuit Court of Appeals 00-4165 achieving Peace on Warfield by changing the name of the 182 year old psychiatric hospital to Summit Behavioral Health. He then filed Hospitals & Asylums v. Oesterlen Services for Youth (Clark) Ohio 2nd 02-CA-0003 shortly after the 9-11 suicide attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon to get the Arabic traffickers in children to pay allowance. His step-sister, Alexis Bodzin, born on August 22, 1983, was spirited away to find new lows at Hospitals & Asylums v. Valle Vista LLC, Indiana Developmental Training Center & Indiana Department of Mental Health and Addiction US 7th Circuit Court of Appeals C-0577(T/K) resulting in the determination to file for the dissolution of Montgomery County Childrens Services with the US Department of Health and Human Services. He is also attempting to file lawsuits with the United Nations on behalf of Afghanistan, Iraq, Korea and the Palestinian-Israeli Territories against the United States Department of Defense in the International Court of Just-Ice. He has rewritten all 10 chapter of Hospitals & Asylums 24 US Code to be the most comprehensive legal research on governance in the World and publishes code and case law Yearly, Equinox and Solstice. Sharon Michelle Sanders, is the Queen of the Perseid Meteors. Although she has slept with several of her brothers friends she remains chaste to her 26th year. Queen Sharon was originally not a good student but when our family moved to Cincinnati, Ohio USA Sharon got a good teacher and has received straight, As since the 3rd grade. She graduated with honors from Seven Hills, a private school. She began studying Biology in 1994 and graduated with Honors from the University of Cincinnati in 1999. She was immediately employed in environmental projects in the USA and traveled to Arizona and California. She then got a job on a kibbutz in Israel and worked there until she was hired to do an environmental project in the Dependencies of Mauritius in the Indian Ocean. When she returned from Africa she was swiftly employed in the state of Washington to discover evidence of endangered species that has successfully protected the forest from logging. She is currently completing a program in ethno-botany at Kent University in Great Britain by conducting a field study in Morocco to fulfill the requirements of her masters degree in ethno botany this Spring 2003. Our belief is that the icy meteors inseminated the Earth with the basic elements of life. Planet earth turned out to be fertile and the first species of single cell life formed. Life then produced gaseous byproducts that in time created the atmosphere. In a symbiotic relationship the atmosphere causes the disintegrating phenomenon called meteors that we enjoy to watch while protecting the Earth from the damages caused by 25 million meteors a day. As the Perseid Monarchs are the solar spokespeople for the meteoric founders of life on planet earth and the destroyers of the dinosaurs we find it to be our responsibility to defend life from extinction and breaches in the laws of nature and of man. Our court is open to all and is the highest court to dispense Hospitals & Asylums in the World. Petitioners who would like to determine if Hospitals & Asylums is in fact a more evolved form of Just-Ice may write to the Monarchs in English, Spanish or Dutch at  HYPERLINK "mailto:sanderstony2000@yahoo.com" sanderstony2000@yahoo.com . 512 The Black Stone of Emesa This silver coin was struck in A.D. 218-219 in honor of the young Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, who adopted the name of the Sun god Elagabalus. Antoninus was the high priest of the cult that worshiped the Black Stone of Emesa, which is believed to be a large meteorite. Shown here are four horses pulling the ceremonial chariot that carried the stone (behind the eagle). The emperor led the procession to Rome while walking backward to keep his face toward his god. The inscription SANCT(O) DEO SOLI ELAGABAL(O) means "To the holy god, the sun Elagabalus."Courtesy M.R. Molnar Collection.The slow fall of the Roman empire was a chaotic drama in which a wide variety of religions coexisted and competed, often with the emperor's worship playing a key role. In addition to the traditional Roman pantheon, gods with Greek, Hebrew, and Egyptian origins enjoyed widespread followings. In this marathon of competing faiths a steady front-runner was the Sun god, variously called Apollo, Helios, Sol, Sol Invictus, or Elagabalus. The overwhelming power and importance of our day star makes a Sun god a natural chief deity; its worship is deeply embedded in many societies. The cult of the Syrian Sun god Elagabalus was known in Rome from before the time of Julius Caesar, but it only came to dominance with the ascension of the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. As a young boy, this emperor was made the high priest at the magnificent temple in Emesa (now Homs) in Syria, as a hereditary responsibility through his mother's family. He took his religious duties very seriously and even changed his name to that of his god, Elagabalus. The worship of Elagabalus was centered on the Black Stone of Emesa, a large, cone-shaped meteorite. When its high priest moved to Rome the stone came with him. Two magnificent temples were built for it, one on the Palatine hill and the other in the suburbs. The emperor personally led daily worship of the meteorite while dressed in silk robes, a lofty tiara, and cheeks painted red and white. Meteorite worship became the official religion of the Roman empire. Elagabalus's cruelty, extravagance, neglect, and depravity quickly alienated him from all segments of society, so he was doomed to a short reign. On March 6, 222, at age 18, the emperor and his mother were assassinated by the Praetorian Guards, and their mutilated corpses were dragged through the streets of Rome. As for the meteorite, it was quietly returned to Syria and reinstalled in the temple of Emesa. The rock was likely broken into pieces when the temple was converted to a Christian church sometime in the 4th century. The site, now a mosque, has never been excavated. A gold-inlaid knife from the reign of Emperor Jahangir, the fourth Mughal ruler of India, was forged from an iron meteorite that fell on April 10, 1621. Jahangir ordered that two swords, a dagger, and a knife be made from the meteorite, which was believed to possess magical powers. Only the knife is still known to exist. An iron dagger of meteoritic origin was also discovered in the tomb of the 14th-century B.C. Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamen in 1922.When European explorers encountered a tribe of Inuits in northwestern Greenland in 1818, they were astounded to find knife blades, harpoon points, and engraving tools made of meteoric iron. Tools from the fabled Greenland meteorite had been found as far as 1,400 miles away, having been transported as treasured trade goods. The area has no natural metal deposits, yet the abundant availability of meteoric iron allowed the polar hunters to skip to the Iron Age and helped them survive in an extremely harsh land. Five expeditions from 1818 to 1883 failed to find the "Iron Mountain" until Robert E. Peary was led by a local guide to the site on Saviksoah Island off northern Greenland's Cape York in 1894. The meteorite was found in three primary masses, named the Tent or "Ahnighito" (34 tons), the Woman (2 tons), and the Dog ( ton). Over the next three years Peary's expeditions managed to load them onto ships despite savage weather, engineering problems, and having to build Greenland's only railway for transporting the behemoths. Upon arrival in New York City, the source of Greenland's Iron Age were sold to the American Museum of Natural History for $40,000, where they are now on display at the Hayden Planetarium. The "Ahnighito" or Tent meteorite from Greenland on display at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. The largest of the three Cape York meteorites recovered by Robert Peary in the late 1890s, this 34-ton hunk of iron and nickel measures 11 feet long, 7 feet high, and 5-1/2 feet thick.Today, 27 percent of the world's nickel comes from mines in the large Sudbury meteor crater in Ontario, Canada. 513 The Black Stone of the Kaaba in Mecca The most famous sacred meteorite is the Black Stone of the Kaaba. The Kaaba is a cubical building in Mecca toward which Moslems pray five times daily. The Black Stone, set in the northeastern outside corner of the Kaaba, is considered to be the most sacred treasure of Islam. In the middle of Mecca's Grand Mosque is the black, cubic shrine of the Kaaba, the "House of God," which was said to have been built by Abraham (Ibrahim). On one corner of the Kaaba is the Black Stone, which is believed to be of meteoric origin. The exposed surface of the stone is roughly 6 by 8 inches and is framed with a silver band. Here pilgrims can touch and kiss the Black Stone. Some suggest that the object is not really a meteorite but may be impact glass, perhaps from the meteor craters at Wabar, 670 miles east of Mecca.. The Kaaba also served as a center of worship for pre-Islamic Arabs and was reputed to contain 360 idols. In 630 the triumphant prophet Mohammed returned to Mecca and cleansed the temple of the idols after honoring the Black Stone. The heretical Qarmatian sect stole the stone in 930, but it was recovered 21 years later with positive identification provided by the stone's ability to float on water. In 1050 a mad Egyptian caliph sent a man to destroy the relic. The Kaaba was twice burned down and was flooded in 1626. During these trials the original stone was broken up into about 15 pieces. It was finally set in cement surrounded by a silver frame. Islamic tradition variously describes the stone as coming from heaven and as originally hyacinth in color before it turned black because of humanity's sins. Reports of its visual appearance mention a dark, reddish black color, smooth surface, some apparent banding, and small crystal inclusions. Although generally regarded as a meteorite, it cannot be an iron-type meteorite since it fractures, nor can it be a stony meteorite since it would not have withstood the handling and would sink in water. Similar arguments may reject nonmeteoritic origins, such as basalt or agate. In 1980 Elsebeth Thomsen proposed that the Black Stone is an impactite (fused sand mixed with meteoric material) from the Wabar Crater in Saudi Arabia's Empty Quarter (Sky & Telescope: November 1997, page 44). The Wabar impactite is a hard glass (so it is tough enough for repeated fondling yet can shatter) with a porous structure (so it can float) and having inclusions of white glass (the crystals) and sandstone (the banding). The change from its original lighter color could be due to the accumulated oils from frequent kissing and handling. A critical problem confronting this proposal is that several measurements suggest the Wabar Crater is only a few centuries old, though other analyses suggest it was formed 6,400 years 2,500 years ago. Whether or not Wabar is the source, the Black Stone still fits well with a desert impactite and a meteor tradition. 