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Protocol applies to Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas of the gastrointestinal tract.
Protocol revision date: January 2005
No AJCC/UICC TNM staging system
Procedures
Cytology (No Accompanying Checklist)
Incisional Biopsy (No Accompanying Checklist)
Resection
Author
Carolyn Compton, MD, PhD
Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
For the Members of the Cancer Committee, College of American Pathologists
Previous contributor: Leslie H. Sobin, MD
Š 2005. College of American Pathologists. All rights reserved.
The College does not permit reproduction of any substantial portion of these protocols without its written authorization. The College hereby authorizes use of these protocols by physicians and other health care providers in reporting on surgical specimens, in teaching, and in carrying out medical research for nonprofit purposes. This authorization does not extend to reproduction or other use of any substantial portion of these protocols for commercial purposes without the written consent of the College.
The College of American Pathologists offers these protocols to assist pathologists in providing clinically useful and relevant information when reporting results of surgical specimen examinations of surgical specimens. The College regards the reporting elements in the Surgical Pathology Cancer Case Summary (Checklist) portion of the protocols as essential elements of the pathology report. However, the manner in which these elements are reported is at the discretion of each specific pathologist, taking into account clinician preferences, institutional policies, and individual practice.
The College developed these protocols as an educational tool to assist pathologists in the useful reporting of relevant information. It did not issue the protocols for use in litigation, reimbursement, or other contexts. Nevertheless, the College recognizes that the protocols might be used by hospitals, attorneys, payers, and others. Indeed, effective January 1, 2004, the Commission on Cancer of the American College of Surgeons mandated the use of the checklist elements of the protocols as part of its Cancer Program Standards for Approved Cancer Programs. Therefore, it becomes even more important for pathologists to familiarize themselves with the document. At the same time, the College cautions that use of the protocols other than for their intended educational purpose may involve additional considerations that are beyond the scope of this document.
Summary of Changes to Checklist(s)
Protocol revision date: January 2005
The following changes have been made to the data elements of the checklist(s) since the January 2004 protocol revision.
Resection Checklist
Microscopic
Phenotyping: Tumor, Immunophenotyping was changed to Phenotyping, as shown below
Phenotyping
___ Performed, see separate report
___ Performed
Specify methods and results: _____________________________
____________________________________________________
___ Not performed
Surgical Pathology Cancer Case Summary (Checklist)
Protocol revision date: January 2005
Applies to Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas of the gastrointestinal tract only
No AJCC/UICC TNM staging system
GASTROINTESTINAL LYMPHOMA: Resection
Patient name:
Surgical pathology number:
Note: Check 1 response unless otherwise indicated.
MACROSCOPIC
Tumor Site(s)
Specify, if known: _____________________________
___ Not specified
*Tumor Size (largest single mass)
*Greatest dimension: ___ cm
*Additional dimensions: ___ x ___ cm
*___ Cannot be determined (see Comment)
MICROSCOPIC
Phenotyping
___ Performed, see separate report
___ Performed
Specify methods and results: ______________________________
_____________________________________________________
___ Not performed
Histologic Type (WHO Classification)
Hodgkin Lymphoma
___ Nodular lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL)
___ Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL)
___ CHL, nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma (NSHL)
___ CHL, mixed cellularity Hodgkin lymphoma (MCHL)
___ CHL, lymphocyte-rich classical Hodgkin lymphoma (LRCHL)
___ CHL, lymphocyte depletion Hodkgin lymphoma (LDHL)
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
___ Histologic type cannot be assessed
B-cell lymphoma
___ B-cell lymphoma, subtype cannot be determined
___ Precursor B-lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia
___ Mature B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma
___ B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia
___ Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma
___ Hairy cell leukemia
___ Plasma cell myeloma/ Plasmacytoma
___ Extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of MALT type
___ Follicular lymphoma, grade 1 (0 to 5 centroblasts per HPF)
___ Follicular lymphoma, grade 2 (6 to 15 centroblasts per HPF)
___ Follicular lymphoma, grade 3 (greater than 15 centroblasts per HPF)
___ Follicular lymphoma, cutaneous follicle center lymphoma
___ Follicular lymphoma, diffuse follicle center cell lymphoma
___ Mantle cell lymphoma
___ Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
___ Burkitt lymphoma/ Burkitt cell leukemia
___ Other (specify): ____________________________
T-cell Lymphoma
