ࡱ > s g9 i9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
9 9 9
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 !9 "9 #9 $9 %9 &9 '9 (9 )9 *9 +9 ,9 -9 .9 /9 09 19 29 39 49 59 69 79 89 99 :9 ;9 <9 =9 >9 ?9 @9 A9 B9 C9 D9 E9 F9 G9 H9 I9 J9 K9 L9 M9 N9 O9 P9 Q9 R9 S9 T9 U9 V9 W9 X9 Y9 Z9 [9 \9 ]9 ^9 _9 `9 #` l bjbjmm P ' $ # # # & L & " 8 \ : : *v *v *v , . . . = k o s $ Z h H E # *v u ^ u @ *v *v *v ( # , *v , | # " P -C v j > P 0 " z
w
| " "
# 0 *v *v *v p ^ *v *v *v " *v *v *v *v & & & D d $ & & & d & & &
BANK AND CHANNEL PROTECTIVE LINING DESIGN PROCEDURES
GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN PROCEDURE
GDP-10
Revision #2
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING BUREAU
APRIL 2007
GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN PROCEDURE:
BANK AND CHANNEL PROTECTIVE LINING DESIGN PROCEDURES
GDP-10
Revision #2
STATE OF NEW YORK
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING BUREAU
APRIL 2007
ABSTRACT
This design manual was prepared to provide procedures and guidelines for the design of bank and channel protective linings. The objective of the manual is to achieve adequate protection against detrimental erosion by the most economical means. Data for design analyses have been assembled from selected sources for the convenience of the designer. Soil properties are also a factor in erosion, and the effects of soil type on the requirements for protection are discussed. Various types of bank and channel protection are described along with their limitations and advantages as determined from construction experience and field performance.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TOC \f
Abstract
1. Introduction 5
1.1 Purpose of erosion-resistant design 5
1.2 Scope of manual 5
2. Conditions Leading to Erosion 6
2.1 General 6
2.2 Natural meanders or man-made bends in the alignment of a channel 6
2.3 Constrictions in a channel 6
2.4 Changes in the roughness of the channel boundaries 8
2.5 Changes in the slope of a channel bottom 8
2.6 Abrupt changes in the width of a channel 8
2.7 Junctions of channels 8
2.8 Excavation in a stream channel 8
2.9 Increased flow quantity 9
2.10 Compound problems 9
2.11 Summary 9
3. Information Required For Protective Lining Design 11
3.1 Flow quantity or velocity 11
3.2 Channel geometry 11
3.3 Erodibility of foundation soils 11
3.4 Possibility of non-uniform settlement 11
3.5 Wave height 11
3.6 Ice action 12
3.7 Relative costs of lining types 12
4. Selection of Lining Type 13
4.1 General considerations 13
4.2 Economic considerations 13
5. Design of Protective Linings 16
5.1 Objectives 16
5.2 Use of design charts 16
5.3 Evaluation of various lining types 29
5.3.1 Grass linings 29
5.3.2 Dumped Stone linings 32
5.3.3 Paved or grouted linings 36
5.3.4 Dry rip-rap and bagged concrete 38
5.3.5 Gabions 38
5.3.6 Fabriform 41
5.3.7 Soil cement 41
5.3.8 Closed pipe drains 41
5.4 Required extent of linings 43
5.4.1 Stream channel linings 43
5.4.2 Small roadside drainage channels 48
5.5 Protection against wave action 48
6. Protection at Culvert and Paved Channel Outlets 50
6.1 Need for protection 50
6.2 Design of dumped stone protective aprons 50
6.3 Other types of protection 53
7. Filter or Bedding Layers 55
7.1 The need for filter or bedding layers 55
7.2 Granular filter or bedding material 56
7.3 Geotextile bedding 56
References 58
Appendix 59
A Sample Problems (US Customary Units) A-1
B Sample Problems (International System of Units) B-1
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose of erosion-resistant design
In preparing the design of a highway project, the engineer usually has to design channels to carry water. Such channels range from small roadside drainage ditches or gutters to major river relocations. In addition, highway embankments and structures often have to be located in or adjacent to existing rivers, streams, lakes, reservoirs or other bodies of water.
A newly constructed channel or a natural channel modified by man will generally experience accelerated erosion of the banks and scour of the bottom at some locations, while sediments will be deposited at others. A channel may be modified by changing its width or alignment, or by construction in or adjacent to the channel which will alter the natural flow boundaries at any flow stage. Failure to consider in design the erosive power of water may have the following adverse consequences:
1) Damage to or destruction of the facility.
2) Damage to adjacent property.
3) Pollution of surface waters by eroded soils.
In order to achieve a successful design, the engineer not only has to compute the design flow and provide adequate channel capacity to carry this flow, but must also:
1) Recognize conditions that are conducive to erosion.
2) Eliminate or alleviate erosive conditions and/or provide adequate protection against significant erosion damage to the transportation facility or adjacent property.
1. 2 Scope of manual
This manual is intended to provide the designer with guidelines for erosion-resistant design. For this purpose, the manual contains the following information:
1) A description of causes of erosion and methods of avoiding it.
2) A description of commonly used types of protective linings.
3) Information gathered by NYSDOT and other agencies, for the selection of an appropriate type of protective lining.
This manual is not a reference on other aspects of drainage design, such as hydraulics, hydrology and culvert design. A few charts dealing with open channel flow have been assembled from other sources for the designer's convenience.
Also outside the scope of this manual is the design of structure foundations to prevent damage by scour.
After examination of this manual, some designers may be disappointed that stream and channel bank protection design cannot be reduced entirely to a numerical process. However, the interaction of flowing water with soil and rock particles in a practical situation is so complex that this is not possible. The most adequate and economic solution to any erosion or scour problem can only be arrived at by a combination of analysis, experience and good judgment. The manual attempts to include as many considerations as possible to supplement the latter two factors in the decision process.
2. CONDITIONS LEADING TO EROSION
2.1 General
Flowing water exerts a force, proportional to the square of its velocity, on objects in its path. The force on an object in a stream will increase by a factor of four if the water velocity is doubled. Erosion takes place when the water force exceeds the forces tending to keep a soil or rock particle in its position. In channels with steep grades or steep side slopes, the tendency of soil or rock particles to move down the slope as a consequence of gravity reduces the magnitude of water force necessary to cause movement.
The likelihood and severity of erosion is greatly influenced by soil type. Other factors remaining constant, the erosion resistance of a soil increases with increasing grain size, increasing plasticity and increasing relative density.
Certain conditions of channel geometry and/or roughness increase flow velocities or change the direction of flow so as to favor the occurrence of erosion. The most common of these conditions and methods of avoiding them are described in subsequent sections. These problems can occur in all types of channels from small roadside drainage ditches or gutters to major streams and rivers. However, some conditions will be more common in smaller, some in larger channels.
2.2 Natural meanders or man-made bends in the alignment of a channel.
Erosion and scour take place, unless adequate protection is provided, on the outside of meanders or bends, where the flow impinges on the bank (Fig. 1). In the case of narrow man-made channels carrying high-speed flows, the stream of water flowing at a high velocity toward the outside of a bend may be deflected against the inside bank and cause erosion there also (Fig. 2). In order to limit erosion, sharp bends should be avoided when relocating streams or rivers, or designing roadside drainage channels, if at all possible. If erosion of the outside bank in a new or existing bend will result in an undesirable condition, adequate protection should be provided.
2.3 Constrictions in a channel
Constrictions or contractions may be the result of the presence of highway embankments, bridge abutments or bridge piers located within or adjacent to the channel, thereby constricting it laterally (Fig. 2). A protective lining placed on the bottom of an erodible channel constricts it vertically, as may a bridge superstructure where clearance is inadequate at flood flows. A culvert may constrict a channel both laterally and vertically.
The flow velocity is increased at constrictions, resulting in erosion of the banks and scour of the bottom both above and below the constriction, unless protection is provided. In the case of a bridge having; a pier in the channel of a narrow stream, the resulting scour may endanger the approach embankments and even cause movement of the abutments toward the stream. If this type of situation cannot be avoided by eliminating the pier or locating it outside the channel limits, scour should be anticipated and the approach embankments protected by a properly designed lining. The bridge itself, of course, should be supported on a foundation designed taking scour into account.
FIG. 1 EROSION, AND ULTIMATELY A SLOPE FAILURE, OF THE OUTSIDE BANK OF A MEANDER
FIG. 2 CHANNEL BEND IN BACKGROUND DEFLECTS FLOW TOWARDS BRIDGE ABUTMENT AND UNDERMINES FOOTING.
2.4 Changes in the roughness of the channel boundaries
If a relatively smooth type of bank protection is placed in a stream at a location where the natural banks are rough, the flow is accelerated. As a result, the sediment-carrying capacity of the stream is increased and it scours its bed. At the point where the smooth bank protection ends, the flow slows down and the stream deposits much of its bed load. Since its depth is decreased, the stream tends to erode its banks in order to maintain the same volume of flow. Consequently, in order not to upset the regimen of the stream, an attempt should be made to utilize bank protection having a roughness similar to that of the natural streambanks.
Another example of scour resulting from a change in the roughness of a channel is often found at the downstream end of paved channels. Because of a smooth lining, the velocity of water flow will increase without an increase in bed load. As a result, the water will often erode a scour hole at the downstream end of the paved channel. This hole may gradually work its way back, undermining the channel lining. In order to prevent scour, outlet protection should be provided in accordance with the recommendations of this manual.
2.5 Changes in the slope of a channel bottom
When streams are relocated, they are often straightened by cutting across meanders. The resulting increase in gradient leads to a higher velocity in the straightened channel. As a result, scour is likely to occur within and upstream, of the relocation. The banks of the stream may be eroded immediately downstream of the straightened section. In some cases erosion and scour within and outside the relocation and the amount of required protective material have been reduced by constructing the stream relocation as a meandering channel, geometrically similar and equal in length to the abandoned channel. Another method of controlling scour and erosion is by means of check dams constructed across the stream at intervals (Fig. 3). The slope between adjacent check dams is kept equal to the natural slope of the stream, with the additional gradient resulting from the straightening of the stream compensated for by a vertical drop at each check dam.
2.6 Abrupt changes in the width of a channel
Sudden changes in the width of a channel, such as occur at constrictions if a gradual transition is not provided, set up eddy flows that may erode unprotected banks. In order to prevent erosion damage, changes in channel width should be made gradual or an adequate protective lining provided. Spur dikes extending upstream and downstream from bridge approach embankments constitute one method of eliminating or reducing: erosion at the upstream and downstream slopes of the embankments.
2.7 Junctions of channels
If the angle between the channels at a junction is excessive, the flow from one channel may impinge on the opposite bank of the other, causing erosion, Additional protection, as in meanders or bends, should be provided at such locations. This additional protection should be continued well below the point of the junction.
2.8 Excavations in a stream channel
Borrow for highway construction is occasionally- obtained from the bottom of a stream channel. The hole resulting from the excavation for this or some other purpose may cause scour both upstream and downstream. Scour upstream of the hole results from the tendency of the flow to flatten the upstream excavation slope. Sediment carried by the stream is trapped in the hole. The capacity of the stream to erode is thereby increased and it may scour the bottom of its channel downstream (see Ref. 4, p.10-11).
2.9 Increased flow quantity
Intensified runoff and/or diversion of adjacent water courses may increase the flow and, thereby, the velocity of water in a channel. Consequently, a natural channel that has been stable for a long time may start eroding because of changes resulting from construction. The procedures of this manual can be used to estimate the capacity of the channel to carry additional flow without erosion, and to select the proper type of channel lining where required.
2.10 Compound problems
More than one condition may be present at the same location, thereby compounding the problem. Examples of this are:
1) The presence of a bridge pier in the bend of a narrow stream.
2) A straightened channel provided with a smooth protective lining.
A common example of a compound problem is a culvert outlet. Erosion may take place at a culvert outlet both because of increased flow velocity resulting from the constricting action of the culvert and its smooth lining, and also on account of eddy currents set up at the transition from culvert to open channel.
2.11 Summary
If the above conditions cannot be eliminated in the design of the highway and if erodible soils are present, protection should be provided against erosion. Generally, this protection will consist of a protective lining composed of erosion-resistant material. The subsequent sections of this manual will describe various types of linings and lining design procedures.
Under certain conditions, it is possible to regulate the depth and width of a stream channel and to set the location of the banks by controlling the erosion and deposition in the stream through the use of check dams (Fig. 3) and groins (Fig. 4). The design of groins and check dams, however, is outside the scope of this manual.
FIG. 3 CHECK DAMS IN A STREAM RELOCATION
FIG. 4 USE OF GROINS TO CONTROL FLOW AND EROSION IN A RIVER
3. INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR PROTECTIVE LINING DESIGN
3.1 Flow quantity or velocity
Normally, protective linings should be designed on the basis of the flow quantity or average flow velocity occurring with such a frequency that the risk of failure of the protection and damage to the protected facility will be acceptable. Not less than a 20-year design storm or flood should be used for linings, even where damage will not result in interruption of highway traffic or have other major effects.
The U. S. Geologic Survey, Water Resources Division, has accumulated data on the discharge and velocity characteristics of many waterways throughout New York State. They can provide this information for existing streams and perform analyses of the change in velocity and flow characteristics for channel relocations. This is a cooperative program with the New York State Department of Transportation and all requests for analyses of this type should be directed to the Deputy Chief Engineer (Structures). The Office of Structures is the liaison between the Department and the U. S. Geologic Survey in this matter.
The flow in smaller streams and roadside drainage channels should be computed by hydrologic methods. Selection of a protective lining should not be based on a velocity measured by means of a current meter.
3.2 Channel geometry
In existing streams the designer can determine the channel geometry--depth, gradient, side slopes, curvature, junctions, and constrictions--from field survey data. In new channels the designer himself will set the geometry of the channel.
3.3 Erodibility of foundation soils
The susceptibility of soils to erosion varies within wide limits. As a result of glacial action, the soils in New York State are extremely variable and soils with very high and very low erosion resistance can occur within a short distance on the same project. The Regional Geotechnical Engineer should be contacted for information regarding the erosion resistance of soils at specific locations. He may utilize information from subsurface explorations, apply his knowledge of the properties and extent of different depositional soils units, and evaluate past erosion problems in the particular soil type. Based on the above data, he will be able to point out areas of specific soil types on a project and indicate the relative susceptibility to erosion of each soil type.
3.4 Possibility of non-uniform settlement
Non-uniform settlement as a result of soft foundation soils can lead to cracking of paved or grouted linings and to undesirable movements of individual particles of dry rip-rap. The presence or absence of such soils should be ascertained from the Regional Geotechnical Engineer.
Wave height
In wide rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and the ocean, all or most of the erosion by water results from wave action. For inland bodies of water, wave height can be estimated from information given in this manual if the wind velocity and fetch are known. Wind velocities and directions can be determined from observations made at the nearest weather station operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the U. S. Department of Commerce. The fetch can be scaled from a plan sheet or from a map.
The design of protection against ocean waves is not covered by this manual and should be based on local experience.
3.6 Ice action
An idea of the severity of ice action at a site may be obtained from the known climatic conditions of the area supplemented by information obtained from persons familiar with local conditions
3.7 Relative costs of lining types
The relative costs of various types of linings can be ascertained from an analysis of bid prices on previous projects in the area. The need for maintenance and the anticipated cost of maintenance should be considered when performing an economic comparison of lining types.
4. SELECTION OF LINING TYPE
4.1 General considerations
The selection of a lining type includes the evaluation of the erosion resistance of the lining material, its anticipated long-term performance under conditions peculiar to the proposed location of the lining, economic factors and aesthetic considerations.
A material can derive resistance to erosion from several sources:
1) The individual particles may have sufficient weight so that the forces exerted by flowing water cannot overcome the normal and frictional forces tending to hold the particles in place. This is the case with dumped stone linings
2) Cohesion between particles may be greater than the disruptive force of flowing water. The cohesive action of plant roots holding soil particles together prevents the erosion of channels having a lining of well-established grass or other vegetation.
3) Smaller forces are exerted by water on smooth linings than on rough linings. Paved linings derive their erosion resistance both from the cohesiveness of the paving material and from the smoothness of the lining.
Quantitative methods of selecting a lining that will have adequate erosion resistance are presented in this manual for grass and dumped stone linings only. The performance of individually placed stone rip-rap, bagged concrete and paved linings is considered to be unpredictable since it depends to a great extent on local defects that may develop as a result of cracking, settlement, or ice action. Under ideal conditions, these linings are highly erosion resistant. However, a local defect may lead to a progressive failure of the entire lining in a relatively short time.
4.2 Economic considerations
A number of economic factors will affect the selection of a lining type for a particular project. The most important factors that should be considered are:
1). Cost of material.
a). Possibility of obtaining material of the required size and quality on site.
b). Distance to other sources.
2). Cost of labor.
a). Amount of labor necessary for installation.
b). Local wage rates.
3). Anticipated need for cost of maintenance.
The Weighted Average Bid Prices can be used to obtain a rough idea of the relative costs of various linings. However, the cost of a particular lining on a specific project may differ considerably from the previous year's average bid price in that Region. Some of the reasons for such a difference are:
1) The materials for some lining types may be available on a project as part of the required excavation.
2) The availability of certain materials may vary between different areas of the Region.
3) The unit bid price will be higher if only a small quantity of the material is in the contract than if a large quantity is involved.
4) Inflation.
The gradation of stone filling (fine), stone filling (light), and bedding material have been designed so as to be obtainable from rock cuts or stone quarries with a minimum of processing. Stone filling is an especially economical material if it can be obtained within the limits of the project (on site). The suitability of the excavated rock for stone filling items should be evaluated in design by the Regional Geotechnical Engineer or a Departmental Engineering Geologist.
Stone filling items can be obtained from the following potential sources:
On-site rock cuts.
Stone Filling ItemProductStone Filling (Fine)As blasted, large stone removed.Stone Filling (Light)As blasted, large stone removed.Stone Filling (Medium)Selected coarse material.Stone Filling (Heavy)Selected coarse material.
Off-site quarries.
Stone Filling ItemProductStone Filling (Fine)Run of crusher, 8 in. (200 mm) top size.Stone Filling (Light)As blasted, large stone removed.Stone Filling (Medium)Selected coarse material.Stone Filling (Heavy)Selected coarse material.Bedding MaterialRun of crusher, 4 in. (100 mm) top size.
Gravel pit scalpings.
Stone Filling ItemProductStone Filling (Fine)Likely source.Stone Filling (Light)Possible source.
Stone walls.
Stone Filling ItemProductStone Filling (Light)Possible source.
Other possible sources.
Boulders in glacial till and mine or tunnel spoil.
5. DESIGN OF PROTECTIVE LININGS
5.1 Objectives
The function of protective linings is to prevent the erosion of underlying materials if the erosive condition cannot be eliminated. In order to perform this function, the lining has to be designed and constructed so as to:
1) be able to resist the forces exerted by the water on the lining,
2) have an adequate extent along the water course so that erosion adjacent to the lining will not cause its failure by undermining, and
3) prevent the washing out of underlying materials through openings in the lining.
The long-term performance of the lining under the effects of settlement, ice action and time-related deterioration should also be considered when appropriate.
A lining composed of stone filling (medium or heavy) and located adjacent to a highway may constitute a hazard to traffic. The Department's current policy in regard to potentially dangerous fixed objects should be followed.
The design data and procedures presented in this manual are based, for the most part, on reduced-scale model tests supplemented by a limited number of full scale tests and field observations, all made by other agencies (see Refs. 1 through 9). It is suggested that general experiences with protective linings and the recommendations in this manual be documented and forwarded to Deputy Chief Engineer (Design). In this way, the entire Department will benefit from such experiences and improvement of design methods will be made possible.
Design data and procedures are provided in this chapter for grass and dumped stone linings only. However, recommendations intended to provide optimum results when it is decided to use another type of lining have also been included.
5.2 Use of design charts
Figures 6 through 11 consist of charts to be used in selecting the appropriate lining type for known or assumed flow conditions and channel geometry. Figure 5 defines some of the nomenclature used in these charts.
The velocity referred to in Figures 6 and 7 is the mean or average velocity of water flowing in the channel, that is, the flow quantity divided by the cross-sectional area of flow. The shape of the curves results from the fact that, as the channel depth increases, the ratio of the velocity at the channel boundaries to the average velocity decreases. The maximum permissible flow velocity immediately adjacent to the lining is given by the horizontal segments of the curves intersecting the vertical axis.
The maximum allowable flow velocity for a given stone size depends also on the flow conditions (uniform, gradually varying or rapidly varying). These are determined by the curvature of the channel alignment and the presence of obstructions in the channel. Information is insufficient regarding the performance of grass linings under various flow conditions. It is recommended that added protection in the form of stone filling be provided at bends and junctions in grass-lined channels.
FIG. 5 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS RELATING TO CHANNEL GEOMETRY
FIG. 6 PROTECTIVE LININGS FOR CHANNEL BOTTOMS AND FOR SIDE SLOPES FLATTER THAN 1V ON 3H IN CHANNELS WITH GRADES OF LESS THAN 10% (ADAPTED FROM REFS. 2 AND 3)
FIG. 7 PROTECTIVE LININGS FOR SIDE SLOPES EQUAL T O O R S T E E P E R T H A N 1 V O N 3 H I N C H A N N E L S W I T H G R A D E S O F L E S S T H A N 1 0 % ( A D A P T E D F R O M R E F S . 2 A N D 3 )
F I G . 8 P R O T E C T I V E L I N I N G S F O R T R A P E Z O I D A L C H A N N E L S W I T H G R A D E S e" 1 0 %
F I G . 9 P R O T E C T I V E L I N I N G S F O R T R I A N G U L A R C H A N N E L S W I T H G R A D E S e" 1 0 % A N D S I D E S L O P E S = 1 V O N 2 H
F I G . 1 0 P R O T E C T I V E L I N I N G S F O R T R I A N G U L A R C H A N N E L S W I T H G R A D E S e" 1 0 % A N D S I D E S L O P E S = 1 V O N 4 H
F I G . 1 1 P R O T E C T I V E L I N I N G S F O R T R I A N G U L A R C H A N N E L S W I T H G R A D E S e" 1 0 % A N D S I D E S L O P E S d" 1 V O N 8 H
I n t h e c a s e o f c h a n n e l s w i t h g r a d e s of 10% or steeper (Figures 8, 9, 10 and 11), the flow conditions are highly turbulent throughout, and the effect of channel curvature on stone size can be neglected.
The relationship between maximum channel depth and the allowable average flow velocity represented by the curves shown in Figures 6 and 7 is valid for roughly triangular to trapezoidal channel cross-sections without pronounced breaks in the slope going from main channel to flood plain. If the flood plain is flat, compared to the inclination of the banks of the main channel, the velocity distribution will be considerably different than that on which Figures 6 and 7 are based. In this case, the channel cross-sectional area should be divided into separate main channel and flood plain areas by imaginary vertical lines. The average flow quantity and velocity for each area can be computed knowing the total flow and the slope (S) for the entire stream and estimating Manning's n, and hydraulic radius (R) for each area separately.
Protection for a location subject to the high velocity main channel flow should then be selected from Figures 6 and 7 using the average velocity in the main channel. At locations well back on the flood plain, the type of protection can be selected based on the average velocity and the maximum depth in the flood plain section. Judgment may have to be used to decide which of these two cases is applicable.
Other considerations which influence the selection of a lining are discussed for various common lining types subsequently. A chart relating the dimensions of theoretical stone shapes to their weight is plotted in Figure 12 as an aid in evaluating the particle size distribution of stone filling and rip-rap materials. Figures 13, 14 and 15 are included to facilitate the design of small rounded triangular channels. For a known channel flow or discharge and a known channel slope or grade, the depth and velocity of flow in the channel can be found. It should be noted that the discharge and velocity in these figures is multiplied by the coefficient of roughness (Manning's n) of the channel. Thus, these figures can be used regardless of the type of channel lining. Since the coefficient of roughness in grass lined channels is not constant, a trial and error procedure using Figures 13, 14 and 15 in conjunction with Figure 16 is necessary when computing the flow velocity in a grass lined channel. The Appendix contains examples of this procedure.
FIG. 12 STONE FILLING WEIGHT-SIZE CONVERSION CHART
FIG. 13 CHANNEL CHART (FROM DEPT. OF HIGHWAYS, STATE OF OHIO, MANUAL OF LOCATION AND DESIGN)
FIG. 14 CHANNEL CHART (FROM DEPT. OF HIGHWAYS, STATE OF OHIO, MANUAL OF LOCATION AND DESIGN)
FIG. 15 CHANNEL CHART (FROM DEPT. OF HIGHWAYS, STATE OF OHIO, MANUAL OF LOCATION AND DESIGN)
5.3 Evaluation of various lining types
5.3.1 Grass linings
Grass linings are suitable for applications where they will be exposed to periodic, relatively slow flow of water. They are commonly used in small roadside drainage channels carrying water intermittently, on the upper parts of the banks of larger channels, and in the emergency spillways of small dams (Fig. 18).
This type of lining has a pleasing appearance, is economical and is not subject to damage as a result of undermining or settlement of the supporting soils. A considerable length of time is required to establish an adequate grass cover starting from seed. Jute mesh and similar temporary protective materials provide only a minimum of protection against erosion (Fig. 19). Drainage channels constructed of sod, held in place with pins or stakes, are least likely to be eroded during the early post-construction phase and are recommended for use in:
1) easily erodible soils,
2) channels with a design flow near the maximum permissible for a grass lining, and
3) locations where the establishment of a grass cover would require an excessive length of time.
The coefficient of roughness (Mannings n) of grass-lined channels varies with the grade and the hydraulic radius of the channel as shown in Figures 16 and 17. In addition, Figure 16 can be used to solve for the flow velocity in a grass-lined channel for known or assumed values of grade and hydraulic radius.
The limiting conditions of flow and channel geometry for the use of grass linings are presented in graph form in Figures 6 through 11. As indicated in these graphs, the erosion resistance of grass lining is greater on a well-graded or cohesive foundation soil, than on a uniform sand or other material known to be easily erodible. In order to prevent deposition of sediment, the grade of channels fully lined with grass should not be less than 0.5 percent.
A grass lining cannot be used in channels carrying water for extended periods of time. Consequently, if the soil and flow conditions are such that an unlined channel would be subject to erosion, some other type of lining should be used.
As for vegetation other than grass, cuttings of basket willow have been planted on the banks of relocated streams in various Regions to check erosion and have generally performed well. The Regional Landscape Architect should be contacted for detailed information regarding the seeding or planting of grass or other vegetation, and its suitability for the conditions that it will be exposed to.
FIG. 16 SOLUTION OF THE MANNING FORMULA FOR GRASS-LINED CHANNELS RETARDANCE CLASS D (FROM HANDBOOK OF CHANNEL DESIGN FOR SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION, SCS-TP-61, REVISED 1954)
FIG. 17 MANNINGS n FOR GRASS LINED CHANNELS, RETARDANCE CLASS D
5.3.2 Dumped stone linings
Dumped stone linings are considered to include all stone linings dumped or individually placed in such a manner that the stones resting on the foundation soil or bedding layer, support other stones (Fig. 20 and 21). As a result, the lining consists of more than a single layer of stones, and the underlying material is not exposed if settlement takes place or individual stones are displaced by ice action. An additional advantage of this lining, under certain conditions, is its coarse surface texture which dissipates the energy of water flowing over it, thus reducing its velocity.
There is a benefit in having a well-graded stone as lining material, with individual stones ranging from a size equal to the thickness of the lining down to one-inch spalls. This type of material forms its own filter that prevents the underlying finer materials from washing out through the lining. Experiments referred to in NCHRP Report 108, "Tentative Design Procedure for Rip-Rap- Lined Channels," HRB, 1970, indicate that a well-graded dumped stone lining can be considerably thinner than a uniformly graded dumped stone lining and still provide equivalent protection against washing out of the underlying material.
The following tabulation lists the minimum permissible mean particle sizes (d50), assuming spherical stone, and the roughness coefficients (Mannings n) for the four types of stone filling mentioned in this manual:
Stone Filling Typed50Mannings nStone Filling (Fine)3 in. (75 mm)0.031Stone Filling (Light)6 in. (150 mm)0.035Stone Filling (Medium)13 in. (350 mm)0.040Stone Filling (Heavy)23 in. (600 mm)0.044The erosion resistance of a dumped stone lining depends on the average size of the stone and on channel geometry. Figures 6 through 11 should be used to determine the stone size required to provide adequate erosion resistance for the design flow and proposed channel geometry.
It is not known how ice action (impacts, shoving, etc.) affects the various sizes of stone filling. Local experience may show that, in order to avoid displacement by moving ice, the stone size has to be increased above the values given by Figures 6 through 11. In canals and some locations in navigable streams, the erosive effect due to passing ships or barges may be more critical than that of the current or of wind-caused moves. In such cases, previous experience should govern the selection of a suitable size of stone filling for erosion protection.
It is recommended that dumped stone linings not be designed thinner than the thicknesses given in the following tabulation:
Stone Filling TypeMinimum ThicknessStone Filling (Fine)9 in. (225 mm)Stone Filling (Light)12 in. (300 mm)Stone Filling (Medium)18 in. (450 mm)Stone Filling (Heavy)30 in. (750 mm)
Smaller thicknesses would not be realistic in view of the specified particle sizes of the lining materials and the natural variability of rock particle sizes.
If stones having a diameter greater than the recommended minimum lining thickness are specified, the lining thickness should be increased to equal the maximum stone diameter. It should be kept in mind that the ability of a dumped stone lining to resist erosion is not increased by increasing the thickness of the lining. This resistance can be increased only by increasing the average stone size or by flattening the slope. In the absence of an adequate filter layer, increasing the lining thickness does reduce the probability of underlying finer material washing out through voids in the lining.
Post-construction maintenance of dumped stone linings can be accomplished relatively easily by rearranging displaced stone with a backhoe or gradall, or by dumping additional stone where the lining has been disrupted. If it is seen that the stones originally used in the lining were moved by the water, larger size stone should be used in rehabilitation work
FIG. 18 GRASS LINED SWALE
FIG. 19 INSTALLATION OF EROSION CONTROL MAT FOR STABILIZATION OF GRASS LINED SWALE
FIG. 20 STONE LINING CONSISTING OF STONE FILLING (LIGHT) INSTALLED OVER A BEDDING LAYER OF COARSE AGGREGATE GRADATION CA2
FIG. 21 STONE FILLING (HEAVY) INSTALLED AS TOE PROTECTION WHILE GRADATIONS IN UPPER PORTION OF SLOPE VARY IN LAYERS TO ALLOW TOPSOIL AND SEED
5.3.3 Paved or grouted linings
This group of linings includes those constructed of Portland cement concrete, asphalt concrete, grouted rip-rap (Fig. 22) or grouted stone paving. These linings are comparatively smooth, and water flows over them with a high velocity producing the following undesirable results:
1) Plucking action of water at cracks and joints may remove underlying supporting soil.