514 The Daylight Fireball of August 10, 1972 A very bright daylight fireball appeared in the skies of the western United States and Canada on August 10, 1972. It was seen by a large number of people, most notably many camera-bearing tourists located in Grand Teton, Yellowstone, and Glacier national parks. In addition, the object became hot enough to also be detected by a U. S. Air Force satellite-borne near-infrared radiometer. The object was detected by visual observers at around 20:30 UT. Eyewitness accounts came from Utah, Wyoming, Idaho, Montana, and Alberta, with many photographs and two 8-mm films obtained. Linda Baker was then at Jackson Lake, which is at the foot of the Grand Tetons. After spotting the bright object and the following dust trail over the Tetons, she began filming with a Super-8 camera. Her film recorded the object's south-north movement across the sky for 26 seconds. She and her husband thought the object was a rocket re-entry. The satellite recorded the object from 20:28:29 until 20:30:10 UT. Although a few newspapers reported the event, the first major publication came in Sky and Telescope during October 1972, which was basically a collection of eyewitness accounts. During April 1973, details of the satellite observation were published in Sky and Telescope, with a more comprehensive article appearing in Nature on February 15, 1974. The first significant analysis of this fireball was published in Sky and Telescope during July 1974. It was written by Luigi G. Jacchia, a meteor expert at the Center for Astrophysics in Massachusetts, who just happened to witness the fireball from Jackson Lake Lodge in the Grand Tetons. Jacchia said he was initially impressed by the extraordinarily long 1,500 kilometer length of the object's path. He also pointed out that at the mid-point of the path sonic booms were heard in Montana and said this indicated the object was lower than 60 kilometers. The fact that sonic booms were not heard over Alberta was considered puzzling. With the object moving northward, one would expect it to have continued to lower, so that sonic booms should have continued and an impact was likely. No reports of impacts existed. Jacchia concluded that the object must have "entered the earth's atmosphere at a very small angle to the horizontal, reached a minimum height of less than 60 kilometers above Montana, and continued its flight without impacting." Jacchia found out about the Air Force satellite detection around the time of his initial analysis and at his urging the information was finally released. Jacchia's analysis revealed the object first became hot enough to be detected by the Air Force satellite at a height of 76 kilometers over Utah. Its closest distance to Earth was 58 kilometers, which occurred over Montana. As it continued its passage through the atmosphere it finally cooled below the satellite detection level at a height of 102 kilometers over Alberta. Jacchia gave the available data to Richard McCrosky of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, who was able to compute the initial orbit of this fireball. The object would have reached its perihelion distance of 1.01 AU about four days after the encounter with Earth's atmosphere. The semimajor axis was given as 1.66 AU, the orbital inclination was 15. Jacchia stated that the encounter changed the orbit of the object, but no details were given. The first estimates of the object's mass were made by C. D. Bartky et al. in a Nature article of February 15, 1974. They indicated a value of 1000 metric tons, which they said corresponded to a diameter of 4 meters for an object the density of iron. They determined that the impact of such an object would have released energy equivalent to the nuclear bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Jacchia later corrected the size estimate made by Bartky et al. to 6 meters, but stated these estimates, which were based on the rate of deceleration through the atmosphere, could not sufficiently indicate the object's true mass and size. Jacchia approached the problem from the standpoint of the object's brightness. Taking magnitude estimates of -15 and -19 when about 100 kilometers above Earth, he estimated the mass as 4000 to 1 million metric tons. He added that since most meteors are stoney and not iron, the probable size would have ranged from 13 to 80 meters. Although a few other papers were published during the next 20 years which basically revised some of Jacchia's work, the next major paper discussing this fireball was written by Zdenek Ceplecha for Astronomy and Astrophysics in 1994. Ceplecha revised almost every aspect of Jacchia's analysis, including the mass and orbit. He even determined the post-encounter orbit. Ceplecha believed the likely diameter of the object would have been 3 meters, if a carbonaceous chondrite, or as large as 14 meters, if composed of cometary materials, prior to the encounter. He suggested the likely mass loss suffered from the encounter would make the mass two to three times less than the initial mass. This indicated a post-encounter mass of 2 or 10 meters. The pre-encounter orbit was close to that published by Jacchia and was as follows: Semimajor Axis=1.6610.004 AU Eccentricity=0.39040.0016 Perihelion distance=1.01270.000 AU Aphelion distance=2.3100.009 AU Argument of Perihelion=355.570.08 Ascending Node=317.956 Inclination=15.220.03 The post-encounter orbit was given as follows: Semimajor Axis=1.47150.0009 AU Eccentricity=0.36330.0004 Perihelion distance=0.93690.000 AU Aphelion distance=2.00610.0019 AU Argument of Perihelion=315.760.02 Ascending Node=317.949 Inclination=6.9280.012 Ceplecha also determined a radiant for the post-encounter orbit in case any debris was travelling along with this object. The coordinates were given as RA=155.538, DEC=-19.05. Ceplecha ended his paper with a prediction. He determined that it was very likely that this object would again come close to Earth within the period of 1997 July 30 to August 16, "with August 8 being the most probable date." 515 Starfalls Statistics  HYPERLINK "http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/meteors/article_588_1.asp" Here is a list of the better annual showers, including the Perseids in August and the Geminids in December. All you need to observe these celestial displays are a dark sky, a way to stay comfortable, and a little patience. Light pollution or moonlight will drastically reduce the number of meteors you see, so plan accordingly. Give your eyes at least 15 minutes to adjust to the dark. Make yourself comfortable with a reclining lawn chair, sleeping bag, snacks, music, the company of other stargazers, or whatever will help you remain interested enough to keep your eyes turned toward the sky. In the period of recorded history from 2,500 BC to 30 Mar 1999 inclusive there have been a total of 4684 Meteorites Representing 1,019 Falls and 3,665 Finds of the 25 million meteorites that fall each day on the atmosphere of the planet earth. The recognized yearly meteor showers are listed below ShowerDurationMaximumTimeR.A.Dec.ZHRAssociated Comet HYPERLINK "http://www.ticetboo.demon.co.uk/quad.htm" QuadrantidsJan 1-6Jan 4000015h28m+5085VirginidsMar-AprApr 11204014h04m-095Apr.7-1813h 36m-115 HYPERLINK "http://www.ticetboo.demon.co.uk/lyrids.htm" LyridsApr.19-25Apr 22220018h 08m+3210Thatcher HYPERLINK "http://www.ticetboo.demon.co.uk/etaaqr.htm" Eta AquaridsApr24-May 20May 6113022h 20m-0135HalleyAlpha ScorpiidsApr20-May19Apr 28054016h 32m-245May 12165016h 04m-245Alpha CygnidsJul-AugJul 20165021h 00m+485Aug 21/22000021h 00m+485CapricornidsJul-AugJul 8024020h 44m-155Jul 15105021h 00m-155Jul 25220021h 00m-155 HYPERLINK "http://www.ticetboo.demon.co.uk/deltaaqr.htm" Delta AquaridsJul.15-Aug.20Jul 28120022h36m-1720Aug 6100023h 04m+0210Alpha CapricornidsJul.15-Aug.25Aug 2055020h 36m-105Iota AquaridsJul-AugAug 6100022h 10m-158100022h 04m-0610 HYPERLINK "http://www.ticetboo.demon.co.uk/perseids.htm" PerseidsJul.23-Aug.20Aug 13050003h 04m+5875Swift-TuttlePiscidsSep-OctSep 8145000h 36m+0710Sep 20223200h 24m005Oct 13071001h 44m+145 HYPERLINK "http://www.ticetboo.demon.co.uk/orionids.htm" OrionidsOct 16-27Oct 21210006h 24m+1525Halley HYPERLINK "http://www.ticetboo.demon.co.uk/taurids.htm" Taurids (S)Oct.20-Nov.30Nov 5213003h 28m+135Encke HYPERLINK "http://www.ticetboo.demon.co.uk/taurids.htm" Taurids (N)Oct.20-Nov.30Nov 12210003h 52m+225 HYPERLINK "http://www.ticetboo.demon.co.uk/leonids.htm" LeonidsNov 15-20Nov 18023010h 08m+22100+?Tempel-TuttlePuppids-VelidsNov 27-JanDec 8011009h 00m-4815Dec 25180009h 20m-6510 HYPERLINK "http://www.ticetboo.demon.co.uk/geminids.htm" GeminidsDec 7-16Dec 14120007h 28m+32753200 PhaethonUrsidsDec.17-25Dec 22193014h 28m+785Tuttle? Monthly Distribution of Meteorite Falls and Finds Green = Highest Value Red = Lowest ValueMonthTotalFalls% FallsFinds% FindsJan796987.31012.7Feb1176959.04841.0Mar1446142.48357.6Apr2209241.812858.2May1369066.24633.8Jun15010268.04832.0Jul1758649.18950.9Aug1108779.12320.9Sep1208470.03630.0Oct1197764.74235.3Nov1086257.44642.6Dec816276.51923.5Unknown3125782.50304797.5 516 Observing Meteors Perseids, Rich, Bright and Well Trained Meteors Approx. Start DateApprox. End DatePredicted Maximum INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.ticetboo.demon.co.uk/solong.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET  at Max R.A.  h m Decl.  DegreesZHRCometv km/sh kmJul 23Aug 20Aug 13d 05h14003 04 +1.35+58 +0.12100-110Swift-Tuttle60.2114 94 INSTRUCTIONS for the VISUAL METEOR OBSERVING FORM In an effort to make each observer's work useable, and to thus standardize the data collected, I am introducing a new form for AMS observers to use. This form is useable by observers wishing to make visual counts (descriptive) or for those interested in a program of plotting meteors. I recommend new observers begin with visual counts, and when sufficient experience is gained, begin a program of plotting meteors. Below is a step-by-step explanation of the fields and columns on this form. Feel free to the American Meteor Society or the International Meteor Organzition if you have any questions or need additional information. 1) OBSERVER INFORMATION - the standard observer information such as date, time, longitude and latitude as well as elevation of your observing site, name, and location of your site (city, state, or some descriptive term), all are recorded at the top of the form. It is standard to use a double date. For example, the observing night of August 11/12 represents the evening of August 11 and the morning of August 12. Even if the observation began after midnight, the date is still written as August 11/12. All observations should be recorded in universal time if possible. If you are unsure of how to convert local time to universal time, then indicate what time zone you are reporting. This will allow the time to be converted when the observation is archived. 2) LIMITING MAGNITUDE - the limiting magnitude of the sky determined by the faintest star an observer can see. 1Total Meteors Observed at LM / C Total Meteors Observed at New LM Scientists have selected magnitude rates established in the equation p(m)=1- 7.0-LM ______ 7.0-m Whereby the Limiting Magnitude of meteors ranges between 4 to 7 times the brightness of the faintest star yielding a selection of numbers as follows LM Sporadics Perseids 7.0 1.0000 1.0000 6.5 0.803 0.858 6.0 0.606 0.716 5.5 0.465 0.594 5.0 0.323 0.472 4.5 0.237 0.377 4.0 0.151 0.282 3) PERCENT CLOUDY - obstructions to a field of view can be caused by trees, buildings, or clouds. While observing, the percentage of sky that is blocked by these obstructions is noted here at the beginning of the session and at any time a change has taken place. Clearly, it would take a very major effort to record every change in the percentage of cloud cover. Remember that you are outside first and foremost to observe meteors rather than to record cloud obscuration. Instead of recording every change, report the average cloud percentage during the past 10-15 minutes of your watch, until your field is cloudless again or you stop observing. Note the begin of the cloud cover and average the obstruction percentage unless it does not change severely. At first glance this method seems to be useful for any value of cloud cover. But let us think one step further. Imagine a hole of about 40 radius in the clouds. Observing through this hole about 50% of the area of your effective field is covered. In order to obtain the number of meteors you would have observed in an unrestricted field you have to multiply the number you observed within the partially covered field by a factor of 2. But owing to the construction of the human eye, most meteors are seen in the center of your field of view. In our example you would miss only 10% of the meteors instead of 50%. This example may be an artificial one but the situation is similiar to many other real cases of cloud cover. Please therefore note that the cloud correction is an approximation only, which works primarily with small amounts of cloud cover. Thus, you should take a break as soon as cloud cover exceeds 20%, unless you are monitoring an unusual meteor storm. 4) DIRECTION FACING & ALTITUDE - where you look in the sky will affect your results. List both compass direction and altitude above the horizon. For example: SE(45). 5 ) BREAKS - record the time in which your attention is not focused on the sky for any reason. 6) COMMENTS - record any other information about your observation that might be useful. INDIVIDUAL METEOR DATA: TIME - the appearance time of the meteor, to the nearest minute, listed in universal time, or the same time zone as listed in the observer section. MAG - the whole magnitude of the meteor as compared to the limiting magnitude correction factor of the faintest star in the night sky is determined in the equation: COLOR - any definite, observed color of the meteor. TYPE - the shower membership of the meteor, or leave blank if the meteor was a sporadic. DURATION - the duration of a meteor in tenths of a second. LENGTH - the estimated length, in degrees, of a meteor's path across the sky. VELOCITY - list the velocity of the meteor as slow, medium or fast. DCV - the distance, from your center of vision, that the meteor first appeared. It is normally reported in multiples of 10 degrees TRAIN - the length of time that any persistent train is visible. PLOT - check this column if the meteor is plotted. As an alternative, list the chart number the plotted meteor appears on REMARKS - list the chart number of a plotted meteor if not listed in the previous column. List any other information you feel is important concerning the meteor. Mail a copy of the completed Visual Meteor Observer Form, letters and any plotting charts to the American Meteor Society that founded the International Meteor Organization in 1988: Robert Lunsford AMS Visual Program Coordinator 161 Vance Street Chula Vista, CA 91910-4828 International Meteor Organization c/o Rainer Arlt, Friedenstr. 