___ T-cell lymphoma, subtype cannot be determined
___ Precursor T-lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia
___ T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia
___ T-cell granular lymphocytic leukemia
___ Aggressive NK-cell leukemia
___ Adult T-cell lymphoma/leukemia (HTLV1+)
___ Enteropathy-type T-cell lymphoma
___ Anaplastic large cell lymphoma
___ Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise characterized
___ Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma
___ Other (specify): ____________________________
Extent of Involvement
___ Cannot be assessed
___ Confined to mucosa/submucosa
___ Involvement of muscular wall/subserosa
___ Penetration of serosa, perforation present
___ Penetration of serosa, perforation absent
___ Direct extension to other organ(s) or structure(s)
(specify): _______________________________
___ Noncontiguous tumor involvement of other organ(s) or structure(s) absent
___ Noncontiguous tumor involvement of other organ(s) or structure(s) present
(specify site[s]): __________________________
Margins (check all that apply)
___ Cannot be assessed
___ Uninvolved by lymphoma
___ Proximal margin involved by lymphoma
___ Distal margin involved by lymphoma
___ Circumferential (radial or mesenteric) margin involved by lymphoma
Regional Lymph Nodes
___ Cannot be assessed
___ No regional lymph node involvement
___ Regional lymph node involvement
Specify: Number examined: ___
Number involved: ___
Nonregional Lymph Nodes
___ Cannot be assessed
___ No nonregional lymph node involvement
Number present in specimen: ___
___ Nonregional lymph node involvement
Number present in specimen: ___
Number involved: ___
*Additional Pathologic Findings (check all that apply)
*___ None identified
*___ Helicobacter pylori gastritis
*___ Celiac disease (sprue)
*___ Inflammatory bowel disease
*___ Other (specify): ___________________________
*Comment(s)
Background Documentation
Protocol revision date: January 2005
I. Cytologic Material
A. Clinical Information
1. Patient identification
a. Name
b. Identification number
c. Age (birth date)
d. Sex
2. Responsible physician(s)
3. Date of procedure
4. Other clinical information
a. Relevant history
(1) Helicobacter pylori gastritis
(2) gluten enteropathy (celiac disease)
(3) inflammatory bowel disease
(4) heavy chain disease
(5) AIDS
(6) previous diagnosis and treatment for lymphoma
(7) prior solid organ or bone marrow transplantation
b. Relevant findings (eg, endoscopic and/or imaging studies)
c. Clinical diagnosis
d. Procedure (eg, brushing, washing, other)
e. Operative findings
f. Anatomic site(s) of specimen(s)
B. Macroscopic Examination
1. Specimen
a. Unfixed/fixed (specify fixative)
b. Number of slides received, if appropriate
c. Quantity and appearance of fluid specimen, if appropriate
d. Other (eg, cytologic preparation from tissue)
e. Results of intraprocedural consultation
2. Material submitted for microscopic evaluation (eg, smear of fluid, cell block)
3. Special studies (specify) (eg, flow cytometry for immunophenotyping, cytochemistry, immunocytochemistry, cytogenetic analysis)
C. Microscopic Examination
1. Adequacy of specimen (if unsatisfactory for evaluation, specify reason)
2. Tumor, if present
a. Histologic type, if possible (Note A)
b. Other characteristics (eg, nuclear grade, necrosis)
3. Additional pathologic findings, if present (specify)
4. Results/status of special studies (specify)
5. Comments
a. Correlation with intraprocedural consultation, as appropriate
b. Correlation with other specimens, as appropriate
c. Correlation with clinical information, as appropriate
II. Incisional Biopsy (Endoscopic or Other)
A. Clinical Information
1. Patient identification
a. Name
b. Identification number
c. Age (birth date)
d. Sex
2. Responsible physician(s)
3. Date of procedure
4. Other clinical information
a. Relevant history
(1) Helicobacter pylori gastritis
(2) gluten enteropathy (celiac disease)
(3) inflammatory bowel disease
(4) heavy chain disease
(5) AIDS
(6) previous diagnosis and treatment for lymphoma
b. Relevant findings (eg, endoscopic and/or imaging studies)
c. Clinical diagnosis
d. Procedure (eg, endoscopic biopsy)
e. Operative findings
f. Anatomic site(s) of specimen(s)
B. Macroscopic Examination
1. Specimen
a. Fixed/unfixed (specify fixative) (Note: Fresh frozen tissue should be saved, if possible, for immunophenotyping and molecular genetic studies)
b. Orientation
c. Number of pieces
d. Dimensions