2) Unless adequate protection is provided at the downstream end, the high-speed flow tends to erode a plunge pool that may work its way back and undermine the lining.
Because of their rigidity, paved and grouted linings are unable to adjust to settlement or local loss of the supporting soil. Consequently, they are subject to undermining that becomes progressively more severe, frequently resulting in a complete failure (Fig. 23).
There are conditions, however, under which a paved lining may be the most economical alternative. The following precautions in the design and construction of paved linings will increase the chances for a successful installation:
1) Use a paved lining only in soil conditions where settlement or lateral movement of the foundation soil is not likely to occur.
2) Use a channel grade not steeper than 10 percent.
3) Do not use a channel grade flatter than 0.35 percent in order to avoid deposition of sediment.
4) Compact loose foundation soils.
5) Provide an underdrain system for major channels where hydrostatic uplift forces are anticipated. Do not use weep holes unless foundation is rock or compact till, or provisions are made to prevent the washing out of the supporting soil.
6) Depress channel so that the top of the lining is below the surrounding ground surface.
7) Place strip of sod, at least 1 ft. (0.3 m) wide, on each side adjacent to the paved lining.
8) Do not use contraction or expansion joints.
9) Use continuous reinforcement extending through all construction joints.
10) Increase the height of lining on the outside of bends and opposite connecting channels.
11) Collect and control flow at the upstream end of the lining in order to prevent under mining by water flowing adjacent to the channel.
12) Provide cutoffs below ground surface at upstream and downstream ends of lining.
13) Protect against erosion at downstream end of lining as recommended in 6. PROTECTION AT CULVERT AND PAVED CHANNEL OUTLETS.
FIG. 22 GROUTED RIP-RAP
FIG. 23 FAILURE OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE CHANNEL LINING
5.3.4 Dry rip-rap and bagged concrete
In the terminology used by the Department, dry rip-rap consists of individual stones each weighing 100 lbs. (50 kg.) or more, placed in a single layer on the surface to be protected (Fig. 24).
Bagged concrete or concrete rip-rap in bags is made up of bags filled with concrete and placed on a slope next to each other. Steel dowels are placed through adjacent bags before the concrete has set (Fig. 25).
Both of the above lining types consist of particles of approximately equal size placed closely next to each other in a single, relatively thin layer. The movement of any element out of its location exposes the underlying material to the erosive force of water and may start a progressive failure.
In using dry rip-rap and bagged concrete linings, the best results are achieved if the following conditions are met:
1) Settlement or lateral movement of foundation soils is not anticipated.
2) Ice conditions in winter and spring are not severe.
3) Rip-rap is placed on a 6 in. (150 mm) thick bedding layer.
4) Protect against erosion at downstream end of lining as recommended in 6. PROTECTION AT CULVERT AND PAVED CHANNEL OUTLETS.
Gabions
Gabions are baskets formed of wire mesh and filled with crushed stone, cobbles or coarse gravel (Fig. 26 and 27). A thinner version of gabions is known as a Reno mattress. The following considerations enter into the decision on whether or not to use gabions:
1) Gabions require a great deal of hand labor.
2) They are difficult if not impossible to place in water deeper than 2 ft. (0.6 m).
3) The availability of suitable stone (4 in. (100 mm) to 12 in. (300 mm) in size and having a maximum of 10 percent loss after 10 cycles of magnesium sulfate soundness test) should be investigated).
Where gabions will be exposed to corrosive waters or industrial fumes, the baskets should be constructed of P. V. C. coated wire.
FIG. 24 DRY RIP-RAP
FIG. 25 CONCRETE RIP-RAP IN BAGS
FIG. 26 GABION WALL LAYOUT OF FOUNDATION UNITS
FIG. 27 GABION WALL CONSTRUCTION
5.3.6 Fabriform
Fabriform is a patented lining, HYPERLINK "http://www.fabriform1.com" www.fabriform1.com, consisting of two sheets of nylon fabric fastened together at regular intervals and filled with Portland cement grout (Figs. 28 and 29). A Fabriform lining can be placed by a diver to a considerable depth under water.
The nylon fabric deteriorates under prolonged exposure to sunlight. In southern United States under conditions of intense sunlight, complete disintegration of the upper sheet has taken place in less than five years after construction. Protective coatings can be used to reduce the rate of deterioration. The distributors state that, even in installations where the entire upper part of the nylon cover has disintegrated, the solidified grout has remained in place and that, if the outer nylon cover is torn by ice or abrasive bed load, the Fabriform blanket as a whole will remain intact.
Fabriform has been used with good success by the Department. Specifications, typical sections, and cost information are available from the Design Division.
5.3.7 Soil cement
Soil cement facings have been used for protection against wave erosion on several dams, HYPERLINK "http://www.cement.org/water/dams_sc.asp" www.cement.org/water/dams_sc.asp. Sandy soil is required to produce acceptable soil cement. A manual entitled Soil-Cement Slope Protection published by the Portland Cement Association is a comprehensive reference on all aspects of the use of soil cement for erosion protection.
5.3.8 Closed pipe drains
Though not a type of lining, closed pipe drains are mentioned here because on steep slopes they may be more economical than dumped stone or other linings. Closed pipe drains have the advantage of not being subject to overtopping, but they can be undermined by water flowing along the boundary between the pipe and the backfill material. Therefore, the inlet should be constructed so as to channel all flow into the pipe. A cutoff should be provided at the inlet, and foundation and backfill material should be thoroughly compacted. Erosion protection in accordance with 6. PROTECTION AT CULVERT AND PAVED CHANNEL OUTLETS should be provided at the downstream end.
FIG. 28 FABRIFORM LINING (ALLEGHENY RESERVOIR, NEW YORK)
FIG. 29 FABRIFORM LINING (SILVER LAKE, MINNESOTA)
5.4 Required extent of linings
5.4.1 Stream channel linings
Most failures of protective linings can be attributed to inadequate extent of the lining and subsequent undermining. In order to prevent this type of failure, a lining should be terminated at stable features or extended at its lateral limits to such a depth that undermining will not occur.
The upper limit of dumped stone protective blankets should generally be at the design high water level. In wide rivers some freeboard should be provided to protect against wave action. Grass cover established above the upper limit of the stone will normally provide adequate protection against flood flows.
Blanket type linings protecting the banks of sizable streams should be extended to bedrock outcrops, natural slopes deriving erosion resistance from well-established vegetation, or other stable features. If this is not feasible, cutoffs should be provided at the upstream and downstream ends of the protective blanket as shown in Figure 30 for stone filling protective linings.
Maximum protection against erosion at the toe is obtained if the protective lining is continued to bedrock or other erosion-resistant stratum. However, it is seldom feasible to do so. As an alternate, where the channel is composed of sand and/or silt, bank protection may be terminated at a depth of at least 5 ft. (1.5 m) below the streambed. The depth should be increased at the outside banks of sharp bends and at other locations where scour is likely to occur, and the lining extended to the anticipated depth of scour. Unfortunately, the computation of the depth of scour is a problem that has, in spite of numerous attempts, so far escaped solution. Figures 28 and 29 are based on data obtained from model tests relating depth of scour to the dimensions of channel constrictions.
A long channel constriction (Fig. 31) corresponds to the practical case of an embankment built roughly parallel to and in or adjacent to a stream. A short constriction (Fig. 32) occurs at many locations where a highway crosses a stream. The relationships shown in Figures 31 and 32 should be regarded only as rough guides to judgment when attempting to predict scour depths. The actual scour depths may be considerably smaller or greater depending on such factors as: the type of stream-bed material, amount of bed load carried by the stream, channel geometry, and others. When evaluating the possibility of scour, it should be noted that an embankment or a structure may not encroach on a stream while it is carrying normal flow, but may do so during floods when the stream flows in a wider channel.
At locations having erodible channel conditions, where it is not practical to dig a trench and continue the protective blanket below the streambed, a stone toe provides material that will fall into a scour hole that may develop and in this way extend the blanket. Recommended toe dimensions are shown in Figure 33. If a paved or grouted rip-rap lining is used in a relatively narrow channel, the entire width of the channel should be lined. If it is not feasible to do so, some other type of lining should generally be selected.
FIG. 30 CUTOFFS AT UPSTRAM AND DOWNSTREAM ENDS OF STONE FILLING PROTECTIVE LININGS
FIG. 31 DEPTH OF SCOUR IN LONG CHANNEL CONSTRICTIONS
FIG. 32 DEPTH OF SCOUR AT SHORT CHANNEL CONSTRICTIONS
FIG. 33 RECOMMENDED DIMENSIONS FOR STONE TOES IN ERODIBLE CHANNELS
5.4.2 Small roadside drainage channels
In the case of small roadside or down slope drainage channels, erosion starts most often at the downstream end of the channel lining, if the flow discharges onto natural ground or into an unlined ditch. It is important to make sure that the slope of the ditch or the natural ground downstream of the lining is sufficiently flat so that the discharged flow of water causes no erosion. In addition, a vertical cutoff and a dumped stone apron, a plunge pool lined with stone, or some other type of energy dissipater should be provided at the discharge end of channels carrying flow with a high velocity head (for example, channels having Portland cement concrete, asphalt concrete, hand placed dry or grouted rip-rap, or similar smooth linings). Additional lining height should be provided on the outside of bends and at channel junctions.
5.5 Protection against wave action
Wave action can erode the unprotected slopes of embankments built adjacent to reservoirs, lakes, or wide rivers. The maximum height of waves that can be expected to occur at a location depends on the wind velocity, the fetch (or length of open water over which the wind acts) and the duration of the wind. If these factors are known, the maximum wave height can be estimated from Figure 34.
Stone filling (medium) can be used as protection against wave action at locations where the wave height is expected to be between 1 ft. (0.3 m) and 4 ft. (1.2 m). Stone filling (heavy) should be used where wave heights of 4 ft. (1.2 m) to 10 ft. (3.0 m) are anticipated. Wave protection can be reduced on slopes flatter than 1V on 4H. Slopes of inland bodies of water having an inclination of 1V on 8H or flatter can be protected by a 12 in. (300 mm) layer of stone filling (fine) regardless of wave height.
Wave protection should extend from 1.5 times the wave height above high water level to 5 ft. (1.5 m) below low water level. In the case of flood-control reservoirs, where high water level is maintained only a short period of time and vegetation can be established on the slopes, other wave protection may not be necessary. The design of seashore wave protection should be based on local experience.
FIG. 34 MAXIMUM WAVE HEIGHT IN RESERVOIRS AND LAKES AS A FUNCTION OF WIND VELOCITY, WIND DURATION AND FETCH
6. PROTECTION AT CULVERT AND PAVED CHANNEL OUTLETS
6.1 Need for protection
At high flows water leaving a culvert or a smooth-lined channel has sufficient energy to excavate a large scour hole at the outlet. Therefore, protection should be provided at this location, at the very least to prevent damage to the culvert or lining. Additional protection is needed if it is desired to entirely avoid the occurrence of a scour hole downstream of the culvert. The protection may consist of:
1) A cutoff wall that keeps the scour hole from undermining the outlet.
2) A protective apron that prevents erosion of underlying materials and thus keeps a scour hole from developing.
3) Energy dissipating devices that reduce the flow velocity to a value that will not cause erosion.
4) A combination of two or more of the above.
Eddy flow may cause erosion also at the culvert inlet. Protection for the embankment at the inlet end should be provided on the basis of judgment and experience. The protection should extend vertically at least to the design high water level. The minimum lateral limits of inlet protection should be one culvert diameter or span to each side of the culvert for single culverts, and one culvert diameter or span outside the outer culverts in a multiple culvert installation.
6.2 Design of dumped stone protective aprons
This manual presents design recommendations for dumped stone protective aprons, touching only briefly on other types of protection. Dumped stone filling is preferred for use in aprons since the rough texture of this material dissipates the energy of the water to a certain extent and reduces the potential for erosion or scour further downstream. In addition, this material is not as subject to progressive failure as some other lining materials. The recommended configuration for dumped stone aprons is shown in Figure 35. The type of material and the length required for the apron should be determined from Figure 36.
The lateral apron limits shown in Figure 35 are the maximum limits and apply for a culvert outletting into a wide channel. In cases where the culvert discharges into a narrow well-defined channel, the apron can be discontinued at design high water elevation. The stone sizes and apron lengths given in Figure 36 are for aprons with longitudinal slopes of less than ten percent. If an apron is to be built on a grade equal to or steeper than ten percent, the number of the zone (for Zones 1 through 6) obtained from the graph should be increased by one before selecting apron material and length from the table in Figure 36. For example, if D0=5 ft., V0=4 ft./sec., and apron grade is less than 10%, a 15 ft. apron of stone filling (light) would be required to protect the culvert. For the same values of D0 and V0, if the apron grade were increased to 10% or more, a 20 ft. apron of stone filling (medium) would be required. No adjustment is necessary for combinations of V0 and D0 giving points in Zone 7.
FIG. 35 RECOMMENDED LIMITS FOR PROTECTIVE APRONS AT CULVERT OUTLETS
FIG. 36 RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE APRON MATERIALS AND LENGTHS
The thickness of the stone lining in an apron should be equal to or greater than shown in the following tabulation:
Stone LiningThicknessStone Filling (Fine)12 in. (300 mm)Stone Filling (Light)18 in. (450 mm)Stone Filling (Medium)24 in. (600 mm)Stone Filling (Heavy)36 in. (900 mm)
These thicknesses are greater than those recommended for other applications because the concentrated flow from the culvert rearranges the stone to some extent.
6.3 Other types of protection
In some cases an energy dissipater may have to be used at a culvert outlet because erosion protection by means of a dumped stone apron would require stone of excessive size. In other cases a stilling basin or an energy dissipater may be more economical than an apron. The following three are among references that can be used as an aid in the design of energy dissipaters and stilling basins:
1) Engineering Monograph No - 25, Hydraulic Design of Stilling Basins and Energy Dissipaters, U. S. Dept. of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, 1963.
2) MacDonald, T. C. Energy Dissipaters for Large Culverts, American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Hydraulics Division, Vol. 95, No. HY6, pp. 1941-1958, November 1969.
3) Thorson et al., Design Criteria for Controlled Scour and Energy Dissipation at Culvert Outlets using Rock and a Sill, HRB Annual Meeting, January 1971.
Channel protection downstream of the energy dissipater can generally be designed in accordance with 5. DESIGN OF PROTECTIVE LININGS.
In soils containing particles of coarse gravel size and larger, protection other than a shallow cutoff wall may not be necessary for the culvert if a scour hole can be tolerated. The formation of a scour hole induces the energy of the flow and the size of the particles in the scour hole increases because the finer materials are washed out first. As a result, the scour stabilizes, leaving a stone-lined plunge pool or stilling basin that acts as an energy dissipater. The depth of the plunge pool is a function of the culvert flow and the gradation of the soil.
Model tests performed by the Corps of Engineers (Ref. 5) indicate that, if a cutoff wall alone is used to protect a culvert from undermining in uniform fine sand, the required depth of the cutoff wall is as follows:
1) One and one-half culvert diameters, when the tail water is below mid-height of the culvert.
2) One-half the culvert diameter, when the tail water is above mid-height of the culvert.
It is recommended, therefore, that additional protection besides a cutoff wall be used in soils other than coarse-grained glacial tills or outwash, unless a high tail water condition is maintained permanently.
7. FILTER OR BEDDING LAYERS
7.1 The need for filter or bedding layers
Water seeping through a soil induces seepage pressures, which tend to move the soil particles in the direction of seepage. If the soil does not have sufficient cohesion and the individual soil particles are not sufficiently heavy to resist the seepage force, they will be displaced. This may result in erosion, starting at a point where the soil particles are not held in place by overlying materials. If the soil contains a sufficient proportion of particles that are too large for the seepage forces to move, a natural filter layer maybe built up as some of the fine particles are washed out and erosion tends to cease. In the absence of coarse particles, erosion may work its way progressively back. Examples of this occurrence are some types of cut slope sloughs and piping under or through dams. Criteria have been developed for the determination of the required grain size of a granular filter material, which when placed over a soil with a known grain size distribution, will prevent erosion of the soil. As an alternate to a granular material, geotextile bedding, consisting of a fabric that has pores permitting water to pass but retaining most of the soil particles, is often used.
Water flowing over a protective lining that has openings, such as stone filling or dry rip-rap, can pluck out underlying soil particles if the openings are large compared to the size of the soil particles and if the water velocity is sufficiently high. In the case of dumped stone linings, the water velocity at the bottom of the lining is comparatively low because of the rough texture and the thickness of the lining. Therefore, strict observation of the usual filter criteria in determining the need for and the required gradation of a granular filter or bedding layer would be overconservative and uneconomical. Exceptions, where filter criteria should be strictly observed, are the presence of moderate to severe wave action or of a steep hydraulic gradient in the foundation soil leading to high seepage pressures in the direction of the lining.
For the purpose of evaluating the need for a bedding layer, soils may be divided into two groups:
1) Erodible soils - Non-plastic soils consisting predominantly of sand and silt with less than 15 percent, by weight, of particles retained on the in. (6.3 mm) sieve. Erodible soils are usually found as alluvium, beach, delta and dune deposits as well as non-plastic lake sediments.
2) Non-erodible soils - Soils containing at least 15 percent, by weight, of particles retained on the in. (6.3 mm) sieve and/or having some plasticity.
Local experience may indicate that some soils, which, based on the above criteria, would belong to the second group, present erosion problems in the field. These soils should be treated as erodible soils. The Regional Geotechnical Engineer should be contacted for advice regarding the erodibility of soils at a particular site.
7.2 Granular filter or bedding material
Except for installations where waves with a height of 2 ft. (0.6 m) or greater are anticipated, a bedding layer is not required over non-erodible soils, a layer of bedding material having a thickness as shown in the following table should be provided:
Stone LiningThickness of Bedding LayerStone Filling (Fine)6 in. (150 mm)Stone Filling (Light)6 in. (150 mm)Stone Filling (Medium)6 in. (150 mm)Stone Filling (Heavy)9 in. (225 mm)
If waves with a height of 2 ft. (0.6 m) or greater are anticipated, a bedding layer should be provided wherever the foundation soil has less than 15 percent, by weight, of particles retained on the 1 in. (37.5 mm) sieve. The thickness of the bedding layers for the different types of dumped stone lining should be the same as shown in the above table. A bedding layer is not required if the Regional Geotechnical Engineer determines that the soil is a clay or silty clay with a liquid limit greater than 30.
Dry and grouted rip-rap linings should be placed on a 6 in. (150 mm) layer of bedding material unless the foundation soil contains at least 15 percent, by weight, particles retained on the in. (12.5 mm) sieve. The criteria for determining the need to provide a bedding layer are more severe for these linings because, owing to their smoother surface texture, water flows over them with a higher velocity.
Bedding layers are not normally required under gabions and Fabriform.
7.3 Geotextile bedding
Geotextile can often be used as a more economical bedding material than gravel crushed stone. The section on geotextiles in the Standard Specifications contains detailed requirements for placement of geotexti1e to be used as bedding material. Certain cautions should be kept in mind when considering the use of geotexti1e bedding:
1) The stability of geotexti1e bedding placed on a 1 vertical on 2 horizontal slope will be borderline even in a granular natural soil. A slope of 1 vertical on 2.5 horizontal or flatter is recommended. The steepest slope should be even flatter in plastic soils. However, plastic soils usually do not require the use of bedding material.
2) The life expectancy of geotextiles and changes in their filtration properties over time are not well understood. Therefore, the use of geotextile filters and bedding is not recommended in types of construction with a long design life where consequences of failure could be serious, e.g. dams.
3) The presence of fuel oil or caustic material in the water carried by the channel can damage geotextiles.
4) Geotextiles may be damaged or destroyed by abrasion, such as results from stones being moved by flowing water.
5) Geotextile is not recommended as bedding for dry or grouted rip-rap since, to achieve the objective of a smooth face, adjacent stones may have to be embedded in the bedding material to different depths.
Backfill material finer than coarse gravel can infiltrate the voids between the stones in a gabion wall. This occurrence can be prevented economically by covering the stone-filled gabions with geotextile before placing backfill against or over them.
REFERENCES
1. Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 6, Design of Roadside Drainage Channels, U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Public Roads, April 1962.
2. Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 11, Design of Riprap Revetment, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Publication No. FHWA-IP-89-016, March 1989.
3. McWhorter, J. C., et al., Erosion Control Criteria for Drainage Channels, Mississippi State University, March, 1968.
4. NCHRP Synthesis of Highway Practice No. 5, Scour at Bridge Waterways, HRB, 1970.
5. Research Report H-70-2, Erosion and Rip-Rap Requirements at Culvert and Storm Drain Outlets, U. S. Army, Engineers Waterways Experimental Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi, January, 1970.
6. Sherard, J. L., et al., Earth and Earth-Rock Dams, John Whey and Sons, Inc., 1963.
7. Simons, D.B., et al., Flood Protection at Culvert Outlets, Wyoming State Highway Department, 1970.
8. State of California, Department of Public Works, Division of Highways, Bank and Shore Protection in California Highway Practice, November, 1960.
9. Thorson, D.A., et al., Design Criteria for Controlled Scour and Energy Dissipation at Culvert Outlets Using Rock and a Sill, HRB Annual Meeting, January, 1971.
APPENDIX
Sample Problems
Sample Problem No. 1 (US Customary Units)
Problem:
A highway embankment will be constructed on the flood plain of a river. Design a protective lining for the embankment. A plan view of the area is shown.
Available information:
Flood plain soil is a fine silty sand.
Design flood flow is 9400 ft3/sec.
Cross-sectional area of flow at design flood (after embankment construction is 1300 ft2. No appreciable difference between slope of main channel banks and flood plain.
Maximum depth of river at design flood is 12 ft. Average slope of water surface at design flood is 0.002.
Embankment side slopes are 1V on 2H.
Embankment material is a fine sand.
Solution:
Average velocity of flow = Q/A = 9400/1300 = 7.2 ft/sec.
Refer to plan view. The ratio of the radius of curvature of the channel to channel width at design flow is less than 10, by inspection. Therefore, the curves for rapidly varying flow in Fig. 7 should be used. For a maximum flow depth of 12 ft., the maximum allowable average flow velocity for stone filling (fine) is 6.7 ft/sec. Consequently, stone filling (light) is the required protection.
As the flow spreads out over the flood plain, at a certain depth the flow velocity is so low that no protection other than grass is required. This depth and the points at which the stone filling can be ended are found as follows.
If the channel bottom is comparatively flat and the channel is wide, the hydraulic radius, R, will be approximately equal to the depth of flow. For a small depth, from Figure 6, grass will provide adequate erosion protection for an easily erodible soil if the velocity of flow is not more than 2 ft/sec. From Fig. 16, for a slope of 0.002 and a velocity of 2 ft/sec, the hydraulic radius, R, is 1.4 ft. No embankment protection, other than grass, is necessary where the depth of flow is less than 1.4 ft. A stone filling (light) protective lining is provided, therefore, only between C/L Station A and C/L Station B. A typical section of the lining is shown in Section A-A. Normally, excavated material could be used to backfill the trench, the cross-section of which is triangle KLM. In this case, however, because of the location on the outside of a bend, additional protection against undermining of the lining has been obtained by using stone filling (light) also in KLM. A fine sand is an easily erodible soil. Therefore, a 6 inch layer of bedding material has been provided. Since the flow velocities at Station A and Station B will be comparatively low, no cut-offs normal to the direction of flow have been provided.
Sample Problem No. 2 (US Customary Units)
Problem:
Select a lining for a ditch carrying flow at the transition from fill to original ground as shown in the plan view.
Available Information:
1. Embankment material and foundation soil are well graded glacial till.
2. Slope of ditch shown in plan view.
3. Design flow = 2 cfs.
Solution:
From Fig. 9, a triangular ditch on a 25% grade carrying a flow of 2 cfs would need a stone filling (medium) lining if the channel side slopes were 1V on 2H. However, with 1V on 4H side slopes (Fig. 10) the ditch only needs a grass lining. Therefore, use a triangular cross-section, grass-lined ditch.
For a triangular channel with 1V on 4H side slopes the depth of flow can be found in the following way:
1. Assume a value of n, say 0.05.
2. Enter Fig. 13 with Qn = 2 x 0.05 = 0.1.
3. For Qn = 0.1 and slope = 0.25, Vn = 0.2.
4. From Fig. 16 for slope = 0.25 and velocity = Vn/n = 0.2/0.05 = 4 ft/sec, n = 0.063.
5. Try n=0.07.
6. From Fig. 13 for Qn = 2 x 0.07 = 0.14 and slope = 0.25, Vn = 0.22.
7. From Fig. 16 for slope = 0.25 and velocity = 0.22/0.07 = 3.1 ft/sec, n = 0.7.
8. From Fig. 13 the depth of flow corresponding to Qn = 0.14 and Vn = 0.22 is approximately 0.22 ft.
The depth of the rounded portion of the channel shown in Fig. 13 is found to be 0.25 ft. by geometry. Therefore, a 4 ft. wide rounded channel is adequate. Sod is selected for use instead of seeding protected by jute mesh, because of the lower probability of erosion before the grass cover is established.
The lining for the lower section of the ditch, which is on a 5% grade selected as follows (a triangular ditch with 1V on 4H side slopes will be used):
1. Assume a value of n, say 0.10 (grass lining).
2. Enter Fig. 13 with Qn = 2 x 0.10 = 0.20.
3. For Qn = 0.20 and slope = 0.05, Vn = 0.14.
4. From Fig. 16 for slope = 0.05 and velocity = Vn/n = 0.14/0.10 = 1.4 ft/sec, n = 0.095.
5. From Fig. 13 the depth of flow corresponding to Qn = 0.20 and Vn = 0.14 is approximately 0.40 ft.
6. Since the grade of the ditch is less than 10%, Fig. 6 is used to select the lining material. The bend in the alignment of the channel is not particularly severe. Therefore, the velocity is increased by a factor of 1.5 when selecting the lining material for the outside of the bend. The increased velocity is 2.1 ft/sec. and a grass lining is adequate.
The width of channel required for the computed 0.40 ft. depth is 4+ (0.40-0.25)(4)(2) = 5.2 ft., say 6 ft.
Because the curve in alignment is gradual and because a grass lining is not subject to damage by undermining, an increase in the height of the lining on the outside of the curve is not considered necessary. A short vertical curve should, however, be provided as a transition between the 25% and 5% ditch sections.
Sample Problem No. 3 (US Customary Units)
Problem:
Design a protective apron to prevent undermining at the outlet of the three 72 inch diameter steel structure plate pipe culverts shown in Plan View A.
Available Information:
1. Foundation soil is a well-graded sand and gravel.
2. Culverts discharge into broad flat area so that low tail water conditions will prevail.
3. Longitudinal slope of apron at culvert outlet is less than 10%.
4. Velocity of flow at culvert outlet is 8 ft/sec.
Solution:
For multiple culverts Do = 1.25 x pipe diameter = 1.25 x 6 = 7.5 ft. From Fig. 36 for Vo = 8 ft/sec. and Do = 7.5 ft., use stone filling (medium) and apron length L1 = 4 x Do = 30 ft. The size of stone filling obtained from Fig. 36 does not have to be increased since the longitudinal slope of the apron is less than 10%.
The area where the culverts outlet is flat. Therefore, the full lateral apron dimensions shown in Fig. 35 will apply, that is, the apron will not be discontinued laterally at a location where the bank of the channel reaches design high water elevation. The limits of the protection designed for the culverts are shown in Plan View B and Section A-A.
Sample Problem No. 1 (International System of Units)
Problem:
A highway embankment will be constructed on the flood plain of a river. Design a protective lining for the embankment. A plan view of the area is shown.
Available information:
Flood plain soil is a fine silty sand.
Design flood flow is 265 m3/s.
Cross-sectional area of flow at design flood (after embankment construction is 120 m2. No appreciable difference between slope of main channel banks and flood plain.
Maximum depth of river at design flood is 3.5 m. Average slope of water surface at design flood is 0.002.
Embankment side slopes are 1 on 2.
Embankment material is a fine sand.
Solution:
Average velocity of flow = Q/A = 265/120 = 2.21 m/s.
Refer to plan view. The ratio of the radius of curvature of the channel to channel width at design flow is less than 10, by inspection. Therefore, the curves for rapidly varying flow in Fig. 7 should be used. For a maximum flow depth of 3.5m, the maximum allowable average flow velocity for stone filling (fine) is 2.05 m/s. Consequently, stone filling (light) is the required protection.
As the flow spreads out over the flood plain, at a certain depth the flow velocity is so low that no protection other than grass is required. This depth and the points at which the stone filling can be ended are found as follows.
If the channel bottom is comparatively flat and the channel is wide, the hydraulic radius, R, will be approximately equal to the depth of flow. For a small depth, from Figure 6, grass will provide adequate erosion protection for an easily erodible soil if the velocity of flow is not more than 0.6 m/s. From Fig. 15, for a slope of 0.002 and a velocity of 0.6 m/s, the hydraulic radius, R, is 0.41m. No embankment protection, other than grass, is necessary where the depth of flow is less than 0.41m. A stone filling (light) protective lining is provided, therefore, only between C/L Station A and C/L Station B. A typical section of the lining is shown in Section A-A. Normally, excavated material could be used to backfill the trench, the cross-section of which is triangle KLM. In this case, however, because of the location on the outside of a bend, additional protection against undermining o the lining has been obtained by using stone filling (light) also in KLM. A fine sand is an easily erodible soil. Therefore, a 150mm layer of bedding material has been provided. Since the flow velocities at Station A and Station B will be comparatively low, no cut-offs normal to the direction of flow have been provided.
Sample Problem No. 2 (International System of Units)
Problem:
Select a lining for a ditch carrying flow at the transition form fill to original ground as shown in the plan view.
Available Information:
1. Embankment material and foundation soil are well graded glacial till.
2. Slope of ditch shown in plan view.
3. Design flow = 0. 08 m3/s.
Solution:
From Fig. 9, a triangular ditch on a 20% grade carrying a flow of 0.08 m3/s would need a stone filling (medium) lining if the channel side slopes were 1 on 2. However, with 1 on 4 side slopes (Fig. 10) the ditch only needs a grass lining. Therefore, use a triangular cross-section, grass-lined ditch.
For a triangular channel with 1 on 4 side slopes the depth of flow can be found in the following way:
1. Assume a value of n, say 0.05.
2. Enter Fig. 13 with Qn = 0.08 x 0.05 = 0. 004.
3. For Qn = 0. 004 and slope = 0.20, Vn = 0 - 065.
4. From Fig. 15 for slope = 0.20 and velocity = Vn/n = 0.065/0.05=1.3 m/s, n = 0.06.
5. Try n = 0.07.
6. From Fig. 13 for Qn = 0.08 x 0.07 = 0.0056 and slope = 0.20, Vn = 0.07.
7. From Fig. 15 for slope = 0.20 and velocity = 0.07/0.07 = 1 m/s, n=0.07.
8. From Fig. 13 the depth of flow corresponding to Qn = 0.0056 and Vn=0.07 is approximately 0.08 m.
The depth of the rounded portion of the channel shown in Fig. 13 is found to be 0.075 m by geometry. Therefore, a 1.2 m wide rounded channel is adequate. Sod is selected for use instead of seeding protected by jute mesh, because of the lower probability of erosion before the grass cover is established.