5, D-14109 Berlin, Germany 517 Bibliography  This bright Perseid was photographed by Bruce Atwood of Rockford, Illinois, on the morning of August 13, 1971. It flared near the end of its 23 flight after crossing the bright trail of Theta Draconis. 2 Sky and Telescope. The Discovery of the Perseid Meteors.  HYPERLINK "http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/meteors/article_124_1.asp" http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/meteors/article_124_1.asp 3 NASA. Here Come the Perseids.  HYPERLINK "http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/ast09aug99_1.htm" http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/ast09aug99_1.htm 4 Courtesy Archives and Rare Books Department, University of Cincinnati. Locke read and contributed to the scientific journals regarding Herrick and Quetelet who gained acclaim for discovering both the August meteors and their radiant Perseus. He wrote to Silliman (for whom he had once worked as a lab assistant) claiming credit and snubbing the later discoverers. Silliman passed the letter to Herrick, who immediately wrote up a notice for the American Journal of Science and Arts acknowledging Locke's observations. So now there were three independent discoverers of the Perseid meteor shower. 5 Mark Littmann is a professor of science journalism at the University of Tennessee. He wishes to thank Dudley Observatory and the University of Tennessee for awards to assist his research for this article, and Paul Ashdown (University of Tennessee), Donald K. Yeomans (Jet Propulsion Laboratory), and Ruth Freitag (Library of Congress) for their advice.  HYPERLINK "http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/meteors/article_124_1.asp" http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/meteors/article_124_1.asp 6On August 12, 1993, J. F. Funderburg photographed this bright Perseid streaking past the Andromeda Galaxy (fuzzy trail just above the meteor's center). Due to precession, the Perseid shower arrives a few days later in August than it did a century and a half ago. 7 Courtesy NASA & Hubble Space Telescope Comet Team 8 Sky and Telescope. Target Earth.  HYPERLINK "http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/meteors/article_122_9.asp" http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/meteors/article_122_9.asp 9 Sky and Telescope. The Extinction of the Dinosaurs.  HYPERLINK "http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/meteors/article_122_7.asp" http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/meteors/article_122_7.asp 10 Sky and Telescope. The Black Stones of Emesa.  HYPERLINK "http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/meteors/article_122_5.asp" http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/meteors/article_122_5.asp 11 Sky and Telescope. Meteors that Changed the World.  HYPERLINK "http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/meteors/article_122_2.asp" http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/meteors/article_122_2.asp Courtesy Freer Gallery of Art/Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C 12 Courtesy Edwin L. Aguirre with permission of the American Museum of Natural History 13 Courtesy Peter Sanders Photography 14Sky and Telescope. The Black Stone of the Kaaba.  HYPERLINK "http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/meteors/article_122_6.asp" http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/meteors/article_122_6.asp 15 Gary W. Konks Comets and Meteor Showers. Meteor and the Native Americans.  HYPERLINK "http://comets.amsmeteors.org/meteors/metlegends.html" http://comets.amsmeteors.org/meteors/metlegends.html 16 Dorsey, George A., The Pawnee Mythology. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institute (1906), pp. 61-62; 17Hooper, Lucile, The Cahuilla Indians. Berkeley: University of California Press (1920), pp. 364-365; 18McClintock, Walter, Old Indian Trails. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company (1923), p. 239; 19Loeb, Edwin M., Pomo Folkways. Berkeley: University of California Press (1926), p. 229; 20Spier, Leslie, Yuman Tribes of the Gila River. Chicago: University of Chicago Press (1933), pp. 138-139; 21Gayton, A. H., Yokuts and Western Mono Ethnography. Berkeley: University of California Press (1948), pp. 162 & 229; 22Gubser, Nicholas J., The Nunamiut Eskimos: Hunters of Caribou. New Haven: Yale University Press (1965), p. 196; 23Stephen, Alexander M., Hopi Journal. New York: AMS Press, Inc. (1969), pp. 1016-1017; 24Hudson, Travis, and Underhay, Ernest, Crystals in the Sky: An Intellectual Odyssey Involving Chumash Astronomy, Cosmology, and Rock Art. New Mexico: Ballena Press (1978), pp. 96-97; 25Krupp, E. C., In Search of Ancient Astronomies. New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc. (1978), p. 141; 26Howard, James H., Shawnee!. Ohio: Ohio University Press (1981), pp. 178-179; 27Krupp, E. C., "Emblems in the Sky," Ancient Images on Stone. Compiled and Edited by Jo Anne Van Tilburg, Los Angeles: University of California (1983), pp. 38-43; 28Chamberlain, Von Del, "Astronomical Context of North American Plains Indian Calendars," Journal for the History of Astronomy, 15 (1984), pp. S1-S54; 29Hudson, Travis, "California's First Astronomers," Archaeoastronomy and the Roots of Science. Edited by E. C. Krupp, Colorado: Westview Press, Inc. (1984), pp. 39-41; 30Trenary, Carlos, "Universal Meteor Metaphors and Their Occurrence in Mesoamerican Astronomy," Archaeoastronomy, 10 (1987-1988), pp. 99-116; 31Conway, Thor, "The Conjurer's Lodge: Celestial Narratives from Algonkian Shamans," edited by Ray A. Williamson and Claire R. Farrer, Earth & Sky. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press (1992), pp. 240-248; 32Grewe-Mullins, William, Personal Communication (August 31, 1993). 33 Sky and Telescope. Sacred Stones.  HYPERLINK "http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/meteors/article_122_4.asp" http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/meteors/article_122_4.asp 34 Gary W. Kronks Comet and Meteor Shower. Daylight Fireball of August 10, 1972.  HYPERLINK "http://comets.amsmeteors.org/meteors/1972.html" http://comets.amsmeteors.org/meteors/1972.html Sky and Telescope, 44 (October 1972), pp. 269-272. 35 Bartky, C. D., Gordon, E., and Li, F., "Letter"Sky and Telescope, 45 (April 1973), p. 219. 36Rawcliffe, R. D., Bartky, C. D., Li, F., Gordon, E., and Carta, D., "Meteor of August 10, 1972", Nature, 247 (February 15, 1974), p. 449. 37Jacchia, Luigi G., "A Meteorite that Missed Earth," Sky and Telescope, 48 (July 1974), pp. 4-9. 38Correction", Sky and Telescope, 48 (August 1974), p. 82. 39Ceplecha, Z., "Earth-grazing daylight fireball of August 10, 1972," Astronomy and Astrophysics, 283 (1994), pp. 287-288. 40 A Perseid meteor slashes through Triangulum on August 12, 1985. The photograph was taken with DX400 film using a standard 50-mm lens and tripod-mounted SLR camera with the mirror locked in the up position. Notice the color changes in the "tail".Courtesy  HYPERLINK "http://www.starcruiser.com" \t "new_window" Russell Sipe. 41` Sky and Telescope. Meteor Primer.  HYPERLINK "http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/meteors/article_91_2.asp" http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/meteors/article_91_2.asp 42Starfall Statistics. 2500 BC 1999.  HYPERLINK "http://www.ticetboo.demon.co.uk/mstats.htm" http://www.ticetboo.demon.co.uk/mstats.htm 43 Meteor Showers 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://www.ticetboo.demon.co.uk/meteors.htm" http://www.ticetboo.demon.co.uk/meteors.htm 44 A Catalog of Meteor and Fireballs, from A.D. 2 A.D. 1860  HYPERLINK "http://atschool.eduweb.co.uk/bookman/meteorites/greg.htm" http://atschool.eduweb.co.uk/bookman/meteorites/greg.htm 45 Perseid 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://www.ticetboo.demon.co.uk/perseids.htm" http://www.ticetboo.demon.co.uk/perseids.htm 46 Refining Visual Meteor Perception Models: Shower Radiant Altitude Effect, Probability Function and Limiting Magnitude Effect  HYPERLINK "http://www.amsmeteors.org/acm99jer.pdf" http://www.amsmeteors.org/acm99jer.pdf 47 Refining Visual Meteor Perception Models: Shower Radiant Altitude Effect, Probability Function and Limiting Magnitude Effect  HYPERLINK "http://www.amsmeteors.org/acm99jer.pdf" http://www.amsmeteors.org/acm99jer.pdf 48 American Meteor Society. Visual Meteor Observing Form.  HYPERLINK "http://www.amsmeteors.org/visual.html#forms" http://www.amsmeteors.org/visual.html#forms 44 Thunder storms were so severe in Holland they thought the damns might burst on August 11, 1974, a day when the Dutch couldnt see the Perseids. 45 Sanders v. Kravetz (Southern Ohio) C-98-466 46 Social Security Disability Determination 42USC(7)421 47 Constitutional Mental Health Commission v. Pauline Warfield Lewis Center US 6th Circuit Court of Appeals 00-4165 48 Hospitals & Asylums v. Valle Vista LLC, Indiana Developmental Training Center & Indiana Department of Mental Health and Addiction US 7th Circuit Court of Appeals C-0577(T/K) 49Title 24 Hospitals & Asylums United States Code Chapter 1 Childrens Clerk, Chapter 2 Attorney General Education, Chapter 3 County Poor Relief, Chapter 4 State Mental Institution Legal Education, Chapter 5 Medical Asylum Chapter 6 The Freedmans Hospital, Chapter 7 National Cemeteries, Chapter 8 Drug Abuse Years, Chapter 9 Hospitalization of Mentally Ill, Chapter 10 Armed Forces Retirement Home, Chapter 11 NASA Part 1 Meteors  HYPERLINK "mailto:Sanderstony2000@yahoo.com" Sanderstony2000@yahoo.com,  HYPERLINK "mailto:visual@imo.net" visual@imo.net, HYPERLINK "mailto:webmaster@imo.net" webmaster@imo.net,  HYPERLINK "mailto:meteors@comcast.net" meteors@comcast.net,  HYPERLINK "mailto:mcbal.gwyvre@virgin.net" mcbal.gwyvre@virgin.net,  HYPERLINK "mailto:znojil@med.muni.cz" znojil@med.muni.cz,  HYPERLINK "mailto:bakmann@city.dk" bakmann@city.dk,  HYPERLINK "mailto:jrendtel@aip.de" jrendtel@aip.de,  HYPERLINK "mailto:olech@rigel.astrouw.edu.pl" olech@rigel.astrouw.edu.pl,  HYPERLINK "mailto:lbellot@ll.iac.es" lbellot@ll.iac.es,  HYPERLINK "mailto:jmtrigo@ctv.es" jmtrigo@ctv.es 518 VISUAL METEOR OBSERVING FORM $1 / MeteorPRIVATE  AMS Visual Program Coordinator, 161 Vance Street, Chula Vista, CA 91910-4828 DATE: ____ (year) ____ (month )____ (day) Begin ____ h____ m End _____ h_____ m ( ____ ) LOCATION: Long.=______________W. Lat.=__________________N. Elevation =___________m OBSERVER:______________________________PLACE:____________________________________ PERCENT CLOUDY: ____% @ ____:____ ____% @ ____:___ ____% @ ____:___ ____% @ ___ DIRECTION FACING & ALTITUDE (m) : _______&________ _______&________ __&______ BREAKS:_____________________________________________________________________________ COMMENTS:_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ TIME (UT)MAGCOLORTYPEDURATIONREMARKS RETURN ADDRESS:_________________________________________________________________________  1990 Iraqi Interim Constitution.  HYPERLINK "http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/iz00000_.html" http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/iz00000_.html  Article 123 AV. Mexican Constitution.  HYPERLINK "http://www.ilstu.edu/class/hist263/docs/1917const.html#TitleVI" http://www.ilstu.edu/class/hist263/docs/1917const.html#TitleVI  The Treaty of Nice.The Official Journal of the European Union. 10/3/2001.  HYPERLINK "http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/treaties/dat/nice_treaty_en.pdf" http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/treaties/dat/nice_treaty_en.pdf  American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man. OAS Resolution XXX. 9th International Conference of American States (1948).  HYPERLINK "http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/oasinstr/zoas2dec.htm" http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/oasinstr/zoas2dec.htm  2003 Palestinian Draft Constitution.  HYPERLINK "http://www.pcpsr.org/domestic/2001/conste1.html" http://www.pcpsr.org/domestic/2001/conste1.html  Election World. Iraq.  HYPERLINK "http://www.electionworld.org" www.electionworld.org  CIA World Factbook. Iraq.  HYPERLINK "http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/print/iz.html" http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/print/iz.html  The Holy Quran.  