e. Obstruction
f. Description of other tissues, as appropriate
g. Results of intraoperative consultation
2. Submit all nonfrozen tissue for microscopic evaluation
3. Special studies (specify) (eg, flow cytometry for immunophenotyping, histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, cytogenetic analysis)
C. Microscopic Evaluation
1. Tumor
a. Histologic type (Note A)
b. Histologic grade
c. Extent of invasion
2. Additional pathologic findings, if present
3. Results/status of special studies (specify)
4. Comments
a. Correlation with intraoperative consultation, as appropriate
b. Correlation with other specimens, as appropriate
c. Correlation with clinical information, as appropriate
III. Resection of Stomach, Small Intestine, Colon, Rectum
A. Clinical Information
1. Patient identification
a. Name
b. Identification number
c. Age (birth date)
d. Sex
2. Responsible physician(s)
3. Date of procedure
4. Other clinical information
a. Relevant history
(1) Helicobacter pylori gastritis
(2) gluten enteropathy (celiac disease)
(3) inflammatory bowel disease
(4) heavy chain disease
(5) AIDS
(6) previous diagnosis and treatment for lymphoma
b. Relevant findings (eg, endoscopic and/or imaging studies)
c. Clinical diagnosis
d. Procedure (eg, partial gastrectomy, total gastrectomy, ileal resection)
e. Operative findings
f. Anatomic site(s) of specimen(s)
B. Macroscopic Examination
1. Specimen
a. Organ(s)/tissue(s) (specify)
b. Unfixed/fixed (specify fixative) (Note: Fresh frozen tissue should be saved, if possible, for immunophenotyping and molecular genetic studies)
c. Number of pieces
d. Dimensions
e. Orientation of specimen, if indicated by surgeon
f. Results of intraoperative consultation
2. Tumor
a. Number of lesions
b. Location
c. Configuration
d. Dimensions (Note B)
e. Descriptive characteristics (eg, color, consistency)
f. Ulceration/perforation
g. Estimated extent of invasion
h. Penetration of serosa (Note C)
i. Distance from margins (Note D)
(1) proximal
(2) distal
(3) radial (soft tissue or mesenteric margin closest to deepest tumor penetration)
j. Direct extension to other organ(s) or structure(s) (Note E)
k. Noncontiguous tumor involvement of other organ(s) or structure(s) (Note E)
3. Additional pathologic findings, if present
4. Regional lymph nodes (Note F)
5. Tissues submitted for microscopic evaluation
a. Lymphoma, representative sections, including:
(1) point of deepest penetration
(2) interface with adjacent mucosa
(3) visceral serosa overlying tumor
(4) soft tissue or mesenteric margin closest to deepest tumor penetration (radial margin) (Note D)
b. Proximal and distal resection margins
c. Regional lymph nodes
d. Other specific nodes, when marked by surgeon
e. Other lesions (eg, polyps, ulcers)
f. Section(s) of viscus uninvolved by tumor
g. Other tissue(s)/organ(s)
6. Special studies (specify) (eg, flow cytometry for immunophenotyping, histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, cytogenetic analysis)
C. Microscopic Evaluation
1. Tumor
a. Histologic type (Note A)
b. Histologic grade
c. Extent of invasion
d. Penetration of serosa (Note C)
e. Margins (Note D)
f. Direct extension to other organ(s) or structure(s) (Note E)
2. Regional lymph nodes (Note F)
a. Number
b. Number involved by tumor (Note G)
3. Extraregional lymph nodes
a. Number
b. Number involved by tumor (Note G)
4. Other tissues submitted (if distant involvement by lymphoma, specify site) (Note G)
5. Additional pathologic findings, if present
a. Chronic gastritis with or without Helicobacter pylori infection
b. Celiac disease
c. Inflammatory bowel disease
d. Lymphoid hyperplasia
6. Results/status of special studies
7. Comments
a. Correlation with intraoperative consultation, as appropriate
b. Correlation with other specimens, as appropriate
c. Correlation with clinical information, as appropriate
Explanatory Notes
A. Histologic Type
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Hodgkin lymphoma is traditionally categorized histologically by the Rye Classification, which recognizes 4 major histologic types. The current classification has been revised by the World Health Organization (WHO)1,2 and is recommended by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) and the International Union Against Cancer (UICC).3,4
WHO Classification of Hodgkin Lymphoma ADDIN EN.CITE Stein20011037Stein, H.Delsol, G.Pileri, S.Said, J.Mann, R.Poppema, S.Swerdlow, S. H.Jaffe, E. S.2001WHO Histological Classification of Hodgkin LymphomaJaffe, E. S.Harris, N. L.Stein, H.Vardiman, J.W.Pathology and Genetics. Tumours of Haematopooietic and Lymphoid Tissues.Lyon (France)IARC Press3
Nodular lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL)
Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL)
Nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma (Grades 1 and 2) (NSHL)
Mixed cellularity Hodgkin lymphoma (MCHL)