The lining for the lower section of the ditch, which is on a 5% grade selected as follows (A triangular ditch with 1 on 4 side slopes will be used):
1. Assume a value of n, say 0.08 (grass lining).
2. Enter Fig. 13 with Qn = 0.08 x 0,08 = 0.0064.
3. For Qn = 0.0064 and slope = 0.05, Vn = 0.045.
4. From Fig. 15 for slope = 0.05 and velocity = Vn/n = 0.045/0.08=0.56 m/s, n = 0.08.
5. From Fig. 13 the depth of flow corresponding to Qn = 0.0064 and Vn= 0. 045 is approximately 0.12 m.
6. Since the grade of the ditch is less than 10%, Fig. 6 is used to select the lining material. The bend in the alignment of the channel is not particularly severe. Therefore, the curves for gradually varying flow are used when selecting the lining material. A grass lining is adequate.
The width of channel required for the computed 0.12 m depth is 1.2+(0.12 - 0.075) x 4 x 2 = 1.56 m, say 1.6 m.
Because the curve in alignment is gradual and because a grass lining is not subject to damage by undermining, an increase in the height of the lining on the outside of the curve is not considered necessary. A short vertical curve should, however, be provided as a transition between the 20% and 5% ditch sections.
Sample Problem No. 3 (International System of Units)
Problem:
Design a protective apron to prevent undermining at the outlet of the three 1800 mm diameter steel structure plate pipe culverts shown in Plan View A.
Available Information:
1. Foundation soil is a well-graded sand and gravel.
2. Culverts discharge into broad flat area so that low tailwater conditions will prevail.
3. Longitudinal slope of apron at culvert outlet is less than 10%.
4. Velocity of flow at culvert outlet is 2.4 m/s.
Solution:
For multiple culverts Do = 1.25 x pipe diameter = 1.25 x 1 800 mm = 2.25 m. From Fig. 33 for Vo = 2.4 m/s and Do = 2.25 m, use stone filling (medium) and apron length L1 = 4 x Do = 9 m. The size of stone filling obtained from Fig. 33 does not have to be increased since the longitudinal slope of the apron is less than 10%.
The area where the culverts outlet is flat. Therefore, the full lateral apron dimensions shown in Fig. 32 will apply, that is, the apron will not be discontinued laterally at a location where the bank of the channel reaches design high water elevation. The limits of the protection designed for the culverts are shown in Plan View B and Section A-A.
NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
EB 07-039 Page PAGE 59 of 59
EB 07-039 A- PAGE 6
EB 07-039 B- PAGE 6
Grass **
Grass *
Maximum Allowable Average Flow Velocity (ft/sec)
Maximum Depth of Flow (feet)
25
20
15
10
5
0
4
8
12
16
20
0
Stone Filling
(Heavy)
Stone Filling
(Medium)
Stone Filling
(Light)
Stone Filling
(Fine)
* Grass on well-graded or cohesive soil.
** Grass on uniform sand or other easily erodible soil.
Note: Grass linings are not to be used where they will be submerged for extended periods of time.
Rapidly varying flow - sharp bend curvature (curve radius / channel width < 10) or presence of bridge piers or abutments in channel.
Gradually varying flow - moderate bend curvature (30 > curve radius / channel width > 10).
Uniform flow - straight or mildly curving reach (curve radius / channel width > 30).
Legend and Notes
Grass **
Grass *
Maximum Allowable Average Flow Velocity (ft/sec)
Maximum Depth of Flow (feet)
25
20
15
10
5
Stone Filling
(Heavy)
Stone Filling
(Medium)
Stone Filling
(Light)
Stone Filling
(Fine)
0
4
8
12
16
20
0
* Grass on well-graded or cohesive soil.
** Grass on uniform sand or other easily erodible soil.
Note: Grass linings are not to be used where they will be submerged for extended periods of time.
Gradually varying flow - moderate bend curvature (30 > curve radius / channel width > 10).
$ 6 7 8 : ; = > ? L \ ^ c d նymaK?3?3? hNu CJ OJ QJ aJ ho( CJ OJ QJ aJ *j hP{ CJ OJ QJ UaJ mH nH u hP{ CJ OJ QJ aJ h CJ OJ QJ aJ %j hP{ hP{ CJ OJ QJ UaJ h,F{ CJ OJ QJ aJ h+ CJ OJ QJ aJ "hlXC h,F{ 5>*CJ0 OJ QJ aJ0 hNu 5>*CJ0 OJ QJ aJ0 hNu h,F{ 5CJ0 OJ QJ aJ0 hNu hNu 5CJ0 OJ QJ aJ0 hH 5>*CJ0 OJ QJ aJ0 h CJ0 OJ QJ aJ0 7 9 : < = > ] d p q $]a$gdNu $]a$gd0 h^hgdX gd $a$gdo( 1 2 l d n o q
v ʾzznzzbVF ho( 5>*CJ OJ QJ \aJ hDb CJ OJ QJ aJ hP% CJ OJ QJ aJ h,F{ CJ OJ QJ aJ hNu CJ OJ QJ aJ ho( CJ aJ h2 CJ OJ QJ aJ h CJ OJ QJ aJ h<3 CJ OJ QJ aJ h,F{ CJ OJ QJ aJ ho( CJ OJ QJ aJ "h+- ho( 56CJ OJ QJ aJ ho( CJ OJ QJ aJ h+_6 CJ OJ QJ aJ hf CJ OJ QJ aJ * G H i j k l m n o p q r $a$gdo( r s t u v ! " + 4 J t
p$
0^`0gdE
$
0^`0gdE
$
0@& ^`0gdE $@& a$gdE $a$gdE gdE " $
2 0 h*@ P !$ a$gdNu $a$gdo( v | " # ) * H I r s
%
&
^
_
ïxpxdddXXXXXXX h- CJ OJ QJ aJ hb CJ OJ QJ aJ hE CJ aJ j hE CJ UaJ hE 5>*CJ OJ QJ \aJ hE CJ OJ QJ aJ hJ hE CJ OJ QJ aJ &h] hNu 5CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ hNu 5CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ ho( CJ aJ h2 CJ OJ QJ aJ ho( CJ OJ QJ aJ h"E CJ OJ QJ aJ "
'
`
6 E ! 3 Y |
p$
0^`0gdE
$
0^`0gdE
4 5 C D ~
0 1 2 V W X z {
5 7 M O l m n 6 7 h_ CJ OJ QJ aJ he CJ OJ QJ aJ h#] CJ OJ QJ aJ hb CJ OJ QJ aJ h- CJ OJ QJ aJ hE CJ OJ QJ aJ H 8 P o 9 Z 0 Q t
$
0^`0gdE
p$
0^`0gdE
p$
0^`0gdE 7 8 X Y - . / O P r s a c d r t v 0 |||| huj hE CJ OJ QJ aJ hXD hE >*CJ OJ QJ aJ &h] hE 5CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ hE 5CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ hE j hE CJ UaJ hN* CJ OJ QJ aJ he CJ OJ QJ aJ hE CJ OJ QJ aJ h#] CJ OJ QJ aJ 0 + a b c e f g h i j k l m n o p q r gdE `gdE
p$
0^`0gdN*
$
0^`0gdE
p$
0^`0gdE r 0 Q + d }
d gd8E $
8@@ 8nd H ] ^8`na$gd8E $d a$gd8E
8@@d gd8E
8 d gd8E $d H a$gd8E " $
2 0 h*@ P !$ a$gdE 0 4 Q R U V + , / 0 d e h i
$
I J M N a b d f 幨 h hE >*CJ OJ QJ aJ &h] h*o 5CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ h*o 5CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ h*o CJ OJ QJ aJ h hE >*CJ OJ QJ aJ huj hE >*CJ OJ QJ aJ huj hE CJ OJ QJ aJ hE CJ OJ QJ aJ 1 $ I a b
ph]pgd*o
88d ^8`gd8E
8 d gd8E
8d gd8E d gd8E $d H a$gd8E
d gd8E M P ! ! \# ^# c# # # # @& E& `& %' &' ( ( ( ( ( ) ) * * * * ƹ֩֝n[ %j h; hE CJ OJ QJ UaJ huj h\ @CJ OJ QJ aJ hj h\ CJ OJ QJ aJ huj h\ CJ OJ QJ aJ h\ CJ OJ QJ aJ h hE >*CJ OJ QJ aJ hE >*CJ OJ QJ aJ hj hE >*CJ OJ QJ aJ hE CJ OJ QJ aJ huj hE CJ OJ QJ aJ h; hE CJ OJ QJ aJ ! ! ^# _# # @& A& `& ( ( * * * * !+
d ^`gd8E d gd8E $d H a$gd8E
$d a$gd\
d gd8E
d @& gd8E d gd8E
$d a$gd8E $d H a$gd8E * * * * * + "+ .+ /+ 0+ 7+ + + + + + , , V- \- O. P. . . / ҿm_Q@ h`c hE @CJ OJ QJ aJ hE @CJ OJ QJ aJ h2 @CJ OJ QJ aJ #huj hE >*@CJ OJ QJ aJ #hj hE >*@CJ OJ QJ aJ huj hE @CJ OJ QJ aJ h*o CJ OJ QJ aJ huj hE @ CJ OJ QJ aJ %j
h; hE CJ OJ QJ UaJ hE CJ OJ QJ aJ hE 5@ CJ OJ QJ aJ #hKf hE 5@ CJ OJ QJ aJ !+ "+ 0+ + + + P. Q. a0 b0 0 E4 F4 s4 Z6 [6
$d a$gd8E d 1$gd8E
d @& gd8E d gd8E
d @& gd8E
$d a$gd8E
T T|d ^T`|gd8E d gd8E d ^gd8E / / a0 b0 f0 0 0 0 0 0 *3 73 83 93 3 3 E4 F4 J4 h4 i4 s4 4 4 Y6 Z6 [6 ṨvhvZL htA @CJ OJ QJ aJ hV @CJ OJ QJ aJ h @CJ OJ QJ aJ huj hV @CJ OJ QJ aJ hV >*@CJ OJ QJ aJ #h6 hV >*@CJ OJ QJ aJ h6 hV @CJ OJ QJ aJ hE CJ aJ #hj hE >*@CJ OJ QJ aJ hE @CJ OJ QJ aJ huj hE @CJ OJ QJ aJ h2 @CJ OJ QJ aJ [6 `6 v6 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 l; q; ; ; ; ; ; < < O< P< S< T< < < < < > > > > > ? ? [@ \@ թ՝Ցr h* hV CJ OJ QJ aJ huj hV >*CJ OJ QJ aJ h CJ OJ QJ aJ h CJ OJ QJ aJ h6 hV >*CJ OJ QJ aJ h\ CJ OJ QJ aJ huj hV CJ H*OJ QJ aJ huj hV CJ OJ QJ aJ hv hV >*CJ OJ QJ aJ hV CJ OJ QJ aJ ,[6 v6 7 7 7 9 9 9 9 9 9 ; ; ; O< <
8d H H gd8E d gd8E
@$ d H @& ]`$ gd8E 0d H ]^0`gd8E
d H @& gd8E
@ d H gd8E $d a$gd8E $d H a$gd8E < < > > > ? ? @ @ @ A $A aA bA A z
$ hgdV d ^`gd8E d ^`gd8E d gd8E
$d a$gd8E
$d a$gd8E $d H a$gd8E
d H @& gd8E $d a$gd8E
8@d H ]@gd8E \@ o@ t@ @ @ @ @ @ @ A "A #A $A +A 3A `A bA dA fA A A A A A QC RC C C C D D yhX huj hV >*CJ OJ QJ aJ h 5CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ &h] hV 5CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ hV 5CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ hV 5@ CJ OJ QJ aJ %j h 6 hV CJ OJ QJ UaJ #hR: hV 5@ CJ OJ QJ aJ %j\ h 6 hV CJ OJ QJ UaJ hV CJ OJ QJ aJ huj hV CJ OJ QJ aJ A A RC SC E E F F F G G G J J J K K
@ d gd8E
d H gd8E d gd8E
d @& gd8E
d gd8E
$d a$gd8E $d H a$gd8E $d a$gd8E
d H gd8E D D >E LE PE ZE E E E E E E E E F F F F G G G G H H J J J J 2K 3K K ƵscR huj hV @CJ OJ QJ aJ hVMH hV >*CJ OJ QJ aJ h?c hV >*CJ OJ QJ aJ %j huj hV CJ OJ QJ UaJ hUZ/ hV >*CJ OJ QJ aJ hUZ/ hV CJ OJ QJ aJ huj hV @ CJ OJ QJ aJ hV @ CJ OJ QJ aJ hV CJ OJ QJ aJ huj hV CJ OJ QJ aJ huj hV @ CJ OJ QJ aJ K K L L L L L L N N N N {N |N N N KO LO PO oO P P P P P ppdS?S &h] h 5CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ h 5CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ h CJ OJ QJ aJ #h&! hV >*@CJ OJ QJ aJ huj h\ @CJ OJ QJ aJ h\ @CJ OJ QJ aJ h @CJ OJ QJ aJ hVMH hV @CJ OJ QJ aJ huj hV @CJ OJ QJ aJ hV >*@CJ OJ QJ aJ #hVMH hV >*@CJ OJ QJ aJ hV @CJ OJ QJ aJ K L N N N N {N |N N KO LO oO P P P P Q $d a$gd8E
d @& gd8E
ph]pgd d hgd8E
$d a$gd8E
d gd8E d gd8E d gd8E $d H a$gd8E
& F d gd8E P P P Q Q Q Q R R R R R R S S S S T T V V V V W W W W W BX CX X X X X X +Y ,Y Y Y Z Z Z Z iZ jZ mZ nZ Z Z Z Z [ [ M[ N[ Q[ R[ ƶժժժ՞ h=* hV CJ OJ QJ aJ htA CJ OJ QJ aJ h?A CJ OJ QJ aJ h! hV >*CJ OJ QJ aJ h! hV CJ OJ QJ aJ hV CJ OJ QJ aJ h&! hV >*CJ OJ QJ aJ huj hV CJ OJ QJ aJ 8Q Q Q R S T T V V W W W X >X RX
8 d ^gd?A
d ^gd?A $d @& a$gd8E $
8 8d ^8`a$gd8E $
8@@@8d ^8`a$gd8E d gd8E $d a$gd8E RX X X X X X X X X Y iZ Z M[ ][ t
8d gd8E
8 2d H ^2`gd8E
8d H gd8E
8@@@8d H ^8`gd8E $d H a$gd8E d gd8E
d ^gd?A
8 d ^gd?A
R[ ][ ^[ [ [ :] ;] ] ] ] ] ^ ^ ^ ^ _ _ _ _ M` N` S` _` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` a a a a $a b b b b Hb Kb Nb Ob b b b b c !c (c )c *c hE CJ aJ hDi hV >*CJ OJ QJ aJ &h] h 5CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ h 5CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ h CJ OJ QJ aJ hc'/ CJ OJ QJ aJ h?A CJ OJ QJ aJ hV CJ OJ QJ aJ huj hV CJ OJ QJ aJ 4][ ^[ :] ;] ] ] ] ] ] $d $If a$gd8E
& F
d gd8E d gd8E $d H a$gd8E ] ] ] ] g V V $d $If a$gd8E kdp $$If l 0 xf!
t 0 6 4 4
l ap ytc'/ ] ] ^ #^ p p $d $If a$gd8E } kd $$If l 0 xf!
t 0 6 4 4
l aytc'/ #^ $^ ;^ U^ p p $d $If a$gd8E } kdy $$If l 0 xf!
t 0 6 4 4
l aytc'/ U^ V^ l^ ^ p p $d $If a$gd8E } kd $$If l 0 xf!
t 0 6 4 4
l aytc'/ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ i Z I I $d $If a$gd8E
& F
d gd8E
8@ Pd H ]Pgd8E } kdM
$$If l 0 xf!
t 0 6 4 4
l aytc'/ ^ ^ ^ ^ g V V $d $If a$gd8E kd
$$If l 0 xf!
t 0 6 4 4
l ap ytc'/ ^ ^ _ -_ p p $d $If a$gd8E } kdV $$If l 0 xf!
t 0 6 4 4
l aytc'/ -_ ._ E_ __ p p $d $If a$gd8E } kd $$If l 0 xf!
t 0 6 4 4
l aytc'/ __ `_ v_ _ p p $d $If a$gd8E } kd* $$If l 0 xf!
t 0 6 4 4
l aytc'/ _ _ _ _ p p $d $If a$gd8E } kd $$If l 0 xf!
t 0 6 4 4
l aytc'/ _ _ _ _ _ _ k Z I I $d $If a$gd8E
& F
d H gd8E
8@ @Pd H ]Pgd8E } kd $$If l 0 xf!
t 0 6 4 4
l aytc'/ _ _ ` #` g V V $d $If a$gd8E kdh
$$If l 0 x<
t 0 6 4 4
l ap ytc/ #` $` :` K` p p $d $If a$gd8E } kd $$If l 0 x<
t 0 6 4 4
l aytc/ K` L` M` N` O` P` Q` R` S` `` t t t t t t t e
& F
d gd8E
8 @d gd8E } kdq $$If l 0 x<
t 0 6 4 4
l aytc/ `` s` {` |` ` ` V kd $$If l 0 x<
t 0 6 4 4
l ap ytc/ $d $If a$gd8E ` ` ` ` ` ` ` p _ S G >
gdV
d gd8E
8d gd8E
& F
@ @d gd8E
8 @d ^gd8E } kdz $$If l 0 x<
t 0 6 4 4
l aytc/ ` a $a b Jb b )c *c c c d d f f g g g
8 d @& gd8E d 1$gd8E
8 8d ^8`gd8E
8 d gd8E $
8 d a$gd8E
d @& gd8E
ph]pgd *c c c c c /d 0d d d e e e e f f ig lg g g g g g g h h h h h h 5i *CJ OJ QJ aJ hDi hb >*CJ OJ QJ aJ hb CJ OJ QJ aJ huj hb CJ OJ QJ aJ )g h h j l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l `^``gdb gdb $]^a$gdb $ a$gdb
$d a$gdWJ $d a$gd8E
d H gd8E l l l l l l l m m m m m m m m m m m n n n n n n n Po Ro \o `o bo do no po ro o o &p ¾ubu %j h$P hb CJ OJ QJ UaJ !hb 5@ CJ OJ QJ ^J aJ hb CJ OJ QJ aJ %j h hb CJ OJ QJ UaJ 1j hb 5@ CJ OJ QJ UaJ mH nH uhb j hb UmH nH u hb @ CJ OJ QJ aJ #hw hb 5@ CJ OJ QJ aJ hb 5@ CJ OJ QJ aJ $l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l gdb l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l m m m m m m m m m m m m
8 8^8`gdb
gdb gdb m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m gdb m m m m m m m m m m m m m n n n n n n \o ^o `o do "p $p `^``gdb $ a$gdb
8 8^8`gdb gdb $p &p *p ,p p p p p p q q q r r u u w w { { { { { {
^
`gdb
$d a$gd, $ a$gdb `^``gdb &p (p ,p 6p :p *@ CJ OJ QJ aJ ,jE1 h'N1 hb 5@ CJ OJ QJ UaJ #hw hb 5@ CJ OJ QJ aJ hb 5@ CJ OJ QJ aJ hxI hb CJ OJ QJ aJ %j h h CJ OJ QJ UaJ hb CJ OJ QJ aJ huj hb CJ OJ QJ aJ %{ { { 7| 8| :| | | | | } 3} l~ m~
8 d H gd, d gd,
d @& gd,
d @& gd, $ a$gdb `^``gdb gdb
^
`gdb :| ?| A| B| x| | | | | | | | | | | | | } $} %} 3} } } } } `~ j~ k~ m~
ާ|l]|||||]| h h F CJ OJ QJ aJ h h F >*CJ OJ QJ aJ h F CJ OJ QJ aJ huj h F >*CJ OJ QJ aJ huj h F CJ OJ QJ aJ hb CJ OJ QJ aJ ,j h)Jy hX 5@ CJ OJ QJ UaJ &hM hb 5>*@ CJ OJ QJ aJ hb 5@ CJ OJ QJ aJ #hw hb 5@ CJ OJ QJ aJ $ b d Ł c e Q S Z \ ۆ ކ ߆ ŶŶŪvv h F 5@ CJ OJ QJ aJ #hw h F 5@ CJ OJ QJ aJ %j$ h# h F CJ OJ QJ UaJ hWJ CJ OJ QJ aJ ha!a hWJ CJ OJ QJ aJ huj hWJ CJ OJ QJ aJ huj h F @ CJ OJ QJ aJ huj h F CJ OJ QJ aJ h F CJ OJ QJ aJ + c d d e R S ݆ ކ ߆ `^``gd F $ a$gd F $a$gd F
@d H gdWJ
@d H gd,
8@@8d H ^8`gd,
8 d ` gd, ه ڇ ߇ Lj Ɉ < > D J V W ] 8 B οοtdU h, h'S CJ OJ QJ aJ hY9: h'S CJ H*OJ QJ aJ huj h'S @$ CJ OJ QJ aJ hY9: h'S CJ OJ QJ aJ h1 h'S >*CJ OJ QJ aJ huj h'S CJ OJ QJ aJ h'S CJ OJ QJ aJ h F 5@ CJ OJ QJ aJ #hw h F 5@ CJ OJ QJ aJ h F CJ OJ QJ aJ %j}' h# h F CJ OJ QJ UaJ ! ׇ ؇ ه = > $d $If a$gd, $d a$gd, d H @& gd, `^``gd F
^
`gd F ɍ # F P X ݎ ގ l m \ d o p W a ~ ͒ ג ْ x z ! # ϕ ѕ K R ] ` 㨙㨍 h| CJ OJ QJ aJ hWJ CJ OJ QJ aJ h> h'S CJ OJ QJ aJ huj h'S CJ OJ QJ aJ h|, CJ OJ QJ aJ h, h'S CJ OJ QJ aJ h, h'S @$ CJ OJ QJ aJ h'S CJ OJ QJ aJ h, h'S CJ H*OJ QJ aJ 2 ʍ Ѝ I 8 8 8 $d $If a$gd, kd( $$If l F v N
t 0 6 4 4
l ap ytc/ Ѝ э n ] ] ] $d $If a$gd, kd}( $$If l F v N
t 0 6 4 4
l aytc/ $ * n ] ] ] $d $If a$gd, kd( $$If l F v N
t 0 6 4 4
l aytc/ * + A Q W n ] ] ] $d $If a$gd, kd}( $$If l F v N
t 0 6 4 4
l aytc/ W X m + n _ _ _ _ _ _ N $d $If a$gd, $d hH a$gd, kd( $$If l F v N
t 0 6 4 4
l aytc/ + = > S b V kd}( $$If l 0 V. \
t 0 6 4 4
l afp ytc/ $d $If a$gd, b c y p p $d $If a$gd, } kd ( $$If l 0 V. \
t 0 6 4 4
l afytc/ p p $d $If a$gd, } kd( $$If l 0 V. \
t 0 6 4 4
l afytc/ Ȓ ؒ p p $d $If a$gd, } kd( $$If l 0 V. \
t 0 6 4 4
l afytc/ ؒ ْ ڒ y z Е 7 8 9 : ; w m m ` ` Y Y Y Y H gd'S $d ha$gd, d H gd, d gd, } kdZ( $$If l 0 V. \
t 0 6 4 4
l afytc/
` 7 M N O T j | } җ b c d w x y ~ ' ( xh\ h CJ OJ QJ aJ h1W h'S >*CJ OJ QJ aJ %j
. hB
h'S CJ OJ QJ UaJ %j>+ h^Y h'S CJ OJ QJ UaJ %j* ht: h'S CJ OJ QJ UaJ h'S 5@ CJ OJ QJ aJ #hw h'S 5@ CJ OJ QJ aJ %j( hM h'S CJ OJ QJ UaJ h'S CJ OJ QJ aJ huj h'S CJ OJ QJ aJ "; < O j k ~ җ c d y ( ? $d H a$gd, $d ha$gd, $
T Th^T`a$gd'S $ha$gd'S
T TH ^T`gd'S
H @& ^ `gd'S
H ^ `gd'S H gd'S ? @ C D B C , . / 1 I J L M 3 7 6 M O q s u y c d Y Z e f g l ַ֥փ֥ %jH< h h'S CJ OJ QJ UaJ h'S 5@ CJ OJ QJ aJ #hw h'S 5@ CJ OJ QJ aJ %jC; h$U h'S CJ OJ QJ UaJ h,,L CJ OJ QJ aJ h'S CJ OJ QJ aJ huj h'S CJ OJ QJ aJ h1W h'S CJ OJ QJ aJ 3? B C M N 3 N r c O { { {
8@@d H H gd,
88d ^8`gd,
8 8d H ^8`gd, $d a$gd, $d H a$gd, $
88d H ^8`a$gd,
8@@$ d H `$ gd, O ١ Z [ g ͢
@d gd,
@d @& gd,
T TH ^T`gd'S
H gd'S
d H gd,
8@@8d H H ^8`gd,
8@@d H H gd, Ԣ բ * ` i ~ ) ̦ צ k s | ۧ ܧ U X w x { | + 4 > G ǩ G V Ÿլլ՜լլլ hP CJ OJ QJ aJ hA=< h'S CJ OJ QJ aJ h6; h'S >*CJ OJ QJ aJ h,,L CJ OJ QJ aJ h'S >*CJ OJ QJ aJ huj h'S >*CJ OJ QJ aJ h'S CJ OJ QJ aJ huj h'S CJ OJ QJ aJ h'S 5@ CJ OJ QJ aJ / * u j k s t w Ʃ
88d H ^8`gd,
8d H gd,
& F
8 d H gd,
8 8d H ^8`gd,
8 d H gd, d H gd,
@d gd, Ʃ H I J K X m n y ު ߪ
T TH ^T`gd'S
H gd'S
T
TH @& ^T`gd'S
8 H gd'S
T TH ^T`gd'S
H gd'S
H gd'S
@d ]@gd, V W X ] m w x y ~ ު $ % C E F Y οοοοwgwW j h'S CJ OJ QJ UaJ h~P h'S >*CJ OJ QJ aJ huj h'S CJ OJ QJ aJ %j& O hQ h'S CJ OJ QJ UaJ %jqiD hQ h'S CJ OJ QJ UaJ %jB ht] h'S CJ OJ QJ UaJ h'S 5@ CJ OJ QJ aJ #hw h'S 5@ CJ OJ QJ aJ h'S CJ OJ QJ aJ %jA hR h'S CJ OJ QJ UaJ % ^ _ I J ] d gd,
d @& gd,
@d @& gd, d H gd, $d H a$gd, $d a$gd,
d H gd,
"H @& ^`"gd'S Y k m n o
] ^ I J P Q ] ɯ
\ Ͽ叟jY h> / h'S 0J3 CJ OJ QJ aJ +jlY h> / h'S CJ OJ QJ UaJ hdO4 h'S CJ OJ QJ aJ h h'S >*CJ OJ QJ aJ huj h'S CJ OJ QJ aJ h A h'S 0J3 CJ OJ QJ aJ j h'S CJ OJ QJ UaJ +jkY h A h'S CJ OJ QJ UaJ h'S CJ OJ QJ aJ hi+- h'S CJ OJ QJ aJ !\ ] ^ y a f ij ų Ƴ ˳ " # $ ) W \ w } S ɵ H S 3 8 > @ e g ǴǢǀǢpp hZ h'S >*CJ OJ QJ aJ %j [ h h'S CJ OJ QJ UaJ h'S 5@ CJ OJ QJ aJ #hw h'S 5@ CJ OJ QJ aJ %jmY h| h'S CJ OJ QJ UaJ h'S CJ OJ QJ aJ huj h'S CJ OJ QJ aJ h'S >*CJ OJ QJ aJ huj h'S >*CJ OJ QJ aJ * Ƴ $ W X w g h z { d gdWJ d gd,
d @& gd,
@ gd'S
T TH ^T`gd'S
H gd'S y { Ի ٻ ڻ ) + ^ ` ] ^ տ ֿ ؿ ʺ讟q_ #hw h'S 5@ CJ OJ QJ aJ %jڀ] h h'S CJ OJ QJ UaJ h
H hWJ CJ OJ QJ aJ hWJ CJ OJ QJ aJ huj hWJ CJ OJ QJ aJ h{# CJ OJ QJ aJ huj h'S >*CJ OJ QJ aJ he/ h'S CJ OJ QJ aJ huj h'S CJ OJ QJ aJ h'S CJ OJ QJ aJ h: CJ OJ QJ aJ !