HYPERLINK "http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/HolKora.html" http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/HolKora.html  The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.  HYPERLINK "http://www.un.org/law/icc/statute/romefra.htm" http://www.un.org/law/icc/statute/romefra.htm The Law Enforcement Code of Conduct.  HYPERLINK "http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/h_comp42.htm" http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/h_comp42.htm  Declaration on the Protection of all People from Enforced Disappearances.  HYPERLINK "http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/47/a47r133.htm" http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/47/a47r133.htm  Standard Minimum Rules for Prisoners.  HYPERLINK "http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/h_comp34.htm" http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/h_comp34.htm  Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment  HYPERLINK "http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/h2catoc.htm" http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/h2catoc.htm  Constitutional Monarchy Movement.  HYPERLINK "http://www.iraqcmm.org/index.html" http://www.iraqcmm.org/index.html  The World Court. Conditions for Membership to the United Nations 28 May 1948  HYPERLINK "http://www.icj-cij.org/icjwww/idecisions/isummaries/iasunsummary480528.htm" http://www.icj-cij.org/icjwww/idecisions/isummaries/iasunsummary480528.htm  Charter of the United Nations.  HYPERLINK "http://www.icj-cij.org/icjwww/ibasicdocuments/ibasictext/ibasicunchart.htm" http://www.icj-cij.org/icjwww/ibasicdocuments/ibasictext/ibasicunchart.htm The Bible.  HYPERLINK "http://www.bible.com/bible_read.html" http://www.bible.com/bible_read.html  Provisional Rules of Procedure of the Security Council. last adopted by the Security Council at the 2410th meeting, on 21 December 1982.  HYPERLINK "http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/scrules.htm" http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/scrules.htm  United Nations Charter. Chapter VI Pacific Settlement of Disputes. Articles 33-28.June 26, 1945.  HYPERLINK "http://www.un.org/Overview/Charter/chapter6.html" http://www.un.org/Overview/Charter/chapter6.html  HYPERLINK "http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diana/undocs/war-01.htm"Protocol Additional to the Geneva Convention and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts 8 June 1977.  HYPERLINK "http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diana/undocs/war-01.htm" http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diana/undocs/war-01.htm  Federal Register page and date: 56 FR 2663; January 23, 1991  Hines, Jay. Historian. US Central Command. Pg. 16  HYPERLINK "http://www.centcom.mil/aboutus/history16.htm" http://www.centcom.mil/aboutus/history16.htm  Federal Register. Vol 68, No. 56. E.O. 13290 Confiscating and Vesting Certain Iraqi Property. March 20, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-7160.pdf" http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-7160.pdf  An estimated 600 Afghani Taleban and Al Queda still held at the US owned Guatanamo Naval Base in Cuba. George Bush Sr. can still claim to be incarcerating Former Panamanian President Manuel Noriega Executive Order 12710 Termination of emergency with respect to Panama Signed: April 5, 1990  In Constitutional Mental Health Commission v. Pauline Warfield Lewis Center US 6th Circuit Court of Appeals 00-4166 Magistrate Judge Jack Sherman from the lower District Court explained failure to prosecute as a, failure to pay the common price of law. To create an even playing field it is important that the rich be fined equally, if not more, than the poor for their infractions of law. This lawsuit was eventually successful in declaring, Peace on Warfield by changing the name of the 182 year old state mental institution prone to drug torture to Summit Behavioral Health.  HYPERLINK "http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diana/undocs/war-01.htm"Protocol Additional to the Geneva Convention and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts 8 June 1977.  HYPERLINK "http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diana/undocs/war-01.htm" http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diana/undocs/war-01.htm  Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.  HYPERLINK "http://www.un.org/law/icc/statute/romefra.htm" http://www.un.org/law/icc/statute/romefra.htm  Federal Register. Vol 68, No. 56. E.O. 13290 Confiscating and Vesting Certain Iraqi Property. March 20, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-7160.pdf" http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-7160.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 206. E.O. 13232 Further Amendment to E.O. 10789, as Amended, To Authorize the Department of Health and Human Services to Exercise Certain Contracting Authority in Connection with National Defense Functions. October 20, 2001.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr24oc01-116.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr24oc01-116.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 241. E.O. 13239 Designation of Afghanistan and the AirSpace Above it as a Combat Zone. December 12, 2001.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr14de01-105.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr14de01-105.pdf  Federal Register. Vol 67, No. 13. E.O. 13253 Amendment to Executive Order 13223, Ordering the Ready Reserve of the Armed Forces to Active Duty and Delegating Certain Authorities to the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Transportation. January 16, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=fr18ja02-129.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=fr18ja02-129.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 67, No 128. E.O. 13268 Termination of Emergency with Respect to the Taliban and Amendment of Executive Order 13224 of September 14, 2001. July 2, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-16951-filed.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-16951-filed.pdf  Sanders, Tony. Bush Kingdom. US Supreme Court. Chief Justice Rehnquist. March 28, 2003  UN Security Council Resolution 660 & 661. August 2 and 6, 1990.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/575/11/IMG/NR057511.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/575/11/IMG/NR057511.pdf?OpenElement  UN Security Council. Resolution 662. August 9, 1990.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/575/12/IMG/NR057512.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/575/12/IMG/NR057512.pdf?OpenElement  UN Security Council. Resolution 664 and 665. August 18 & 25, 1990.  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HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/596/22/IMG/NR059622.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/596/22/IMG/NR059622.pdf?OpenElement  UN Security Council. Resolution 687. April 3, 1991.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/596/23/IMG/NR059623.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/596/23/IMG/NR059623.pdf?OpenElement  UN Security Council. Resolution 688. 2982nd Meeting. April 5, 1999.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/596/24/IMG/NR059624.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/596/24/IMG/NR059624.pdf?OpenElement  UN Security Council. Resolution 689. April 9, 1991.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/596/25/IMG/NR059625.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/596/25/IMG/NR059625.pdf?OpenElement  UN Security Council. Resolution 692. May 20, 1991 and Resolution 699 June 17, 1999.  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HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/072/56/IMG/N9307256.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/072/56/IMG/N9307256.pdf?OpenElement  UN Security Council. Resolution 833. 3224th Meeting. May 27, 1993.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/313/44/IMG/N9331344.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/313/44/IMG/N9331344.pdf?OpenElement  UN Security Council . Resolution 899. 3343rd Meeting. March 4, 1994.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N94/256/93/PDF/N9425693.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N94/256/93/PDF/N9425693.pdf?OpenElement  UN Security Council. Resolution 949. 3439th Meeting. October 15, 1994.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N94/401/71/PDF/N9440171.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N94/401/71/PDF/N9440171.pdf?OpenElement  UN Security Council. Resolution 986. 3519th Meeting. April 14th 1995.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N95/109/88/PDF/N9510988.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N95/109/88/PDF/N9510988.pdf?OpenElement  Un Security Council. Resolution 1051. 3644th Meeting. March 27, 1996.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N96/074/04/PDF/N9607404.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N96/074/04/PDF/N9607404.pdf?OpenElement  UN Security Council. Resolution 1060. 3672nd Meeting. June 12, 1996.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N96/146/81/PDF/N9614681.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N96/146/81/PDF/N9614681.pdf?OpenElement  UN Security Council. Resolution 1111. 3786th Meeting. June 4, 1997.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N97/148/81/PDF/N9714881.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N97/148/81/PDF/N9714881.pdf?OpenElement  UN Security Council. Resolution 1115. 3792nd Meeting. June 21, 1997.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N97/168/32/PDF/N9716832.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N97/168/32/PDF/N9716832.pdf?OpenElement  Security Council. Resolution. 1129. 3917th Meeting. September 12, 1997.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N97/239/18/PDF/N9723918.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N97/239/18/PDF/N9723918.pdf?OpenElement  Security Council . Resolution 1134. 3826th Meeting. October 23, 1997.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N97/283/87/PDF/N9728387.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N97/283/87/PDF/N9728387.pdf?OpenElement  Security Council. Resolution Resolution 1137. 3831st Meeting. November 12, 1997.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N97/313/47/PDF/N9731347.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N97/313/47/PDF/N9731347.pdf?OpenElement Security Council. Resolution 1143. 3840th Meeting. December 4, 1997.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N97/351/77/PDF/N9735177.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N97/351/77/PDF/N9735177.pdf?OpenElement Security Council. Resolution 1153. 3855th Meeting. February 28, 1998.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N98/039/34/PDF/N9803934.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N98/039/34/PDF/N9803934.pdf?OpenElement  UN Security Council. Resolution 1154. 3858th Meeting. March 2, 1998.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N98/050/79/PDF/N9805079.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N98/050/79/PDF/N9805079.pdf?OpenElement  Security Council/ Resolution 1158. 3865th Meeting. March 25, 1998.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N98/079/72/PDF/N9807972.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N98/079/72/PDF/N9807972.pdf?OpenElement  Security Council. Resolution 1175. 3893rd Meeting. June 19, 1998.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N98/173/98/PDF/N9817398.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N98/173/98/PDF/N9817398.pdf?OpenElement  Security Council. Resolution 1194. 3924th Meeting. September 9, 1998.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N98/263/65/PDF/N9826365.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N98/263/65/PDF/N9826365.pdf?OpenElement  UN Security Council. Resolution 1205. 3939th November 5, 1998.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N98/368/79/PDF/N9836879.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N98/368/79/PDF/N9836879.pdf?OpenElement  UN Security Council. Resolution 1210. 3946th Meeting. November 24, 1998.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N98/368/79/PDF/N9836879.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N98/368/79/PDF/N9836879.pdf?OpenElement  UN Security Council. Resolution 1242. 4008th Meeting. May 21, 1999.  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HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N03/302/09/PDF/N0330209.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N03/302/09/PDF/N0330209.pdf?OpenElement  UN Security Council . Resolution 1476. 