Lymphocyte-rich classical Hodgkin lymphoma (LRCHL)
Lymphocyte depletion Hodgkin lymphoma (LDHL)
Histologic classification is based on paraffin-embedded, hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections. The histologic types should be recorded because they may have prognostic significance, but, overall, prognosis appears to be determined more strongly by the stage of disease than the histologic subtype. Primary Hodgkin lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract is exceptionally rare. Immunophenotyping and, if necessary, genetic studies (ie, gene rearrangement) should be performed to confirm the diagnosis and to exclude non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Controversy currently exists as to whether the spectrum of lymphomas found in the gut can be adequately accommodated within the conventional classifications (see below), or whether a site-specific classification of gastrointestinal lymphomas is needed. In contrast to nodal lymphomas, many lymphomas of the gastrointestinal tract are derived from mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), which they resemble histologically. In further contrast to nodal lymphomas, they tend to be localized at the time of diagnosis and may be effectively treated with local therapy. MALT-derived lymphomas are sometimes referred to by the unscientific and imprecise term of MALToma. Some of these tumors have unique etiologic associations (eg, marginal zone lymphoma of MALT type of the stomach and infection by Helicobacter pylori). Unique etiologic associations also exist between gluten enteropathy and primary T-cell lymphomas of the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, nodal-type lymphomas (eg, Burkitt, mantle cell, follicular lymphomas) may also present in the gastrointestinal tract.
The protocol recommends the most recent World Health Organization (WHO) classification of non-Hodgkin lymphoma,1,2 which incorporates the B-cell lymphomas of the MALT type and the enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphomas as well as other types of gastrointestinal lymphomas with unique clinical associations. The WHO classification encompasses both nodal and extranodal lymphomas and outlines the immunobiologic features of the defined entities that aid in the diagnosis.1,2,5,6 These concepts have also been incorporated into the classification of primary gastrointestinal lymphoma proposed by Isaacson.7 Both of these classifications are shown below in modified form.
Prognostic information necessary to determine treatment of gastrointestinal lymphomas is provided by the histologic type. Further sorting of these diseases into broad histologic grades or clinical prognostic groups provides little additional useful information.
WHO Classification of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
B-Cell Neoplasms
Precursor B-lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia
Mature B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma
Variant: with plasmacytoid differentiation or monoclonal gammopathy
B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia
Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma
Hairy cell leukemia
Plasma cell myeloma / plasmacytoma
Extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of MALT type#
Follicular lymphoma
Grading:
Grade 1: 0-5 centroblasts per high power field
Grade 2: 6-15 centroblasts per high power field
Grade 3: greater than 15 centroblasts per high power field
Grade 3a: centrocytes are still present
Grade 3b: centroblasts form solid sheets with no residual centrocytes
Mantle cell lymphoma##
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma###
Morphologic variants:
Centroblastic
Immunoblastic
Anaplastic large B-cell
T-cell/histiocyte-rich
Plasmablastic
Lymphomatoid granulomatosis-type
Burkitt lymphoma/Burkitt cell leukemia^
Morphologic variants:
Classical
Burkitt-like
With plasmacytoid differentiation (AIDS-associated)
T-Cell Neoplasms
Precursor T-cell Neoplasm
Precursor T-lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia
Mature (peripheral) T-cell neoplasms
T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia
Morphologic variants:
Small cell
Cerebriform cell
T-cell granular lymphocytic leukemia
Aggressive NK-cell leukemia
Adult T-cell lymphoma/leukemia (HTLV1+)
Clinical variants:
Acute
Lymphomatous
Chronic
Smoldering
Hodgkin-like
Enteropathy-type T-cell lymphoma^^
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise characterized
Morphologic variants: lymphoepithelial (Lennerts), T-zone
Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma
# Extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of MALT type. Typical immunophenotype: sIg+ (IgM or IgA or IgG), sIgD-, clg-/+, Pan B+, CD5-, CD10-, CD23-, CD43-/+, CD79a+, cyclin D1-, bcl2+. Genetics: IgH and IgL genes rearranged; BCL1 and BCL2 germline; Trisomy 3 or t(11;18)(q21;q21) may be seen.