? A w x z {
d @& gd,
gd7
^
`gd7 `^``gd7 `^``gd'S
gd'S
` gd'S
? @ A F H I v w x y { ϸϦϦϏϦϦpϦaR huj h7 CJ OJ QJ aJ h{# 5@ CJ OJ QJ aJ %j9a hZ h7 CJ OJ QJ UaJ h7 CJ OJ QJ aJ ,j_ h< h7 5@ CJ OJ QJ UaJ #hw h7 5@ CJ OJ QJ aJ ,j>R^ hE h7 5@ CJ OJ QJ UaJ h7 5@ CJ OJ QJ aJ #hw h'S 5@ CJ OJ QJ aJ h'S 5@ CJ OJ QJ aJ * + 0 1 P Z ` h l q z $ % b c h i , 1 9 : J X c d e g ԼԼԜ h7 5@ CJ OJ QJ aJ h'S 5@ CJ OJ QJ aJ huj h7 @
CJ OJ QJ aJ h/ CJ OJ QJ aJ h: CJ OJ QJ aJ h7 CJ OJ QJ aJ huj h7 CJ OJ QJ aJ h h7 >*CJ OJ QJ aJ 2 + , P d e f g i
hgdt gdt $
^
`a$gdt $a$gdt `^``gd'S `d ^``gd,
$d a$gd, $d H a$gd,
d @& gd, $d a$gd, g h i n p q
$
! οοzn_O_______ h
ht >*CJ OJ QJ aJ huj ht CJ OJ QJ aJ h| CJ OJ QJ aJ &h] ht 5CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ ht 5CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ h| 5CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ h7 5@ CJ OJ QJ aJ ht 5@ CJ OJ QJ aJ #hw ht 5@ CJ OJ QJ aJ ht CJ OJ QJ aJ %j,a h/ ht CJ OJ QJ UaJ
$ y
s t `^``gdt H gdt
$d a$gdDB
8 8d H ] ^8`gd,
8 d H ] gd,
$d a$gd, $d @& a$gd, : = A H Q R X Y ` a r t } ~ ŹŹŹũŹũŹŹŹũũŹŹũũŹŹԖԄ #hw ht 5@ CJ OJ QJ aJ %j>fd hZ ht CJ OJ QJ UaJ h s hDB CJ H*OJ QJ aJ hDB CJ OJ QJ aJ huj hDB CJ OJ QJ aJ ht CJ OJ QJ aJ huj ht CJ OJ QJ aJ hk ht >*CJ OJ QJ aJ / v w x * - u y
! " G H ˿ww huj ht @ CJ OJ QJ aJ h.' ht >*CJ OJ QJ aJ h _5 CJ OJ QJ aJ hDB CJ OJ QJ aJ huj ht CJ OJ QJ aJ ht CJ OJ QJ aJ %j_e h$ ht CJ OJ QJ UaJ #hw ht 5@ CJ OJ QJ aJ ht 5@ CJ OJ QJ aJ . w x $d $If a$gd, d H gd, H gdt `^``gdt g V V $d $If a$gd, kdg $$If l 0 @ $
t 0 6 4 4
l a p ytc/ p p $d $If a$gd, } kdwg $$If l 0 @ $
t 0 6 4 4
l a ytc/ p p $d $If a$gd, } kdg $$If l 0 @ $
t 0 6 4 4
l a ytc/ + p p $d $If a$gd, } kdKg $$If l 0 @ $
t 0 6 4 4
l a ytc/ + , - u w j [ [ N $d H a$gd,
d @& gd, $d a$gd, d H gd, } kdg $$If l 0 @ $
t 0 6 4 4
l a ytc/ u a ! " # $d H a$gd, d H gd, $
82d H ^2`a$gd, $
8@@2d H ^2`a$gd, $
88d ^8`a$gd, < = ` a ! # \ ] _ ` 忮l &h] h9 5CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ h9 5CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ h9 CJ OJ QJ aJ hC> ht @CJ OJ QJ aJ huj ht @CJ OJ QJ aJ ht @CJ OJ QJ aJ h~ CJ OJ QJ aJ hDB CJ OJ QJ aJ huj ht CJ OJ QJ aJ ht CJ OJ QJ aJ ) \ 8 W $
8@@8d H ^8`a$gd, d H gd,
$d a$gd,
d H gd, d hgd,
d H ] gd, d gd,
8d gd,
8 8d ^8`gd,
` c 8 9 < = U V W X [ \ ; = @ A D ҷҦҦҗƋƋs h~ CJ OJ QJ aJ hDB CJ OJ QJ aJ h{[ CJ OJ QJ aJ hp ht CJ OJ QJ aJ huj ht @ CJ OJ QJ aJ hC> ht CJ OJ QJ aJ ht CJ OJ QJ aJ huj ht CJ OJ QJ aJ h? ht >*CJ OJ QJ aJ h, h, CJ OJ QJ aJ -W < = > ? @ A B C D l h u $d $If a$gd,
d gd,
d H gd,
88d H ^8`gd, D H k l
g ' * D J R & ' ^ b m
T U X Y ȡȐȀ h{R ht >*CJ OJ QJ aJ huj ht @ CJ OJ QJ aJ hN ht CJ OJ QJ aJ hMg CJ OJ QJ aJ h{[ CJ OJ QJ aJ huj ht CJ OJ QJ aJ ht >*CJ OJ QJ aJ hp ht >*CJ OJ QJ aJ ht CJ OJ QJ aJ 2 g V V $d $If a$gd, kd g $$If l 0 @ $
t 0 6 4 4
l a p ytc/ p p $d $If a$gd, } kdg $$If l 0 @ $
t 0 6 4 4
l a ytc/ p p $d $If a$gd, } kd(g $$If l 0 @ $
t 0 6 4 4
l a ytc/ ( p p $d $If a$gd, } kdg $$If l 0 @ $
t 0 6 4 4
l a ytc/ ( ) * ' ( s f f f f X J
d H gd,
` d H gd, $d H a$gd,
d gd, } kdg $$If l 0 @ $
t 0 6 4 4
l a ytc/ h Q 1 $0d ^`0a$gd, hgd9
@]gd9
d @]gd,
d gd,
8 8d ^8`gd,
$d a$gd, Y h i } ~ [ w 3 \ ] 弫城~o~~_~~~ h ! ht >*CJ OJ QJ aJ h,H ht CJ OJ QJ aJ huj ht >*CJ OJ QJ aJ h9 5CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ h9 CJ OJ QJ aJ h{R ht @CJ OJ QJ aJ huj ht @CJ OJ QJ aJ h~ CJ OJ QJ aJ hDB CJ OJ QJ aJ ht CJ OJ QJ aJ huj ht CJ OJ QJ aJ %1 ^ o + b c d e f g h i j k l m n o gdt $0d ^`0a$gd, d gd, 0d ^`0gd, $0d H ^`0a$gd, u ? b w | {j^ h9 CJ OJ QJ aJ h9 5CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ ht 5>*CJ OJ QJ aJ ht @ CJ OJ QJ aJ ht >*CJ OJ QJ aJ ht CJ OJ QJ aJ huj ht CJ H*OJ QJ aJ huj ht CJ OJ QJ aJ h ! ht CJ OJ QJ aJ h ! ht >*CJ OJ QJ aJ huj ht >*CJ OJ QJ aJ !o p q r s t u v w x y z { | b y d gd, d H gd, d @& gd, $ha$gdVp H gdVp $@& a$gd9 $ha$gd9 $@a$gd9 gdt j k |p|p|p`p|p`pQ|p|p|p|p|p| hE ht CJ OJ QJ aJ h GX ht CJ H*OJ QJ aJ ht CJ OJ QJ aJ huj ht CJ OJ QJ aJ hE ht >*CJ OJ QJ aJ h4P hVp 6CJ OJ QJ aJ )h4P h4P 56CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ h4P 5CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ hVp 5CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ hVp >*CJ OJ QJ aJ huj ht @ CJ OJ QJ aJ y k ) b c H @& gd;z $H a$gd4 $d H a$gd, $d H @& a$gd,
d @& gd, `d ^``gd, $
& F d a$gd, ) D E c w : B ` g Z [ ԶԶԶԶԶԶԶԶԶԶԶԶԶԪԊyh h4P 5CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ h;z 5CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ h;z >*CJ OJ QJ aJ %jfg h$$ h4 CJ OJ QJ UaJ h;z CJ OJ QJ aJ huj h4 CJ OJ QJ aJ h3[ h4 CJ OJ QJ aJ h4 CJ OJ QJ aJ hE h4 >*CJ OJ QJ aJ h7 5@ CJ OJ QJ aJ % b e
!
<
A
& ' G H M N ^ _ ͽpͽ%jh h$$ h4 CJ OJ QJ UaJ huj h;z @. CJ OJ QJ aJ h4 @. CJ OJ QJ aJ h4 CJ OJ QJ aJ huj h4 CJ OJ QJ aJ h
h4 >*CJ OJ QJ aJ h;z CJ OJ QJ aJ h4P 5CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ )h4P h4P 56CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ , K b d H @& `gdT+
H `gd4 `gd4
d `gdT+
d `gdT+ d H ]`gdT+ d @& `gdT+ $ha$gd;z ' ( a q
p
q
; l " $d a$gdT+ 0d ^`0gdT+ 0d H ^`0gdT+ d gdT+ $d H ]`a$gdT+ _
p
3 4 ; < Y [ { | h4 @CJ OJ QJ ^J aJ h4 @CJ OJ QJ aJ huj h4 @CJ OJ QJ aJ huj h4 CJ OJ QJ aJ L < $ - / 0 X x z ^ ~r` #h@ h4 >*@CJ OJ QJ aJ h;z CJ OJ QJ aJ )h4P h4P 56CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ h4P 5CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ h;z 5CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ h;z @CJ OJ QJ aJ h/ @CJ OJ QJ aJ h4 @CJ OJ QJ ^J aJ huj h4 @CJ OJ QJ aJ h4 @CJ OJ QJ aJ % W X ^ _ v I | } 0d H ^`0gdT+ d gdT+ d @& gdT+ $ha$gd;z $a$gd4
$d a$gdT+ d H gdT+ 0d ^`0gdT+ ^ _ v r z | } + , 4 5 8 > m n 1 2 & ; < = M ϜϜϜϜϜy h;z @CJ OJ QJ aJ )j\i h$$ h4 @CJ OJ QJ UaJ #hK h4 @CJ H*OJ QJ aJ h4 >*@CJ OJ QJ aJ #hK h4 >*@CJ OJ QJ aJ huj h4 @CJ OJ QJ aJ #h@ h4 >*@CJ OJ QJ aJ h4 @CJ OJ QJ aJ . ' = > O P Q ) @ g , d gdT+ $
& F d a$gdT+ d H gdT+ d gdT+ $ha$gd $ a$gd4 $d a$gdT+ M N O Q f V W f g + , Y νzkkk[kkk[kLkk hE h CJ OJ QJ aJ hE h CJ H*OJ QJ aJ huj h CJ OJ QJ aJ hE h >*CJ OJ QJ aJ h CJ OJ QJ aJ )h4P h 56CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ #h 56CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ h 5CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ h @CJ OJ QJ aJ hE @CJ OJ QJ aJ )j^i h$$ h4 @CJ OJ QJ UaJ Y Z ~ Z! [! L" P" Q" U" j" k" " " " " " # "# g# k# # # # # {k h
h >*CJ OJ QJ aJ #h 56CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ )h4P h 56CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ h 5CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ %j#j hq hq CJ OJ QJ UaJ h3[ h CJ OJ QJ aJ hE h >*CJ OJ QJ aJ huj h CJ OJ QJ aJ h CJ OJ QJ aJ ) M" N" O" P" R" S" T" U" " " # # h# #
d `gdT+ d H ]`gdT+
d `gdT+ $ha$gd $H a$gd $d H a$gdT+ # # # # # # # # # $ $ $ Q$ R$ g$ h$ $ $ % % N% c% f% o% p% % % % % % % & & & & )& *& 9& ;& & ðԤseseseseseseseseses h @CJ OJ QJ aJ huj h @CJ OJ QJ aJ huj h CJ H*OJ QJ aJ h
h >*CJ OJ QJ aJ h CJ OJ QJ aJ %jk h h CJ OJ QJ UaJ huj h @. CJ OJ QJ aJ h CJ OJ QJ aJ huj h CJ OJ QJ aJ h
h CJ H*OJ QJ aJ '# # # # # # # $ $ N% p% % % *& ;& | | 0d ^`0gdT+ 0d ^`0gdT+ 0d H ^`0gdT+ d gdT+ $d H ]`a$gdT+
d H `gdT+
H `gd `gd
d `gdT+ & & & & & & & ' ' ' ' 2' 3' 6' 7' ' ' ' ' ' ' e( g( ( ( ( ( ( ( ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) * * ,* -* G* H* J* K* l+ n+ + + + + + + + + + + + + , - - - .- /- )h4P h 56CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ h 5CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ h @CJ OJ QJ ^J aJ huj h @CJ OJ QJ aJ h @CJ OJ QJ aJ @;& & & 6' 7' g( ( -) ^) ) ) N* m+ n+ + + -
$d a$gdT+ d H gdT+ 0d ^`0gdT+ $d a$gdT+ 0d H ] ^`0gdT+ 0d ] ^`0gdT+ 0d H ^`0gdT+ - - O- X- - - . <. . . / / / Z0 1 1 1 1 1 1 $ a$gd4 $ a$gd $d a$gdT+ 0d H ^`0gdT+ d H gdT+ d gdT+ $ha$gd $a$gd /- G- M- N- O- X- - - - - . . . / / / / / -/ ./ T/ U/ ^/ _/ t/ u/ {/ |/ / / / / / / / ǻxixWWW#hK h @CJ H*OJ QJ aJ h >*@CJ OJ QJ aJ #hK h >*@CJ OJ QJ aJ h @CJ OJ QJ aJ huj h @CJ OJ QJ aJ #h@ h >*@CJ OJ QJ aJ h CJ OJ QJ aJ h 5CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ )h4P h 56CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ #h 56CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ "/ / / / / / J0 U0 Y0 Z0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ιΤΜ~v~rdU hH 5CJ OJ QJ \aJ j hH UmH nH u hIpH jVl hlXC UhlXC j h=( UmH nH u hy j hy Uh CJ aJ )j>k h h @CJ OJ QJ UaJ )jVk h h @CJ OJ QJ UaJ h @CJ OJ QJ aJ huj h @CJ OJ QJ aJ #hK h @CJ H*OJ QJ aJ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 #2 $2 %2 &2 '2 (2 )2 J2 K2 L2 M2 , gdc/ +
~ ~ ^~ `gd + , p^pgdH p^pgdH +
P gdlXC 1 #2 $2 %2 '2 (2 )2 /2 22 82 92 ?2 @2 B2 C2 G2 I2 J2 M2 N2 O2 U2 X2 \2 ]2 c2 d2 e2 f2 g2 h2 i2 o2 r2 v2 w2 }2 ~2 2 2 ɸò⤠Ӝ~zvvlfll
h 0J2 j h 0J2 Uh hc/ h9. ht hth` ht
ht 0J2 j ht 0J2 Uht h'S hW h'S hth` hE
h_ 0J2 h 0J2 mH nH u
hf 0J2 j hf 0J2 Uh hf hW hE hE hvV hH "hlXC hH 5CJ OJ QJ \aJ 'M2 N2 O2 g2 h2 i2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 , gdc/ ,
gdt +
~ ~ ^~ `gd 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 !3 "3 #3 $3 %3 &3 '3 (3 )3 *3 ,3 -3 .3 03 13 23 43 53 63 73 83 93 O3 P3 g3 h3 ~3 3 3 3 øøاااااااااااا h (u hb CJ OJ QJ ^J aJ hb 5OJ QJ ^J hr hb 5OJ QJ ^J hP< hb hb CJ OJ QJ ^J aJ hQ> hy h h9. h hth` h ?2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 $a$gdb gdb 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 !3 #3 $3 &3 '3 )3 *3 -3 .3 13 23 53 63 83 93 G3 $a$gdb G3 O3 P3 ^3 g3 h3 v3 ~3 3 3 3 3 3 3 X4 Y4 4 4 >5 ?5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 gdb < gdb $a$gdb 3 3 3 W4 X4 Y4 4 4 4 =5 >5 ?5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 ijijijėĉ~ĉmmmmm h (u hb CJ OJ QJ ^J aJ hb 5OJ QJ ^J hr hb 5OJ QJ ^J h4nY hb >*OJ QJ ^J hP< hb hfk hb hF hb CJ OJ QJ ^J aJ hQ> hYS hb #h
' hb 6CJ OJ QJ ^J aJ hb CJ OJ QJ ^J aJ h
' hb CJ OJ QJ ^J aJ *5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 -6 56 66 D6 M6 N6 \6 d6 e6 s6 z6 {6 }6 ~6 $a$gdb 6 6 56 66 M6 N6 d6 e6 z6 {6 |6 }6 ~6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 U7 V7 W7 7 7 7 l l l l l l l l l l ݺ hjdY h4nY hb >*OJ QJ ^J hP< hb U hfk hb hF hb CJ OJ QJ ^J aJ hYS hb #h
' hb 6CJ OJ QJ ^J aJ h
' hb CJ OJ QJ ^J aJ hb CJ OJ QJ ^J aJ h (u hb CJ OJ QJ ^J aJ hQ> 0~6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 V7 W7 7 7 l l l l l l l l $ a$gd4 gdb < gdb $a$gdb Rapidly varying flow - sharp bend curvature (curve radius / channel width < 10) or presence of bridge piers or abutments in channel.
Uniform flow - straight or mildly curving reach (curve radius / channel width > 30).
Legend and Notes
l l h CJ aJ 3 . . . ( ) ( ) ( ) . . ) ( )
0 P 8$ :pH / =!"h#h$h% h 3 . . . ( ) ( ) ( ) . . ) ( ) 0 P 8$ :pn| / =!"#$% , . . . ( ) ( ) ( ) . . ) ( ) 8$ :pf / =!"#$% 1 0 :p8E / =!"#$% 1 0 :p8E / =!"#$% 1 0 :p\ / =!"#$% 1 0 :pf / =!"#$% 1 0 :p\ / =!"#$% 1 0 :p\ / =!"#$% , . . . ( ) ( ) ( ) . . ) ( ) 8$ :pf / =!"#$% , . . . ( ) ( ) ( ) . . ) ( ) 8$ :pf / =!"#$% 1 0 :pf / =!"#$% 1 0 :pf / =!"#$% 1 0 :pf / =!"#$% 1 0 :pf / =!"#$% 1 0 :pf / =!"#$% 1 0 :pf / =!"#$% 1 0 :pWJ / =!"#$% 4 0 0:pf = /!"#$% , . . . ( ) ( ) ( ) . . ) ( ) 8$ :pf / =!"#$% / . . . ( ) ( ) ( ) . . ) ( ) 08$ :pf = /!"#$% , . . . ( ) ( ) ( ) . . ) ( ) 8$ :pf / =!"#$% , . . . ( ) ( ) ( ) . . ) ( ) 8$ :pf / =!"#$% / . . . ( ) ( ) ( ) . . ) ( ) 0 8$ :pf / =!"#$% Z, . . . ( ) ( ) ( ) . . ) ( ) 8$ :pz9 / =!"#$% / . . . ( ) ( ) ( ) . . ) ( ) 0 8$ :pz9 / =!"#$% , . . . ( ) ( ) ( ) . . ) ( ) 8$ :pz9 / =!"#$% / . . . ( ) ( ) ( ) . . ) ( ) 08$ :pt = /!"#$% , . . . ( ) ( ) ( ) . . ) ( ) 8$ :pt / =!"#$% / . . . ( ) ( ) ( ) . . ) ( ) 08$ :pt = /!"#$% , . . . ( ) ( ) ( ) . . ) ( ) 8$ :pz9 / =!"#T$% , . . . ( ) ( ) ( ) . . ) ( ) 8$ :pt / =!"#$% 8 00 P :pt / =!"#$% 1 0 :pE / =!"#$% 1 0 :pE / =!"#$% 1 0 :pE / =!"#$% 1 0 :pE / =!"#$% 8 00 P :p / =!"#$% 1 0 :pE / =!"#$% 1 0 :pE / =!"#$% 1 0 :pE / =!"#$% F bw ;\ JFIF ` ` C
$.' ",# (7),01444 '9=82<.342 C
2! !22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 "
} !1AQa"q2#BR$3br
%&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz
w !1AQaq"2B #3Rbr
$4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ? (()@)( ( ( ( ( ( LRS EP0( NS()@
Z( ( I : @QTt 4ںw g>.dU/]; ںw =* ?Ə]? }hkػ[bO@%_A4q (Q@!Ph"ý:ޝLCh!QLAEPHM)V½sav'ԓ֪Rvnn` h:^B.!$+ [OZ?տo ӧuSdظ< p04K_ cߑ C~ |% 7֜ J y?m#4 ~Gj":
#ߩ G7> ҂EA|1 @[o cߑ C~ |% 7 Os_ ?[VpY@[Dz%' s?j 7 C~ |-DgU #W% U_-n6:}P$K* z uNWcFQX( )ޝIޖ
(
(
IbX!3ȪJD)s#bY8Qnx>~"^K<:Ɵk R>Dk1zwRIZRK -E" u+K Q+K W w ۾7 B/GG P ?ğ,??Gğ,??GޟN~" tn (E W v jVd U/gG?. cw (E
: C ڨ C% ک:= w ۾7 >/G P ?į??Gį,??KO ' ?
:?|o B_0 ~$ a ?~$ a ~Ώz8] P a 2|_0 ~$ a ?%a j ߙiߊ&#Rퟆ;Ȝ#<]Mq> |ekzH .ݳ^q]pbT۷Tv
(
(
(
(
3*7҈6ۻ g 4xC x+Pɳ>\W;c'i]-/[ k } |? C r 9 ?O& N#HZ?;_ )?[k /<|~_jS_?~ 溚hԄ`8zcySqw|SZ 6F̰YMX> aq~=Q V3,-Jt S2 fcV0 H/N+ER ( ( sKڱ['yϰG#$5\֡m+NeҤKn A| >W@V us RTº ?k?/(
3ɴHGßcs RT<; K$O2g5^xm4m^qc6Ԋ,gIq|wK/# qu r <9 <..O?8 v ?N, O # qTH~ xws RU/'6?_'P|sc @c $
~ R*MAxcqOd`j\̀:v_?´t$Oi"i Z箱2\n5cb(aQ@Q@VO[
4 Up ?'ԵBJ+;!3I)U±'QK[ Er?nt 4}?,}Y 4~:+w Y9 (g\멒.A
?s>nO&p<}S"!}Qw? Q6T|_4Rg]FEr?nt
4} (Y 4~:2+w? Q8 . F?އsȣ" xo
]M G՟GBjkiqxTk v՜ %O0 )q ?ο u4FC E ZB / pjXK8LD{U@sևI()' E((,Ai4 Y iGWҭ*}:1p8<x?QN6ki m Whӿ<~Q,cG-O /
m t5/5 5tWm$ 62qsި [~Gk~ ޡ Ƴ/ %ktxK
?)ai#+ QZÚn^m
/CC4جb!G=rrIںw ZK /?
m 6)}554 4t /_ 5ƏA|/ @ko wܿ54 t 4j m Wk3_ ?G 5Ǝ\7y}SOWO oG ?Ʋ #4 [~Ghwܿ55F~ 4Vӏ '?
m n ?ƭ!6#+<J`b$~Ţ+!Q@Q@Q@jOv
"?eC / ]%ōܑIqm oA(ޣ=
JT ҷ(m1jrsOPH]Tm8*Ok^yH,Aqk0tM,: ;ǟ + ,r^w?C Qx|?%uQKhJ< ώ d>?wy< -G ޏ ,r1]Bgsɣw!ОMu9N57{%0+0
(
(4PE!@4 QE QE ZKi"Kwa$de0GVh%I1f?>:?Sң7n^"?[Lgo` /< sJ??r D_f >O a ?? EE C% +Jw i7 ?=+B// ( _Gg+J_A
>& cG o4{H : W _}es I r THUw'Q Q`km+H:$g?Mg:? WcoE5ߊnm0}<W<QE@Q@7&4--7:ө1@ 4@ EPEPEP ( ( ( ( ( ( )
- 6\QC:&E-PEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPG>Q@ 3KE QE QE ٠F ey M3Į JFIF ` ` Exif II* C
$.' ",# (7),01444 '9=82<.342 C
2! !22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 "
} !1AQa"q2#BR$3br
%&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz
w !1AQaq"2B #3Rbr
$4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ? (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
Y.neXeJ.UY۷Ny5{n ?U;!7b{t'(^6dLۚw/ t]%0\ CV?*# \x ' g] $'U3:Qدe2/ ty" IT?gOʏY?*={ N:< $N0 4{8ePx'I$ ' gkc? 7 ǰ{* 3 qe? qin0Nȿ4E DZ^ơ_8$ 8֟_i[uϴM[-c6O #s,$'
t Z!d2R2FRSWErF&yo%mdc,z=s۪fvcNERQE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE T7WPXss* c,Quu72P2ݿϥr>twh[w[Z BNM%}b.Ѣ3տ o&[uJ/ؘ2 ұ\bĒs]j**ȺTvrYI3h#Ԓ i)x4P8Ƒ Rm %/lQ1 &)giQ[}:ΛcNye8cڂjAMYDEs2OzjO J\9kv &dgnjsm ^\2: 20{D 3ivg_Ea̒4D raMifXQE( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( *,mdb1v}(KV(cgnҹIe.63տ o&rvBn,Iwvguoߠ ME{{ |Kc'k NIEYJKI=:Ґ;JgXc'sKH:P`RiP! z;ځziԦΎndqG 1s{.MF j~tTL2voZqkW# B:SR6sMٝjUʱ^v\@nG#8J,( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( *,mdb1v}(KV(cgnҹ)XKh;[rj'd&:Yn+xkV A?\(SK9 %rk1QVEҤ y#89ȥ$S:ţu<w HH'\O@ }u'4h nFMs-!I.V) 6M,6ϚNH\ikmKwpc'X$nI*Flw ?I
I3kMIAuaeNk<@Z4Z,7? b u]V:S2nZ/'vt)9Z Ƞ`>Қpi Pqm_#( ӽSSV:9gK9W +G `+uhX1\Dv 6=Er} G8~c+ϷyhI(}vnHsj8u;**ꖋslnJ0FêE[b((((((((((((((((KV(cgnҒfb I p'+yF#տ o&0rvBy.+xkV A?\D q sE}+(EYJsB;ьLLނ:bP0Fs@N`MhJ#Ut=B2Jv5}6;VU `|'Rl.f IC"'@Kz6t_+W:yʷu9 JYm
%@@>OjZ5=/YZ;{ ?z 孴"O5銘p+*ϹnJrnWm4b| LRH/j B8e$3bRC+'߽kdgL.13&
nhR[9%=*#E[A Q -y֛{\Vm۬7O }>oOMj駃" mcF+xk7-7&km40GbApvSD:M+|-sݣU˷εmVٴ$>Xs?LT^DcR% +s4}i9L)aq3;˓{
ףӮ N90c
xWiX ##z! TY\DO/Q[g%}֦7п ۷#jg;X"/[4uIK qVtc'ڬŹfāBqEHv(֓{(wjn\@r0( zRf4/C/j֥ Z?fG7 tսO> CYW*;(QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE s6 B ŪO?n
] F-Rpv7Eu: &=E =+sшR`}zc )0sKHX hcߌ~-m}+O3 :. dr;ZxcyGE/;I 3\>y|5Fzj%ȃw jY`Y
0 hYNģBt_J>L *zb[Kޛ,kQ:#w ) jO9n%naRr7sf
;$6 5iO]
B`v1PZ8Idj1u CT)z~h 'ίS+aEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEP?o/Z qxE g ?v5CN4i)֛[E9":SsրqH sKR5 GH. ZI zsWZ~Pַ-JOa;B |MIi2bc`0ҪjwZk-8ȍGA}+fX\B1=
Nݵq]Z#M(DIݏWαg^˥%Pi T`frrMi-4B .3U
S
ܘ_g12!Sa 1 &
uJQ8 ?^ƩXs]<*GҶcM&ކ1=*gk |m U5o4ɤ4Nd qӽKm2nԵ6.u}>帼6l˭WOh '*?3QwO_XKH ̊pӭ.c?%
{Zmh]OFS*0i?QI\i&7/0kI5$OJ$+oӺ q 6 k'Psq٪հ DzFʎ"Z3 hL=h=1GZ3hh ݞ?սO> CT? jާ Z?f, h ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( F-S7ȡ} l b'9FWEu: i i E!F{E PV;Qގ Z\bs7h^!x>\?fnj,vѨGk(]pOc\TwZΫ$btG N* Fmܯ _h@&Gw@kE55
U q?ښ' }5uw^
x琷+# z=k?7Nb | &.h7 <$ 5|F& {GTu{FCb98#뺞mŴjF 2:OZ}(m[߭CwfrwgQuQ QG
F3vŽ֑qIMT༹֭WLcr3?nu"O>¸Y~L{"mo5̏ɭR7PU 2!b/Sַt$ʌH.m YhJLQi J ;@G~sS P 3TyW5? %4Og_sEW((((((((((((((((_?E}* R<2V#^ TkS99֒QFL@ַ=Jp" (J_z1\ToZ(q5XN!g }# > 9:ƣ<$#?ǵ)-&j? c vzWqI-ylW*mCY9~Uec8I$uwwYD PH `zxXY$2
YVXՎ3 K[78 >px :d>
kE̪˃_jwlDuodH¨:~=bѣ,pE˕t!GYvK{;1E] ۆϯ6 mlfD^^|6篵 )^k~Ѹt8 zimf,$I*wث0i"V;+A qKF\ɸ`k4)E] T,)1D O[XWig P֒ 0z(EH? ޏ a(Z@&pO> CY)EEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPUaӬflE
nFOs{I(I Qfc I0ɯO ²Zklç4oV= x9\Z}Fu+J v۩3G:Qurm.=kyRsJTUR;]$R $@1GutBIi
ZY2UA~^9 A\g3&{eO1 b'R&a,QX`QõCqs1w&18O,i{Z{bQd?`C)P Q+}B=Z.7ۭ21w* dItK73E I\X&RLJIaE'i RRE CLR \yh@4 `QZi ~409Kzސ E
QAf@'96u uvormFvG fQay 8AE'@c};d`('רӵw:R*&V8X\>=uUVf$r2B29H@Y<
)hǭ
*G9 RfysHz`&Fh8\Ip:PIANԓ((E!Cb=(6 UK&p͑}iV&|Vi1RB c,z*/3{h4@ TYU ɭ=+@GhI6 8j]EF7 `m {8\*sh0K
((( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (kzFNFHSQO @kXQe.=ٱۦsX6J$43 L y(K3D ~M2m~t N.s'y";%|?9+ 3 HJMA jT"L;Jj|$NOI+y|G=CukwphE s+2ڵ6*3sv'x㿽H4M $I<;2]^ 6K]z*} +|77d.2*H
t9ڸ/Eu:1AVUTl{" +Z[}NH$ HF =PY vudN!7 Kwlk.