4743rd Meeting. April 24, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N03/333/69/PDF/N0333369.pdf?OpenElement" http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N03/333/69/PDF/N0333369.pdf?OpenElement  Global Policy Forum. Iraq Sanctions: Humanitarian Implications and Options for the Future. August 6, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/sanction/iraq1/2002/paper.htm" http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/sanction/iraq1/2002/paper.htm  Global Policy Forum. Iraq Sanctions: Humanitarian Implications and Options for the Future. August 6, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/sanction/iraq1/2002/paper.htm" http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/sanction/iraq1/2002/paper.htm  US Census Bueau. Historical Poverty Tables.  HYPERLINK "http://www.census.gov/hhes/poverty/histpov/hstpov1.html" http://www.census.gov/hhes/poverty/histpov/hstpov1.html  US Bureau of the Census.  HYPERLINK "http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/irp/faqs/faq3.htm" http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/irp/faqs/faq3.htm US Bueau of the Census.  HYPERLINK "http://www.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/ie1.htmlv" http://www.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/ie1.htmlv  National Association of Counties.  HYPERLINK "http://www.naco.com" www.naco.com  US Code. 42USC(7)Subchapters 1-21.  HYPERLINK "http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/42/ch7.html" http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/42/ch7.html  Social Security Administration. Statement by Jo Anne Barnhart Commissioner of Social Security. March 4, 2002  HYPERLINK "http://www.ssa.gov/budget/genst04.htm" http://www.ssa.gov/budget/genst04.htm  Social Security Administration. Budget 2004.  HYPERLINK "http://www.ssa.gov/budget/2004bud.html#Summary" http://www.ssa.gov/budget/2004bud.html#Summary  Ohioans against the Death Penalty. Minutes of June. Tuesday June 10, 2003. Campbells two nieces led the session that was held at the Peasley Community Center that houses the National Peace and Justice Institute that hosts the Ohioans Against the Death Penalty monthly meetings. We pray for his soul.  Campbell, Jerome. Hamilton County Clerks Office. Gregory Hartmann Clerk of Court.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb070.asp" http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb070.asp  Ohio Supreme Court. State of Ohio v. Campbell. March 14, 2003. # 91-2137. Chief Justice Moyer.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radE1D5D.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radE1D5D.pdf  Ohioans to Stop Executions.  HYPERLINK "http://www.otse.org/ohioinfo.html" http://www.otse.org/ohioinfo.html  Judge Kubicki. Hamilton County Clerk. 181 page teleconference. May 5-23, 2003  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/rad9FF94.txt" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/rad9FF94.txt  Ohio Supreme Court. State of Ohio v. Campbell. March 14, 2003. Chief Justice Moyer.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radE1D5D.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radE1D5D.pdf  Ohio Supreme Court. State of Ohio v. Campbell. March 14, 2003. # 91-2137. Chief Justice Moyer.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radE1D5D.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radE1D5D.pdf  In Hebrew the word for prosecutor is satan pronounced, Satan. The Attorney General Executive (AGE) is incidentally in charge of the prosecution of all death penalty cases. The current Ohio Attorney General, Jim Petro, must mitigate Jerome Campbells sentence to murder out of respect for the work Attorney General Betty Montgomery did testing DNA evidence and appealing to the Federal Courts.  Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Part 2 Jurisdiction, Article 7 Crimes Against Humanity, (ha)  HYPERLINK "http://www.un.org/law/icc/statute/romefra.htm" http://www.un.org/law/icc/statute/romefra.htm  Ohio Supreme Court. State of Ohio v. Campbell. March 14, 2003. # 91-2137. Chief Justice Moyer.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radE1D5D.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radE1D5D.pdf  Telemarketing Fraud 18USC(113A)2325.  HYPERLINK "http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/2325.html" http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/2325.html  Genocide 18USC(50A)1091(1)  HYPERLINK "http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/pIch50A.html" http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/pIch50A.html  Dieter, Richard. Death Penalty Information Center. Joint Committee on Criminal Justice. Massachusetts Legislature. March 27, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/MassCostTestimony.pdf" http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/MassCostTestimony.pdf  Bureau of Justice Statistics. Capital Punishment 2001. Crime Punishable by the Death Penalty.  HYPERLINK "http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/article.php?did=144&scid=10" http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/article.php?did=144&scid=10  Ohio Rules of Evidence.  HYPERLINK "http://www.sconet.state.oh.us/Rules/evidence/default.asp" http://www.sconet.state.oh.us/Rules/evidence/default.asp  Furman v. Georgia. 408 US 238 (1972)  HYPERLINK "http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=408&invol=238" http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=408&invol=238  United States v. Jackson,  HYPERLINK "http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=390&invol=570" 390 U.S. 570 (1968)  HYPERLINK "http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=390&invol=570" http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=390&invol=570  Fay v. Noia,  HYPERLINK "http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=372&invol=391" 372 U.S. 391 (1963)  HYPERLINK "http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=372&invol=391" http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=372&invol=391  Townsend v. Sain,  HYPERLINK "http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=372&invol=293" 372 U.S. 293 (1963).  HYPERLINK "http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=372&invol=293" http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=372&invol=293  Board of Education v. Barnette,  HYPERLINK "http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=319&invol=624" \l "638" 319 U.S. 624, 638 (1943).  HYPERLINK "http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=319&invol=624#638" http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=319&invol=624#638  Witherspoon v. Illinois,  HYPERLINK "http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=391&invol=510" 391 U.S. 510 (1968)  HYPERLINK "http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=391&invol=510" http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=391&invol=510  Ohio Supreme Court. State of Ohio v. Campbell. March 14, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radE1D5D.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radE1D5D.pdf  Ohio Supreme Court. State of Ohio v. Campbell. May 1, 2003  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radDF89E.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radDF89E.pdf  State v. Campbell. Teleconference. May 5, 2003  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radC7E09.txt" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radC7E09.txt  Attorney General Betty Montgomery. US District Court. Campbell v. Coil. C-1-97-711.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/rad81868.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/rad81868.pdf  Campbell, Jerome. Hamilton County Clerks Office.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb070.asp" http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb070.asp  Ohio Death Penalty News.  HYPERLINK "http://www.ohiodeathrow.com/ohio_death_penalty_news.htm" http://www.ohiodeathrow.com/ohio_death_penalty_news.htm  Ohios Death Row.  HYPERLINK "http://www.ohiodeathrow.com/" http://www.ohiodeathrow.com/  Bureau of Justice Statistics.  HYPERLINK "http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/glance/tables/drtab.htm" http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/glance/tables/drtab.htm Since the federal death penalty was re-instated in 2001, 25 people have been placed on Federal Death Row.  The Bureau of Justice Statistics. Execution in the United States 1953-2001.  HYPERLINK "http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/glance/tables/exetab.htm" http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/glance/tables/exetab.htm  The Bureau of Justice Statistics. Incarceration Sentence Length.  HYPERLINK "http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/html/cjusew96/isl.htm" http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/html/cjusew96/isl.htm  The State of Ohio, The City of Cincinnati, v. Alonzo Johnson. B0303140. March 31, 2003 May 5, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb026.asp?B0303140" http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb026.asp?B0303140. A hyperlinked .doc copy of this document can be sent to you via e-mail by request made to  HYPERLINK "mailto:sanderstony2000@yahoo.com" sanderstony2000@yahoo.com  Witness Fees. 28USC1821.  HYPERLINK "http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/28/1821.html" http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/28/1821.html  Dismissal of Consolidated Charges. April 11, 2003. 03/CRB/3687.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb026.asp?/03/CRB/3687" http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb026.asp?/03/CRB/3687  The author would like to enter an apology for so grossly associating Alonzo Johnson with President Bush so shortly before the Rape of Baghdad (RoB) E.O. 13290 on March 21, Spring Equinox 2003 Confiscating and Vesting Certain Iraqi Property that states, The President determined that the United States is engaged at armed conflict with the Republic of Iraq and finds it the best interest of the United States to confiscate all property from the government of Iraq so that it may be invested by the US Secretary of the Treasury to assist in the reconstruction of Iraq and for the benefit of the Iraqi people.  State v. Bare 12th App. CA-2001-08-190 (2002)  HYPERLINK "http://www.sconet.state.oh.us/search/query.asp" http://www.sconet.state.oh.us/search/query.asp  State v. Bush 11th App. 2000-T-0042 (2001)  HYPERLINK "http://www.sconet.state.oh.us/search/query.asp" http://www.sconet.state.oh.us/search/query.asp  State v. Gooden 8th App. Cuyahoga 81320 (2002).  HYPERLINK "http://www.sconet.state.oh.us/search/query.asp" http://www.sconet.state.oh.us/search/query.asp  State v. Johnson 5th App. Richland 01-CA-88 (2002)  HYPERLINK "http://www.sconet.state.oh.us/search/query.asp" http://www.sconet.state.oh.us/search/query.asp  Affidavit by Police Officer Gehrig testify to the rape of Camille Smith by Alonzo Johnson. Case # 03/CRA/10359. March 31, 2003  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radC13E7.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radC13E7.pdf  Complaint by Police Officer Gehrig charging Alonzo Johnson with rape, a 1st degree felony. Case # 03/CRA/10359. March 31, 2003  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/rad799E5.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/rad799E5.pdf  Bill of Particulars. B0303140. May 5, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/rad5FDEE.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/rad5FDEE.pdf  Arrest Warrant for Alonzo Johnson signed by Hamilton County Clerk of Court Gregory Hartmann. Case # 03/CRA/10559. March 31, 2003  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radF973B.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radF973B.pdf  Complaint regarding the falsification of testimony to Officer Jump during arrest. 03/CRA/10555. April 1, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/rad0DFCF.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/rad0DFCF.pdf  Complaint regarding the obstruction of official business of Officer Jump during arrest. 03/CRA/10556. April 1, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radE589E.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radE589E.pdf  Appointment of Trial Attorney by the Hamilton County Public Defender for Alonzo Johnson. 03/CRA/10359 & 03/CRA/103556. April 2, 2003  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radD0267.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radD0267.pdf  Journal Entry- Mittimus. Indictment of Alonzo Johnson. 03/CRA/10359. April 11, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radEB9B2.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radEB9B2.pdf  Warrant of Indictment by Hamilton County Sherrif Simon Leis to Alonzo Johnson. B0303140. April 16, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radBC6D5.