## Primary gastrointestinal mantle cell lymphoma is associated with a growth pattern of lymphomatous polyposis. Typical immunophenotype: sIgM+, sIgD+, lambda>kappa, Pan B+, cyclin D1+, CD5+, CD10-/+, CD23-, CD43+, CD11c-, CD25-, bcl2+, bcl6-, ill-defined loose or expanded follicular dendritic cell meshworks in 80%. Genetics: IgH and IgL genes rearranged: t(11;14); rearranged BCL1 gene (CCND1/cyclin D1/PRAD1) common.
### Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Extranodal occurrence (eg, gastrointestinal tract) in 40% of cases overall. Typical immunophenotype: sIg+/-, clg+, Pan B+, CD19+, CD20+, CD22+, CD30+/-, CD45+/-, CD5-/+, CD10-/+(weak), cyclin D1-, bcl2-/+, bcl6+, CD138-. Genetics: IgH and IgL genes rearranged: BCL2 gene rearranged in 30%; BCL6/LAZ3 gene (chromosome 3q27) rearranged in 30%, rearranged c-myc gene uncommon. About 25% of gastric large B-cell lymphomas have associated low-grade MALToma.
^ Burkitt lymphoma/Burkitt cell leukemia. Typical immunophenotype: sIgM+, pan B+, CD5-, CD10+(strong), CD21-/+, CD23-, CD34-, bcl2-, bcl6+, TdT-, Ki-67 high. Genetics: IgH and IgL genes rearranged; t(8;14) and variations including t(2;8) and t(8;22); rearranged c-myc gene. EBV common (95%) in endemic cases, infrequent (15% to 20%) in sporadic cases, intermediate occurrence (30% to 40%) in HIV-positive cases.
^^ Enteropathy-type T-cell lymphoma. Typical immunophenotype: TdT-, CD2+, CD3+, CD5-, CD7+, CD4-, CD8+/-, CD30+, CD103+ (mucosal lymphocyte antigen as detected by HML-1). Genetics: TCR genes rearranged.
Histological Classification of Primary Gastrointestinal Lymphoma
B-Cell
MALT type
Low-grade#
High-grade with or without a low-grade component#
Immunoproliferative small intestinal disease (IPSID)
Low-grade
High-grade with or without a low-grade component
Mantle cell (lymphomatous polyposis)
Burkitt and Burkitt-like
Other types of low- or high-grade lymphoma corresponding to lymph node equivalents
T-Cell
Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL)
Other types unassociated with enteropathy
Rare Types
(Including conditions that may simulate lymphoma such as histiocytic neoplasms and granulocytic sarcoma)
# Equivalent entity within the WHO classification (see above): extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of MALT type. The term MALT lymphoma (MALToma) is discouraged but, if used, should be restricted to histologically low-grade extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of MALT type. High-grade B-cell lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract should be referred to as diffuse-B large- cell lymphoma (with or without a residual low-grade component).
B. Tumor Dimensions
The largest tumor dimension has been shown to have independent prognostic significance, with size less than 5 cm constituting a favorable prognostic factor.8-10
C. Serosal Penetration by Tumor
The serosal penetration by tumor has been shown to be an adverse prognostic factor.11-14
D. Resection Margins
Includes the proximal, distal, and radial margins. The radial margin represents the nonperitoneal soft tissue or mesenteric margin closest to the deepest penetration of tumor.
Although controversial, involvement of surgical margins by tumor may correlate with decreased survival.9,15 In some institutions, adjuvant radiation and/or chemotherapy may be used in those cases in which tumor is found to be present at the surgical resection margins.9,16
In low-grade gastric extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphomas of MALT type, small foci of lymphoma consisting of 1 to 4 lymphoid follicles surrounded by neoplastic marginal zone B-cells may be found throughout the gastric mucosa at various distances from the main confluent tumor mass and from each other.17 This phenomenon may contribute to local relapse within the gastric stump in cases in which the resection margins are negative by microscopic examination.