^\B|$ې?:]it!Z k9c9qU`b5iP6N:jaFrԐu6宵_>IQV% dgR>Qkk) 8|XL-71"e¦N WvF wcnux vg
s5iW]VLgktڵ%,r E&T/iog{w
++ wاޔU4$܇QM &; B1A }hC
)psd7a9%ydTgu *>63>>'G96ᄒdD?Z} 6`BvS֍.(b21 '(vZekD'\PLvus O@+cG䶛ړ5c˅{9=Nh0\ܺͨL1$p'\Ө`mXQEAEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPE$Hi$uD@Y &!N(Y>=AkϨ\~11_u=?ePVKD;mt Ƿ`jYfXc2;`ֺiS̤m.ܞ}k
YZg.,zuq)vzTC;(WaHN-&yǭ{-!F' Z71"LSe[b CoE QjkӐw;~}*x^)s1^MF V~Lm@ b>+%i4p%銽&"fOF ֥#=э\붶!KDgp >m^qiy 7Z팂gTxt P2xXapy gQWƖPىepT X g%}M -/&Usx U{=G _;v?fQy=:m$,Z&4RQFqe`2 c8u6HWe_2 Ď
qM-ĭ$",@ z_B=7XO] F{# ݜeϩ(W!PWh= O^k6H)/ĒıcZ%h5iTrqX[fϣqDv
nJ+H#'Jj(ފ'%yO,{c'+뎞*;5%tQE2Pۓ][ţvu; {˷
?Ö +ǰV VZ&kVKX&Sn`v(NY\` {ϱڸ3!/ 1^oU ?-;Hl. Ln&A u]O9 P", ?yJ?}
B<* V J[ЭCs AI2=A 0_ҠNk$&Y^1}5#Av# X3d [^ mr
c1'gkvz]1ֱ$q8]m|J쭡Es RxT[}.o݈%ڮsp9 MMSʹVf`?5o1 '`
"K'R@ NJx;l ڪ$ʽSsN"eeuD b 5 T Vk mF
#O帗?x3V$hj:5
ʩ'
':gzMMӖ7vR@@ `{HH`9p1[vfν$l nr >vdZZ| 4$qmͺ;UNqT[Wӓb ^dB@TY/n":])Lw2A"E9%ԣLcݛ$)M My+y4?q~U",6I1F:[ɼ y˘~ur
$zq!I~譈("(UMtS'68ƐґF8:C4bkB.q
i dVms.OS+Fet9' y/Kt>t {C@q+]\(f>s{WQ0f$c$9iX`a?um)9kkv,P0ϭME0( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( oU̴_+{ɛeNO{v:6]\ܱې21;\M-7S; 0zq܀2}z ̙J-M$H\wM3s @)B6. IurnXX;JF9&)Sw{
$IM&I&i%xܚCj^
q4 3ۭ(IsڝsLFm[MM&do&]p2AZ9PXp9IO :a
Ue7H7: uol3 kY%kŒ)D- W 0۽Ok
Yj {9rOG㷸2EEݲK w/N :: iͭAmM<'V^'ۮqTk nGOف!L0]۟_ʋU)z FtV1>`s !DzjXM+TݍQ{XPV$ߤV|icEd\,ri
G|Vvamɍ:8Lh?cf eH 85TW:d:B:. FsO٣xT6`~du1p9> A["Ɠb r \|VbnZ\챦OԐkԭ-q$Kؒ)>+uWAPJy ~ F#a}n+C9 %wvS\O5ˈ~# ƥ]AmE=q0?ؗNH&3N^y+BD@3Y =Crqu+yn|܀11E ͝=6v<,q &{n@eF H{ Ԏ'.oZD W:z<ΊT4N lu GZ);Q<JyDh2Ml;GuEM68m i(Qsڵ "Wm[P A'яʎ*v[ !]
Σn1F~+f+QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE Ts 6آB 'ӯ^Im&vۧ I=O t'QvWfZS|cS8{؎F85%o~9X. u5sr2n<(ҺdM*nr{
S<0 :7?QޕTg"`⒔ N8%&}
X, ,.Ab w>WV2o.QV{ұ)ȍr=6FqsMF#o9zM }ֱ撧\RfU^B.?*$- /0o> x>@K9rʷQ` o4g P
4+ R}8y9Q`ʎړu'jP1ɤN cv zVՅ ~+ ?/J>b>QVm[]^- I< Y' N3JRQWg ZȗFܞ J^, }+#yPstx |) ?ưX&DBJyshB9L t2[3<_<}0)]Fm>, 8M bfEVq, Zu XXaQ{ZqrZ#J
#K x\sU(QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QEUu4>kے(Nђrp WֵU=[hqLu'¹[w49l4:ROwzUt$9ǜ ON*;˱Jfzݕ;{Ve99 }
jwSҊc h&;PGݜq">g:]XQEAEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPE h 14ȱƣ,p 5ƵܚнYm"rl=vI힃\g7걒M 8};ԗ3[ۓzE*}YnO
r8]1=+si+s54䞔;pAPj4:Qis 8Js@
'$mIq
Cn8 Ӧk*K"+xdO=ZbVΣn8ؿUK;Y:g`<Վ]J[[6&r:ob֛8Sp' < *xK
ʺ C NVf jP ? ,W8Vd`$ u=ꮊc)Pzbi ҒI>NhF
8r(NiZu&( F=p(j@'zv8@
GM D@*
۴D3!iUŊ(, Qrp*Ə>y:31 HAx-m}=M>e<ǟ,8k454TDUT` : +KJ+((((((((((((moU{
P7 Q}܌կj[(S8/woOo~Ƴ-ᰵؙ rǫܚڔ/3!U`TBE¨XK1=)wfN>t4h9:f9 A?#ւ97 f ) z ϵ'j p hzi zdXB[RI;@? y 6 [ԷqZFP -ROV3u9Ko¡{!Wː.GVxL*;q# Bs|9zR`˸<mVP@;*_Ke 1-*IDpxVR[9:Rb5NO媺 yRc}kH yr jI֛ViVԹFx#U ўi9
Z` d~)AHNJ Qփ}3h ތ h PJӱ+ ~9+XZy+8oJqRcӭ$) s B q%̗:kS#"5.ހ~;NNܖgcVcܚƭK{ock K1*/oSQEsQE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE jɤY JH("73{ջ,mdb1v}+_ j_, -= O^U<̙;!6jq ̓?8 To<؇S۽K^1?՜»i_cIɧ qIh:w4"}灚 <
9/Aӭ ԸW4N
ZAK@/x ސ uHp}2)o?u H?-7ٗ Bjk/c0N#?'}jR߽;#cˈqד͌]ШCy}ʊ1,coq*e"IQlkK9ѣJ,BGU?_}9Fd1rv
}k>Cx4LQb
P4sN^5['ZUdխ2\b&
18
4QqF
!1hvK4 g :Q@~tw( j啑mO>)([ȚL tzօEn% l!Ԟxl ۳ ;[ dwʧR~!3{+:V[.N,hRivxr \5wǮ:~5EXQE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE Ts
-5ı瑂5%Cuk1,0 ϭ rw']R
:y =qێsj-B¡aKqa' h?&^{\75wԉ{y 6U-Vq[F->HNι@=BAEŝsDrK4`ŅHH@뻡=G6)j,q$, ȍq cY𢤳
1_ݧkMs42Ȁ,9J,`0Pu`@${XrK)IdY]X)Ps ץ FF -bK ![ -YݜgT ˓TGkظ)wژO9# \v x4٦aOR8%9E& ޓsRA(
U5HlGq 1IB$v0TQbp1S{WEc6H9w fsG2ƃ/_RFma|&9'f3WEEn줬QE
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
($i,m
W+i;!m5iQn{znQN2qwBjrA{jFHdw{%f?] i<puբ OWA Q_^#J8#ñ
Hg7ր9K822:0g|*)y &1AwzSROSIriiq4( o?{{ӯ?YzN .=CCz s/5oHxV/:F"As*KcK XD±P]Bw#sdK5:G$K5:\G%f$'\$s} n7,02nڹlǩlqro[zlnc^["lUIu;o֯cRU = r쵣а2@Zn"0Ґ.ȱڞ9m P1<@ȧ4U Bĉp c]Dr}iv;7xE4w@:\yCs 4/#*刓/w k:7[gXuF#qT`=T{;7 t=
tөͣ7Md$)+n9dWV:aֵ;iSMgI
ڀ IL4)@)3Ԡ/{? Q 1f=Eٞ?u uβ;Tde|S$k&$nuO,` V!Fs
R2I8 ~PCf +E U6?2"b"F*\L(w7NyƮ$paӃQKV7A
@_JE2qH1`̡ ;@ >ԕM(8SDT?3 I սTn
B8lsQw5gSоqښEV::Ƒ5K)e Ir|а l̂Ip;ўi qLbɤ
=+ZFYAPY%q :4=Y٠QR~T^粏I]CYg.[N8m {ǁ]m:u6v눡@8zsPh\zFFH $gQPPQE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE V~ê۪";GP{ 4}3r{J T+.j$Lw
I CzNJWb;0[ ǣۨ⋛XS
*:5Kof W {?JO]~+zaIDUb
S;)MY*LsJ(j )}s' f91z:N$ey $dQN KoSf H#GkgV s KKaX8 E-r1ZW& # 8 a`.DQH6(d _qy<2jIQ$gЁׂ>O*?濕. Qf>FN#hYO>U3 <*ZBC)+s;D Z6# $= xQRE(?w&Fj'XZy̐~﷽Gihn$q9 X1$q; 4lsVou q3 \ @:
4i$4/Tzߩ ym}JTjrǜ O]>gc`+2((((((((((((((((j6]a +յm|it8) lw=S.NMQkjm&.0r: -jL~fv( <^jltkq jq?=qI/ؾ#E-*SػɊ8Hr3Qɪ k,}7qڶJåq<0Q被9;3ȠSp:RH @94gh Z7J \(Mi4 I}l i !y 9=8,Q@ )?
PM7@
x*{kvj#Q DRXQ@0UQbp1AjDg՞G
Ikk'@E 0Y #@=V.Ю40==S+NmՅQXQE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE QE k֚,[!<; =Wl}Fc8[ B5koR5)}= e4}iX3\ U:eUւ'.Xܳah ^ SJMr !! p3p? >RhL7](8qN5VF*.5
NG1K˱vt~\^y FΟbk9Q^v*; XA)# {-aip&qKE rh(1G`tހx.8kaxJk2c I'tAgK^O'
K\m/1d$Rŗ"kT)'NpS>OM$ⴉF.-a"Tzr.? ЍYo FF^
1R8QV bE/ = g7ZLLRWVfE{h? G{dž5/4orٽo&l[ u9!s.|Xc ^ O[gNp=+*ѺnIQ\Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@s^0ΎJG =Acӭt NvbU8#C >p4&NȖȵw xZ ''5I0z YΌ<9aq3Ғ M.>b(7O%8h#AWc<҃A ҁ@%)9ץiq MPqڜ>n(( LBҸ;TgUSNF$}O \oq # @=N+Mk 4 жԗ?` ѫLAj7hc>r@?:넃` ѫDYj5{ } 3S3/>)q( K‹$2eYFpk_Q5|y9 g V0"tm6ɈK_-]*|! ڴ+0vy,f ]qlu]Mpgc4QE!Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@ܥR) m#@8xxV
,ٙ9.X$8"jSUgmHފkz VHKw+JG40z4Rѐ>9>E sK:ӻsI@1(穤4)h) P^}6軎}`:r(/̇=?r?!&Dݖu,dbz>}ɫ''{1Y! E"E$ҳ ݜG bԐưA +5
?
cb/?gՊfp h Gb"PGւz A@'=) cRnNzU*M GTT㊱hn94Ȫk M!.,(e`{q5W3ooEڧ鞵W%Ui QEAEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEP3dZzTqN2*ld|֬F ?Z"? Zy◞jz#{F2hv
^)( dK4Q@4; &x w4Mi;Hj?m#6+O`_[ 2}F %㎠t?@ Ux~n#sՈðfZidCg^8Zu鿶3s F@ٜZr-Rnro#FڋYFjGr ٰH' c mSW54#]2 9Ǡ Pڽ➧N1UoN F$E 6r ? YZޛ$Vr\ %OF)2 DAjȫ[R?I |Րp!XO ʊ @:QZzRq=i)sUaB3(}h)
0Hv'C"$ӱ ;X$SM
F KɎ)Pqǿ5W?n~ 뚷y(İ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (?: Tlgs 0? -VW}?uQH_G;QKc =04H W 8JGj=iqA, $u'Ac{"|20x8< qE<˹)kkwivŚI2۷} >ˎs2[@ҷ v *Ɩ-/|$2 6p8 >=k) 嵍Djd܁<3 䜌U#Um fE$h!$\DÌ#wnb=.OV
Ӧ+AHȎ IvOFsFRBՒ% $IVhWKs l`Ҵ?n-nOYHS{,p9 H sVuHncF"Fps8 ɳqaM> sq 4`{ ][. <8 ɫfd rwlVdh6xo9t R~ Ҁ1@ `/q:=(=xRc 8IKҀlP3H(u P&]
7zY&sd X n+j `+(((((((((((((((sqze0
H> NUdp*Ү:UnZhS (l|\q"l&0_#0kF andcj[vzq\wJ7
Bpy9 FN zUbuX ˙_$4lT'P Mݨi } +VM[{YG!UglOSHKGql f[Hj
N,+e_h$G2T!R 89FPҹ(ҡ!" i ِ! H?vGZ(M@[_UW,{
جztXV H@zf 6_k ԜcN;<ҵm(Pn^< ީôDfMxNKE#\K_0'lOPyBrq}*R4]%
R=q C d.|v&!Q>*a i;XL'
M+JIAdy$v+ lA@Z$-#GX! kC yny7 쨆zE5P ߏC9Pj =3'7sWrhbZE6 ~$Զڄ))38 tbfsB?*U *+7<
xs6QSjӬYNGTNnX n&Q4%iӧ g fms{*R hm
l USOldЮ? ' ?P絋c9 jVſv.:~`R% ?At0zl?L"ԛ^Gݿq嵹ogiEWwE] {_) P(dH 7GӾqS? h${<,tC~ _ >O&ge vTR >L D]ЇO ywv AX"Y!pA2?
/Xଢ଼ _^LlϧHItZM&+.%H78yr)Oeh{j!<:Lie %9Y /]b ݎFQRgonUIO5p˸F?r(tT}d@&3 S*ӭ
Cz2H ~d)yn/Bp~qLxPRn\8"=iL շEZ;de_iO/WO9sՎ9 Pݕ\Lh 7:"I< Vq]=WNq(x> Sjq7ws4QE!Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@QthvD)2Bn$ ' W'J7* O W]d xYE[
+1 z`"Cr4${ܰe+_^c^jS 4W1JWcd1 n S;$F . 7=>pE=N298Qd
!U8{!xj c %JGLݸ~"V_LUh5ncB2KdXr8OkqF_IFqNv3.Oc+D If[O*>pN${F:[2 Ih5{[4a#`خ_Y,m5 ž_nOwɑe y }
30㝌ed.Wav I AwߜVL$H2VUIba2d,0=waY<2n2q* YTcniF.1*
Ϯ{I[zKGRDc_ʸy{E9}8 d XhJ0M*4 g^9ch`-4yKOd> ;c[i i[,k%gs یq$ vgڙ$S\}sfZ2ʃ?:ҋb"9 ,lȩ_jYɑDVy#i7r {gåImPR}DtF^M
pJFM0&rw<;:I;%o( gd`e۞A`;kx]Ds 05i(qQ@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Z}k%K,2 27\n&]"0b7`HV { \w9w=[be3$|] i k3Zܰ" 3X_
gjfޜO]z5tkFm=Ks` e Y$bK8_/ - Ƒq{ r\ɤrq) gC뾝 S1kj8 ~%UҭG 8 2 V?I5n>r{8ΕhO>? & O*4P6Dcd ƁYtϬ5k.Hrq) dX #H6J 7I"M =J#B[iNv
V р\2 ~x>SM=Q:$d@Nedb cu'}P ~(>ԇSJ 9sKH#:
vxL M.2zץ- rJ^ ь*h-v¯ a@ud{I8^I8kX@P > r
6,P0 V=n82I]*_ߵkka }H
=OR|g&Gp2q$ZJ=ĂQ?
(qj'7&Dc`*
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(1-\Ojv3VO?&5*AdTqt!8"2( 1JHHbcUmQS4m5
}B"cj Pc 4QGp? cHcm{k(D۳[d'BHT'o٦禟e { i27`r8z"y-6H
n e w,HJNB1p^Mkxf|d!qWiya tM5 M #h:nR {tQ\09L yhx>.
5KpL#o |˝2@jχ|'e/a7GؾXo\8=A mxHtY>m^Hp98ۭ@<-3g3c1$iak٥՜X_ { Fu;O[ @ Q@PNOJ (-.ٖ >@}qSEP )i- QE QE _2t/4-KKˆ+Z8|rx5y? +ZdI.̪dsz(4+T@(Dqr$er1M}o0u*D mÑ@E WFA$u@ ϟr0r@qzWWJ/Y7k3
V,8+< td&->{or"
p# #{
iNJ'ͭ Pro.r:=^_jWZ.lB)6|ŰN yx;+cFZkdnŸ7];YCc:b/x??`Lzs J-,O
xxa]o$/ L>s m?-yF,^IƬ6I(cs ףGmC=OH;j(
z~ Y_`?J^^ |Vm-k+-^ I%[on "
xAbiWA+ YH#jZ[5_&VFg7F MU\ЬuX( Y$ 2/YZ.<&M3+nd 1Z
ZAK@Q@Q@!4 WxR?
]jzŒB?a" ~ɯG)}Pgn4?sʀ:cUe^y $jxwsFXxG`Vx֒SH l>Y8 u"mtXmowwP.bBc`)
T:^Mcihvr &-o rd s@k |Uth. .NG2(q3x灎{
gE]חBxҹ ;fH&M/4@ 89V.;~Z0t k4,ʁm .I6sElsZm]4Ĉ`w! =;{g
b"-@9; .N5@i {vuIWBqo,iF bh9֣aecfWRDm.gw#=;rXa|>^ypG=kFUAff8 4[!oa[Vp!&>m܊2sϡڀ ?-! [2 \zZoyd$mp9}z `sU 44w+y%ӥoڒH
1R5b8 fIeMʫONǵ mxF++Hr^ Z$0l 7{>x:Cg&.&5!ʻݠ \6y#+c
wdaq%(6N(-Aipvp\&dRFO@Q@Q@!4 W-bPSTHm#2H1w +C?/vec3# O oQKUprťE(HF#=k ö_VZhDmUKF zfCYM[U0Y
#I2V;QFN:ׯkz7f7wWDptdm fu zod~!\AOӭNc&v aUSD&}5-15یg;JL k'ྭN%q9PQCH d ZP%V+KoݕK GCFL6Emf?Ɍ+V k: [\.@ |^PEPEPHii
K}*' 6w #=6d$|@-^z G;
vRsӫt
+wԳLmX ZO9u= :t/2\ n7E|YHGdݙU9峏j< \@Iنr5x_D= \pyh |ܜz 5mG\[EfO+yƯkt%g[y"Ԇ1aGMUh&RCän?,?Zx<Ę4GOMO"%g:,\hR+@S
?xdn/BʑfrTL$\T=hѭcmcpX9K['[\qlPy;}P.'wNEJ >T Nj
?P[b-6->+h9eFzĊf?^Xxv[Gdp2L9[kzmEgko ? yq,%Z[[fS. ,+PcWeFG
AXXWP H
9 3\<>]XCvҀ8
]`ي7Wݭ1Wk' g ,OsJdJ; 3Rdyh+i QXINu#j@ࠎ[x @<._PcK$`nϖ>qOEje v\g|ǥXhxZK.$
Ҿ#,[!`9Ι=/W}o#K|톕YHsI= T^f|1 $q *][AeS9s\կk
DG\ݎ Nh f5pRk;yq|߇4o[%Ay $^Tȯ/q%[7Ztah { Ut-";->;{h4=j (( :זxAq. WbG tJ: d
-RNCn_= K'-3:,bL#< )U!y]KgKqh.$j22n< w k%ndRG0G]I ?w:][GRTf pTuQPx d]I{08QXbDHOi6B| zׅ|e 跩)Xcv$"w
hʹK.DnE JX$Ns^i6[!G
)pT8k?
Xi;$N<ʼn ?Wk*C="4{Q[=T =Օ.[ YeQϪƪެ_LBo- ԜqK߿ӿֺF [Xʱ;7^
7N r|!z }{P7e ŷRZb*1NUڼc2k$CcȬA/q3r4+Wt {uE B1AW7S78P?t ZAK@Q@Q@!4 WKW%-\a^Y %
GԐ㪑te=4
IBym `z
_B<&uk8.$v,xG]&R !\,W_b ^ۤv
<5eq.G2_^vv)*t?C@燆-;RԠY1pUT; H=ڏ3̸0[h{ Zi.t na
[IK
$P t_ 4;ho@~4U ˾v$F8w X.N' `֖hz7SWB vXvn> X,u ܡ4=YT g?ZOiҴY.4%
8bAҀiGUmY,.#Y,rg W+y[]I%Lrv$,1} .XBTTu 2 \GĊ=3{ j Pӵ(ڛs/xr3f<S,o[ 2L. h 2A]αy+rw2ݙ$sU,t+[ /krzH JeuF ~j$`Kv\#Eo#m)I ʛ~ k.6 Uh@ƪG\nGJt ?E8@3`L v>agi7V+\Dʬp6=<5r/乸k'v(UQ;vj }P[[_\!_=ϒC $ӃҼIUx6 c"w\$2TQ Z+@
46y`羜( rIr(m!k]Q^Įp}~0 ^|KlZk \Htȯ4Լ%oۘv?t*A
ڧi=2xFkᏃy5FA
k|+_{lۡHDx h\T :Keaclw\m6xn,01ZE$[ cr?%e
}XM{DԒ QF~ {֕Ulcl#䳹f>?Z(( 9e%{[·V=8^}'-bͬ]CXaC agX+iOmlį(b m dVh8 xWVLY XEڻIe䝹$4-R;U: tdk:Rʽt " 1i>jG },r0;*hx{Q"bZk/y+Ue<u &6R&u dV
DŽn!Fg,&g4ۦF0F/[ - _>#ki+?2hL2 qBr 5: H
C $ A C o v e r R t " #H B P D tF H " #H B JFIF ` ` VExif II*
* B g T \ ( 1 d 2 i C C Qa B
Z OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.,LTD u20D,S400D,u400D 06-1001 2005:04:06 00:49:56 d d PrintIM 0250
' ' ' ' ' ^ ' ' ' ' " ' @ 0220
| } 0100
$3b @
2005:04:06 00:49:56 2005:04:06 00:49:56
F d D d OLYMP > $ 8 @ H T Z
|
A A 6 H f f@ @ ! " #
$ %
( & ' ( d) * + T ,
- . / 0 1 t 3 8 ; G< =
>
CD ( H H
!! #'2+#%/& ,;,/45898!*=B=6A2786
6$ $66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
6$ $66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
} !1AQa"q2#BR$3br
%&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz
w !1AQaq"2B #3Rbr
$4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz x ! ? ögeX LҬc\>
3
m$jP2Ƃ" +b(jnwP
?ứ-` Z(,Uq$fNvmėOK9"7گu<] ('5j8R f}$}qFH q].*ql[ =:Ъv^!;=;* ciP_mix`cg%<1 ZIXOrޓiu$xF X@X4M.7 >)f
OnʶK3i"2T({֟#X.n J\¯:.AR Zw$ggHH}1ӭ!RD !n̤$T;vΊFbK#2t C+M$ixi|#n T['9Y0A ^ESZ?!#gڗ%Fzry#>N[#Fl0GVF2~RzZ.## qDukYXAB1$]4{_$͒8_ʠQ̬~c ziu-'u@Er wmU)<0 N rTi+"d0^Jb>FqCR\*_2Epv\6 z4Mժ|JG}A*l7=ʬX30`X
[5Y&Ѽ8,dUS D摊08g)YtlZK=
=9k|eې6I?8mA?jzƑF\@> 5O :Mw62Lx0F Vȵ(إ{YpQ|F_A=ՙp[cn=뢛0UM͉G x؍̋\ vYa5ւ|ެps̙۾qڌ.z~UẂvYl D^|zp{bmEY!%>lD۽Fzwc3rXpЃ={ Ȍ7ϐ
ͼ [I#]d~
aD1jh¬>bCըHK-*͂*9 Z-uAc5 30ERҼ[h֦Z*:hMa'_&dژ#=hF cTRІn5O1AH1
}t`xU#rq M@\XV IǥIe5+hp:qFheZp6֪ihWH\mڛZ@r s֩W;/.⻁?>.m$J>$xO 5vEh[N12(Jl/o<Ϧ`#S|G͎ݎaψV (gʼr{G}m K}xp:8 gh,Zk(e!% d _ny)XIsXui,/Y]l T ':}i}wsw>+o2;aޚKv6tM \ҥ4yxʗ} Xnu0`$L|ø
KS^0xcSgmjawy{)3Y -gc8ܾI WkdLՐ/nn0K#I Φf*.y[(;H^{xXv5Z#488 ,c9jucm6=_ )J,`>k$/ݘl^}Ϋڵqhٵazm9.K 3>qY_߱kq-lTl*z Vx{[4*6? c'OK.f}_NOy>ƻ~[yU
v I.'xRIr!^I|GI 8e,8
ԉt2|/j}a^HKsdPAg9&QsX̿d w|B15᧓sH,jrdtQs pkHD.e
l6v+H20Ln7)F8ywt|?}BcX HI5~W * "*h\C'U4N^؇PWsAt p+3S5
r|szkT56Ut,^K!8
,ƸE6oYi9 BeY9e"]"W(_elEy=1YW:TWehnVDd={*(f['UuFX.T ~Q#DZ;e[{ҶQIg'zU$ɕ{qg" fwWx!O<SA,f"HSّk 0f~Gmv$7&--chw5Y!}
Ei[UNF=(qLhчL-T%vn"p)2K_
hj^
9ݻ S5+hZ&(*
qjp4h宼;sY Jƺү`uլÃO#+
# aR#9`㺜-?i-卲 T9Ev,/ȭ,}=\k7-`}hqr뱆%PW
¬1*v̟J\LWg ++k Yy.ܵj, C
$.' ",# (7),01444 '9=82<.342 C
2! !22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 "
} !1AQa"q2#BR$3br
%&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz
w !1AQaq"2B #3Rbr
$4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ? ƕ$Gov$;OrW8%ԮWrwDy[v4/9*s
&\z}qk\ S, !;MrnIYߡz; 8EKwrXrӂ+q.-i 9细[ϿZ4gkA#Y 2 3ֵr9^.&k#{ٷ?*.O+}cs]͞qbV&H mou>Nk{Ak{;7/%pO]̑ G?z6vB!Pޜ5_eGcZlQɧODxWupsE7-F)]2M&S֮hմ㧽s2]pPAx}p $xAR՚:}~qIAԷ$7qM H% .#۹NSwGI N tXT+F\Z١ۤ -,L5wzf@7kȄg92k{I_%81{ɤjw1' }^Tsڮ~xϥd]c4G@GZƓ ؏twMG bw@Ѓ@ I"#<ו[j|NFx|p+'7$|:aI-KSF\dH_'}_е
$Hq̏Ӛwey~"qp1/j>A$#jr "
oT^^kiv%r;f$Ge;Z#s GC5X{$T)˗bjIws X G|ڹ4kvaL .$c&="O.J #2cTF-T!ٿ. ˇ7i&k6VE#r 4pX.Lĸ |Hn >0Ot|w3+5W$#ι͛lv"
ڪ%원'Vt#:}ѯg)soW/#DsWLrF"3lsy(єL.? l_9m3_o.%?W(hM*ppyڷ䬌5W28;UAiE??&:4*H;YN 5CYATkd4ɞK P`T.s'W̷ T%V1AG 9C[~4t{*Iw?}`c4vf3Iң:({U
b$V `UiWAj{gA b[4QLʋD/7 rOZ[Kne|n>y+i pgQIw DG%> r1ri9$m%q ndANHF=jvz8psXΞyෲy ?vY60'~PY]x ]c(G<#:nEVwds wۘ 9EE'kd q erճ܋(# `e+ɤĝW
A\ذ]T]1
܅'9-X{P <+H[4 !'WrlH5Y\ǧxy$<N"I{Kr\%α%=*ƱZ Fx~x5,Ost{l} J WQ64:d dkԊKϳHG[A#siYZIp N}GB0hOawC s&9=1P?$! + hS˾+
9n{MM6c Il3W!% c 0 @NF 8O [i #Zw ʺQc9&/p23Q<& <#}j$ځ"9|Cԅb[Kx Id4 tX^Xڤg#~O"\H<`I#] c( wKVe-IP-^ 7 $Y-{` *;/tdv}vu[S "~O#WPmtd튱,qrS(O$qY؈;s({\:5:֪[!,>O 5I {˓/l֠0t ZdVTwW.|rG<T i$1m#Ym=yҥԣh Q Һ;(.R7b?< ʲ'ZIu ) G WY?>?&h=ΪwiX ڤ6̺̐Hz~6Z-MU0Fy = r>Nj1 3'zPn[B&@g -Mڣ uED$C|A<2A0$ ;5+)cscy2RߊѲ(- Vud61d 4 -G%ίN'#Cs 1q> ~L5OTD z{W5^a&95vvo v|ɜTYIahdKwJ4[3l|O|10~t.0OPė` f*c7&%G$q!'{VՕ XHٗ gp X$.8wǽ:y
v] c>E&ۻ"ex,38Fs*pIRC\[(5i$ U]WFTr3;cҴ[Dt=2K.N2^"K̶#3}52#` :WAvƏ06&3-؛Jc %q yl\t(7}ݬb@14k5H5;(f gZG<.MIØAߔv XV|t>TDD;okT٢;LG XWV)ifH( i:pqy..nt'࡞!t5}&R cy}ko4봊0$Ӳ3c=ԞO2c ]7X|#\,x^SO*䜑^vmwL9/-0YcgՑcOj-G< K$S^\D"c=?ȭ [[_kZv jxq㩧xt{ y&k{H5ܰOqh6ROI'Z<;C" 9+f$A,iZ x N-%i|Lb9"QsПJ;\aŲ$ BD @}}tNwmr xF?WWZ$ M!\|Zjީ"
Y]FH/Ԋ/_Q7ɼ$v̧5yZuՔI03u= 6p>1繧jûA.kjc288+6Ö00c;zs\ECc L`#=?m1"G!z}kh_R&?wc@[?L#&3}賽h V$iw .4O- ?Ʊ'/d9q JdAnK ߢO@g UfD0;ߎçf7"-#B}NiӄrIGJ˙ݳK_qMf$1
q ֭vQiz Ipp sV&bKwy rF?i^\H|?41B99a4*Gpk s`| cgSS[73d`ְȅ͠b@qީKz >a1q~2߁-䈁#˟sV2kǽ'-hs @=ENv} |SMv6,nx
k5cM=xE:څh1A +D r\G}K:$W! SS.%$zlw$5l.mb!_\mt#3%ƀIJY\_&c4G$GpTHy=^7B _,sAIsg { v`IOe]M-s:w vH߉ RVKi $Ic%Bz/R$Hf06sRAy$:c5)j%w0
[QyrXs: (9FIBDT[4CljDy$m\s vу(4W$w jsqco3WCܛq
9 :ƙ8ҤXswAͬQ#3 (I=%c Y^L. 95. CUuHe q#$y - O`#U'0^yf$ԜVRΎcG= f4C=4
ߐ&0 Jm&-'T8;'ֲ2Zð pI ֪FDԟZ%&Ljە-+ s%źi"n~J" b'p>b+7Ӓ"<ޓL?h^Yrmrd #[3s| }MN[23 (OV> :K6]ֽٞ7wpه o@I=i'5oO$nMYcL"n&qH\H sU";Ϗ.~R4&>[ ڙm)v ~ v'Dɬ"ĶKrFz~ n$L1s}K#Ė/j$&aNR,` 3<㚸-IZ#' xvImmMlG< `Ork n&DdpmkuC,̓?@+D%!\; Qߞk$,mL<o R꺉4w1 {AR-G%䐤f4-6q{ieg7 }1_kwII{== _4HLlCf.sJФt ߁w4`⚹\;=6$` _\ޝau<.&F}}*-NGd >gҽCoE( H'ֵ؋4X춖V x-3w5Kľ. )n% p%MWI=֛X0 Vzqt+դV6| @
ָ$_Oa}RLU7AյR#w٢M^ Wb/ Rkhl( `zzW|5 |9,
.B2=M'^ȿsY(!5Rav4 hR^jCFRK{À 7zUth է=[ 7m4|?yOK,aʏw柲&N1APyD,ew ' 6s%-D|hd w$tZQ$wg''V^dmC# j7Չ+lSGS%dqmĒ:g+G&o5S[1-ĎΑ=@JZ #GT9g ^xjtMq#6Q=VY
JғM&4ӡ | ޯk2< f#8#W?AFD) OZ]ZeY)'|AAVdu90!2D
KE'~i˩pO' SdL[kQ.m :l/(}ОsSH]F$ LN/5=" XQswu ̄[#vv)I{%łFX hKۭZ4DE/O@+:NӮY r>QIxc7)ԁB lnhgpY$>6 k\춂IF sXglN 9kRKKw)C v#}i[[[xI
@wqX6$}ypsz
HD])F+CLxb Ar y3y[xmlRydb py);)HO, djl/$,W {bH䛙>B;\RQHW `zO
Ty ȝ%ʆsN8dN-b
(@( ( ( ( ( ( ( ((AEPEPEPEPEP#Y:n c' u,!ȏC8ÌwlN3*
٦^pzRw?|Չb<# Q|!pw.7#O7QqWpge$U2Vc4T ץEspr#3VdTBT4&meTqA5M-x(1$gLtG KxIw vgYvڧ t" bm> ӯ 8(bo \BRr&uH7~yluvH x YWInBȄQyհ$6qjx >vٙ BA !ϔ\wh:퓾vl rҲbx:H 85-fZJ}f+Y =GiomB R/c$?k^=2l8pa;'i%sgL S/5l !H sS\z84FG N+&O* 9lҮ$CUƣ$@<⚝xYw\x9P3$yђkt$gJ'ʟ$g;p^AVdJ}O3{VvwGJp {pt+Y՚7"ӧH.>p?!k2QxMד[:D[qyqB=z+sމZ5;OJسsBdof{I.'D2qD n
-lt~5Uoy2Hs\`GSWuRo wZt} 0+L\TmTi5&ٽ*i=B0N1 Xx's{lj}$$s1Z+dD7A45N-YIJr]~(3;
eQnyɮW2%o~+{9 gG|(E8TsN>eoou :>HXwwo P0 5kKt1{WY3\=*sTbr|_xHti< vQM:`=j9͕F4sqz UزΒ8r+)nyWI>$Hs<&DH:qֵ?֕{+Kg[\o# ݶ;"XiEE 5[mNS5IeϷqVm}su'! ַU `1SAn8ȏp w'f۸6BQgT ޠ5;DqyGYq%Ŕ%
:ctVp>Yju*M\{%B#< XeRL~L$ ڦIہC#Re_.'&T' +h`">H^.|"~vqnM ,ǽB%tzç |c*KE I'd?h.KZ4`XnvИ{pМ$q$PGst
Zk"bQ=O9XI[R),2)2cFV8IB:t繝 Imǀ8ɧ[JB(ezT;"ӻ"
8S|O|U۔mL?ϜRs 3+4hN@?=j7.a?gJ+J+)0#<\E3K1nnk)|ӚWfJ(qҳۻRO= ` JwW3l/'K Zlvj'YЀ3Vx>xAN# b 47ŘĹBAvv2F\aq>;L' ;s> $BKn/[}:'$D M57u #MCu ی=iPJ,k9.}\՟Wfԑqp#T'Mi[i$;LVIH~ 7#"0mػtw|2# c N uk7|4 L #`ߓ ON1)XE|cҒOB7\~^H j $@ KQbKtx$+3)6]9t#fz-?YK}v}8ړ Zkq47%O1 $( ֶcy6 Aޭ}M-٘dsK/70wzr|"Gsk&;ۨ]h#Խd:"2$.@:EYz۳@$& 1qޱt ;9Tl&23߄K ;7
I.QϲN]j`][C#0BB'%ͳGMעK{_G Iϭ];i̅##X~2 뚳 mۄ MwB6̤S˙> ZcYH`&6Mx/-F@lsikoj9KA8 KpHܒG5Y-ߖ-eHNOiri&$2D ںM6H #烰UޫCBsnI#<76M[]^T<# {V^;8`X&in b=mGGsK0[{jhܐL:lqsbH`X/ j/O ^%cx/ZirkibBN\JĸI"BLVQ 1]=d2 9=뉎':g6: Jj$GssmᏰG%?s M?N~܈-【#U%q^4RO;$\7Z}ޔ 'O\YI7vkku=+Ñ\i~{
!; = M1H1>J:$(F䞠c\ ux|:aKȑ cf
j
6TD%H2s:b4]G:K5uh*!Xs7{& g ];MRKvV3!S Zb6mom 61ҹ$x?2su p]&s$~\BsަӛH tcB_CF {a=ƫD'\ C|g 6
__5;EĒ" :gҢ2 ^$NAa&+طNvz&A={k# K@m\eWO`6G
w^+PI Aiz^{US[,x pHs'{5]6. ~ ̖m?'>m5m4`4d1w_ϧ> S] t朾 A|-n,C$. jKI0wyyc9RӲEc %$D-ǜrx P Gy?;UnNRK$ArWqncf:VN)hAIۈOɟjΏcϴxN@ O¶.cMF(K[=k[6HD >}xH:L$ pIV-}
L;D$M$fSCmގO':8$z_]wx s,ܿsFơpDa=އlʓ)'>Rt}MS w!yy8}+&85C-8#<>ȟg0wU]2;hͼ Zuۃj:>'-1!osL1q#$*;AsDوRMG[ǰ^zjɵ6E^'r< pi#ys}3$W>´50\hg{; !U}:8윾^+pmS0_:] 6h0C RM?D?/ː\t :
C`2K.ClDv#yl 1jB1woR[lҶ8++# wDzrHWlF^l~s b[`ge< .?G_·5-`H>ϥh\\RA aVsm$ 5I >p;[FjK>q dg$$!iL&qՌyI Аr etr-&I Q4 gˋu?Jþk=#$ԼY 1ȃw=ރW嶖i$"}=5`IDV:楷ԚKh܄OOΕcZ bu Xf c9 q[n {y"D9`K;{|&r{UBkd uY-5-xj;{R1ƃ$|o^.tP
gfJZj{2V d.ϗix͍?}*ܒA^=~Fy> x-!';#5zml$H/'{~ ;QvO-혊X1 $+3C F$akGNY,eyv$=*.Nq!tH [)fM = .P;[HNpc;ݯ Mļi}j[wE'嶝O:⳼XEp '&1d۱Sdg+H l p$c Y>I/'LH VƧq BA/!9;ƙ%#Te<><[y}2(#nt{
XIc/ľ)tVｙ9Ru)5a@1Y9(OSW}L@OMos=1Ek֫5Hm PG K~V[[w$GrM3EA2\Nq4Eo=L',c.wǩ>ZXeN_1=H Nn
gR8n~<{z.M۾^^'aR:7 ^CVsHӹ 94v+bU ǿs^ kX eq Vι-4÷ˌb.cMӈyݩ#<^ijX!ӕ./7yp$ *+ԯmeHXɷ)s i LSs? Fen拠ZbnqOR}I4 cTf 6Їk>Y.
