ࡱ> JLGHI @ bjbjqq 0FOP81818181818181L1qqq8rdlsL1ft4LFFFF\|TVVVVVV$;RXz81lFFllz8181FFFFFl81F81FTFlTFF 8181h Ft plyq 6 0rvlh L1L18181818181h (ޯF0L ޯޯޯzzL1L1@q :L1L1qCHAPTER  DOCPROPERTY "ChapterNumber" \* MERGEFORMAT 5 - Federalism  seq NL1 \r 0 \h Chapter Focus The central purpose of this chapter is to introduce you to some of the complexities of government in the United States caused by the adoption of a federal systemthat is, one in which both the national and state governments have powers independent of one another. You should also note how the nature and the effects of U.S. federalism have changed throughout U.S. history and continue to change to this day. After reading and reviewing the material in this chapter, you should be able to do each of the following: SEQ NL1 \r 0 \h   seq NL1 1 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Explain the difference between federal and centralized systems of government, and give examples of each.  seq NL1 2 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Show how competing political interests at the Constitutional Convention led to the adoption of a federal system, but one that was not clearly defined.  seq NL1 3 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Outline the ways in which the courts interpreted national and state powers and how the doctrine of dual federalism came to be moot.  seq NL1 4 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . State why federal grants-in-aid to the states have been politically popular, and cite what have proved to be the pitfalls of such grants.  seq NL1 5 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Distinguish between categorical grants and block grants or general revenue sharing.  seq NL1 6 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Explain why, despite repeated attempts to reverse the trend, categorical grants have continued to grow more rapidly than block grants.  seq NL1 7 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Distinguish between mandates and conditions of aid with respect to federal grant programs to states and localities.  seq NL1 8 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Define devolution and its roots.  seq NL1 9 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Discuss if or to what extent federal grants to the states have succeeded in creating uniform national policies comparable to those of centralized governments.  seq NL1 \r 0 \h Study Outline SEQ NLI \r 0 \h   seq NLI \* ROMAN I seq NLA \r 0 \h . Governmental Structure SEQ NLA \r 0 \h   seq NLA \* ALPHABETIC A seq NL1 \r 0 \h . Federalism  seq NL1 1 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Definition: political system with local governmental units, in addition to national one, that can make final decisions  seq NL1 2 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Examples of federal governments: protected by both constitution and habit  seq NL1 3 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Protection for local government  seq NL1 4 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Examples of unitary and confederal governments  seq NL1 5 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . National government largely does not govern individuals directly but gets states to do so in keeping with national policy  seq NLA \* ALPHABETIC B seq NL1 \r 0 \h . Views on federalism SEQ NL1 \r 0 \h   seq NL1 1 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Negative views: blocked programs, protected powers, and prevented progress  seq NL1 2 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Positive views: combines strength, flexibility, and liberty  seq NLA \* ALPHABETIC C seq NL1 \r 0 \h . Increased political activity SEQ NL1 \r 0 \h   seq NL1 1 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Most obvious effect of federalism: facilitates mobilization of political activity  seq NL1 2 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Federalism lowers the cost of political organization at the local level  seq NLI \* ROMAN II seq NLA \r 0 \h . The Founding SEQ NLA \r 0 \h   seq NLA \* ALPHABETIC A seq NL1 \r 0 \h . A bold, new plan to protect personal liberty SEQ NL1 \r 0 \h   seq NL1 1 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Founders believed that neither national nor state government would have authority over the other  seq NL1 2 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Power derived from the people  seq NL1 3 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . New plan had no historical precedent  seq NL1 4 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Tenth Amendment was added as an afterthought, to define the power of states  seq NLA \* ALPHABETIC B seq NL1 \r 0 \h . Elastic language in Article I: necessary and proper SEQ NL1 \r 0 \h   seq NL1 1 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Precise definitions of powers politically impossible because of competing interests (e.g., commerce)  seq NL1 2 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Hence vague languagenecessary and proper  seq NL1 3 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Hamiltons view: national supremacy because Constitution supreme law  seq NL1 4 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Jeffersons view: states rights with people ultimate sovereign  seq NLI \* ROMAN III seq NLA \r 0 \h . The Evolving Meaning of Federalism SEQ NLA \r 0 \h   seq NLA \* ALPHABETIC A seq NL1 \r 0 \h . Impact of the Supreme Court  seq NL1 1 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)  seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h ) Could Congress charter a national bank? Yes, necessary and proper  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h ) Could states tax such a bank? No, national supremacy  seq NL1 2 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Federal government cannot tax state bank  seq NLA \* ALPHABETIC B seq NL1 \r 0 \h . Civil War  seq NL1 1 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Doctrine of Nullification battle  seq NL1 2 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Northern victory settled the issuenullification struck down  seq NLA \* ALPHABETIC C seq NL1 \r 0 \h . Dual federalism SEQ NL1 \r 0 \h   seq NL1 1 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Both national and state governments supreme in their own spheres  seq NL1 2 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Interstate versus intrastate commerce SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h ) Congress could regulate interstate commerce  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h ) States could regulate intrastate commerce  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h ) Supreme Count makes less distinction between interstate and intrastate commercemore federal regulation  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h ) Recent Supreme Court decision restores authority to states  seq NLI \* ROMAN IV seq NLA \r 0 \h . The Division of Powers: Federal-State Relations (see the States and the Constitution box) SEQ NLA \r 0 \h   seq NLA \* ALPHABETIC A seq NL1 \r 0 \h . State authority SEQ NL1 \r 0 \h   seq NL1 1 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Over police  seq NL1 2 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Over public schools  seq NL1 3 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Over use of land  seq NLA \* ALPHABETIC B seq NL1 \r 0 \h . Public/Congress are local-minded and preserve local government  seq NLA \* ALPHABETIC C seq NL1 \r 0 \h . Federal courts and fiscal federalism weaken local control  seq NLI \* ROMAN V seq NLA \r 0 \h . Fiscal Federalism SEQ NLA \r 0 \h   seq NLA \* ALPHABETIC A seq NL1 \r 0 \h . Grants-in-aid SEQ NL1 \r 0 \h   seq NL1 1 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Grants show how political realities modify legal authority  seq NL1 2 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Began before the Constitution with land grant colleges, various cash grants to states  seq NL1 3 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Dramatically increased in scope in the twentieth century  seq NL1 4 seq NL_a \r 0 \h .  