E. Involvement of Adjacent Structures by Tumor
Direct penetration of adjacent structures by tumor has been shown to have independent adverse prognostic significance.9
F. Regional Lymph Nodes by Site
Stomach: perigastric nodes along the lesser and greater curvature, nodes located along the left gastric, common hepatic, splenic, and celiac arteries.
Duodenum: duodenal, hepatic, pancreaticoduodenal, infrapyloric, gastroduodenal, ampulla of Vater, pyloric, cystic, superior mesenteric, hilar, pericholedochal.
Jejunum/Ileum: superior mesenteric, mesenteric, posterior cecal (terminal ileum only), ileocolic (terminal ileum only).
Large Intestine:
Cecum and appendix anterior cecal, posterior cecal, ileocolic, right colic
Ascending colon ileocolic, right colic, middle colic
Hepatic flexure middle colic, right colic
Transverse colon middle colic
Splenic flexure middle colic, left colic, inferior mesenteric
Descending colon left colic, inferior mesenteric, sigmoid
Sigmoid colon inferior mesenteric, superior rectal sigmoidal, sigmoid mesenteric
Rectosigmoid perirectal, left colic, sigmoid mesenteric, sigmoidal, inferior mesenteric, superior rectal, middle rectal
Rectum perirectal, sigmoid mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, lateral sacral, presacral, internal iliac, sacral promontory, superior rectal, middle rectal, inferior rectal
G. Stage
In general, the TNM classification has not been used for staging the malignant lymphomas because the site of origin of the tumor is often unclear and there is no way to differentiate among T, N, and M category. Thus, a special staging system (Ann Arbor System) is used for both Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The Ann Arbor classification for lymphomas has been applied to extranodal lymphomas by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) and the International Union Against Cancer (UICC) (see below)3,4,18 The Ann Arbor System has also been modified specifically for primary gastrointestinal lymphomas by Musshoff.19 Both systems are shown below.
Pathologic staging depends on biopsy or resection of the primary mucosal site, biopsy or resection of 1 or more regional lymph nodes, splenectomy, wedge liver biopsy, bone marrow biopsy, and multiple lymph nodes on both sides of the diaphragm to assess distribution of disease. Clinical staging generally involves a combination of clinical, radiologic, and surgical procedures, progressing sequentially from less invasive to more invasive, and includes medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests (eg, urinalysis, complete venous examination, and venous chemistry studies), imaging studies (eg, CAT scans, GI series) and biopsy to determine diagnosis and histologic type of tumor (initial diagnosis is almost always made on biopsy).
There is almost universal agreement that staging of gastrointestinal lymphoma is prognostically significant.8,9,11-15,20-23
Staging for Primary Extralymphatic Lymphomas
Stage I Localized involvement of a single extralymphatic organ or site (IE)*
Stage II Localized involvement of a single extralymphatic organ or site and its regional lymph nodes with or without other lymph node regions on the same side of the diaphragm (IIE) #,##
Stage III Localized involvement of a single extralymphatic organ or site with involvement of lymph node regions on both sides of the diaphragm (IIIE) or involvement of the spleen (IIIS) or both (IIIE+S) #,##
Stage IV Disseminated (multifocal) involvement of 1 or more extralymphatic organs with or without associated lymph node involvement, or isolated extralymphatic organ involvement with distant (nonregional) nodal involvement#,##
# Direct spread of a lymphoma into adjacent tissues or organs does not influence stage. Multifocal involvement of a single extralymphatic organ is classified as stage IE and not stage IV. Involvement of 2 or more segments of the gastrointestinal tract, isolated and not in continuity, is classified as stage IV (disseminated involvement of 1 or more extralymphatic organs).
## The definitions of regional lymph nodes for individual sites of extranodal lymphomas are identical to the definitions of regional lymph nodes for individual sites of gastrointestinal carcinomas. For example, the regional lymph nodes for a primary gastric lymphoma are the perigastric nodes along the lesser and greater curvatures and the nodes located along the left gastric, common hepatic, splenic, and celiac arteries.