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radBC6D5.pdf  Waiver of Presence at Arraignment. B0303140. April 18, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/rad092EF.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/rad092EF.pdf  Suggestion of Incompetency. B0303140. April 24, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/rad4BFCD.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/rad4BFCD.pdf  Written Plea of Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity. B0303140. April 24, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radFF421.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radFF421.pdf  Continuance. B0303140. April 30, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/rad8F70A.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/rad8F70A.pdf  Entry Appointing Court Clinic Forensic Examination. B0303140. May 2, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radED70E.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radED70E.pdf  Request for Discovery. B0303140. April 24, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radEC33A.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radEC33A.pdf  States Response to Defendants Request for Discovery. B0303140. May 5, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/rad32525.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/rad32525.pdf  States Request for Discovery. B0303140. May 5, 2003  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radFDAEB.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radFDAEB.pdf  Assault. 99/CRB/8221. March 4, 1999-December 3, 1999.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb026.asp?/99/CRB/8221" http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb026.asp?/99/CRB/8221  Complaint 1st Degree Misdemeanor. 00/CRB/2556. January 19, 2000  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radC2F9D.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radC2F9D.pdf  Appearance Sheet. 00/CRB/2556. January 19, 2000- April 27, 2000  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb026.asp?/00/CRB/2556" http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb026.asp?/00/CRB/2556  Corruption of Minor Complaint. 00/CRA/12411. March 9, 2000.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radDC309.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radDC309.pdf  Johnson, Alonzo. Saturday June 14, 2003. Hamilton County Justice Center.  Reassignment of Case numbers. B0002772. April 14, 2000.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radB7EA4.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radB7EA4.pdf  Plea Entry. 00/CRB/16252. October 19, 2001.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/rad4DDCC.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/rad4DDCC.pdf  State of Ohio v. Alonzo Johnson. 00/CRB/16252. 1/19/2000- 4/24/2003.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb026.asp?/00/CRB/16252" http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb026.asp?/00/CRB/16252  Unauthorized use of property. 02/CRB/21542. July 5, 2002-July 17, 2002  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb026.asp?/02/CRB/21542" http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb026.asp?/02/CRB/21542  Complaint of Theft. 02/CRB/40285. 11/29/02.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radE7037.pdf" http://www.courtclerk.org/EKASH/radE7037.pdf  The Lazarus officer was never reported to have been compensated for his time. Judge Grant.  University of Cincinnati Board of Trustees v. Alonzo Johnson. January 20, 2003- January 29, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb026.asp?/03/CRA/2255" http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb026.asp?/03/CRA/2255  Shortly after Mr. Sanders filed University of Cincinnati Board of Trustees v. Alonzo Johnson. Judge Grant February 3, 2003-March 3, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb026.asp?/03/CRB/3687" http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb026.asp?/03/CRB/3687  Possessing Criminal Tools. February 26, 2003-present.  HYPERLINK "http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb026.asp?/03/CRB/6241" http://www.courtclerk.org/aps/ttl/lns/smcpb026.asp?/03/CRB/6241  Panepinto, Amberly. Telephone Interview. June 9, 2003. 2 pm (513)315-8526  HYPERLINK "mailto:recoveryresearch@hotmail.com" recoveryresearch@hotmail.com  Women Helping Women. Self-help groups and individual counseling. (513) 872-9259 protect line (513) 977-5541 x 302 business, ask for Tracey Burnett,  HYPERLINK "mailto:whwsateam@fuse.net" whwsateam@fuse.net  Witness Fees. 28USC1821.  HYPERLINK "http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/28/1821.html" http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/28/1821.html  Hurtado v. United States 410 US 578 (1973)  HYPERLINK "http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=410&invol=578" http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=410&invol=578  Fin dlaw. Nixon v. Administrator of General Services 433 US 425 (1977) June 28, 1977.  HYPERLINK "http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=433&invol=425" http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=433&invol=425  Britannia. George Bush III.  HYPERLINK "http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon55.html" http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon55.html  White House. Biography of George Walker Bush I.  HYPERLINK "http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/gb41.html" http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/gb41.html  NARA. Federal Register. Executive Order Disposition.  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/disposition_tables.html" http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/disposition_tables.html  Multieducator. 2000 Election Results.  HYPERLINK "http://www.multied.com/elections/2000certified.html" http://www.multied.com/elections/2000certified.html  About Austin. Biography of BW Bush.  HYPERLINK "http://austin.about.com/library/weekly/aa010900b.htm" http://austin.about.com/library/weekly/aa010900b.htm  Kiefer, Francine. Christian Science Monitor. $5 hair cuts, No groveries, Bush Ranch.  HYPERLINK "http://www.csmonitor.com/2001/0814/p1s3-uspo.html" http://www.csmonitor.com/2001/0814/p1s3-uspo.html NARA. Subject Index for George Bush, 2001-  HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/wbush_subjects.html#T" http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/executive_orders/wbush_subjects.html#T  E.O. 13198 & 13199. Federal Register January 31, 2001. Vol. 66, No. 21  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=01-2851-filed" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=01-2851-filed  Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 241. E.O. 13279 Equal Protection of the Laws for Faith Based and Community Organizations. December 12, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2002/pdf/02-31831.pdf" http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2002/pdf/02-31831.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 241. E.O. 13280 Responsibilities of the Department of Agriculture and Agency for International Development with Respect for Faith-Based and Community Initiatives. December 12, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2002/pdf/02-31832.pdf" http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2002/pdf/02-31832.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 36. E.O. 13201 Notification of Employee Rights Concerning the Payment of Union Dues or Fees. E.O. 13202 Preservation of Open Competition and Government Neutrality Towards Government Contractors Labor Relations on Federal and Federally Funded Construction Projects. E.O. 13203 Revocation of Executive Order and Presidential Memorandum Concerning Labor Management Partnerships. E.O. 13204 Revocation of Executive Order on Non-displacement of Qualified Workers Under Certain Contracts  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr22fe01-111.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr22fe01-111.pdf  Federal Register. Vol 66 No. 70. April 11, 2001. E.O. 13208 Amendments to 13202.  Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 50. E.O. 13205 Establishing and Emergency Board to Investigate a Dispute Between Northwest Airlines, Inc. and Its Employees Represented by the Aircraft Mechanics Fraternal Association Notice of March 13, 2001- Continuation of Iran Emergency  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr14mr01-127.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr14mr01-127.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 121. June 20, 2001. E..O. 13218 21st Century Workforce Initiative.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr22jn01-128.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr22jn01-128.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 8. E.O. 13252 Exclusions from the Federal Labor Management Relations Program. January 7, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=fr11ja02-128.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=fr11ja02-128.pdf  Federal Register. Vol 66, No. 87. May 4, 2001. E.O. 13210 Presidents Commission to Strengthen Social Security May 2, 2001  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr04my01-168.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr04my01-168.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 99. May 22, 2001. E.O. 13211 May 18, 2001. Actions Concerning Regulation that Significantly Effect Energy Distribution, Supply or Use.  HYPERLINK "http://www.reg-group.com/EO13211.pdf" http://www.reg-group.com/EO13211.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 99. May 22, 2001. E.O. 13212 May 18, 2001. Actions to Expedite Energy Related Projects.  HYPERLINK "http://www.reg-group.com/EO13212.pdf" http://www.reg-group.com/EO13212.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 105. E.O. 13214 May 28, 2001. Presidents Task Force to Improve Health Care Delivery for Our Nations Veterans.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr31my01-129.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr31my01-129.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 120. June 18, 2001. E.O. 13217 Community Based Alternatives for Individuals with Disabilities.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr21jn01-98.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr21jn01-98.pdf  White House. New Freedom Initiative. Winter Solstice 2001  HYPERLINK "http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/freedominitiative/freedominitiative.html" http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/freedominitiative/freedominitiative.html  Federal Register. Vol. 68, No. 68. E.O. 13295 Revised List of Quarantinable Communicable Diseases. April 4, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-8832.pdf" http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-8832.pdf  E.O. 13219 Blocking Property of Persons who Threaten International Stabilization Efforts in the Western Balkans June 27, 2001.  HYPERLINK "http://www.ustreas.gov/offices/enforcement/ofac/legal/eo/13219.pdf" http://www.ustreas.gov/offices/enforcement/ofac/legal/eo/13219.pdf  E.O. 13220 Waiver of the Trade Act of 1974 with Respect to the Republic of Belarus. July 2, 2001.  HYPERLINK "http://nodis3.gsfc.nasa.gov/library/displayEO.cfm?id=EO_13220_" http://nodis3.gsfc.nasa.gov/library/displayEO.cfm?id=EO_13220_  Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 163. E.O. 13222 Continuation of Export Control Regulations. August 22, 2001.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr22au01-130.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr22au01-130.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 101. E.O. 13213 Additional Measures with Respect to the Prohibition of the Importation of Rough Diamonds from Sierra Leone April 22, 2001.  HYPERLINK "http://www.ustreas.gov/offices/enforcement/ofac/legal/eo/13213.pdf" http://www.ustreas.gov/offices/enforcement/ofac/legal/eo/13213.pdf  E.O. 13224 Blocking Property and Prohibiting Transactions with Persons who Commit, Or Support Terrorism. September 21, 2001.  HYPERLINK "http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010924-1.html" http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010924-1.html  Federal Register. Vol. 67. No. 133. E.O. 13271 Establishment of the Corporate Fraud Task Force July 9, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-17640-filed.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-17640-filed.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 68, No. 46. E.O. 13288 Blocking Property of Persons Undermining the Democratic Process or Institutions in Zimbabwe. March 6, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-5848.pdf" http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-5848.