seq NL_a \r 0 \h Free money  seq NLA \* ALPHABETIC B seq NL1 \r 0 \h . Rise of Federal Activism: 1960s shift in grants-in-aid SEQ NL1 \r 0 \h   seq NL1 1 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . From what states demanded  seq NL1 2 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . To what federal officials found important as national needs  seq NLA \* ALPHABETIC C seq NL1 \r 0 \h . The intergovernmental lobby SEQ NL1 \r 0 \h   seq NL1 1 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Hundreds of state and local officials lobby in Washington  seq NL1 2 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Purpose: to get more federal money with fewer strings  seq NLA \* ALPHABETIC D seq NL1 \r 0 \h . Categorical grants versus block grants SEQ NL1 \r 0 \h   seq NL1 1 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Categorical grants for specific purposes; often require local matching funds  seq NL1 2 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Block grants are for more general purposes, better liked by recipients, fewer strings  seq NLI \* ROMAN VI seq NLA \r 0 \h . Devolution  seq NLA \* ALPHABETIC A seq NL1 \r 0 \h . Effort to shift functions to states SEQ NL1 \r 0 \h   seq NL1 1 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . 1994 elections  seq NL1 2 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Welfare  seq NLA \* ALPHABETIC B seq NL1 \r 0 \h . Congress takes the lead  seq NLI \* ROMAN VII seq NLA \r 0 \h . Federal aid and federal control SEQ NLA \r 0 \h   seq NLA \* ALPHABETIC A seq NL1 \r 0 \h . Mandates SEQ NL1 \r 0 \h   seq NL1 1 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Federal rules that states or localities must obey, whether receiving aid or not  seq NL1 2 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Administrative and financial problems often result  seq NL1 3 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Impact of mandates and congressional response  seq NLA \* ALPHABETIC B seq NL1 \r 0 \h . Conditions of aid SEQ NL1 \r 0 \h   seq NL1 1 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Attached to grants states receive voluntarily  seq NL1 2 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Conditions range from specific to general  seq NL1 3 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Divergent views of states and federal government on costs, benefits. Example: Rehabilitation Act of 1973  seq NL1 4 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Unfunded mandates Reform Act  seq NL1 5 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Procedural point of order  seq NLA \* ALPHABETIC C seq NL1 \r 0 \h . Rivalry among the states: distributional formulas in block grants SEQ NL1 \r 0 \h   seq NL1 1 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Increased competition a result of increased dependency  seq NL1 2 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Snowbelt (Frostbelt) versus Sunbelt states  seq NL1 3 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Difficulty telling where funds spent  seq NL1 4 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Census takes on monumental importance  seq NLA \* ALPHABETIC D seq NL1 \r 0 \h . Federalism and Public Policy SEQ NL1 \r 0 \h   seq NL1 1 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Diversity in local policies produced  seq NL1 2 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Increases difficulty in running programs  seq NLI \* ROMAN VIII seq NLA \r 0 \h . Evaluating Federalism SEQ NLA \r 0 \h   seq NLA \* ALPHABETIC A seq NL1 \r 0 \h . Federal/state officials must bargain SEQ NL1 \r 0 \h   seq NL1 1 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Formerly favored local interests  seq NL1 2 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Federal needs dominated in 1960s  seq NLA \* ALPHABETIC B seq NL1 \r 0 \h . Presidents have tried to reverse national trend SEQ NL1 \r 0 \h   seq NL1 1 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Nixons New Federalism  seq NL1 2 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Reagans attempt to consolidate categorical grants  seq NLA \* ALPHABETIC C seq NL1 \r 0 \h . Need to allocate federal and state functions more clearly SEQ NL1 \r 0 \h   seq NL1 1 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Reagans doomed plan on welfare responsibility  seq NL1 2 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Future sorting out of federal marble cake unlikely  seq NL1 \r 0 \h Key Terms Match Match the following terms and descriptions. SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL1 1 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . _____ Article VI of the Constitution that states the laws and treaties of the federal government are the supreme law of the land.  seq NL1 2 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . _____ A form of federal regulation used to reduce local control over local government service through federal grants.  seq NL1 3 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . _____ A federal grant for a specific purpose, often with accompanying conditions and/or requiring a local match.  seq NL1 4 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . _____ A system in which sovereignty is wholly in the hands of the national government.  seq NL1 5 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . _____ A system in which the state governments are sovereign and the national government may do only what the states permit.  seq NL1 6 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . _____ A system in which sovereignty is shared between the national and the state governments.  seq NL1 7 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . _____ An opportunity for a member of Congress to object to a federal mandate costing states and cities more than $50 million.  seq NL1 8 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . _____ The clause that stipulates that powers not delegated to the United States are reserved to the states or to the people.  seq NL1 9 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . _____ A Supreme Court decision embodying the principle of implied powers of the national government.  seq NL1 10 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . _____ View that the national government is supreme.  seq NL1 11 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . _____ The doctrine espoused by Calhoun that states could hold certain national policies invalid within their boundaries.  seq NL1 12 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . _____ The doctrine that both state and national governments are supreme in their respective spheres.  seq NL1 13 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . _____ Refers to the wording of the necessary and proper clause.  