Modified Ann Arbor Staging System for Gastrointestinal Lymphoma3,19
Stage I Tumor confined to the gastrointestinal tract (IE)#
Stage II Tumor with spread to regional lymph nodes (IIE1) or tumor with nodal involvement beyond regional lymph nodes (IIE2)#,##
Stage III Tumor with spread to other organs within the abdomen (liver, spleen) or beyond the abdomen (chest, bone marrow)#,##
# Direct spread of a lymphoma into adjacent tissues or organs does not influence stage. Multifocal involvement of a single extralymphatic organ is classified as stage IE and not stage IV. Involvement of 2 or more segments of the gastrointestinal tract, isolated and not in continuity, is classified as stage IV (disseminated involvement of 1 or more extralymphatic organs).
## The definitions of regional lymph nodes for individual sites of extranodal lymphomas are identical to the definitions of regional lymph nodes for individual sites of gastrointestinal carcinomas. For example, the regional lymph nodes for a primary gastric lymphoma are the perigastric nodes along the lesser and greater curvatures and the nodes located along the left gastric, common hepatic, splenic, and celiac arteries.
References
1. Jaffe ES, Harris NL, Stein H, Vardiman JW, eds. World Health Organization Classification of Tumors. Pathology and Genetics. Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. Lyon (France): IARC Press; 2001.
2. Stein H, Delsol G, Pileri S, et al. WHO histological classification of Hodgkin lymphoma. In: Jaffe ES, Harris NL, Stein H, Vardiman JW, eds. World Health Organization Classification of Tumors. Pathology and Genetics. Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. Lyon (France): IARC Press; 2001.
3. Greene FL, Page DL, Fleming ID, et al, eds. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 6th ed. New York: Springer; 2002
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8. Hockey MS, Powell J, Crocker J, Fielding JWL. Primary gastric lymphoma. Br J Surg. 1987;74:483-487.
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10. Brooks JJ, Enterline HT. Primary gastric lymphomas: a clinicopathologic study of 58 cases with long-term follow-up and literature review. Cancer. 1983;51:701-711.
11. Azab MB, Henry-Amar M, Rougier P, et al. Prognostic factors in primary gastrointestinal non-Hodgkins lymphoma: a multivariate analysis, report of 106 cases, and review of the literature. Cancer. 1989;64:1208-1217.
12. Dragosics B, Bauer P, Radaszkiewicz T. Primary gastrointestinal non-Hodgkins lymphomas: a retrospective clinicopathologic study of 150 cases. Cancer. 1985;55:1060-1073.
13. Lim FE, Hartmen AS, Tan EGC, Cady B, Meissner WA. Factors in the prognosis of gastric lymphoma. Cancer. 1977;39;1715-1720.
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16. Shiu MH, Nisce LZ, Pinna A, Straus DJ, et al. Recent results of multimodal therapy of gastric lymphoma. Cancer. 1986;58:1389-1399.
17. Wotherspoon AC, Doglioni C, Isaacson PG. Low-grade gastric B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT): a multifocal disease. Histopathology. 1992;20:29-34.
18. Wittekind C, Henson DE, Hutter RVP, Sobin LH, eds. TNM Supplement. A Commentary on Uniform Use. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Wiley-Liss; 2001.
19. Musshoff K, Schmidt-Vollmer H. Prognosis of non-Hodgkins lymphoma with special emphasis on the staging classification. Z Krebsforsch. 1975;83:323-340.
20. Cogliatti SB, Schmid U, Shumacher U, et al. Primary B-cell gastric lymphoma: a clinicopathological study of 145 patients. Gastroenterology. 1991;101:1159-1170.
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Gastrointestinal Lymphoma Hematologic System CAP Approved
CAP Approved Hematologic System Gastrointestinal Lymphoma
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PAGE 3
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* Data elements with asterisks are not required for accreditation purposes for the Commission on Cancer. These elements may be clinically important, but are not yet validated or regularly used in patient management. Alternatively, the necessary data may not be available to the pathologist at the time of pathologic assessment of this specimen.
PAGE 5
* Data elements with asterisks are not required for accreditation purposes for the Commission on Cancer. These elements may be clinically important, but are not yet validated or regularly used in patient management. Alternatively, the necessary data may not be available to the pathologist at the time of pathologic assessment of this specimen.
Gastrointestinal Lymphoma Hematologic System For Information Only
For Information Only Hematologic System Gastrointestinal Lymphoma
PAGE 18
PAGE 17
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