@N T%w?ʟ*XĬ4*a+*;7 PVĒWO$ Q帏L۸gs$(c?\ $`GKZ4u\
CYxogf@ 9'r~%v
$t _S[JڭͿ ecAW;.3I/f$E EL.v{er RmT`e 3gǩţ_^%%t)A$ڄ&??˷ǟ?5?GBVR]:I"}yOP=AABBdj_>aC#aYwW./vO'sM75f?!:
=֝o##dӾj_}! M&*FÀ\t t#F іgI'$o$x#В=/K\$)9i5颀3Mtă>1ҫR(-եCʅи' Jԏ;V5(( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (`( Q@X(|cȑ{<ܘe!>9 RĀvHOD[d:+q\y-q´(pdީ%Ȝ gI,ϙ< Z*j{#1nj(-rr sV!&3J-S&ڴt }b) YwRhz7!>$]9;.dPp>v`.e
}~*v3 =*ׇ;/"}"ɷ *m]oŤ)Nw]=z= zSwfUB8^D>o\^}_|h_f3Z H3&0Gzm'䨹?{anv.N *v ('d? #DjХY9s=k dnOz^}|-#|9sYY+It'y1XIl'fw 2 Lg9>Oĥ(%spwUܫP" _j0ic9[ڹˋN:xtr:STRVЎP&0 ZF8.6pb\ x.Ag# + W
@Os Lڒւ^f4v42zY$0gH N g pI,ri)> S쵥Ȟ72 yvi/g99BtR:tr ߮]lֲcBzak~̥$'_Ϊi^X$.=iONn"ǽUsiMKI"նi.SgR4_k(fq!ګiS݄sICګ7wdV= I`OG!>^>Nd7g 0Rpv:.VtT]{Ti @kw6%|ښAl x95oH"A!3?uSryd{5s[He6]_´mG5.# `~Vvg:M ՝Q:U4h̯iV_ڀܬ'a~+FÐH8@9>|f7 La"' Ӥ{u$Aƕ9{ș]!)G9hA4
\ldƢ2H^DϭYdD fϟz-`KC&Է4
qIK $ ;;gڋ
= fǦ*{|[5 - >@OSRO*dF<9?\#pK0ΒN~y *iB =C,a (szTe # W7[$ Z( Sx1L{)uXn}3QyFU47s 0 !d'a#wz{Tw $AC,'x5md\FO SkԹǶ$b7L(:zچhv]XO1ojΗOO$2%㏓j+gx= -w [i=ͬ`σYZr'. 8)kk S8sto;&̐M">0z'd IA Ud]$o!Gx [#Ond$'J/WrO
,ncG7R}q36\x5!bv[M F6?ƍ2T"{_.Ip)IѶ0\${ d
ӞZ&O*Ջ 0O,d :w1|Dsc> x1 M{Q^'Sԣ6pf$`Z!9\rDVC</u~xK6]Fl9 `^)xo,/D9
t.ƣ 4wyAyd*X>a=+ˀRGجkm
Nd
8! $NvOGki%r5[dP&qt YuW֠ s.3zмS9 r"$ %@p D-Y.K+ OB\m[Iqq\.sssu/#Ǒtں[=R$ @RLͫ;ȿc}wW wy IrMqA 9[Òs-m[F=wLOń^%&.VIk-exJ n D6 5vbyF哽 K[ A
R&D%TݤJĐB_/WI..'I/ZusZ%{k +nu)$GH` ʹXm 9#t |vHPē .D_Ѥ d ȇMsw&:?OCDn;4!H eOل?Ҷ>`DC*r/pdiSMEF$۱q&}%#qm \NEb.R9=G=t]$88=$1 II' )s"Y+ d( 9 dVH $'t ꈒ849oJ/.Hv|dte%dܯg9X9 Se\*MxbLJ}RKj uӞJ-iR[Eߡ q eK{9\ L3!y98"HK6c'>Ӣ8 Fyw܈yEYe? rIOC,4sRZ䧗p :ZR YtNAU-B#a
| ֕HH'Y1j$ ujdKH!@+[]tSPhw E~RRn4"8}1$Y x3ZM?R%sblRM%s 2 o9zMF Lz;,jw< di9wMNViB,GimlD?ºTR"
X[..\*4nx@RA b."7/35 o
G)\ E(n;[-|Pcj31` te%s9ҋkCk,7 LXʭ+K:t1Ήʷma F$?Σ
8{>K< UYg0KaQJ -.|$z3qNCn`ӏ6';KIs<J+e6bGL湿2\Z"C, ܽ JrATX~1ַ4kl eߔs{VΕ !Y ,"<6@ax ~{ kS[P- s'K:Cκx Ҥ6}Ii# kK!̩zs dĔ>^On蔮Pa?pJM*:pw8IT&٭izir" hxwňBlB}
A|Ht8'XnrN3+e#;:zdޠ߂Ay!Wֿu$
˂=B%9ֹOjA [oXodu欵@yܓJWVa
diSh YvO8# )J8d8[>¦&-Cmg$7YX~ ܶk
~l$Ӝt Kdp1=q*gq֪or_GsjqNRQ"K ' Ak3p7]#@n%.. x PrGkk:L=ⴧ,.u*yafo-+.)5hA WzbIHy8 % s3*ݟo E A\"K& }
UjXis]TP2R;WF_ټqϵt!lm&_9/.=};m$WS[B 'OHKi $VmVjWE I$ tDv%ٌ_
-5e=E_2hx̌sfvY{ʀ RW] $7sNEi%ܒy~ Zcmr>ioqx48Rj4^4^}q czZ4*٢i6̛p Z p#+F: .mL[V~ Y>|l|SIOks6A=hr[HOy˟oj}5Gt 7 -;k`Ew m h d}gH{ ZAbH. H!7h JOO g7f|!
پgI \O P+Jpsp
0kR導d $ոҨ[B x'Q$r9d"MWZQ@((((((((((((`{//ăV5܆WHn+8! V%[ 8TUI6sDsceqr_ iWR;ZͦF= M̵
.N e{98x=ȶ5ArI&Q1f~sW'Kt 8+ `ӥaGxe>^O[:kd+#BjM6Є\]NKN*x4 tꂠ 豽14ALA# iGd
(u-, ֙,r<$G rdЊ$;k|5Ww\!"Nuy&Y?j `}krQ/ =./{ Y/hӋ سo\DZ >G
T2\%tٞj6XƝUSpe 6yd扶WJMj.'b 'ɲ7'5ŪiO9~),^4syAWd@,Dgx
y5Wq>ػG +3~3 Wuxݓ;{D_H0c}wo >a8^+Vܘ\Iɹ%(>^w pN3YGN/3> qyfd3֯iz}y㌐=(Wb:9A`$wW9Y o dռ
|w'+iv 8\g} &Ǔ>t2C4Xtps\Kg SRrv gq [c]s TASFR&Bdj5Kiq2EjSQ<Ǜkp?q:
[
.h>ԉ$qa̓F ^H q](@ g a1ư!>Tk(-KI"[ I#zӑ;wKDO\{Sm1;~SC &PggV)%~sȽmwWҢlsیTZ4M幛=cPhzwsj) $>wUKcd !~t631b8 =O)% M$h3E ]1հ@= v 8x 9%Y,{oҶo vRj3 &W~ɬO2 vKg1ȺG8Iiq1s86r_ڴ4 /1&y%$sJKDҮ s TǚJ{q #g* i #5 $ zG s6DefhpP8.23UH{2F98"g>xT$l| 棛Igٴ] b*{izk»
&rOOJ8M>f:Wmo |fI9w\ eMu.a;ޣM:xL< V\cs&w sx˥Y;.B8.݆%t`5nĶe=AU&˔'ew)OJG!"C9s]}Ϣh$2D7Jӥs]c/1ü:`z}i:ReGOCWa[DrIFHaMH 0`wQC,`Dsz$W- #:|5lR-$;< ӭD)!(26wb@=*} KM! Dﾹw#Ȑxq\% pф u)& ~f "M$0CNw\R,h0Ժ4c瓎9#l ' MOgf ~t VDy1 ,2}($3&FGj|@n.zZ#5 +][nđB_ƙMu44I䚞&K ?&>oQF騤 NLO/D; Ol ڙ-M/̸"8ChvV+rwFj;;0{v`$ C5lGp 00+> #33O3QS)jRZ.C\G$d&;a.5k >+Z)# ऎyLVV;zeA
-7;,LQF"|=j=@DȐrSo[ ~xt` #5.nu(c krFFÊ̶x]V7$ȏzj Ky
a'S^ TQ ZÞ{{kZ햲 `yc98Օ&2 a%Ӎ5w ro>rMMdou"@0{X95QV %/c M5kB1G}HSɆ̒uԤG?y8 2n 1kڡ${sQ%?-cnPtɱpnd?²Yjah,d9 }N'?&p =>zsp cH'z gz'9.#ԤlCڕВ x^Sj8=ϥPɣ1O* i `z7,I|u±r;-͎ 838# @>Ko
ݦL A A,imohG"HssÐP8Y0Z-@ x;{^p|N15 1s隳m$r6+iv]9MgRd
]l%rR1?QG{f ,ܦ=k7e FrOl d/#jS ƕ'8DrQrjY&A nJ>3]ijkʟ<ҢI{ x@u9-"9(B>HH%|g@$sˏZGUs MWQa&>L9uvS
)8 VkHn'p9˛{n1/COgypW#O;VYH5$C$?cI켚NI#Q\8S};։6#ܺo Uv- m7KAۚÂ)wy=$Cy4˓۽?g}rw)Q(rNqx#vѠwԚ Gj2#UxH *`V{ ۥH εw:aZּ$i s!( 9: C?N1.GUfZs5 jo#㌚XP$? p
hij -
uSd ;6Lcc+^ٸ$dx'5.u;B `sUcGǽY_Nkyw?槅Y lH?JY.8dFrB AuU4Umuk; 3!ZvVI-sO@i FoGsK \$?>Gå.q =jx! e"Y
sg&%@0 VΡ^ʊ1?Jܟs&q9Eo "$ s>Fvsȱ?9nu?j4ؠ}
t:YeBfAf8o'(u! 0zlXH$#K3p+T2}ⴏ >,p@qjMq\`>{{M7k=ݫ̷`M1G?A*Vhmm 1C1 Z+ )V7 B g@_)2^&e6[=}MZ/.=39 GUX%-^T@c9v;\ْqRM 䓁JDy Iw%ٹ3 ܥ5 D .s(wK
$[ |IX "}*pjY7(6QE ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( K{ drc~1=*Kxo|J4nKiA=}@ HZw8b8n94$|V&K UB"m)sY [Gwo$rrO [ ?< -,o cq(\ g5xD{xcp0AZp\&jl-BBn;qWl"^&fߤVW˒74Lo'ɿ'r8Sx5vQmR<
ɐqױ֩_popM}k ) %Y3~0z q[@H@GZZ+&ُq. A'. ޟx#ܾzVL]'* {
定У=\HcD%⠋NIK3[A|8Znzt*M#̷Qs!mf\ֱ\Ā'_McN}JݐD#x9FIir%َA֯jMI#iEܠD#AɭXX!i
_M3#A H9林j`H$Z,e $umH%#|X6w%˄ރ
urE") ǿ&ȈPϥjvh& ;H&8ǘtWrJ#<֑J* 4,:5dcl8#幗FD9LV=sp6H3ͫ[K[YmAϱ~' I>th0+ `u ں4IS]'Ahwz2y< և.g6`xdiVE#=s]6{.zU9E;h#d"ߞG5! TOMa;W=7hq9L<"$!v zW?&'EU96s:ze梖r:I4sOa\k6Ȧ:W*ZI"QslVIpR?fyVZX =F'qv(x#Y$$ Ӆ8jȱ^H
z xį#wB ?"R[D| ҈QV%<5g W#>F H hnHGCwQxpdaa#Nѣ>?y柧\ԛ"a5؟&/c8zԥ{"Gio2aq|`B>A+KsGk%H `5$[]Gr8#K DAເ2?@ ZrBLx tu Lp; \ZGˡ=Ӟ6BR1 s0d=h8 hz4@]P!#)/q+!BA?85$_FLҵ9I4 ;ПJNYH $՚ϑ Mk[ح7EY^F/w3|ROr# H#rOkӳZ '1_rKk,g~yg 10Ib'1So$i / pqSRwV
Lr%s pS*2 xVo~ D LPw*I=xtzȯiZM! ).0{VَY
/zmf,0PzWV`gȎ դ(h>/I,rw VtYIctP7siRlRs Ud!y 0+B PhG 1XOi
%Ã ZKQ[ o '0r0:U|dcqYZ:Mi웙Eм#=G"G. tUya3$L@s1ѕ8m ى ӠBg2 3Ų}ks,N Rm-ͽ0]hG~3 G+,3l#Թ72$D5-PEr\9(-K /
XjIw)K9UNȮ
")>zX (f2vյ-D^
\j2`9~9>sY $G 5Үtt@p{5o5K 8Hӻv5cO9"%r0xyt9n/ɬ][^'#"JF|KN@'4tgAd`ۉn@ :ѹӵ2+x] &G8#9}N; p\t AP)# u h r`䎿Zp5 `8>D1] !$21p D8L9ꕄ#`.dG6vEE\ qwֳ=Bo ڑY: r]>+X I^=s<ob!3jҳ/5 KUkeL Ȫ ;jljHCZ5vDǘ
jr/l&Ip`-*~V2W/Ҧ6S%# p}Mc\O:\C Soq>$R c99RY 2e H^ IנWd|'=ޗ=fK{,4䶞4f# fܝ15=>Gv ;sQ C[[T:CdR h> Δ ƀH|\}#s늶l۶J>!8qIEт4w5b4C q0I*wl2]̐e8n q wL 0 pOzS吠2{T1&P&I4O*y!#$ S O /RZfBqPK ̎>BxvJj. 8wL`+T6^K7鞕H\1ֹ{c2J]?ZSwؙ# Nójs$o$q! O $.?gk6;~}]Ų91Ӛmux{Pb$sRjI Gt >JoV>G-qɧŦAn8?' xf1#f:?-"2dzؒXLO GٜBM 9p4^S̐y+wwhm<jM]@n8Ep Y89$G5q~j/ ;&ķ0G'ncG Qldբ \x zpm._3%`ppxRMi.4䲲܇v̺ydz fQ +T[MG~IC bu..;PFQWCo&
:ƹm:Xy#BOc+Yȝ ֊]Aŋwy%L0x?ƪx?PH,#p|zH/&هB < T4'TKs< 9 *V:R &KI V%k$3'_zY|Ї{o02$OQOھPHe=GPqǨ0-n/mKP szKNk0G ZV1G $8 2:W?q"$ɾ4?pSشDoLL~VftC Ӭ $K=~5Jff!(=E&$:v 58OnO8
}-̲l>YזO-rzT$-ܣwIai%b,A 5h_[Ç2^9<:Uq$O93 J%c1ړ襡~_.b6qׁ.5
q!R\Mm'~sn y<<ӏ&# $ Lq#f@#! @ Sjs72FB8:6o3P )Y'{[Z]Ŕ7w^A4E lҳ"5A Ų" kJ$G @3k?[=}$}HSו mvj]hAB3W":]ܑ Se.m_2 t=OZҮgOd/R)AKX1?pÿ\ޡ>]p?'?CWu=/#HHC;䜎Z 7$"-̜r(ɫ'jE 1-,]-#{NI\$!7W)ck=q e9koHf.1 ^MGAGW[xQy !?sJm>ۢA<.2';=$xm{ɔҥK/7wo nJ.i+CgvA^n"̏W-D @Q9ϧS\I]D 桏Ζ`*OG G!?Uy A Sޭ+'fIɖi&\9⟮[ȑ`9 3qxn?d&y$ ]t&MLX-WPA QrOU4Ė4y rz]r?!23虷ȑdԖ ױy ,! 9'ң\ N:b 9Gn^;P 1: SL- om w|0"G/E3gU8 #&e}4~=}s/4 2
+MH&?.'Ԧń@XDVVSO;LTc)0؇:Lͮŝ 9q9S' gL.nb0p\?=/>Cq! w$dl ֥WfW*{?o>i-Yǔ]5m^sj aFBq_«YAys#uAd$IIa5vgȮ[)-_<| J6N+{DpٌgXi[4pF2P҅ReM
b+X?( +edȊ2 9q&ijǤZm` P
c>{\钔1>9AU jwyǽjVG&9-0sP
i,Cs?Fv]*;+W͒j_m>eC rFzT4:-+ϼp'2fxʊ)wEz ~Z s86 |T78!>DQ+nax x VTj>v@EE0qޫ(&(x97ڄ 8N\fh%?%x]P4nVn&R\Q 8d.,c=zKGK ƶ,#+Appq[6)-M-1o|x'u0Y\ۗ< `5=F13"rRӌbhMg1,B9 0=c "g$-az<ѝA&39 #;&O4qqVß *9c#HɩJ, hn?v Uc| B_ssIháIvHZӸNsv]FN 4RqOQZ&Smik`GsU BgB2[s6\=DgCZS
`Hv =kA c3@Πc1Jz
hG5&2&v m D1@_=WKb }&O
S MIJOijIG;ZtӅaϳe`kL4 UƻHѮf/ vzW:d;=liMo
Ů #cP6s]"\&ԀszkrZn֚r<(z6@C!yŴ/HLu Z{-d bYVctcKݥ #' vB18I(xˣ֧R}X8LF\ R-4]H4Ø?2=A-.7!9zLK[{yӘwjSy$ &ήSYZ
V(5Hc$IX:f_Q"[vWoc@Fc j^ zGVk9i'˔ χ&F~7$< W%-Kw!1GS 6tZڇqH#u8-$y9!
%w6:S)-FGjj6\M Fg9jžKhq֫ϱ[m&fLɱ#汫g5u~dMIldâ*IÎ84#==y# yXX~ 7J[KbG rAu#|jp1ƃ9w$ [ Vۼg1%'$;l 8 T]#D>1㚵 f]y4 8:A%yw%$ JP QA$ܺ dy;O .g9~*9Ir9#dBI$t.QL=#O{1y@Tn $w.ՃOO`=ğp%7$ [{EHkmB 'r Im Co|*=F">aAڲcrYzj=hx`J *?G=sq;ɿ#i"_:8 !OI-wu܄:<%WɷDI *\Z[K(v |=2m;Ά} ~ꗓZi$oc eyPjjhOFgHAɭ H <3mQ bxϙ)s< I7OZi$
:عyߘAI ({Sf j̻'X˗>R>Pgp]dж "9q>X A>CQ[#j^<:y7]=۟<`dc4ܻ Tj۾$wOg'=qnaC$dU㶊Ԓ\ӭ
ryמ+[DM-I|@ d)BҺ;ϰ`މ76]4džN H$ޤ6F^D'"I$byS{M w2_{O' ٞRnW
?0!k -Pec=*ʼn =IZE8ѬRY'cQӭ`Ƈ he^@I8=E" { /< +B2Hk mJǜ{wQ,+t8GH]F8.^7!G~~ ' C>l: f9E#-| %hSrFOs 1]nx":a@ 'I?XzsU˦eY4#) _>`1\x^)? ǭY$'Iggq66LpG$>A W=|
eu( ݁"I`u`z 2s.HsSʽ^Aak4֠@ :ήR]-죄N1 g5[9r>|2*;#,[MJL\P[JOGNǥcƇS19 rm#F$zZm'k5D$kݥ |?`H7`Gta8Cȑ$S`\├b "=G\\\[B` OJ.琄2=*_ <1S;0OާsOgmtO<1R%j3\@ pi$oy$;t&mn_G Gc
R'c8&|.8@82Gy3fX̥G${, G~dXZSֆ>mnF]S%ӿLTCg_g ݂O,%Ǚpqjv~[ЂvC͓\˛$:~ 턉>8oЃ JsjE˘lx\ {6> \ P+'P{X./h?{G˜r*⚅/2H$15Bx N@OZdw9/N7NB2z{$AGޖo/?ު=3!m6hq& 3 FL#SH-D;0[PD^(cD>:{
=妞J%9{ַOF-,>? t bo/~#/sڴ#+yo|cJjژh-ճ2?F{| ȑZb=G 3Q4 "j[Ms"Tpy=w)N *pI ?=R-dR2;ԩ$G4m"gO3 $zxAs 1!KSkAKT&~"m!zZč̾|h =0{Cul yrvV4 7Z0G$1Di{S1) Ez ]6i^a:~C?ε5 w1sq>Տ{˭۠ ;UuZo9ߔ;{ IG =^iaGy2$I4;-sxhݡBGsl|3>>`` ֧Dw>u [DpGwPHlh6 3O\E4v[hy{~ ןlw~[-ާF6MM|z zf5K
r ʤ. A"wtxL!N{Rud(S=,x'IEZ ƀDc=[Ӟ{
>zwKM&N Kgҳum)G=ޗZt" 5^$1O. ?e`e7!~gh ID {}*@GS o$$Hc#-do mE.GojqkM y.>w SSt'k3FMU{Kt(1M]?j@䚱=Eece3ģf1Y77vpPI1"^j7Ou1?1:z5sFLod^i6 |
9#ң c@e*xx2Lcæ8A;y 0sMjKAKmmcBFO'TdrXnnA% ! _ɒDRre#$}C i-H!ýsP[Չ XK.>e+F" Rj'w|H#|8b:!iǟZq#
2 N큮#\2zUǟ>"GsWaHc@x7m'8KBSHCo'U-`yÙ ElI V]&|c$
+-DַEǒ tx^g Wn$ !~5*8"K#9LT7]J#ƙA 95F68p8dē[S.d1]6 `(tX:j R"[y?$K,X:yK)xZ]WUeI' >gk5{L5&dn*
B;kx$^\Y
#f^t#7e"czfa AߚƸp. ZqjŜr]8y~d Uh?-dp OBjKm2;ko1?'R ${\ qsU ˸MY[WI
oUqLyHPlx;gp2G "u7\pdv 7ĕݹM&!xG$̜ )Ӂ)' qzW$WdQZW78!sҳ`3I#M>-@Sc1U [Ahܛ}>0_ PϨG
3D^7&,|qUKB"ϛ7˹OMkW-F.{i^ܜkR/j+/$$` >=BLG XVqv4Kx澒GiA ZӒ274F^-~ YֵK{ 壼?