seq NL1 14 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . _____ An effort to shift responsibility for a wide range of domestic programs from Washington to the states.  seq NL1 15 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . _____ Federal funds provided to states and localities.  seq NL1 16 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . _____ A rule that requires states to spend money but does not allow federal money to be used.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . national supremacy  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . procedural point of order  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . categorical grants  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . Hamiltonian position  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . confederation system  seq NL_a \* alphabetic f seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . devolution  seq NL_a \* alphabetic g seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . dual federalism  seq NL_a \* alphabetic h seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . federal system  seq NL_a \* alphabetic i seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . fiscal federalism  seq NL_a \* alphabetic j seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . grants-in-aid  seq NL_a \* alphabetic k seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . elastic language  seq NL_a \* alphabetic l seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . unfunded mandate  seq NL_a \* alphabetic m seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . McCulloch v. Maryland  seq NL_a \* alphabetic n seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . nullification  seq NL_a \* alphabetic o seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . Tenth Amendment  seq NL_a \* alphabetic p seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . unitary system  seq NL1 \r 0 \h Did You Think That . . . ? A number of misconceptions are listed below. You should be able to refute each statement in the space provided, referring to information or argumentation contained in this chapter. Sample answers appear at the end of this chapter.  seq NL1 1 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Most governments in the world today have both national and state governments, as in the United States. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________  seq NL1 2 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . The powers of the national and state governments were clearly established in the Constitution. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________  seq NL1 3 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . The doctrine of nullification continues to be a source of power for state governments. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________  seq NL1 4 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . America today resembles more of a unitary system than a system of federalism. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________  seq NL1 5 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . The nature of federalism has remained consistent throughout U.S. history. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________  seq NL1 6 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Since the 1970s, more federal aid to the states has become unrestricted rather than having strings attached. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ True/False questions Read each statement carefully. Mark true statements T. If any part of the statement is false, mark it F, and write in the space provided a concise explanation of why the statement is false. SEQ NL1 \r 0 \h   seq NL1 1 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . T F The Constitution of the former Soviet Union only in theory created a federal system. ______________________________________________________________________  seq NL1 2 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . T F Devolution refers to the federal government giving programs back to the states. ______________________________________________________________________  seq NL1 3 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . T F In McCulloch v. Maryland, the Supreme Court concluded that chartering a bank was within the powers of Congress. ______________________________________________________________________  seq NL1 4 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . T F The Tenth Amendment was added to the Constitution in order to enhance the powers of the federal government. ______________________________________________________________________  seq NL1 5 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . T F The doctrine of nullification held that a state, within its boundaries, could refuse to enforce a federal law that exceeded the national governments authority. ______________________________________________________________________  seq NL1 6 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . T F The doctrine of dual federalism came out of the debate on nullification. ______________________________________________________________________  seq NL1 7 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . T F The federal government sometimes finds that the political limitations on its exercise of power over the states are greater than the constitutional limitations. ______________________________________________________________________  seq NL1 8 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . T F Interstate and intrastate commerce mean the same thing. ______________________________________________________________________  seq NL1 9 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . T F Today, most commerce is regulated at the state level. ______________________________________________________________________  seq NL1 10 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . T F The most important attraction of federal grants-in-aid has been federal budget surpluses. ______________________________________________________________________  seq NL1 11 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . T F The term block grant is often used as a synonym for revenue sharing. ______________________________________________________________________  seq NL1 12 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . T F The federal government has increased the number of strings attached to the spending of grant money. ______________________________________________________________________  seq NL1 13 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . T F Devolution refers to the attempt to shift important functions back to the states. ______________________________________________________________________  seq NL1 14 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . T F Mandates are conditions attached to the receipt of a specific federal grant. ______________________________________________________________________  seq NL1 15 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . T F Conditions of aid are binding on local governments only when they receive federal monies for the projects in question. ______________________________________________________________________  seq NL1 16 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . T F An example of a condition of aid is seen in the passage of a law forbidding discrimination of handicapped people in any program receiving federal