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 163. September 14, 2001. E.O. 13223 Ordering the Ready Reserve of the Armed Forces to Active Duty and Delegating Certain Authorities to the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Transportation.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr18se01-75.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr18se01-75.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 206. E.O. 13232 Further Amendment to E.O. 10789, as Amended, To Authorize the Department of Health and Human Services to Exercise Certain Contracting Authority in Connection with National Defense Functions. October 20, 2001.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr24oc01-116.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr24oc01-116.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 221. E.O. 13234 Presidential Task Force on Citizen Preparedness in the War on Terrorism. November 9, 2001  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr15no01-130.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr15no01-130.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 224. E.O. 13235 National Emergency Construction Authority. November 16, 2001.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr20no01-130.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr20no01-130.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 66, No.230 E.O. 13236 Waiver of Dual Compensation Provisions of the Central Intelligence Agency Retirement Act of 1964. November 27, 2001  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr29no01-73.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr29no01-73.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 241. E.O. 13239 Designation of Afghanistan and the AirSpace Above it as a Combat Zone. December 12, 2001.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr14de01-105.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr14de01-105.pdf  Federal Register. Vol 67, No. 13. E.O. 13253 Amendment to Executive Order 13223, Ordering the Ready Reserve of the Armed Forces to Active Duty and Delegating Certain Authorities to the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Transportation. January 16, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=fr18ja02-129.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=fr18ja02-129.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 74. E.O. 13262 2002 Amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States. April 11, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-9536-filed.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-9536-filed.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 67, No 128. E.O. 13268 Termination of Emergency with Respect to the Taliban and Amendment of Executive Order 13224 of September 14, 2001. July 2, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-16951-filed.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-16951-filed.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 130. E.O. 13269 Expedited Naturalization of Aliens and Non citizen Nationals Serving in Active Duty Status During the War on Terrorism. July 3, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-17273-filed.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-17273-filed.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 68, No. 62. E.O. 13293 Amendment to Executive Order 10448, Establishing the National Defense Service Medal. March 28, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-8108.pdf" http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-8108.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 68, No. 62. E.O. 13294 Regulations Relating to Hazardous Duty Incentive Pay, Aviation Career Incentive Pay, and Submarine Duty Incentive Pay. March 28, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-8109.pdf" http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-8109.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 68, No. 50. E.O. 13289 Establishing the Global War on Terrorism Medals. March 12, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-6445.pdf" http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-6445.pdf  Federal Register. Vol 68, No. 56. E.O. 13290 Confiscating and Vesting Certain Iraqi Property. March 20, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-7160.pdf" http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-7160.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 192. October 3, 2001. E.O. 13225 Continuance of Certain Federal Advisory Committees.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr03oc01-140.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr03oc01-140.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 192. E.O. 13226 Presidents Council of Advisors on Science and Technology September 30, 2001.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr03oc01-141.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr03oc01-141.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 231. E.O. 13237 Creation of the Presidents Council on Bioethics. November 28, 2001.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr30no01-151.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr30no01-151.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 68, No. 43. E.O. 13287 Preserving America. March 3, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-5344.pdf" http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-5344.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 240. E.O. 13278 Presidents Commission on the United States Postal Service. December 11, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2002/pdf/02-31624.pdf" http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2002/pdf/02-31624.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 196. E.O. 13228 Establishing the Office of Homeland Security and Homeland Security Council. October 8, 2001  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr10oc01-144.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr10oc01-144.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 55. E.O. 13260 Establishing the Presidents Homeland Security Advisory Council and Senior Advisory Committees for Homeland Security. March 19, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=fr21mr02-104.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=fr21mr02-104.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 121. E.O. 13267 Establishing a Transition Planning Office for the Department of Homeland Security within the Office of Management and Budget. June 20, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-16041-filed.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-16041-filed.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 170. E.O. 13273 Further Amending E.O. 10173, as Amended, Prescribing Regulations Relating to the Safeguarding of Vessels, Harbors, Ports, and Waterfront Facilities of the United States. August 21, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-22526-filed.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-22526-filed.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 223. E.O. 13275 Delegation of Responsibilities Concerning Undocumented Aliens Interdicted or Intercepted in the Caribbean Region. November 15, 2002  HYPERLINK "http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/21nov20020930/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2002/pdf/02-29580.pdf" http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/21nov20020930/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2002/pdf/02-29580.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 68, No.18. E.O. 13284 Amendment of Executive Orders, and other Actions, in Connection with the Establishment of the Office of Homeland Security. January 23, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-2069.pdf" http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-2069.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 68, No. 43. E.O. 13286 Amendment of Executive Orders, and Other Actions, in Connection with the Transfer of Certain Functions to the Secretary of Homeland Security. February 28, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-5343.pdf" http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-5343.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 201. E.O. 13230 Presidents Advisory Commission on Educational Excellence for Hispanic Americans. October 12, 2001  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr17oc01-159.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr17oc01-159.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 27. E.O. 13255 Amendment to E.O. 13227 Presidents Commission on Excellence in Special Education. February 6, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=fr08fe02-131.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=fr08fe02-131.pdf  Federal Register. Vol 67, No. 31. E.O. 13256 Presidents Board of Advisors on Historically Black Colleges and Universities. February 12, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=fr14fe02-114.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=fr14fe02-114.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 130. E.O. 13270 Tribal Colleges and Universities. July 3, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-17274-filed.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-17274-filed.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 202. E.O. 13231 Critical Infrastructure Protection in the Information Age. October 16, 2001  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr18oc01-139.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr18oc01-139.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 214. E.O. 13233 Further Implementation of the Presidents Records Act. November 1, 2001.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr05no01-104.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr05no01-104.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 68, No. 60. E.O. 13292 Further Amendment to Executive Order 12958, as Amended, National Security Information. March 25, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-7736.pdf" http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-7736.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 237. E.O. 13238 Closing of Federal Government Deapartments and Agencies on December 24, 2001. December 5, 2001.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr10de01-105.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr10de01-105.pdf  Federal Register. Vol.66, No. 246. E.O. 13240 Council of Europe in Respect of the Group of States Against Corruption. December 18, 2001.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr21de01-152.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr21de01-152.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 66, No. 246. E.O. 13241 Providing an Order of Succession in the Department of Agriculture. December 18, 2001.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr21de01-153.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr21de01-153.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 55. E.O. 13259 Designation of Public International Organizations for the Purpose of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977. March 19, 2002  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=fr21mr02-103.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=fr21mr02-103.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 22. E.O. 13254 USA Freedom Corps. January 29, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=fr01fe02-123.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=fr01fe02-123.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 86. E.O. 13263 Presidents New Freedom Commission on Mental Health. April 29, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-11166-filed.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-11166-filed.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 68, No. 22. E.O. 13285 Presidents Council on Service and Civic Participation. January 29, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-2606.pdf" http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-2606.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 33. E.O. 13257 Presidents Interagency Task Force to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons. February 13, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=fr19fe02-176.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=fr19fe02-176.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 112. E.O. 13265 Presidents Council on Physical Fitness and Sports. June 6, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-14807-filed.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-14807-filed.