ڕ_)@xTu}pn+3e!4JqZk2}B}Rxd#EϘ}sXVB P.sZךl`}x~H LGdzsRZ6Fɪ=R ӬH:$Gf"Z$Ä3WsTY9;$^s$pr}S/ j y@`;W7F Cm?t9R=H)yf Ӿ {'lLfI zU Zk(^N6KV5˅Y%Q +L"!.9 bռC j߇#{xd6 hF| \7YC$y-eoP*7:uh2]Nl~HGVi]"Λe l-!l9O@=kNG÷) /$ - *ZY[%p#iEym-:&ҏ?p0)涏=؛d{kd
38H# 'fm,o
#[y@wRi>̇X})Ǽ֖t< |qR&[Hm$#j%j yɗD_?9sUq71 J.r} ݛHd f̹튏DE'boDu]ɥI#I zXWюaqf9$ (sNMh_.1}7T鍴 (R4K4>I TGts>/yv dEZښVamS^[$SCUѭ
{o?8#}
K'eϪlCr gh'!C%w6 V} 1A%O[ "'T/l2@BOf
ڳD4紽 D{dr:s]H~ɞ3X)|F!; ܕNx(RDO ;WQot$ݸ =+=(yaLհ6kk>n7 J|GRƖtKWy;"H 6VpAxt9 EG%o 힕/imu&Z
Lfgwn^84VI`"2#QPda$NՉstz POMVH3%pcj64ϰ5P[^غL R[y^dqZjA˭ FCbAcab$gUo#ȓ`\v?& dI9٫.o#̑ $G5\j:!"+}1yj\G BÑڽ:(-dEݬa oG'ޮV ̋xH%G 1ҳn 1'G9=嶧&C@q 'rN. LtjHJswMʒ${G9Aϵeɂ~Sd7ICW/ \ɢ ls!ߎ?ƺdZWKF(o hh|.f:8@?f 99ۛi\' څgdIog;wDs)7 ~ot .5Mw<#%Ē<@xϭDmՙAs}q7%$c4;gtRS`o"Grbӭ#p$ ɪDHkO"!@qBqʷFR{oܦzwkdtErI?=e}M#O3 Y˒qj`=R:FwVx$Hb@>Q);KBM)-dB 0H IۘHcy좵 rp; 0W UVw6o wrޖC$WYdޮIy yg1U'dLIړjmy t-d 1HRDU:-IdO}JIXz'=-1ˑ2!( Y 7MR7W:>#=VY,~ N]U7Id-|5 `}D̀G V<96 U6$Ͷ.\i2;$$CF S[ܙ2 rz 6!gq-F~2={T:ݴ77`qA $%M7N '֍V汉 8hc.:Un <3*1\r\gĜyecIīF+ Zf)8''8/hxd`GX:F[AF0~DӚsRh/ D猿 i^ &)^{ű߶{mD\l#kdk$HD,h[]qoiZ&i[ e|WO}ITL?2sگt}2qִg G٤o vV\',6B\\ 1YesÞ3ɭ"֦Ηzd 2'ֲ]Y.) &@yǥScQLrpk s#*U&= Ge&oD?& &zm`IʏI*ܣ}}h`vf1k|
!lHOI;)O{$rE:SqV,[O%L#o$:1zՈ
RIajR^/&^D ք܄~, ! WYz=%= &ϴ`G(. %g5K[zĞ`1 qޜQ Frr~]ܛf0s)~Zjv p1Sw%/G D
I%|GsElqjd#:gurjw8wi=u-|W]G
'Ｍ8V$
Ny9 icYbC)| ?8J -(p9OV'ui>};,&ȑ#
M:9$qV>d^/ `fhsWVWP)0>f݊WC= n%\iI}*[$ UF> y. ftUmKwÀ{lMѬZ{S k Vk̰о3">14[r:T[['1w#!M6億JΘo/! )[ s" @sڳMɷg;dϮj7wBzՆK8gZ}P 8WinjgI:ޝ%fLޖ:_
[Ht{qːu :yK;2}똶L;^:z#4roZntKDo8 C [FuaJ| zVJ] h"?A=R_Fy9 KXFg͚baԚvܼ"]X EhO.\i"x-Ș@)#~ <#Ɉ*D9w؉Ϩiw;ռD3k8x11G2# Mǃ o4$I9{
[4YM z6E :g"As!&= 1sW.[JH{OKNC{اI$qhS!1!yKm.^B#|&K%{$qi ]C',f"BAr$%I >3O u:RhYdVwjOx>sycH<"*/ ВhvbE" )%"f<kD4jN! Gzʰ8h(HB\F|x pk*| '5* ҁ$T&;Ӝvҟs;/8 xb/!$"3j. ,9o_K@
Ah
4G>GjKHsAZ[k&9D;f7 $Xx g\ݽǯYHxkvv#|kI_IpFx"Úhz HG/ӑ\ I8;1Xoȍ8FnuլC~IN: O: CvބN k4pL'=+KI_w㯽cjuYbko|1H'8jvqB G6g\xǰWY$rp2w5#]:``ՍwImdgqTA9̟9|p* 11Q`#CⲛkZ)#xd@'q#TF;xFLU6omsi!(`UdQ68`uR'3+Q IF bhRf \ÔKꆢ/mmds0FxmAd3d +ԯX Jk%qwkrⓙ\}Zg,\d,h"|rOߋg /. M}t):N|10 j
Ɣx % dv&x-c͜ezW'%۠wB p1$%`I5[Fo=]1nF yLrg̉_}$1GA\Ena `H"-tޓ#AȩM\kRX8f => h9#p&5("ui{U&472fG8NxSNZ=y}j4y.Ґ\ZYɪ MZ+]-젹 W2jsA 1 =UMl` ?!%b-A -l4~$ְtL$ [wy2r\efIG ~-ti!"Yd=Xzݷٯc `9Wb&Iw+ [0d) IGQFc$f2d zJyd˂zQ͒}p:w5mnyrV܅ ,o[2j >BwAMF_fw1&# 4 do2C(r؈ęQ9*^y >YBedog0 >ʆZQ2omOҲ?LV4(yc'ްuIR tH* .[+9}/{ nc٨! #ȍ G$ ]"Ig̞pt{xT{CtO{"'s j sq$1Q]q N#um"߉=kFV[A
N>Iaoɾa O#_9.x$=s `|k+pܹeI:SʆHd v
e@! HLc<ԚI M^G1ht{9z&3Pq]$6|ϯaY&a\ w)r- /'H' A=$˹/ӦjobIu+w3 qbdNdYQVe~OjB_ >Ok qLkiXͻNFv8 Xh֒Wx pe'
-m5;qkK+\ rrB( 0F ut TfM%Ť]aˀct$ (ڽ+gop3&Sw:.%h0>t^,Xh YSqUw{ /%YR^܆x۶F aܼ! $mKIK, z5ަmK\[akjDN ֓C MsI0Wp{ұ;}eM@#W' U5]8ld% $J+D8G Zr{i5+iߡbitQWcoFMDor|K&KsE6]Q#[FNݻ2|,w%ԁkF5Z.J8iw!\~+ ~'2@Ou8]"u-y# vG"G ?8Jo ~Zo:rrvڵĴ8 vEӑҚn ;1 sak% YW =C4.:> I Ҏp IF{˧89<ֱEYI$ SW,As =XÉ$Kjct!qU)=Yt5s ZŲo\d"K4I&NEss) O5N23I4H& _k:wv=:ԑXMp bY͵L\@RBzҚWveIiv=伻>dGB9BqV渞8ma#Q->$tp99|bI9{
tEF'[iQlAެnlLJ$?
M$YZPޡ&A6 KH \gsȇ/ `bdh;֨K:dp 9@c0y cjGsqG8.aB~}ҭZ33זWd2#w ]8smj|-T C]*%hv[*Ɨ,`I>рY?y sZ@"Nj"+m[PI#gό )ި72Yt6g)Nj wsl r k*8> x2y#pzdV3[K]|YOS ujw
ޕqwSF4VIA zMo$##kkEq~4Ѥ9 4/ߑr fjv/#K4>6lI0Z|yTr"saD<"iZ[f?89V/5:`Lc&C$rN5SV7 g; 4䤎AsSH d'TI.*w G=e-Yc D;%. 7vy4=MejK T
pַIΦK4SB#t8i l>}n`M}.}RI33JVB~fO/ S$;z; r OVdR3q] r@(sJiX[ 1x$~-˻}PzO&t7;qXzͻH 9= ݎ5 q!>'q&SJxJGtWGΕna!MmSZ m+ĖSigm+k风 sWCKeI Qwh GAKah.Rw8 Q7f!'dJ7e"O X>[F=*yzzQn܄ Rl"x7$Qn>~'nɭ#?Z "G!I]*%yr|qO h f.lmqj r;o &Kx=Q\draj[ `sX#w~ʨMin#
H] ~H$ A%؏hZ$wBz;dHpH@Fj5 ?9ky/D@`>0O Zk/s' _[˃ H9= r8R*].XF <̿jE:ߊԥĄ7B+C q\υ Ls u>R\6㋯ z%$cfDؼ
8#??[<3t|̃x$%{H\Z}8_"Go|쬴Q[Kֶ] vKjѮ5dv Oj$!G ϥeN ˻,yr8" ꢌȖ2˔Ȩ.ü#JM^O})]3VˋK< s* ZdS\c.Hm Cn˲4 sTlG(zuaa b :u&IHA~H>ȑNzV K3' U,αD(x$c5z-?fL( @t t "88HrOCX rat@.@/L礜n`qx .["
<ְgCZeN.g SvrOG:9"9[\I4σ+{*Z2yђ1'#z5s Vsޯ;.Gӷ$(烌wmܳ֝FFrD) 1fKIr|wǽYI?1"NG9 O3nbtȄ|՛ !NGO Ad;;ڧ@_SZtvy |dv{qmn`ǘ1kGWi x;2K;6 (O_Zp %ON{f4E !=E$Isw48ahgi2I($ 'aV Λ.s O>kŪlS `8j}UBVs J-hxBc2#y\Fr-$9ƭY&` YXq 7羁s"G JŞy1硭xAGN+ D6 2Iߊdy|V^ pӥi Ng}yy3Mtq GI$t ]FHONP$] 9068=?6Þidza$#ڳ5g\=ȒP '<y ko\ j6GP`xMn!e9x1mhqƞ8gd/#0`Gd=jΊ4/~+ݕnM 丏Z) ֽEo `8Nvgޤ6WW=NS=Ss$[ ~M;(i-đBv'SY"%|x>wQO;̝P2i3d )]KH`#!Qh,B^02Iyr dH1>qR};a|xkZ[AhpHtvHQ9 9" |cq wɮTK0\M&>yǥRؗ]ܽwn #[^] Z7 Ҳu;Z-Z| EWJw{hmD{aX ##NM2{#>~
U']q9bŽ $)-Qxw#Y s#x̡1⨉ogr!i+h-Y.:fo2YLNxg H>@=9-ms xs] }3:ִ0${/#9 gҷ.-ŔH3qR\,ldi9 ޠb?پLଧ.R,̍. [P3I!4 QNzXSF10 +æ^ KSKY$ GYW|~ ,S.㻽Hd s]bH 3[K/.=u)l (O\zVІfai'd6s98 sڷ V-"4ڋyqܸғi~"Z(EKh%Rr:UkMA !jɲA b[Dtp0xIXA,,Djm>KI Zus֭X%s<;Ɍ{UK ` RѻOiiHb,:}뗴Ɩ12;K{(6pA=}=*ޖUO T%pMRՖĵ͑$S|'sTIC
'$=\dC9 i8q:qۚ%K[{hgWeӣ s gCooeX2Ny'4mB핰
:lٞf u#tn8~}Rx'1Pi+HБkmf{7 ꖓ l_C D9=52t>#.x_̏y+Ey 㨮S:qȈcwVe}s*A,lv;y$y6f3\>GJK(IN M{ʞ[=1IFʺtf d(=^5KK/褒X?w>B[Q31Ҽ4\Ipؿ[ֹ: tI@6 m <4!(ϲ[sH@wGAGⲷm~{%/3{y aC8Y~ 9(LCOCX @+|Oj 9xVF;
Ma^+x4G?ha%ˎ6zyYŁH,g;l\H"
pxrF ;4kV,= lhmIn7=泮oaHDN7TMb ?ZDy %'V&q pI þ C}CݣY f;k| -47Ld燐 Oj$>D Q6Bi-e&0}qyׁ֬\߰w=/q y8<{P i8aƾE.k/ϙ/N*cwZО_ᤩ5OK) Er CR杙>$6ii
((&\((QEp(QE QE QE5AmpmBc~1]vAz'A/l^ttl<.h9Y()܌7 " ֵr$ sJ+H*x1"l=e^;NM;AdjiG j2y-Eˉ61*[ xE ɎX1FOME5Սi|q5Y'$dlA {13M( eì_[HI Rsҵ,45 td ` QXWOyjz=БLt݄,4gvw[Y9G=\N9K1>=c#.PZ;&7isȀ@psX=͉#oqrPHgݕZl'm%Ț~vP->Y 3#MTuq%[~Ȯv}FC37CYc3֒SwbȞ\?ҵ P >Z sȫr$;p?+Qש, Jn`; Sl?t|Î5tE v\ǟJR¿ri$H}sV>IO0u5_퐀B =
\)1#T+_K9S a@LR BB}S q,G䎱ɩZw);+ƈ> y@3m̗:y:K;X GHW5Rq_JQ_4ND~ WqZȓ@ 9d͗@Gj>^DO94ʶ1[& gB<&웉'#5_va XϥrWF7#]jOAImrx#~AzptGu
G{qZ8ugGdN //㹅 F85hib>A& /fcLSW34˘H͙К\ ( #ږ( 6' VӴh5i##f}+ ha|Ag G%g%4ĉN d8wڙ ܖX .GlBѱLs۩HPFp?
ǶH~}+j3̠K p3YPI4GH$D z{?/:ȫi-o jh$cx#ox4H̵Q;y"<Oֺm?ŷҤD\ķ2^@?R IFkش;vo*ĒK#ód`֙Ick) Cw" F@7WF
6hD%<|N& t=I Mǧ}'>i&A9rnZر4=owĖUa7Ic뜻#t9<4Op0|SUcA/.dvx\<
n
lL8 v&I7*A
2 pH8}|id:{(sN{m/ cz{ a v9'Qikw xZ_ʚ-m1(QHCtx'H"#$''lVVZu{?֚E<{D0}?
{8dg5fZidXGBqMo`W2m%f$ZgS%w 3`t.IjV!7ԟ_Nnc :w8]I&,4'Ǔy Vvmm8%H
9K؇̎ $62-l9DI3Q$;A(d Ôr{ӣ ډA%JHjs-qEC=yBp 9 0 vB;T-ܑ@yPƄ`?C'ڑ" s;rI)ڥcO.Hssgk̊-I^Y$g8?J{:l772 ۹Dt J@䚳s[D$H;TMٍ& < i- qcn嘜G9Qy-׀OZ˹|<`yo Ov S"\ 1ɂWIgǖ=\z@3 0jʢ)>ŋ˔99(% Yˏ9$TWqԖ&m$rc>Ƴt%{MP$΄nn }{ ~[ԄݞA#29%0 uuS:3) j#~n-o `),INk* NLpzU)&7Sq)2 Rj!mU..CyeInOB%٥{SH?ʺ$D7y k 8 2V.<'r铌'ƞ BDg=Q{2}qk2+C=*TT74mU5[htsYdKٌrK xD`ڡ6r"91 LdմRc0k]"18$U.j3zzon@b@ a]>9DgoLXj%\fZX!\ɄLSe?: <:q#;
,u9s\LPyb2V~iedrϯ2 hL$`d`UR+L8D~7̎8 dp*ާ% ` qw Ӓ(Sng4>[18B&@kgL9rM?헳߀y%ط"Hn F0:֩ko5 QZOQ.G1A_ZοRY #DB Sw5QȔA r\I)TڤTa$=ɬ=i\aӜgRjݎh0?Z$ 6Hp # ,gy},$ &c#~F ZV%؈!"-
qw WygA$X iᐘ̄47
WP2D &6s
CQpe; Zv ]AulŰǐ: k4'G}#w)%A#kNco DpJ A4O݁{v,OLJ=UMy"?1;n\F Z
#<2=Mi:JBh ,֛
6Woj9#=,S^Dސ$@O<\'/@75R
ҴgnNqV"kw<8(jhH0!'
mN?嘫RDIaҗd1'ڣ[&|LqSKqw.fC?cD/@wHB;}V8`j#yKwV%
~#" bmtʔ Pq֫} 8$o=Ėiq4 gwC[XٶHG}ß֫$BH }3ڕ 3(drיcKfpǟ3 wIa:cTlS<@sӜUvl It+B 19ukXc>cr7WEx1$Eſ>X8
v7KX"ݎ`Hj=>_HaǗ?^"(d/H9MH=?$RܯixIrn<0: +_5K o8 A<-v Zz^E9GÁ#ִuq(}BD?jjm.|'!u wD7"Kx9;P9e_+y KݙLcV )@bF#I>\.qi ؘɈ$ uv/3b(@:/X}O-<; -쉑 \ ť 869W&ʷ'nm.88g~;X 㐌iu8\H^8IsZK XFbC.
GzE44 {w;$ypA=qڶ^;;YDǰ=+#N|ٹ9ގp 5{iK#k ,%?:i7˂+SRzo9>wvDS2z+:[ԻҬdyQ[[cy%ĒDs&:4^6 +1za(dN}x㺂Bہ\T0 M~t`̙!>@:gJ{l>-Fnd w ͤ W|g "qo 靀V<y0%t ZEjL^͵jO2ۡ$ip$' T۽IӢyo:xMH$y%{b}fk 9 A+vJyDOnx,~ug9 7͈y#?r sԚk z
(8}8t ɇ syq#勉K>
JYx#9^)[jo !2H~+KkBG 9
aFd7Gp${O^]. &b1 Sg|}+~][td<;⣴=?HM럥H{o#ڧeIJ-388V[3ZB?zA%$Ď}~e* [d QCY|k8V2/s:yx P<"X2`HG
cy!2F#$T_ bc ?x3 ^NSy$$9OZJi0&c/N"<`vKqɈv>R9&!J]l kh 0sP<$C~UhaB) N 5NR֤2ZoS#4YP팢1VOP[#@MTmdʳw'TĖA) k#yr-98Ns ;D#I Rk2I%7d#QzzԂt\ɌVarS2hv/ҍ@"nvҦPzJC> #j9tWLhl{qTu U$
Ts(젂4N/FWVhh7f{ o}MZdrC&@fOݞuMG!SbĽ.\MrL6$ j ]Irss̖4̀.!|9 V5 ^8! B lY:>{<dSJHK1qzTmON2A*샑XE\X阖yf\v V ɐ# {gBI2 Kt 0g/hV`լ_QN b49[8{DwLcuǰ^HG1ִRaʮh$Tqo0I)I 9犥 R[Kzq֭(A$D3|Mh3k[nuzFP&<2+7LU,GoBs |КH$i1|c?P h:]yҿ +zvIo(g o%YI?N+Ӥ1"Kf<&y´m\I&: Q?qdb6cw bY\CH F7%cR7ȩsT=jiIXPi¡2
H*lZEQ@Q@Q@ 1{GO,ksmz$LkE(\h1$Nw*sQ\R[|ނQ['KP6'L^B$dqWc~'̵eJV(> j,>iE0cڭjۀ$"HAs4Ail Il sPO{4f˰QZ^K;:sZPՙ9"="KOt5>g!Ȑy}: ȋ2#eq˂ M6ѧDD۠'P2
Y-.a<*
D[O80G|ֶkD9=
Z ٛy2x :o<{M*+j^JV DyRwfͲ"OA3^h @5ڽN{SdbMff!lBIr>x߿ި[g2#*=DHr ONEj;ڹj !Jt}zy` _3
!9m4$$79Z:diq"BoGT0 șEy_H@fҒLb3W hi2J\tjQveUg[DZvL jbJNR{FϜ֑pZ65bQ sXNV6Z#*PDŴϭ\Y!*ޡe==*7 tvps+r9ҵ/.Nc?>yU-%wA )ڒMF 2'Q{%:#T[$ \ZI<`b2A\7НVM䏼N]+ $N .,N);a}ZrP<gVɢlH2 A0 ~GYH-By8+7L{ֱo5,;&OH&Tdix} D 35R$<1 ^估$ p3Aooo8H2zz$f#R&7qcL Y dr%Fk{XE`ę Յ4VcǖOLS&T| 8k&Oޱ` y;
uW GA `o |]PG v 1\棲+H&# Dg}@8xH-~rF+]S 'x9~ǀ
g_zeג@N1?, !;ǰNZhO1)ԑYBrn5z(:&3_z^;p΄kKF 8*MON;Hl IIEYB
>)&D8#<+9!rP\w|[ _l7-Hn p~7Ty$l Ss<`=O5_P 7PN15;4%'. c :V} B6 ՟S 'Zi'z9G$g,v_g#Sqp×!/!H֯jz"h" < }MtA6zj5K[
Ğ\~z;Sg [w6ka"q K.~AzeS= .j>x^8ވO#* XOos)2zvidF2[q~fDٽaVr\/@0GEܥّLTIK lUNwnM TcA* YWFt $s҅'k!%&#MKpȄqϥ-6.Rr;⟪2\ zV;[xstCmJI6XOdm]';`ޒm"Z3'y$'{8gV5 9tH Kk7`kKMػ#y2TvX B$$©#gyCaҀI < :R4 +8PHBIOlL~` ;SIH_KsAk $
`%snN⹕{*Hd\Ph2[&G~՛{m8w jSK!5m;Kϴ0 < ƞz}ƹ >/ W?aw^9g5a_:؍##%Wa~_=;CℑD< 0 RiI B17S5(#(|r^*Ո$};qa2DG#}b֫qKs"MO$RБZOOOƀ!|`ѶIsoCV<*_n?~Attrwc~pOZ;q>1(Wx < GgrLːSnw'< ASJ9E2su Ǖ&/ 擧.ZvzH GƹI#;
t" "HߑͿ2]M{o#2AH4w3 -܀18<m wϿ>YȐg¨_Z[oO0Ǟ;z ܦ?2p͕=sO|y A횜FohG_ Niiq7dqqYp$ +.I\SPHn#?#I2 Րncmn
Ky 8#XdWW8~HT!%BV^cF̑S\ $SȐ$e>G;UisvьFG+A ȑ9/35; =_}R{FP{ Dp"L:q=j#B!gr s+XRk`H 9x/fnHr 2HqHx t5n,mp?q-&@@'=8#elxog }j LtnH?ߥ촇::J@ ֥8;Y֙'%y&1qe$ߺ` 2֟6D頶7){# 9yͬ%?}q]Op9 ;N{W?"<>\7vé~F ҤN|qqBP9jD;]ᰰw4N;O[
cYZ]j
Y {Ahv?aVA s#'XW:Й&(s+}=9671^LoUMVo"ͽ}L34e&A
5(>XfqX.,"&<:I8P{'I Jd3R%pw5oO{4w10qqU;c``7RKg2FHeOpm{$9g @ o x|ѫz$խÿJpS)<y86r$ gȌsؽܥЋk<'ZtB[LFN@.q @~\LQ3և+5qrxa8y1 ߲0A8
Om acAMVD$ ݑL"Ӯ6@ t=9$%B pyyFyRe}~$I y ·.r.'Fg cu?.
FT/,YޓA )!֬ ! =?U{g/N;S#KxO=zf y` "-H t:V%fQgWy 8Cқwma =j/9@zӮ. qCHw$&8$ =6KG@ OzD>BpFjH߾ |\$XH yg(2 ?_jJnncxei{Pr Tj",BfIP]Gxzp;:<#ޔ̤ۋ-q!YpZ Ei^H 1($f8-4 BDn0q)I[O [V$zk3Ғ)LI NG[ fӊ@|IW7zb: Zލ9a2l-sC;TyI.!xaw#qUo]w7{Idp 7os9×1ҭl+q =] $e {KgC c szIZML'wfH=zSorxeӮ>
AgMlS
\I<ÿ&Pt'ڤ01ly' t@rݼr[q$d9r8ؗB\]
ָ'4 C0CGX g gR57m T &$F̜=D\oXl^#a@&
ӭIȄ,nY 6yn
w_ O
ko \*`ў6$ |RM0Z
ށo?q7lF_"v }*VW%|ǘ>rmmd h p s:Tx˛d{|KSOaW'-MOΏ301ثP=;BRL犵ɨZ*H?ִ{rVSgg2kt|i .Y fs.f.9ҩCmԎ[[;3 _,~z ( '5 |$ `trICFt@OA9ZЄ >p?wY##(Y `trMa d |vZygsYc#%q՛r6qv- . ~Uq'@$to"/&Ϡ3L]̖H @|_;Ud@
J\xi2B5)(H s]R/Ao~HI*Ėw{srg\N7`Fsj)k<3|z8"!$OzGB@&,"y rs͔Og'-3#~3ZVr8X6
;G zSmYgI,r%>P*ِa?AԚ"8jkG13U-]qk0DPGA;86Li#ރdnwbgޚc <\^HQ>AjI-AҲ/n&K s2[J7RI oIt us["WI!\@J|H fѾ̃n.# $5gĉ5݄O8ĒICo$6v,〃ӧ&&E; W O&&$|pp!G$v'kE5gr ]xkN\f9]OrqBHwLrk[Ky1 rzS:>71۽S1( Uwoydx@F;nFIU0;jniā! gIkw I3gcs}cq1`ۺF 9ֲi2V{8O*< OZ, x Wfs 4%Ц= <$ 5o Ir1ֱm'pNj+%H̏zٖc7@G=A <1Zds5JC!㚧yPwQizVpXF#NGϭhZYh%[$ci* D zՓX2hWU>Tr>]۹ɭf'{(>@9⢜kd'gl2`4iq$bG{:`)(6 :cԦHl9H Dh >V6Q,<
EjGm6l r[ 99~t z[w+| @NKd
hݍ"XM`BNA'G.
Iu ~ P*| 麝bh %$&ޥ?XK{O"(_.r !"? fFkѤ73(3El^yN&].w" ^xr^;RdA#P w$dzޅZ8\x#!1'$Ύ)@ o#]>-6HwFx0j70jE̙:o%3 $d\|w=w( t:t)H ']ФF`/k3 SDnp
fv4 D>kq .4:) -䌞(IzKy/Se+p`:7f ydsYvQɫ
ӟbzܟ~[H'
(@iKC њsAw>XӁ83Z[<{ U%9( ?>KGR^t@|_UX̽Ώ[3D9P5iZrjvHnmznjgx"0AqإlaH3ֹInPAaR
nmɈC'սBA$}GsX:מ#)gji! ' tNpWDfD{
0G!05oz fm 3kܻE ^e: 56I=3\߉A \c ֵ( g#lV3I}fH\raN1=3[6qߟz$57gJwU{ ֯ 0BtW oQrOֻF[ɰy^`3LU&xHof$ޝl-O7@F
&w3rP/ DZKD(^yKddqZzx3#(xkϭ >g _Ku.})Y-|vFw?l7fwgd Gq[ɧ&o;sTֹ*ZSLM33 D"x\9d3H2IWⴶ11sYW\T-$R?ОH=*ߛ<8~Nk A'ȕ 84IIzcFL/:$X\l+
OXJ&'R8{A$:-LD>I °kҵ<7<ٳ;ҳn$|o8AklWrM_#6Dse Ͱ/8p9 cQ rLsҡE=!.\63dy`?#9 ~hv7NAϞR HG1Dʁ f$G ɒ%HdG$}; :TWpHDzQxضP\#y ypGd\IkncHäUxn,$dwSh+wEO $$:>^@>B *ƐQLdԗ?ixɮo!$sGw^"O# *_^dd`q|5mw [gb[%Hasr NvJ*Yj/LB:WwuyOyDF@qޔ ;3[K7FX.PS sPRpL|xi; r~sTG<$ K翘 @x@ C 0 +&ܖq 9*c!ڜ$wH9ϭx qZ FYs&rzO% Pyii#@+DhԲ?~Ma\JD\Gwǭ>5K,'gF}Ilc ]WJ%&3Mny' '3ӚjVjbxW˔8 t3L?$[~Z3 rGzV,vyq) kJ6G%2y~Y&`8r^ɾg1 x'=꽅eź! yϸ\wksnILs$P@
=:| q SF3#I_!r*PSN T)|jQ45 k5Զ Aug}86ZJ?J]/G=E. ><5J2\8GW(c' { pG( ]'#\ٞ! ˲DZ9;j%HO SlF à z#k+I݄pܧ=BK0x9evZŬ"G:o3ҶA.'. ;bhޘ\K{Ȓ)\ o5SpFMnK rML8tY2ƛ=< ?c[O dl,$VN,cCX[QzJ~gom i9 1z̚iј fKr#Ү-=6,$yK ' Si!&I6 ' jxԱ $9#szԽ]
bIugmk6 .=2KKr"q?Z:qcH$flo|8;@zA4VwNf7($ytZiqe: 4,i<6cC+D>\p?:>@9{I@!oRy߈p QиjcP|ǽ{Ghm G@I(q4C[\O&NġQdWRX sY6}a2g}s[A+2 >I 2c# b@rO [떶:1܁>Zn-m\E L(VL.te]| ! OL @_qiF^|p:v ɭ1@z
C"E"IYߺ2!y> BSIhl`HZG-6Yy% ֦Oq ŌАK0PbmoIPd+'{B\GfNzḚy p$u[= ?gQƉR7z ҮU-GS7Bt}I+ w;k 9 Tem|{{sP0/. ci` i~\͐]AV!;c?γl?o3 .LhxvK^wfE<1aRgs ~g֨\=ɍ=jܷ.lsdo:j툒<r -y̶o@PfDVoa2ϥZ\IuT68 a 5& 3d6O,2*ƫmkwy"y QKDB9Ʃ4Օͫ}I ɼc0H x/}tr}# 8"o'(t1 ֵ㳞crz$p9]B$rڳ'ҵW-D>f$qx{4dN r?
exjQckeЎA DQ\F8?֊iި{%_ xUN t}J"9IB0z
/2d$dC]ڛK-{eHwC;E &t"<.|Gmɲ&GsoZ=m?pq?,{մ9Y 'p $"dh1\ ɸҞG?= -NdBw4Z ަ6q
os&6뚊$7 -f0C<j7$KI3TWqCb.` EL^F*DANU=B&MWMJ9L?'z̿rdIl d],h܃3~*Ců3N9̛Ҳo ؏!%ѭ$y00 zӵ@(G+J59$ ToK=_ zj\dU.l.nv< `&rIӭ k4_zm
GXTO,#HiI& [yY;"8@ |ԗ5Bu i^I o/O w(]JQ^wwf;˫>yJcY~7̘ Z
_! $)=녻7z˰9\4lOTOw.bG&[G$Zv<3QKnmDxH'ֽG$[ q VvW3ٶH 9*[/cCf O٠ ^ i Y_`p1\}˷fR]]
o'[Wya >%2F PI{ f@c֑Omxjj+mt֣5)g?tZuim|0zPPɛq9 ְi˩v<6]q|#suC@ڤ{`<0\I:E3B0}7sLxd}*AǙ,nb vW/͜?v c{+}M#粺h@9}_noudhd@ 'jAec`Hx$đE̶f T D
2w8"sk*Go3weIzbe]$HS͞"OZɕ#?ʵ|?pH<ۙ<.:)$KLն_m0&Ϝg?!T伟b=@I~xvwa }Amn6L%Uup[ȿy8c|$jz(:zu
HF7E{ ꩭ.&G;wQ)̐緵3 f2!ɸ~@yB C$կ{k? g z[X$:o /+l^$˔ &çZ'`8f*#;f9;{ԁ$މ ztjM yr *>{w! u98x|Rbe2P ș(:RZBL㩤#L8c 8ZRH1KCM$e-= Ws} GR=9 gX7]r #V^N8Mv[
ne ?9= gsQO&!NDa?V0^G =y*E>٨%GAMbţB\dU5$@>rjHD2eRm ݢ'o}Ӏ vzD
ـ2@Kr]IoqԈlEd4KGAwpc9dw9I7D&7B-رy"F#2LQs#~^w{7Ð?I 9 AZ$blhϨim ~pF3P٦ Z1! dN j>q>'aZI?LE ?P=*%f,A{t$s< H>ۛ<>?fa ?+ ?0ݔ̤rwsz
{}FWeg' ^RJaH3;jI I NOh̄!"robKr!ܒLo֥AG Zn/fi֍X+؎8k J!e> rD ;
'̲\=iǨ!DrTra#pNsY^\qӯAWLȑM#$HtM6w+,P 3<.J.<`tR]Dƥ O[$DyVΝ! -֊\j s]UĐ?}ߎk8D.94a }Zg) hi 1UʹDAzƲw'sB0$^7 L6=1TuRG{trr@j߈. -͉n;k8 Aviڲf_ ^_ o0B2;2N eF@s+=bO<ˉ_<<Z/x!B999wh"O5aMm;"5%D ϵH3X͠-# BRRZ)YMdU%n6Zrbc\ ÊKd1 p :_ < «ZǁZDolR|p*VPGB qqּ&zo{Ũ
o0:fyd6
pJ
Lj#~ "T| 3{ CQkzb[\( {;Q6k\aN9=kHi(N<J# `N
Iyn N *:љ M{Y&c$CLyJ»隔PVlI{2H29ǁr N IS Yp>P
iwm8;ZBv ytA$J̳ex"Lk4)仌܌י d ^Amkn?=4/mcC pk f; X] \Kxb s`MT/VRd[_k p9gɧ݇G 27< K>=>7w搑=+G&3>qTkrw^HRd;31ҨhC0kkPx8H *O#JՔ## gXyd)@>set97G T f+ԧO PoGB6Tڍw<|1Ҫj.Hx&~j}vؽf;W1N*L4`ޠ&Hf;^)oy0 ZEw,{;2%||+O, KL뉝<A|-VS$6 mo#w1I%Üq\ݥ.#眎YO1fQ2OOrF4dsJ&"R\' ~Qf_}|Вs\ z]%8 T/k qx=*)3F2uI O)2qku_<Ƒ ?S5xMfd4(AU/IH#9sZf rNJٶTD͐!gFscqnCEVTK"yn?
