ࡱ> mol Nbjbj V23404l26: :,3:3 334: : The developmental stages and the effective ways for English teaching O41025 Midori Katayama Introduction Question All kids are at the different developmental stages. It means that the suitable teaching ways will be different for each kids. What is the effective ways to teach such kids? Stages of Development 0Jean Piaget Jean Piaget was a famous developmental psychologist, who was born in Neuchtel, Switzerland on August 6, 1896 and died on September 16, 1980. In his youth, he was interested in mollusks (ߎSORir) and he became a well-known malacologistߎSORirf[ when he finished the school. After high school graduation, he studied natural sciences (6qyf[) at the University of Neuchtel. He developed an interest for psychoanalysis (|^yRg) at the University of Zrich, after that he moved to France. He worked at an elementary school for one year there. He standardized Burts test of intelligence and did his first experimental studies on the growing mind. In 1923, he got married and had three children. Their intellectual development from infancy to language was studied by Piaget. % Piaget s theory This table shows that the developing stages which are classified by age. We can see what kind of things kids can do or cannot do at the certain ages here. The sensorimoter stage (0-2)0Intelligence takes the form of motor action 0the child differentiates self from objects 0The mental structures are mainly concerned with the mastery of concrete objects. ; teachers should try to provide a rich and stimulating environment with ample objects for children to play with.The preoperational stage (2/3-7)Intuitiveva in nature Get the ability of supposition (c,n)0(only for something specific) 0Learns to use language and to represent objects by images and words 0still think egocentrically (]-N_vk0) 0The mastery of symbols takes placeThe concrete operational stage(7/8-11)Logical but depends on concrete referent (wQSOvi_) Gets the ability of supposition for something notional (i_vj0). 0Learning activities should involve problems of classification, ordering, location, conservation(OX[) using concrete objects.The formal operational (11/12-15)0The mastery of thoughts 0can think logically about abstract proposition(bav}TL) and concerned with hypothetical(N[)and so on The most important developed stage is  The Concrete Operational stage , because at that stage, kids begin to use logic. During the Preoperational Stage, almost all kids become to be able to read the alphabet, words and sentences. Here is a simple list which shows the progress of their reading level. 2. How to teach kids at the each stages The difference what kids can do or cannot do depends on what stages the kids are at. That means the materials and way of teaching must be different for each child. The list below shows the advise what teachers pay attention to teach kids. % Teaching the Preoperational Child (Early Childhood) 0Help children understand what is being presented using the visual and specific materials or ways. 0Instructions should be made short, and teachers need to use actions as well as words to not confuse the students. 0Because the children who are at this stage are still egocentric (]-N_)so teachers need to use familiar worlds rather than the other s perspective and try to share the students own experiences. 0Make children a lot of physical practice with the facts and skills. Try not to use workbooks and other paper-and  pencil tasks so much. 0Engage the students in conversations about the changes which the students are experiencing when manipulating objects. 0Give many chances to experience the world to build the basis for concept learning and language. %0Teaching the Concrete Operational Child (Middle Childhood) 0Continue to use specific props ways and visual aids especially when using sophisticated material (|]j0LPg/nje). 0Continue to give students a chanEF\]jst# $     j d x   , 8 T b d r ;<{|òӮӮӮӮөӡӮӡӮӮӮӡӮӮӮӮәh=E25CJo(h4Ech=E2o(h=E2B*ph h=E2>*h=E2!h=E2>*CJeho(r h=E2>*o(h=E2>*CJo( h=E2o(h=E2CJeho(r h=E2CJo( h=E2CJh=E25CJaJo(7E]js# $ :  $\H.$IfWDj^.`6$IfWD^`6$If $$Ifa$ & F 8!G$$a$$a$$ Z\$BDh~j.NP lpٽ٩ٽٽ٢ٚh=E2B*ph h=E2CJo(h=E2B*o(phh=E2B*o(phh=E2B*ph h=E2>*o(h=E2CJ\o(h=E2 h=E2o(h=E2B*\ph h=E2\o(h=E25CJo( h=E25CJ<BP}}ssc]]$If6$IfWD^`6 & F$If $$Ifa$ykd$$IfTc0 ! 064 caT2 uue6$IfWD^`6 & F$If $$Ifa$wkd$$IfTc0 ! 064 caT RLyy$If $$Ifa$wkdT$$IfTc0 ! 064 caTLN l6 !xxxxx 6WD^`6wkd$$IfTc0 ! 064 caT ,-8<PQl026$&|~ f"h""x###$6 6 67788V:X:<<<<0=????@@@@BA^A󿶿󿶿Uh=E2B*o(ph h=E2>*o(h=E2B*phh=E25>*CJh=E25>*CJo(h=E2B*phh=E2CJehrh=E2CJeho(rh=E2 h=E2CJo( h=E2o(=!f"h""#r68,9:<<<0=>?@AAAAAAAABCC$IfH`H 6WD^`6ce to manipulate (d\OY00)objects and test out their ideas. 0Make sure that lessons and readings are brief and well organized. Use materials that present a progression of ideas step by step. It s good to read short stories or books with short logical chapters, moving to longer reading assignments only when the students are ready. 0Ask students to deal with no more that three or hour variables at a time. 0Use familiar examples to help explain more complex ideas so students will have a beginning point for assimilating new information. Compare students own lives with those of the characters in a story. 0Give chances to classify and group objects and ideas and increasingly complex levels. Give students separate sentences on slips of paper to be grouped in to paragraphs. 0Present problems which require logical, analytical thinking to solve. %0Teaching Students Beginning to use Formal Operations (Adolescence) 0Continue to use many of the teaching strategies and materials appropriate for students at the concrete operational stage. Use well-organized materials that offer step by step explanations. 0Give students an opportunity to explore many hypothetical questions. Provide consideration of hypothetical  other world. 0Encourage students to explain how they solve problems. 0Whenever possible, teach broad concepts, not just facts, using materials and ideas relevant to the students. Use lyrics from popular music to teach poetic devices (`PR0K0M0zf00]+Y), to reflect on social problems, and so on. 3. The materials of teaching In 2. we saw something what teachers should think about when they teach kids at each stage. Next, here are some materials or ways to teach students, please suit the best way to the best stages. Picture books 0Teacher reads the book and kids repeat the line. (recitation) 0Use the audio materials.Can you run? 0Quick response game. 0Use only verbs and act the words saying it.Card game 0Use the word cards and compete who remember the most words.Role playing e.g. shopkeeper and customers. Ask something to do e.g. open the window please. Place your shoes neatly please.Card writing0Write cards to friends (who belongs to another class) and exchange.Drill Textbooks(books/newspaper)0using word books 0filling in practice 0remember idioms 0read the text silently/ aloud. 0role-playListen to music/conversation0fill in the gaps on paper or lyric card 0repeat themDiscussion, role-playing0get the theme and discuss about it or make a short skit with friends.Diary/letter0write a diary, letters or short report. 4.Conclusion The effective ways of teaching English will be depend on which developmental stages the students are at but the importance of motivating the students is common at every stage. The important thing is to grasp what the students can or cannot do and what they want to do. It will be also important to decide that the rough ideas for the goal of learning English because the purpose of learning English is different for each student.     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