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 121. E.O. 13266 Activities to Promote Physical Fitness. June 20, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-16040-filed.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-16040-filed.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 157. E.O. 13272 Proper Consideration of Small Entities in Agency Rulemaking. August 13, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-21056-filed.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-21056-filed.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 184. E.O. 13274 Environmental Stewardship and Transportation Infrastructure Project Reviews. September 18, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-24252-filed.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2002_register&docid=02-24252-filed.pdf  Federal Register. Vol 66, No. 68. Monday April 9, 2001. E.O. 13206 April 4, 2001. Termination of Emergency Authority for Certain Export Goods.  HYPERLINK "http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr09ap01-118.pdf" http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr09ap01-118.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 225. E.O. 13277 Delegation of Certain Trade Authorities and Assignment of Certain Functions under the Trade Act of 2002. November 19, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2002/pdf/02-29832.pdf" http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2002/pdf/02-29832.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 67, No. 246. E.O. 13281 Half-Day Closing of Executive Departments and Agencies of the Federal Government on Tuesday December, 24, 2002. December 19, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2002/pdf/02-32518.pdf" http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2002/pdf/02-32518.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 68, No 5. E.O. 13282 Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay. December 31, 2002.  HYPERLINK "http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/21jan20030800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-464.pdf" http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/21jan20030800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-464.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 68, No. 57. E.O. 13291 Further Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay. March 21, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-7313.pdf" http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-7313.pdf  Federal Register. Vol. 68, No.16. E.O. 13283 Establishing the Office of Global Communication. January 21, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-1798.pdf" http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-1798.pdf  Office of Management and Budget. Summary Tables. 2004.  HYPERLINK "http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/fy2004/tables.html" http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/fy2004/tables.html  This bright Perseid was photographed by Bruce Atwood of Rockford, Illinois, on the morning of August 13, 1971. It flared near the end of its 23 flight after crossing the bright trail of Theta Draconis.  Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other  HYPERLINK "http://disarmament.un.org/TreatyStatus.nsf/44e6eeabc9436b78852568770078d9c0/f2105db2706d928f852568770079dd9a?OpenDocument" Celestial Bodies. Opened in 1979 and entered into force in 1984  HYPERLINK "http://disarmament.un.org/TreatyStatus.nsf/44e6eeabc9436b78852568770078d9c0/f2105db2706d928f852568770079dd9a?OpenDocument" http://disarmament.un.org/TreatyStatus.nsf/44e6eeabc9436b78852568770078d9c0/f2105db2706d928f852568770079dd9a?OpenDocument  A Perseid meteor slashes through Triangulum on August 12, 1985. The photograph was taken with DX400 film using a standard 50-mm lens and tripod-mounted SLR camera with the mirror locked in the up position. Notice the color changes in the "tail".Courtesy  HYPERLINK "http://www.starcruiser.com" \t "new_window" Russell Sipe.  Courtesy Archives and Rare Books Department, University of Cincinnati. Locke read and contributed to the scientific journals regarding Herrick and Quetelet who gained acclaim for discovering both the August meteors and their radiant Perseus. He wrote to Silliman (for whom he had once worked as a lab assistant) claiming credit and snubbing the later discoverers. Silliman passed the letter to Herrick, who immediately wrote up a notice for the American Journal of Science and Arts acknowledging Locke's observations. So now there were three independent discoverers of the Perseid meteor shower.  Sky and Telescope. The Discovery of the Perseid Meteors.  HYPERLINK "http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/meteors/article_124_1.asp" http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/meteors/article_124_1.asp  NASA. Here Come the Perseids.  HYPERLINK "http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/ast09aug99_1.htm" http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/ast09aug99_1.htm  Mark Littmann is a professor of science journalism at the University of Tennessee. He wishes to thank Dudley Observatory and the University of Tennessee for awards to assist his research for this article, and Paul Ashdown (University of Tennessee), Donald K. Yeomans (Jet Propulsion Laboratory), and Ruth Freitag (Library of Congress) for their advice.  HYPERLINK "http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/meteors/article_124_1.asp" http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/meteors/article_124_1.asp On August 12, 1993, J. F. Funderburg photographed this bright Perseid streaking past the Andromeda Galaxy (fuzzy trail just above the meteor's center). Due to precession, the Perseid shower arrives a few days later in August than it did a century and a half ago.  Courtesy NASA & Hubble Space Telescope Comet Team  Sky and Telescope. Target Earth.  HYPERLINK "http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/meteors/article_122_9.asp" http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/meteors/article_122_9.asp  Sky and Telescope. The Extinction of the Dinosaurs.  HYPERLINK "http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/meteors/article_122_7.asp" http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/meteors/article_122_7.asp  Gary W. Kronks Comet and Meteor Shower. Daylight Fireball of August 10, 1972.  HYPERLINK "http://comets.amsmeteors.org/meteors/1972.html" http://comets.amsmeteors.org/meteors/1972.html Sky and Telescope, 44 (October 1972), pp. 269-272. ;Bartky, C. D., Gordon, E., and Li, F., "Letter"Sky and Telescope, 45 (April 1973), p. 219; Rawcliffe, R. D., Bartky, C. D., Li, F., Gordon, E., and Carta, D., "Meteor of August 10, 1972", Nature, 247 (February 15, 1974), p. 449;Jacchia, Luigi G., "A Meteorite that Missed Earth," Sky and Telescope, 48 (July 1974), pp. 4-9;"Correction", Sky and Telescope, 48 (August 1974), p. 82, Ceplecha, Z., "Earth-grazing daylight fireball of August 10, 1972," Astronomy and Astrophysics, 283 (1994), pp. 287-288.  Sky and Telescope. Sacred Stones.  HYPERLINK "http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/meteors/article_122_4.asp" http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/meteors/article_122_4.asp  Gary W. Konks Comets and Meteor Showers. Meteor and the Native Americans.  HYPERLINK "http://comets.amsmeteors.org/meteors/metlegends.html" http://comets.amsmeteors.org/meteors/metlegends.html Sources: Dorsey, George A., The Pawnee Mythology. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institute (1906), pp. 61-62; Hooper, Lucile, The Cahuilla Indians. Berkeley: University of California Press (1920), pp. 364-365; McClintock, Walter, Old Indian Trails. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company (1923), p. 239; Loeb, Edwin M., Pomo Folkways. Berkeley: University of California Press (1926), p. 229; Spier, Leslie, Yuman Tribes of the Gila River. Chicago: University of Chicago Press (1933), pp. 138-139; Gayton, A. H., Yokuts and Western Mono Ethnography. Berkeley: University of California Press (1948), pp. 162 & 229; Gubser, Nicholas J., The Nunamiut Eskimos: Hunters of Caribou. New Haven: Yale University Press (1965), p. 196; Stephen, Alexander M., Hopi Journal. New York: AMS Press, Inc. (1969), pp. 1016-1017; Hudson, Travis, and Underhay, Ernest, Crystals in the Sky: An Intellectual Odyssey Involving Chumash Astronomy, Cosmology, and Rock Art. New Mexico: Ballena Press (1978), pp. 96-97; Krupp, E. C., In Search of Ancient Astronomies. New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc. (1978), p. 141; Howard, James H., Shawnee!. Ohio: Ohio University Press (1981), pp. 178-179; Krupp, E. C., "Emblems in the Sky," Ancient Images on Stone. Compiled and Edited by Jo Anne Van Tilburg, Los Angeles: University of California (1983), pp. 38-43; Chamberlain, Von Del, "Astronomical Context of North American Plains Indian Calendars," Journal for the History of Astronomy, 15 (1984), pp. S1-S54; Hudson, Travis, "California's First Astronomers," Archaeoastronomy and the Roots of Science. Edited by E. C. Krupp, Colorado: Westview Press, Inc. (1984), pp. 39-41; Trenary, Carlos, "Universal Meteor Metaphors and Their Occurrence in Mesoamerican Astronomy," Archaeoastronomy, 10 (1987-1988), pp. 99-116; Conway, Thor, "The Conjurer's Lodge: Celestial Narratives from Algonkian Shamans," edited by Ray A. Williamson and Claire R. Farrer, Earth & Sky. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press (1992), pp. 240-248; Grewe-Mullins, William, Personal Communication (August 31, 1993).  Thunder storms were so severe in Holland they thought the damns might burst on August 11, 1974, a day when the Dutch couldnt see the Perseids.  Sanders v. Kravetz (Southern Ohio) C-98-466  Social Security Disability Determination 42USC(7)421  Constitutional Mental Health Commission v. Pauline Warfield Lewis Center US 6th Circuit Court of Appeals 00-4165  Hospitals & Asylums v. Valle Vista LLC, Indiana Developmental Training Center & Indiana Department of Mental Health and Addiction US 7th Circuit Court of Appeals C-0577(T/K)  Sky and Telescope. Meteors that Changed the World.  HYPERLINK "http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/meteors/article_122_2.asp" http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/meteors/article_122_2.asp Courtesy Freer Gallery of Art/Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C  Courtesy Edwin L. Aguirre with permission of the American Museum of Natural History  Courtesy Peter Sanders Photography Sky and Telescope. The Black Stone of the Kaaba.  HYPERLINK "http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/meteors/article_122_6.asp" http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/meteors/article_122_6.asp  Sky and Telescope. Meteor Primer.  HYPERLINK "http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/meteors/article_91_2.asp" http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/meteors/article_91_2.asp Starfall Statistics. 2500 BC 1999.  HYPERLINK "http://www.ticetboo.demon.co.uk/mstats.htm" http://www.ticetboo.demon.co.uk/mstats.htm  Meteor Showers 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://www.ticetboo.demon.co.uk/meteors.htm" http://www.ticetboo.demon.co.uk/meteors.htm  A Catalog of Meteor and Fireballs, from A.D. 2 A.D. 1860  HYPERLINK "http://atschool.eduweb.co.uk/bookman/meteorites/greg.htm" http://atschool.eduweb.co.uk/bookman/meteorites/greg.htm  Perseid 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://www.ticetboo.demon.co.uk/perseids.htm" http://www.ticetboo.demon.co.uk/perseids.htm  Refining Visual Meteor Perception Models: Shower Radiant Altitude Effect, Probability Function and Limiting Magnitude Effect  HYPERLINK "http://www.amsmeteors.org/acm99jer.pdf" http://www.amsmeteors.org/acm99jer.pdf  American Meteor Society. Visual Meteor Observing Form.  HYPERLINK "http://www.amsmeteors.org/visual.html#forms" http://www.amsmeteors.org/visual.html#forms PAGE  PAGE 114 PAGE     _12`ab{|%*SXi8 L ȾȱȢȢȢȢȢȾȕjB*Uph6B*]ph 0JB*phjB*UphjB*Uph B*ph5\ 0JB*phjU jU6] 56\] B*ph5B*CJ,\ph:_~m|}N g : : z { G  !$a$_    & ' ( , - g h | } ~   - . / 2 3      : ; < > ? j]B*UphjB*Uphj0B*UphjB*UphjB*UphjB*Uph 0JB*phjB*Uph B*phjB*Uph5 " # ; < = P Q STnopz{}~-ݶݩݜ5 5CJ0aJ0jB*Uphj(B*UphjfB*UphjB*UphjB*Uph B*ph 0JB*phjB*Uphj!B*Uph8 Z [ &'c D12\$a$[$\$-./MNcdxyz  !"#ABDEYZ[ݶݩݜݏ݂j4 B*Uphj B*Uphjf B*Uphj B*Uphj B*Uphj1 B*Uphj B*Uph B*ph 0JB*phjB*Uphjc B*Uph3[./23HIJYZ\]rstj B*UphjB*Uphj;B*Uphj B*Uphji B*Uphj B*Uphj B*Uph B*phjB*Uph 0JB*ph6/n XY{=qL!] !?"",-/0EFGklno !678UVYZpqrݶݩݜݏ݂jUB*UphjB*UphjB*UphjB*UphjB*UphjHB*UphjB*Uph B*ph 0JB*phjB*UphjvB*Uph3r{}  $%&=>STUnoqrj8B*UphjB*UphjfB*UphjB*UphjB*Uphj)B*UphjB*Uph B*phjB*Uph 0JB*ph4)*+PQIJLMbcd!"789ݶݩݜݏ݂jB*UphjB*UphjB*UphjEB*UphjB*UphjsB*Uphj B*Uph B*ph 0JB*phjB*UphjB*Uph3  ] ^ s t u 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