aid. ______________________________________________________________________  seq NL1 17 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . T F The ten-year census has no impact on the distributional formulas of federal grants. ______________________________________________________________________  seq NL1 18 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . T F Education, law enforcement, and land-use controls are examples of policies the people want local control over. ______________________________________________________________________  seq NL1 19 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . T F Though the federal government pays for most of the interstate highway programs, local officials decide where those highways go. ______________________________________________________________________  seq NL1 20 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . T F Local policies in America are less diverse than in any other industrialized democracy. ______________________________________________________________________ Multiple Choice questions Circle the letter of the response that best answers the question or completes the statement. SEQ NL1 \r 0 \h   seq NL1 1 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Since the adoption of the constitution in 1787, the single most persistent source of political conflict has been: SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . slavery.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . the economy.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . the provision of social welfare programs.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . relations between the national and state governments.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . the regulation of business.  seq NL1 2 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . One important feature of a federal system such as that of the United States is that: SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . in matters of national concernmilitary spending, for examplestate and local governments will make governing difficult.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . the cost of organized political activity will be higher than in a unitary system.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . most local programs such as welfare and taxation will be funded and regulated at the national level.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . different political groups pursuing different political purposes will come to power.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . special interest groups are discouraged from forming.  seq NL1 3 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Ukraine, formerly one of the Soviet republics, had its own local unit of government. Yet the former Soviet Union was not considered a federal system. This is because, in the Soviet Union: SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . local governments were not legally independent of the central government.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . local government officials were not elected democratically.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . the central government did not have a constitution.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . central government officials were appointed by local governments.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . there were not three distinct branches of government.  seq NL1 4 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Governments are not federal unless local units of governments can:  seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . exist independently and make their own decisions on some matters.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . overrule the federal government.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . secede from any voluntary union.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . have equivalent powers with the federal government.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . be exempt from federal court intervention.  seq NL1 5 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . The government in the South during the Civil War was called a Confederacy. A true confederacy differs from the federalist system of the United States in that it: SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . grants more sovereignty to the individual states.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . permits state governments to do only what the central government allows.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . is legally and politically independent of any other government.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . gives local units of government a specially protected existence.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . does not contain a specific guarantee of liberty.  seq NL1 6 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . The standard used to determine when the national government may exercise powers not specifically mentioned in the Constitution is: SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . necessary and proper.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . preferred freedoms.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . clear and present.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . mutual noninterference.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . concurrent powers.  seq NL1 7 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . After the Civil War, the debate about the meaning of Federalism focused on the interpretation of the _______________. SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . necessary and proper clause.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . commerce clause.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . doctrine of incorporation.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . grant-in-aid system.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . confederal system.  seq NL1 8 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . In short, a federal system lowers the cost of organized political activity by virtue of the __________ of authority.  SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . centralization.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . decentralization.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . opposition.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . claiming.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . challenging.  seq NL1 9 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . In the United States, highways and some welfare programs are largely _____ functions.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . federal  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . regional  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . confederal  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . constitutional  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . state  seq NL1 10 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . One clear outcome of the Civil War was that the _____ government would be supreme.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . provincial  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . county  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . city  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . national  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . state  seq NL1 11 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . An important outcome of Chief Justice John Marshalls ruling in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) was to: SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . place limits on the constitutional powers granted to Congress by refusing McCullochs appeal.