ࡱ> BDAb jbjb $(hhkf....^FFFFZ^r,\R..},."$F....@ v F(B0r<<^^$ ^^ California Physics Standard 1m* Send comments to: layton@physics.ucla.edu 1. Newton's laws predict the motion of most objects. As a basis for understanding this concept: m* Students know how to solve problems involving the forces between two electric charges at a distance (Coulomb's Law) or the forces between two masses at a distance (Universal gravitation). It seems that the objective here is to have students understand that satellites orbiting the earth and electrons orbiting atoms involve applying an inverse square law force to supply the centripetal force. The main idea to impress upon your students is that any force acting at right angles to the direction of motion will cause a centripetal acceleration. This Standard deals with gravitational force and electrostatic force. By using Coulombs Law or Newtons Law of Universal gravitation to describe the centripetal force, and equating these forces to the expression: FC = mvT2/r, assorted facts about orbiting objects can be revealed. Helping students understand the inverse square law. Any physical essence that spreads out uniformly into three-dimensional space will display an inverse square law. Coulombs law, Universal gravitation, light and sound from small sources, all display an inverse square law. Students can often be helped to understand this law by describing its basis with simple three-dimensional geometry.  A demonstration experiment that illustrates the inverse square law. (This experiment is probably best done as a demonstration since it involves a dark room and a single source of light.) The equipment required for this experiment is a clear bright light bulb with a small filament, a light meter, a meterstick and a dark room. The smaller the filament of the bulb, the better. One of the best would be a 12V automobile tail light bulb but this would require a 12-volt power supply. Clear bulbs that use 120 Volts often have extended filaments but such bulbs can give fair results if the distance is not too small.   If you have several light meters, a single light bulb in the center of the room with each group of students using a light meter might work. However, even reflections from the students could compromise the results. A demonstration usually works best. Problems using Coulombs Law, Universal Gravitation and circular motion. 1. Assuming an electron moves in a circular path around the proton in a hydrogen atom, how much time does it take to make one revolution? (You can either have the students find the radius of the first Bohr orbit, or give them an approximate value. Unless you have discussed Coulombs law and related electrostatics, they will need to know the charge and mass of the electron, the Coulomb force constant and that the charge of the electron and proton are equal in magnitude.) This problem is fairly formula pluggy but should give students an appreciation of how to use Coulombs law and how to compute a basic fact about atoms.) As well as the time (period) of a single revolution, you might have them find the reciprocal or, orbital frequency. 2. What is the distance from the earth of a geosynchronous satellite? (This problem takes a little more math effort than the first but should involve ideas that the students know about. It gives you a chance to discuss what it must mean to have a satellite that always appears to stay at the same place in the sky, why this is useful for communication satellites, etc. A common minor error is to compute the distance from the center of the earth and fail to convert this to the distance from the surface of the earth, as requested.)  Consider a quick burst of energy (like the sound from a gunshot) that spreads out into three-dimensional space. As the energy moves outward into space, it spreads thinner and thinner. The total amount of energy is confined to the surface of a sphere, hence. the energy per unit area (intensity) must vary inversely as the surface of area of a sphere. The surface area of a sphere varies as the square of its radius, so it follows that the energy per unit area must vary inversely as the square of the radius. In the example of a gunshot, a microphone placed at different distances from the gun would measure the sound of the shot dropping off in intensity inversely as the square of the distance from the gun. The microphone has a constant area so it really is measuring the energy per unit area.  R A light meter is nice but any photovoltaic device with a linear output can be used with an appropriate voltmeter. Simply place the meter at different distances from the bulb and measure the intensity. Make sure there are no reflections from light objects near the bulb as well as reflections from the tabletop. 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