7v_27 }Fyw֒JVU4=k1_$!/CS%㱿WI=#u:m Lb# I/neHD1 ҫ^ڣ}7!rz_svUN^7_$=YHA}k~em%{ĸ@犆H~N2qIK _I-HH5oA5bvW#DQ'Ucr;TY 8 8SM1" c' Tv-ט
E"dM鎄wiw< ZQiKZq-y5 y3֝S'GzlXARhH#9oJa2تo9.NyHӤ o$w5[hL!4Nokj t߾&:5N9`pjNa dZpI,I4z N~H)q&͆I y⩹y4ӄpaU$$ ;;SR&cIj`@8LbOl5CaǨ"F5％'?}kj
V}ooS4Z[}I]">tW I9A;e+v3 ӯnˉ t2\ }50d}Hx u+xn/A(rң8I =cxMFT \|+yĒo zz
ިOweq g(>[s[["I|&b6EAR^}z[#=Đ)r^s{=
=cԞsT#%qI vqKXI%ߒ qTl o]sPU$IRZ<&9 IϙTB$ !ѫh= 4K vfOKۉzWIilK5ȷޢ,Hzӌ[35xq&Cz$p' OկZ 4K^W 8k͡Vpm$ @=E5#; Npj?M;*g 8gq=Ȥ1 q>q<p9|T,Fd?¡2)k4D~#=\qJ\I{k KùG&h O"xDߝV`tjðY4~pOOʤdԧ+W ::yNyC[6סI"قzZNGio ID
b< @O=j;9!7lxt{Sm$iPRMZMFn X Y!sluKK&{ e!y 8n ÐAsz
쮞fcfU7. aR;Rk70Z h,`'yj Z|e1IZf%p zlP ~~B>VZ+H1H#J IMɒIZvZf& 6rld(2U(#B9<S݊nS3&3VD Iqڣᐌl㜌Ak*ڎIBoU6ZfH$#Pt5MX_f$<3M[ĸI (sЊ$@g!$uܳ\I )=)c\ v G?&y^̨ml[ӵI-A{1RNiZ }#yw# z֏6d'}uK=VC\IõXxm +Ûmķdb֩Z1M[Aa'Ï.˒^k/SH GJ&r %ǡI\@|g?uQGJfI) x$' WQ? VnI\9!DN Pu] ?<4]*
F1B#R.`ydyoKUidr='ȸBQ M_b8LX.vbIЯ.mWG7N
6w6Ep^<]>֨\^X$Zy1G' qYZ?$9UsZ qn ̓<R>4~ SI5O$iu5~:H ҥRԞ(&7ۗペ]KĴG&Hnկm(KB#%l,Bdt )'8q!E|OJO<|xbaO21(qRMzj;8c;.:Uo/
BS-[E2:K!=VѴ f sN*pIE8/fwRX /!;̘&|P1p7Ciͪ]=l"q(o զIW#xϗ5d@9橘vJ!縢{Hw!rrx5B+?=g.Kt oP\-
קKg }:hB's: 8Gө8II>(GNS1[O s< q̗"7(bۘ0 o ~= K mhz #!'f?"1ls?JNK\+js#0o2 O{p֚h L
ɰ6B^w5Nܻh+! T g6xp g[G)lC&_/n>xSwNJn K:\G ydIVo$lzhQ8jޟn19ⷋE.e{ /`Q^^ <'ST?2[G;ߎ`B"/M+QkLBHGGϞJ`藤yd8T)$fEAyK 5R"#&I7#ګ21 cRG2z^A zt:JڮG5UË/x .<~ x='sI$B8{T2F (q^+zNcdAM&`89c1ڂXgp 5j gz-0>a.( Co1ó:^
8B%->!BՓҘkWa _g m7ڦUIٶqֶ&'?
reV $(1 ՒJ.횳 rI$l'Ηj$={VX>'>[ 1Z]+CG"E'Ďr9w=#2wV K ^sTn#@ ԥs[_$b uiݹzsU7in݉8JO ;5%dM#
Lo-cx5x퐼GSf9B26Чϔr
y?s$g ">dk3w 8M9$pG@j,vgkKˢ ȖLַdAej֣'٭Gp1.K$B>|H5~[h}01<֓%b8<7)E`|9Ȩ.4Hc`]&%} CmLY#9% !$yK= yq}j~ɄH˃Pq3Fc'4n ̛sPHe OqUPoG<f% qǽO;<5=SlƄZo&ʎ0Q}jΗu<%W(3'R8y 4, yWW,:o^Ҵn4ĒBR|>r Y-R XY'qmh;I %~k/U% 2塗MwW/&乏f8ke c9ɿ%cMU8$Iz6Hc
T[ӊH2ԜC5Z|%6 59g ;^1 J#E d3 LꟇ'N1 {TKi]@O·2I% &8=
h*{{W6z- @LyxJҟLx;ߌZ4 c{YYjR^/# 5A.XW-c+ǣõ_`VlIwksr@9+nO8bH1ka0>w ?= ڠy|"t[#̇8IE 7s:)sn-bsOljIiN8iɶ@#5T]Hs Bn\Ů[]yMִk̇|Am5 *$ 1hO$0b_D*!ɔLvvڕX(g }đ=I<l YI%zdx̨ZNZY1. 8EvH8ϯkqlLl SK ^ry Ք'%-3.uk m8ZAou4& ɫrE9.M F%ub{IsrMej$V1l gnOh8D|gX\:c)FL:6A̎3ܹ> x8w9@\qJuuHw#<8 t)dBPIC$d J<r72N{xɉBhoV!k\SJ ٮ̻;z.%b pxj4ޯGqZ+Yq%ѐp9럥G8_@*ԩ HӔw=sUV.[jۛaO%G%px |q 0=IA lJQKo-8)94[qS!<64 !x/U6;ynǛI-y" $ fg4ځS*z{;NGD`uݧ|K G# iv8wq8m7iZϖN{GI bv T1};o.Dt}n9!q
<HP%5k){I(fj̃IR`T{q 닸 y98#5z?l0A&I8R2Mn c,mm$72f@#jnhڴCo6I
=IH]N#?}$mR":T;U{(LЍ!9%L}Q6ԳǨl% 3Ҡ/.FI@#vk{iFAI;pLfNGBk0i-Hn^n<2LbbѦ =HT/nR[_S {EmiagP>c ֑Ės D &<,f>1F òC0 }ʊLZJ8D *(#DL8%Ȅ @P>9 ̡Ϝ@DRv;{x.L H9ֵtyϩ2 'vD=
=>ILC(ӸHD0"H#I$w?ZQ$| V ]N)~y #NⷊIu\ >\QOT_1I۽I! =HlL!ɨn6Jّm$ɮ$H + ma ܦ+ "|+1_ <,Iִ%}t zFײN%@qq*=YԴ붚gY\A܃gqYipL$YΪRѴ$F''r\N;+{.2%8"' MpIzZhJ'RM ؟0n?bYea^qh/c#)c#5JO30c0uni仁/L6Y8$ÁR=ݡډ2zŹ
|,6;{QɹzW.|cYi\@ _|ds\\:G1I F)qIv_N9S:};M ssCmb +=Ŀ{9q \~5 76 J2Ɏ@$pj!M[Q݉g{ ɠ<>$S$ҙ ! c\#t9 CA֥y[!'QI^ס+.sk/0 pF?,P,%%/{NV yC<)*̓T@e `PLǜ~uGr D`zVC zRqd D$bqH P2*D @?~\~$; Sh
rAou Oqɩb?GF&U0F+==ܱ\$Lp8*|ۂe[mD\m"PjOO cs X h6w{1y'.ntT`"yG>Ui } y 'G9A ? ȣF|TUp=hfg\NO2 tr3.ķș&,eA ;j[x/19硧O 7LwZKYܹF
ǨU%&2cpƀg w: w R +RT4;h @I 4y>cg,s jν e/DH v |$8jEqO2Pw398& } a )Q;h$czRjCMcޛpKssȫ
y!2$ l*V!jdZ i@ڟ0wE$7Uq1?pT>Ԥ|q튳ws9H䏃Yoږn-x";357?3ڵ4rPsrRCRd 2W9x$+ZVo b C
}D.aw oPNsu.5ז8O¬4CϯVm6hct('آHP >7hM\,Q~!ˎM^--npwǼ eKΟ[f{/qнTU1D{8z⹑
#$jY;Mm糃 ~Z$ ^)s:}R>ui?arh?c6, hwI hC ^i[HdB[ءl oWmi ԯ'HqVK$d wT4Usr}k4m/Chϙ:Ȃ" E=psDwq sUz2MO\y?Z H<
ugKA$o uI<d䈙=n$Y >kdz{yt6t3Hm\Ė) yc$I;ٺ"@%^lOy Ƅ'{LE1';w 2Ƚ7$ E{$[Ɉ<=ؒ7Rʽdw 7$2. cO8O+?Ӟ9nd2OYfG#/:J7v44eO'LGFGpCYO0#Gj})Hˏc9-
tf5I s3<&00i'lj2 $'LgJrvI& iRާ j);jM'n>} RY P aQ_ @ MdvHz^ju2GLp:zдp T4ss([L#Wyĵ%jɂ|˛y a1Z{ 姷j5GZםIle-܇{gw㓲"x.cMfzBPG!(~1<=AnƳZ&e$iϬZY<#`9?Ɵ`B= p2NzbI2jݴ; HWtyVXcxqN
MGOz-/U9@x&mטFH⡫6oHE C>-kC O(B Rju a;8xcZ$7 s|RdPi8x
9-g˒sӚqqww+q" =F$ҜQ+斏]k|mo:fam.7v
y1' nPs֮i ^]lP &jT ,މeq t _^(4 r|%m%d89WS^ 68`Dqy:z{Ժn%7z{GJ U C$Krl e^ϯ0d¸@QB Wr89a{iEI#$ >-Ɲkmf+]A;o%#gZ,,D/!P3Yԃn-M"O K 5Kgڬ5O:(đKA
a Uᰄi$1 v6%Ā[& /|I #yG?*;q${">D
zH8[b( #qnI`8|KpO#5za ְh./ypA |L0GA/7=i82jܕ$ ҇t3txeLy}}TEm8 &.Hބ WZ>o V6G0F]:kEc
@I= FY86WP%9[;97
~bjKGJވ"O G㊮N]J!6IZm99ܣk6 1$&;RZ_t.GG;7/oum4@5!̓CYΏ-POQVtD2G fwG}kIK)xO<iW_Wm p|3]hIkrܡ|wM/m  +x M='82 7NxѮGy djK;-q: X"y "\Yin%~N㽵8v $;$O=$zt 5ioke~ IJӊxHJTgͮf$t0BCR$rZG 8p&}f\-,TKaur冺
c >[KX%E쵃̑ ťŌ_09A+6sZjf)죒"?FҨrIaH\@9HDO(]<ÀW%յi>
zԤއWwji'BOOκx$]jʲӦO<=F7MH\$ZQM!2DKO, }!-]$.~ n)ǙH|Oy$)ؽpF u OiiɗZIdד AI1qH_[iA=NgwfY)nd_EvZD\$~Y W)$WӘq#tIo@qTxɬɣ8KǎVòB\+J~gM
1փpYL<ޔ3.4Xh˘̓{htH09<+ _9A^?ϞGI)Ԓy3T#s֦]G:Ҥ&cnK,팂@(fЂjK`I <"o>#E<FǘSMyۏ ҽ$^;x;1t|iEaIvnF8CJd& 'S=:L>\ԏ"!8 ߟB]~ h|O\>{ivUɧgς^@>xvKR̳/ cvjZ& wǞ?_, *obgM= OB{+>
Fy 6GҲ-yc˲&=V"! o K)!Kkt7 yp)]7=3㊁nc' 3Eq,~f 1"d?4
/x
ܿA yξjr^/!&2joH |H%!"wz&40 N*A)4V4L 4$Xe2 _ԒE4:N2;rhV4R'0L(3qOD7RM SQ;C\]m.fhL2 =VHA$dWH;}Rb_cx"";tǑ*umǡOK7q(nti-- Đ23ެ'Q!
}#D sg9F D{'}HRDOZq 10NGPm:Ht 3y ǵJ|n]XȖ~ ӟaA;Ϗ۴/!/#|gz{ #l:ҴW#[7=q<NGy%4\ w e<OZ`8 RdnA%D@ T1> u6Xo$~bNr*K> j )ZNJ6e0I*%
>K >}i\@ˁzQcō2GZ k2k) O dJ % DĞ{b4H2<}* #Q UD|c?Xp쓳=+D[ q%ƥ!19X@^G|{9ɪ &7#gqZgHO=# Zq%vYmX8qEqh-2ybGo늚2bԞLfˌmYD Cbrib\Zܤ;! `g@NOu:\gik sxp;b]}i42I ROzfG[8 K{J9$s&K9'{Uw"×1oOb&4)$xB8QoM2}2L#<*$Ͼ0\ #+3P<8Ҝo$ cjнÙI z棴@`kZ{%M'APZH%?gs>mdD8Ky ji d;X:R>`c81Njj[A )$@`c$<`J r`8W3e nQ&\!a Ց].,cd&I!DqP3OՍ/UT}2"SK=Νu\G @N5oh.qg<\3ۡ!.{NZ?"e6?}1 2 N We.l$}QYҲ3 y rֵ5c GFkP9J<-x-pzV㠥" 1]Ha=PTW HBsH<% {9!3D{#wq6= 縒'>Zzo+ȣo!s>QxS/
=Zm'' BKS&3-\0c =ϭ:ye z@
b&0$D'c8#`- bmzY u\J#LgO-!D c) ȏ ${s𠷻G#۸!搀@+ rB ɹO$
w~+]Zz8G8 93R^ ( U.$. 8 f3aPi\jRS|2s{_ML_D uՇKbSoayh X?qds$d@UKdHsT G8 Mx '2s֝w.c'DsT4H?y'ϗ=S$ xSO8f
BdڦkQ4FEoPAu=2g#eXx-C jUwriq " gy@f TZ5Gk;4ՙA{ rȅzC"p}BeImo`ɾN+5{n h?xF]֪%xO_|_ҝin
N&h c2E:/op?Wp3SWMݤp ~+ο2&<Z;ܤna%քP[$0A ]3}jE@IJSm+\^/ޑ%[>fZIˎI *> KjO~%D(v V#??ZN3K&wB}j\.$B>siߊy 4I;\F
ѤqP yQ(؈Bc<uG=I,@Y sOcjm5,M_6 q}C=-wON܈t $VB^wwVc}^n
Q\^= iǏckW 9VӕM$Z?>r\DPLڻD0Pט0ZJ.)L ގ ^kJ+?4 aQ'Dqc 5ҳ{Yg DWQ '<+> ϭtZ쯪_j.ѣi]#tߙ=jݛN Jަ3`ksHD@}k6SLK8Î~(a GwvZo<5wg oqQ谸6 v fc:¬ Ddd]"&.m)E6 ȩ;QI}r zwrv/BB^ǘRZ/>8٥! ɬئ9j+Z\./l1Hdz173NCgϣ@bpyNI˭ͱiRrXx8ުjY #+91sCs廿2 oAKo\l @%D -SmǦx4B.Ҧ[9}rY2 q=܄I."CӮ*io2\9y_WP 'Hp@;5ĺ Md.4A,s#('T1=
C[Sw=Sp ݙ\y20N+#YFBw
'l鼺rzR+
*g rzME>3;*{Kigwʫ<_j( HEKm#X+I56o2Ǝ@
Ͽӭl{$_'k.[#q\ޝF>}+&VJ0aqE*NMqh$vypiHTZ{
M.tձ817XWԒ+l:[p)рeA#3uz)4^m3 Of^֣ɚQ7 JfN$?2HHzM0Z9LK'{=:;79&A!MatH~|p⒊n-3ϫKuԮ "&A\Ο=I q] VqmuT rz7#IJIdt Ӿ҇:qZ6P[_Dđ!* Z3lߊ\@'%bCTSdxOWj u\8һ_k b1}l ,a I=y .&ɔ<8sHM"5 OM
S#YTf]R32A9lV1p# Ԓ3I=e3fY6~sOFPg tO씌:F9ӞvО/d g@ K ("LTqsI)Ƌ!r#K- sJ18Ƿ@"2@#yȢ 9"dc!ˉ @݂-!D~1 *
>?:KBS
,67iy`+ZrMʷBI{{PcwS ̌XU#Ϲw;8wķcdHHVKwZ 틍AۛHDmN ҡBȗ G<x\H19"CH7H<`uK`/6BIOofs4-4Es[ޠp~@Ehӵi}I/ /Q#ֵt;yH
|V4
b401iII0y JC{n挘 WipH d/֗Fho!
!>A ӧ2H2J!8 aA#
Yt&=$xOɚ;0iw9kׄ! 78 ޝ.fKs9]/m F1ϵj 3ϖF8Vw2\]LP"oߒx4"9oиNjΟ-bb5%đ}c)Ddk9
dɂ\>PҮD.4{yI}+j5` w4OUm+֥khOq$D>#r$w g-M1ն{yOn} &IJżmlA֤y
xvHz Q{O.XE ms H~8jʬsNHGT$n@
TsD[?$~X# 2NGҹߴ 9L J$sl59"GE(kFC%rB7v:1[83pF+!D{/ex>tj;V P
ء@cOG yaǹ) i1{qOғϚx㐇q vjs2dy1t||AesVI$:1ED&H${) ֩A4 '/58sci\Y=ۿLp{(Ɠ-<ɡtQL!?!)#y5hA sE9Hsm-lQHnI}VL}/: ZH&}jXCz ^Ł#&'.ml# 8 * (xAYזO*Gr^HӃb.ezdhø:sޘ, '\H *eۡ<<_g4e4Էgyja2#zV|Q[iڒ]H̿$_Zem
Ɏ@nAD4m'u )$ni,#Kh$ O#.2f^r Kk۷x pԟbd O#g] zޣt/!p 8E5Ew3We Pgֲ(-~e gu;yO൹|x 3sW
.S{5kd xթ.`i ?9 k>Dzqm(<5t<}Fz;Y%닇SD'"J̙#1Bg;PϰAjbC8j"mZ Bj_r=}=Ȟ^#W $Fϖ8>vS2 ?cRý }LȓgЭ z>`2HZK Hj @EhaSkF3˧_D##CO9⥿qh=/L |P U {[x wc#J_
7atOmvtB':֓A},heg \֗ z|rI
~jH!}![E+$֭3cNHoU;' z`z%缘;֥Ң5[lm$HP0Vt|W<'n$ȄGzaw%G ryC;
6X́g` r}R|ȎS
Ɵ"d
nH&O0ZݺJ3Sjwf=GȤЂ76PNwJwd< a3ǩɤ r }+8ۻ 8<+\ !fG&@މv6I-A 7A \Z :xZwc4S1*ިfK˔A#xoRӢQ8w _A2|>nw2|4/onMiKpd\| ɪ'G^&;9JVBܱHfO$9 ;I0d{qڭvv]:-x?Σ/1y.RC8ұwZzŁ=HIMpzj+GqáIZ Q 99m`ls3DtՆ רU4=J8yzzU I=2 RYepGpNxD.p8 QIc'yR? e zǫZG,JM7$4lKk* cdvYN09[>%k8, XX
8v!a1%@3$fB3Һ]F$`99doK[ &y sIڹNܚ}$d ]oS$PȄ\Bd8=RgOC.p#q\踴@]dֈ7$0eCC)ْTHQEdL$y?⺱Fd) HO3T;#)ӛ&
ٛD1>>%G8#Hnc/$IϖE7Y!7y q)6B BRX JIbɹ4ﴺT4U~T8| ʷnm` e a\izЖ5`@:evAmÜZwq7`tme$#ܓT57b{A"4|鏐ӶdnO+ Fy,pAtH'+L'zRSЍ-.KvBH}?ƴ4?-kN}xӭ#ǃ<+ Id&7qG/K(0Cl6biPcc[ xd=k f@1XdMl n?盜 -yId#m:)8p)[" 2@ {Q7% yzI!I Py鑤Zmԏ:S15 n] TS#qӊL i!ɒrr|B6:5wb>ȸtOU&y 8>hH.'Dɲ' TAoH#/$t
Kjz$3}Iq$OO+$G9(~LwW>` 'S͍(y&+;|xg{
vxm;y3L ɪHߓ'djr<;KӠ>O qY1=e t GO8Y3 aUp4R $q34n8IN~LTÓԞ"urH D3DoG~t
=攮ZP[ʀ&Q x2֛, Ȓ$f^mG`I7-%7tCBIF+rn(jmL!u5GXF#HUuq+;F yQ!ǒ3SaT 1To.P1W[q}8
g~}꣼`~ =Oi)8#k4+ZIdo8ǥQ..D={(i ђ#
y|#I4qco)w)+Hg~YLK6`LwV/#샿
H֗-ߐZؽf" rzջiR+\Ĉ Q"<~>KbHxW**Qno#8wLs#:+XyǑ0+XKnd-H'8厡b@˹ I$K5܀E;k@V- LGg M y:(.Ȝx
m[M#ҋD;8FI"psR8ÐD5RF&l:Ȓ|~)Yj ̒BJ!8J|猬 ns*Pkخ i僑5$nO92D< !2zvKN AO &N )9w~?0F:d\
a9\ 2ܺ#5"[3L>I.xLN-PpG{w5;e ֞v[r&d#k[ܤa HXQ #[y$|泹.'S%X$l`g+fKp$fT gq\E MM KְZW;ZDv6:֟{0K q#0ؠx\kE6I&=+Gsz姖#x>k^Zo>XJq.A&sƃ އ5-HCǽ-O \
&. '9^
g\0k[b 0L gc #zp#u8mһ:( ZBFYVEhB'=C 气dwzd(JIϡ$ *g>l=>zN&0jlNĈQÞ5%˾'wcJ}Kc8;1\>g% 0۲/ 8(y[ݑI6 q] rM2dIunw Z=o~}>#XQzcM;;.s,C]@L0KB==
s-Y3Ykyb W?wpg <{t43W'jNT%4LfG͞*9(2qҫW,&q[5pN {r1znivNMq>H& !$vVB{Ie~$ ܐD=YGiqZ5uG 5ww%b6kiO-q,MƯ cPmڄ3J = Om hXATŮ([_I>ƅ1֬eɓ }+IQSY\j HAJwz;!6`g
U{!>r8H㼷r5"C2J!8t4vfPdIqPnə]-/ď)gk|O ڬhhf!9 [E6KVGlH' rm:/|`֜!F`so=p ɪrmhZܵi[bV ҹ;قO@ ѧJ1\
n7r{D]ՙr'֎ߍ;!.Ò>zW_,nHϠbHפhfKy s{3HhPEq$o i [ 1ҳGwN 7Y*;=?`2~x#5^TD qO/A]%)% -8ϭq> o2^97ҵ^Ww=G >,X~~ +jD?va8G r>ǖ<,ԹlԵ$x˝mZjrhڹFAk:+"c9 e`4ܥzTMtu|98<kQ
=(qzsY!x"? ⡻:%B))Y]ݎT9;YOVo--n y- b:&i}ĞT9q}꠰0O4qݙМέvţ 9gsME49,mfeI\֜r,r$w rW?/-RL䊤'6Ӿ#(I̩qW+Q2#$Ⱐ֛#Ƙ?|V6@.J$x9Xf= O"?@~G9GWtq p?FS5 גc&8>G f nCZWZ6(z%3ҩ_ܤJPђ4s#_[閶ȑL2z)?uj
QBHH$S5B.&H ^7Ht1n8 t Kūn7CfX.ϙ% s o%Ĩ<| ]d/&AAaBywEJO[)Hs;钄`
+˴ &2sZ{Isuj@AGGFqJI5b\Kǂs>Ҟs&;VGR= ȇ:VHa$֒Z'~\==j18#?gMo!8 <.=1EŶ"hPnf)@nB#J̕3w#a&8NA9m}Br8OEd
ܣo$ĈA"Ic=kGw< M/rP8]$?:TɨOg@ r;3$)FwM4$쬑fHNx+v yX9sOw\>[[y}d>. V%wC(胙o> kN&I"=Н{K`H)&695>ܤ gp=뢝n͍CJVi&) ӹv̈cz~@1A+:$BߌqDkMtLC8 ii>ϑr5RzL4_- 9/vy&Cg[^;Έ2r>L
} #= ޥ7}FTy<
':p`\y |ܜ8hHm ?BLԽy HzR8䀏I*Ii f 0#:(.1>Rw:ɠ>>A֪yw8C AzXX OaRAx j3#{v/ xF}~ FolnwW<2]I <Ӄ$?! K)h]kv} @ݓϵb;$ f5̓|9tq4ǂk4r%V+sZ2{0i92H l Z$ O$fio `3N 9@ך(qkRu- `|G%_Qh >Ayy5Ʉ1OoG d稭wV1z$ϧ_&x)$q^
1q}ʡy4v ֜ p+h6G1曈|PlQ^[E# iڬ6L$s^s=麹y V2v},y1L2 r mcy>BN,(j*,s7% @#͙1Wn$
`k PI/OgD/ͨ٠6i =$cY$~qjޙqr!&G>h&:ip@ ֶdݑ$1~ G!9#ɲSF@4[Y9ҡ 0zu;}
4IЌ`"D-/ UsOkK ҹmRy&M Ld:
]<$ Zy[IGq2q ,h5I&1t 9*sqxfrzs.(&6 Kd# ]Ky&GI;8*|<)'x$ÇI=
S5ERBm":y j+Q;r{ ä|i$6dܓ YAh$x`~ ~#zVVsUg/? HLwSvw72#%%SSiv2l;f8S(U! Ah7.N\pkj; -p#iF;<:Ԗ.+2< acw|n2 G Vƕ2~sEDYQ3 'qZW:X ϖfq%ŕC3u[F`bYtZ,R$qs8>fF;va?8 z=brx1yZ^#5d85w< .!8ǪA! ,K,|⻁gctc@rO
q8FǛ}?/SkOI,ϗr)OIxaU2=GN};O0 1֍v' )
bo{01 # ]*ZHL2<ٷ=singҌnPy/jvTɊ):RJ:؎ ;$)3zRن [CX~f(woD >er].riBi&F62Aqgr `dyϾ2ktap&Ig' جA}< b/qVokĐrX .:D{ Zޅi{w4 nI|OOƨAnm4hfqV9I/R8 qqc>څ=lkR6;Xc!z{MBG/ G m),)l`#%Ak}q-p銦 bh1CjnnnLƑ9yqZ[ [f4%OֲZbmslCĀ9?;VީAxP2qZtky$r)]Q ARd -r*' |e}*|".6I -$KG $\`W ɸIR & Gq =W pM"dV-{ R!楿Hn HØAB.P@Jɑ`d7 ۽0 IwrP_j ی ҳz; ^W0% y94ض[ RHOZeß.O5aҙoHMÉ 8XƖ!d>sP.d~D2}H5<qW }h,bRd JL\ AGeqeY ۮ@zjUKԂ 7g'e<|GdOZKKRkHrjS ű8q%#Vi b{yy&v8 T)GZ̊G䚂 I.#]N1*6zaP x2^V$\3 9?P#qqϦ*Ţ$c/<՚n1O IC_yx}*%a3ixO,|:S5< Bz&
&$GLX!.$ۑ'fXTwsYf0U^^ 2d\xB#G9Gn
2+v)' Z) :} ?N7 +Nd%9\nW3l k|=p~8 qYzj)I⫚7ԫ]eIB+Bt;
ZȓDִmwu(^=_T\@rB56N#YQ$jz}H3~+ 0=N&wq ONjMͭ~OΒg5ƞ}$O.8??aY]Z
Uc`91Z6 =(2SYH; fUj6z7u9<s=$^܉o Y[_&l`EW{+Y$|l=2i;I
Z۹0@m 4<FjI BmlC$e9%H"PJA Cemw 㓞ɤO?&|
|VϨ?xsWE6aLzlX)Fȭ sHdq5I$udj2ANcT u:[ z
1 -$Gs/mpd*Oj6 tqn ۉ2\Ҳu368ˏ3 gY
ckK i3S˵s[~r\ԗ}F Z NryKM8 1O6PO( gʴNm]S\" s|Ҵ5+S`=
A 0 ު>%Άe=*w&Խ|uu1 /$r^GrN=FqsҒRi4`\⛫2$h7NGKyeT.GҸV'w9Cֱƙ< '8$`W.3[ ^KHp0!*_{H͊HNO?K$Gxpֺ+{{A"!v4rn a #ӊ9WB2-LS'"wWuķ| }5yfcy>/,e\J͎I /GG 4Rv!0Ejɥmύ)%+B!$wj= c 롚Znl!t1g?
3[K윟psךҼYx8w &<U$Qfޕ'#Dt V$=>OߞOZCKHfNRM㸭w
t#n<ֈ^-$+Q|xHO8H e(GzǜWQ%iq]̉Y4 {ŀFz٢e ֔Ribq8G,d!ZJ[F]#I1Ҳ4gcn+eI> F_jQ >X=ZܤfHɪ4Ǘ~7sL]Tщ