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . give greater power to the states in taxing agents of the federal government, including banks.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . protect newspaper editors who publish stories critical of the federal government.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . confirm the supremacy of the federal government in the exercise of the constitutional powers granted to Congress.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . enhance protections afforded under the First Amendment.  seq NL1 12 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Chief Justice John Marshall was a stanch supporter of the _____ when it came to his view of federal powers.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . anti-federalist position  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . necessary and proper position  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . Jeffersonian position  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . confederal position  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . Hamiltonian position  seq NL1 13 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . The doctrine of nullification refers to: SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . the power of Congress to veto state laws that violate the Constitution.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . the claimed authority of the states to declare a federal law void for violating the Constitution.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . the power of the president to veto state laws for violating the Constitution.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . the authority of the president to dissolve Congress and to call for new elections.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . the ability of Congress to overturn a presidential veto.  seq NL1 14 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . There were four reasons that federal money seemed so attractive to state officials. Which of the following is not one of those reasons. SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . during most of the nineteenth century and the early twentieth century the federal government was taking in more money than it was spending.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . the income tax. It served as a flexible tool of public finance.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . the federal government managed the money and thus became less worried about the public debt.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . states wanted to give up as much local control as possible.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . the politics of free money.  seq NL1 15 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . All but which of the following are reasons grant-in-aid systems grew rapidly throughout the twentieth century? SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . The federal government could shift taxation to states.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . The federal government had the money to spend.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . The federal government could print money when it needed it.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . It was politically wise for states to get money from the federal government rather than by raising their own taxes.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . cities were prohibited from raising their own revenue.  seq NL1 16 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . The use of federal money to finance state-run programs is called: SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . dual federalism.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . residual funding.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . mandating.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . the grant-in-aid system.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . regressive tax system.  seq NL1 17 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . According to your text, the grant-in-aid system grew rapidly because it helped state and local officials resolve a dilemma. This dilemma was how to: SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . get federal money into state hands without violating the Constitution.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . limit federal taxation power without reducing aid to states.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . increase federal taxation power without violating the Constitution.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . shift financial control of state programs to the federal government without violating states rights.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . fund two world wars.  seq NL1 18 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . A major shift in the focus of federal grant-in-aid programs took place in the 1960s. This shift was toward: SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . meeting the demands of individual states and cities.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . requiring states to fund national programs.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . meeting national needs such as reducing pollution.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . requiring states to share their revenues with other states.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . advancing states rights.  seq NL1 19 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Until the 1960s most federal grants-in-aid were designed to essentially serve __________ purposes.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . national.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . presidential.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . state.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . congressional.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . federally mandated.  seq NL1 20 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Members of the intergovernmental lobby are chiefly concerned with obtaining: SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . political appointments.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . constitutional amendments.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . federal funds.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . equal rights.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . equal access to political resources.  seq NL1 21 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . The requirement that a state or locality match federal money is most common with: SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . categorical grants.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . land grants.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . block grants.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . revenue sharing.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . tax-exempt organizations.  seq NL1 22 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . A block grant is essentially a: SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . grant that benefits a single local unit, or block.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . group of categorical or project grants.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . reverse grant-in-aid where money flows from states back to the federal government.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . project grant with tighter restrictions.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . grant that only cities can receive.  seq NL1 23 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Block grants were designed to remedy a common criticism of categorical grants, namely: SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . their lack of specificity.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . the lack of condition under which such grants were made.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . the difficulty of adapting categorical grants to local needs.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . their discriminatory naturedecisions are too often based on politics.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . their lack of federal oversight.  seq NL1 24 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . According to your text, both revenue sharing and block grants have enjoyed only marginal success, in part because: SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . the federal government steadily increased the number of strings attached to such grants.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . money from categorical grants shrunk so low as to make these other grants essential.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . these grants were based on local priorities rather than on the needs of the nation as a whole.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . these grants discouraged federal control over how the money was to be used.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . many states refuse the money.  seq NL1 25 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . A method by which block grants and other federal funds are allocated:  seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . federal controls.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . distributional formulas.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . procedural points of order.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . mandates  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . conditions of aid.  seq NL1 26 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . In order for states to qualify for certain federal highway funds, they must allow drivers to make a legal right-hand turn after stopping at a red light. This requirement by the federal government is known as a: SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . mandate.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . quid pro quo order.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . condition of aid.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . pro bono requirement.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . directive.  seq NL1 27 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . In general, the states exercise predominant authority over the following services:  seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . the police.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . public schools.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . the use of land.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . all of the above.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . none of the above.  seq NL1 28 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Inaugurated in the 1920s, __________ proved to be a marvelous flexible tool of public finance:  seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . federalism  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . interstate commerce  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . intrastate commerce  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . intergovernmental lobbies  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . the income tax  seq NL1 29 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Reagans 1981 proposal for more clearly sorting out national from state and local responsibilities was unsuccessful largely because it would have: SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . turned the responsibility for education over to the national government.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . made welfare a purely local matter.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . ended the kinds of ambiguity on which courts thrive.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . created huge federal budget deficits.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . undermined the opposition party.  seq NL1 30 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . There are two kinds of federal controls on state government activities:  seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . reforms and acts.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . block grants and categorical grants.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . mandates and conditions of aid.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . implied powers and reserved powers.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . federal guarantees and federal inquiries. Essay questions Practice writing extended answers to the following questions. These test your ability to integrate and express the ideas that you have been studying in this chapter. SEQ NL1 \r 0 \h  SEQ NL1 \r 0 \h  SEQ NL1 \r 0 \h   seq NL1 1 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . How do the objectives of the Founders in writing the Constitution (see Chapter 2) relate to the institution of federalism in theory, that is, in the thinking and political values of the Founders?  seq NL1 2 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Given the changes that have occurred in federalism in practice in the past two centuries, does federalism today still serve the purposes for which it was designed?  seq NL1 3 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Discuss the differences between the Hamiltonian and Jeffersonian views of federalism. Which do you agree with and why?  seq NL1 4 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Cite the two fundamental questions that the Supreme Court answered in handing down its decision in McCulloch v. Maryland, and explain the impact this decision had on the development of the federal system.  seq NL1 5 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Which level of government (national or state) do you believe should have the final say in areas such as highway speed limits and drinking ages? Why?  seq NL1 \r 0 \h Research and Resources  seq NL1 \r 0 \h Suggested Readings Beer, Samuel H. To Make a Nation: The Rediscovery of American Federalism. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988. A profound account of the philosophical origins of American federalism. Conlan, Timothy. From New Federalism to Devolution. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1998. A masterful overview of the politics of federalism from Richard Nixon to Bill Clinton. Diamond, Martin. As Far As Republican Principles Will Admit: Essays by Martin Diamond. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1992. In Chapters 69, Diamond offers a brilliant analysis of what the Founders meant by federalism. Greve, Michael. Real Federalism. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1999. A thoughtful defense of the opportunity federalism offers for increasing citizen choice and state competition. Grodzins, Morton. The American System. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1966. Argues that American federalism has always involved extensive sharing of functions between national and state governments. Peterson, Paul E. The Price of Federalism. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1995. A careful review of how modern federalism works. Peterson, Paul E., Barry B. Rabe, and Kenneth K. Wong. When Federalism Works. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1986. An analysis of how federal grant-in-aid programs actually work. Sutton, Robert. Federalism: Major Issues in American History. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002. A solid resource for covering issues and controversies dealing with federalism from the past and present.  seq NL1 \r 0 \h Resources on the World Wide Web State and local government:  HYPERLINK "http://www.statelocal.gov/" http://www.statelocal.gov/ Supreme Court decisions:  HYPERLINK "http://www.findlaw.com/casecode.supreme.html" http://www.findlaw.com/casecode.supreme.html Information on state governments:  HYPERLINK "http://www.csg.org/" http://www.csg.org/ National Governors Association:  HYPERLINK "http://www.nga.org/" http://www.nga.org/ answers Key Terms Match SEQ NL1 \r 0 \h   seq NL1 1 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . a  seq NL1 2 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . i  seq NL1 3 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . c  seq NL1 4 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . p  seq NL1 5 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . e  seq NL1 6 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . h  seq NL1 7 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . b  seq NL1 8 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . o  seq NL1 9 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . m  seq NL1 10 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . d  seq NL1 11 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . n  seq NL1 12 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . g  seq NL1 13 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . k  seq NL1 14 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . f  seq NL1 15 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . j  seq NL1 16 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . l Did You Think That? SEQ NL1 \r 0 \h   seq NL1 1 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . In most nations, regional or local governments are only administrative units of the national government.  seq NL1 2 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Vague language regarding federal powers in the Constitution was deliberate, owing to unresolved political struggles.  seq NL1 3 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . The issue was settled by the Civil War. States cannot declare act of Congress unconstitutional.  seq NL1 4 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . States still retain a great deal of authority in areas such as law enforcement, public schools, and the use of land which helps meet the definition of federalism.  seq NL1 5 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . From differing interpretations by Hamilton and Jefferson, through attempts at nullification leading to the Civil War, right down to contemporary struggles between state and national officials, federalism has always been a bone of contention and subject to change.  seq NL1 6 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Despite attempts to give the states more discretion in how they spend federal grants, block grants have continued to grow more slowly than categorical grants. True/False Questions SEQ NL1 \r 0 \h  SEQ NL1 \r 0 \h  SEQ NL1 \r 0 \h   seq NL1 1 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . T  seq NL1 2 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . T  seq NL1 3 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . T  seq NL1 4 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . F. It was added to protect the rights of the states and the people.  seq NL1 5 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . T  seq NL1 6 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . F. It came out of the debate regarding the commerce clause.  seq NL1 7 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . T  seq NL1 8 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . F. The difference centers on certain issues that may occur within a state or between states.  seq NL1 9 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . F. It is regulated at the federal level.  seq NL1 10 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . F. Access to money they did not have to raise themselves has been the greatest attraction to state officials of federal grants-in-aid.  seq NL1 11 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . T  seq NL1 12 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . T.  seq NL1 13 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . T  seq NL1 14 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . F. Mandates apply whether or not states and cities receive federal aid for certain actions.  seq NL1 15 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . T  seq NL1 16 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . T  seq NL1 17 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . F. A change in the census for a city or state could translate to millions of dollars gained or lost.  seq NL1 18 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . T  seq NL1 19 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . T  seq NL1 20 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . F. Local policies are more diverse. Multiple Choice Questions SEQ NL1 \r 0 \h  SEQ NL1 \r 0 \h   seq NL1 1 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . d  seq NL1 2 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . d  seq NL1 3 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . a  seq NL1 4 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . a  seq NL1 5 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . a  seq NL1 6 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . a  seq NL1 7 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . b  seq NL1 8 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . b  seq NL1 9 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . e  seq NL1 10 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . d  seq NL1 11 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . d  seq NL1 12 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . e  seq NL1 13 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . b  seq NL1 14 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . d  seq NL1 15 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . a  seq NL1 16 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . d  seq NL1 17 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . a  seq NL1 18 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . c  seq NL1 19 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . c  seq NL1 20 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . c  seq NL1 21 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . a  seq NL1 22 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . b  seq NL1 23 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . c  seq NL1 24 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . a  seq NL1 25 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . b  seq NL1 26 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . c  seq NL1 27 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . d  seq NL1 28 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . e  seq NL1 29 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . b  seq NL1 30 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . c  PAGE 72 Chapter  DOCPROPERTY "ChapterNumber" \* MERGEFORMAT 5:  DOCPROPERTY "ChapterTitle" Federalism Chapter 5: Federalism  PAGE 73 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.  6789;GHYZi j { | } ~     ) * j k t u v x   ! " # % 7 8 89BCDFXY!34h5:mHnHuhYSjh5:Uh5:[<Gh} j  8 ^35)lgd5:igd5:hgd5:3gd5:gd5:gd5:Sgd5:5gd5:2gd5:O   12JK\]^_vwxz34=>?AST56?@ACUV'()*3457IJh5:mHnHujh5:Uh5:]%&DEVWXYbcdfxy89KLNPabpqxy   !"pqh5:mHnHuh5:jh5:U\X8xpo&8xY#:mgd5:hgd5:lgd5:igd5:opyz{}&'0124FG89BCDFXY[dhpxy    YZcdegy h5:6]h5:mHnHuh5:jh5:UZyz#$-./1CD:;DEFHZ[&'STlmnp  \]oh5:mHnHuh5:jh5:U\S\J y S!! "^""7###O$$$J%%&j&&S'''lgd5:igd5:hgd5:mgd5:oprt    $ % 6 7 H I J K T U V X j k y z !!!S!T!k!l!m!o!!!!!!!!!!!!! " " ""%"&"'")":";"J"K"\"]"^"_"h"i"j"l"~"h5:h5:mHnHujh5:U\~""""""""""7#8#A#B#C#E#W#X###################$$;$<$M$N$O$P$Y$Z$[$]$o$p$$$$$$$$$$$%%%%%%6%7%H%I%J%K%T%U%V%X%j%k%%%%%%%%%&&&&&&-&h5:mHnHuh5:jh5:U\-&.&V&W&h&i&j&k&t&u&v&x&&&&&&&&&&&S'T'f'g'i'k'|'}'''''''''''''''''''((#($(-(.(/(1(C(D(N(O(f(g(h(j({(|((((((((((((((())))#)$).)/)@)A)B)C)L)h5:mHnHuh5:jh5:U\'#(N(((B)) *\**+O++,X,,7---.v.. /a// 0Q001hgd5:igd5:lgd5:L)M)N)P)b)c))))))))) * *****+*,*\*]*t*u*v*x***************++ + +++"+#+O+P+Y+Z+[+]+o+p+++++++++,,%,&,',),;,<,X,Y,p,q,r,t,,,,,,,,,,,,,,h5:h5:mHnHujh5:U\,,7-8-A-B-C-E-W-X--------------------..../.0.2.C.D.b.c.t.u.v.w............... / ///"/$/5/6/M/N/_/`/a/b/y/z/{/}///////h5:mHnHu h5:6hh5:mHnHsHuhh5:mHsHh5:jh5:UP///////// 000000-0.0Q0R0i0j0k0m0~0000000000000011 1 111"1#1X1Y1p1q1r1t111111111111111'2(212223252G2H222222222222222333 3 h5:0Jh5:mHnHujh5:Uh5:Z1X11'222223#44155Q6678r8999::m;n; ^$Ifgd5: ]$Ifgd5:Igd5:gd5:ogd5:igd5:lgd5: 33333333333#4$4-4.4/414C4D4F4K444444444441525;5<5=5?5Q5R5T5Y55555555555Q6R6[6\6]6_6q6r6t6y66666677777777777777788$8%8'8)8;8<8>8C8 h5:0Jh5:mHnHujh5:Uh5:ZC8r8s8|8}888888899999909193989999999999999: : : :: :":'::::::::::::::::: ; ;;;n;o;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<2<3<H<I<a<b<c<e< h5:0Jh5:mHnHujh5:Uh5:Zn;;<H<<<=Y===!>e>>>3?v????Kkd$$Ifl0t"L"644 la ^$Ifgd5: \$Ifgd5:e<x<y<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<= ===/=0=1=3=F=G=Y=Z=r=s=t=v=================>>!>">:>;><>>>Q>R>e>f>~>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> ? ? ??"?#?3?4?L?M?N?P? h5:6h5:mHnHujh5:Uh5:[P?c?d?v?w???????????@@@@@@@@[AAAAAJBKBLBUBVBWBYBkBlBBCCnCoCCCCCCCCCC;DDDDD*E+E,E5E6E7E9EKELEEEE=F>FFFFFFFFFFFMGNGGGGGGGGGG h5:0Jh5:mHnHujh5:Uh5:Z??@[AAAKBBCoCC;DDD+EEE>FFFFNGGGHH Iogd5:gd5:;gd5:Igd5:gd5:GHHHHHI IoIIIIIBJCJTJUJVJWJ`JaJbJdJvJwJJKKK$K%K&K(K:K;KKKKKKKKKKKL LLLpLLLLLLLLLLKMMMMMMMMMM[NNNNNNNNNNOZO[O\OeOfOgOiO{O|Oh5:mHnHu h5:6 h5:0Jjh5:Uh5:X IpIIVJJKKKpLLKMM[NNO[O"PjPPQnQQQ9RRR:Sogd5:Dgd5:gd5:Igd5:gd5:gd5:|O"PiPjPkPtPuPvPxPPPPPQQQQQQQ1Q2QnQQQQQQQQQQ9RRRRRRRRRRR9S:S;SDSESGSIS[S\SS TTTTTTT/T0TTTTTTTTTTTEUUUUUUUUUU,VsVtVuV~VVV h5:6h5:mHnHujh5:U h5:0Jh5:X:SSTTTEUU,VtV3W{WW?XXYYZZZZ_[\D\\\J]]dgd5:cgd5:Igd5:gd5:Dgd5:gd5:VVVV3WzW{W|WWWWWWWW>X?X@XIXJXLXNX`XaXXYYY(Y)Y+Y-Y?Y@YY ZZZZZZZ/Z0ZZZK[L[][^[_[`[i[j[k[m[[[[[\\\ \!\"\#\%\8\9\C\D\E\]\^\_\a\t\u\\\\\\\\\\ h5:6]h5:mHnHu h5:0Jh5:jh5:UW\\\\\\]]J]K]c]d]e]g]z]{]]]]]]]]]^^#^$^%^&^>^?^@^B^U^V^^^^^^^__V_W_o_p_q_s_____`` ` ```v`w``````````````aaaaaaaaaaabbObPbhbibjbh5:mHnHuh5:jh5:U\]%^^V__v``aObb%ccdidd2eeeKf&gghzhhSi jXjjjdgd5:cgd5:jblbbbbbbbbbbb%c&c>c?c@cBcUcVcccccccccdd dddd#d$didjdddddddddddddee2e3eKeLeMeOebeceeeeeeeeeeefff fffKfLfUfVfWfYfkflfgg$g%g&g'g?g@gAgh5:mHnHuh5:jh5:U\AgCgVgWggggggggghh h!h"h$h7h8hzh{hhhhhhhhhii i iiiSiTi]i^i_iaisitiii j j jj&j'j(j*j=j>jXjYjqjrjsjujjjjjjjjjjjjjkkkkkk6k7kOkPkQkSkfkgk~kkkkkh5:mHnHuh5:jh5:U\j6k~k+l{ll mUmmHnnnoLoopAp}ppp6qqq%r]rrrostcgd5:dgd5:kkkkllll)l*l+l,lDlElFlHl[l\l{l|lllllllllllllll mm&m'm(m*m=m>mUmVmnmompmrmmmmmmmmmmmn%n3n4nFnGnHnInanbncnenxnynnnnnnnnnnnnnnnoooo(oh5:mHnHu h5:0Jh5:jh5:UZ(o)o*o,o?o@oLoMoeofogoio|o}ooooooooooopppp p"p5p6pApBpZp[p\p^pqprp}p~pppppppppppppppppqqqq-q.q6q7q@qAqCqEqWqXqqqqqqqqqqqqqrrrrrr%r h5:0Jh5:h5:mHnHujh5:UZ%r&r>r?r@rBrUrVr]r^rvrwrxrzrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr6s@sCsLsZs[smsnsospssssssstttttt0t1tttttttttuu/u0u1u3uFuGuuuuuuuuu&v'v0v1v3v5vGvHvv h5:6h5:mHnHuh5:jh5:UXttuu&vvwSwww+xxyyzz{{|}}~S~T~~e6݀ogd5:cgd5:dgd5:vvvvvvvvvvwwwwww2w3wSwTwlwmwnwpwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwxxx+x,x5x6x8x:xLxMxwxxxxxxxxxxxxxyy y!y"y$y7y8yyyyyyyyyzz6z7z8z:zMzNzzzzzzh5:mHnHujh5:Uh5: h5:0JZzzzz{{{{{{0{1{{{{{{{{{{{||||||||||}}}}} }3}4}}}}}}}}}~~~~~~2~3~T~U~^~_~a~c~u~v~~~~~~~+,ef~6h5:mHnHuh5:jh5:U\67OPQSfg݀ހ GHQRTVhiځہ܁ށ "56JKcdegz{ԂՂ()+-?@փ׃ef~h5:mHnHuh5:jh5:U\݀GJԂeՄL-ц9mB<Scgd5:dgd5:ՄքLMefgi|}-.78:<NOφІц҆9:RSTVijȇɇ./mnĈňLjɈۈ܈-AB h5:0Jh5:mHnHuh5:jh5:UZBC[\]_rsىډۉ݉*+<=UVWYlm !"#%89STlmnpыҋ$%=>?ATU|h5:mHnHuh5:jh5:U\$|M΍_xZ@k9p ZĖcgd5:dgd5:|} !#67MNfghj}~΍ύ+,-/BC_`ijlnЎюҎԎ678:MNxyh5:mHnHuh5:jh5:U\./Z[stuwҐӐ+,>?@AYZ[]pq*+kl9:CDFHZ[ϓГpqh5:mHnHuh5:jh5:U\() "#$&9:Z[degi{|ĖŖݖޖߖ "#$&9:UVnoprԗ՗&'0135GH/012JKLNabmh5:mHnHuh5:jh5:U\Ė U&1mB6yH˜ P&'nş-ogd5:cgd5:dgd5:mn͙Ιϙљ)*,5BC[\]_rs'(67OPQSfgyz֛כ؛ڛ23HIRSUWi h5:6]h5:mHnHuh5:jh5:UZij˜̜ "#$&9:PQijkmǝȝ'(1246HIݞޞ "#noşƟޟߟ-.FGHJ]^h5:mHnHu h5:0Jh5:jh5:UZ-ڠF6٣"ʧިOV gd5:gd5:gd5:;gd5:Igd5:gd5:cgd5:dgd5:ڠ۠FG_`acvw67OPQSfgģƣףأ٣ڣvʤˤ̤Τ"" h5:6h5:h5:mHnHujh5:UZ"#,-.0BC 23ʧ˧ܧݧ*bat 7Ьf !23opϮЮ 89\]~دjh5:Ujh5:Uh5:0J@jYh5:U h5:6] h5:6h5:mHnHuh5:jh5:UG S:@e԰Chڱ&Lr&gd5:gd5:gd5:ogd5:gd5:gd5:دٯگ%&');<@AJKLN`aefopqsϰа԰հް߰()*,>?CDMhh5:mHnHsH uhh5:mH sH h5:mHnHuh5:h5:0J@jh5:Ujdh5:UKMNOQcdhirsuwñձֱڱ۱ !"&'0135GHLMVWY[mn&'0124FGh5:mHnHuh5:hh5:mH sH hh5:mHnHsH ujh5:UR&B3ChAƸF?f6] 3Zgd5:gd5:ȳɳʳ̳޳߳BCLMNPbc ()34=>?AST .0ABCDMNOQcdhirstv·Էշ%&hh5:mHnHsH uhh5:mH sH hh5:mHnHsH h5:mHnHuh5:jh5:UM&');<ABKLMOabƸǸиѸҸԸFGPQRTfg?@IJLN`afgpqsuºĺֺ׺67@ACEWX]^ghjl~h5:jh5:Uh5:mHnHu\ ./34=>@BTUZ[degi{|μм ()-.789;MNRS\]^`rswx½˽̽ͽϽh5:mHnHujh5:Uh5:]-Rw 0V|Ⱦ:`ҿDj(Ngd5: +,01:;=?QRVW`acewx|}þľȾɾҾӾվ׾!#56:;DEGI[\`hh5:mHnHsH uhh5:mH sH h5:mHnHuh5:jh5:UR`ajkmoͿοҿӿܿݿ߿()+-?@DENOQSefjktuwyh5:mHnHuh5:hh5:mHnHsH uhh5:mH sH jh5:UR #$()2357IJOPVWYZcd`bhYShYS0JnmHnHuh\h5:0JnmHnHu h5:0Jnjh5:0JnUh5:h5:mHnHujh5:U6NO#$_`ab>$a$>B. 00&P1hP:/ =!"#$%W$$If!vh5L5#vL#v:V l"65L5DyK yK 6http://www.statelocal.gov/DyK yK Zhttp://www.findlaw.com/casecode.supreme.htmlDyK yK (http://www.csg.org/DyK yK (http://www.nga.org/@@@ 5:Normal@CJ_HmH sH tH j@j5: Heading 1$<@&-5;CJKHOJQJ_HmHnHsH tH u6@65: Heading 2@&;B@B5: Heading 3@&;CJOJQJD@D5: Heading 4@&6;CJOJQJF@AF5: Heading 5@&56CJ\]aJD@D 5: Heading 6 <@& 5\aJB@B 5: Heading 7 <@&CJaJH@H 5: Heading 8 <@&6CJ]aJJ @J 5: Heading 9 <@&OJQJ^JaJDA@D Default Paragraph FontVi@V  Table Normal :V 44 la (k(No List FOF 5: Body textxCJ_HmH sH tH BB@B 5: Body Textx_HmH sH tH BOB 5: Main title$a$CJHJOJ 5: Affiliation 6CJOJQJDOD5:AllAnswerTypesHeadxHO!H5:AllAnswerTypesHeadSub1HO1H5:AllAnswerTypesHeadSub2DOD5:AllQuestionTypesHeadLO!L5:AllQuestionTypesHeadSub1LO1L5:AllQuestionTypesHeadSub2TOT 5:Ancillary author 5CJ$OJQJXOX 5:Ancillary title$a$5CJ0OJQJ,O, 5: Answer_Exp4O4 5:NL-1^`8O8 5:Answer-1  8ZOZ 5:AnswerByReference ^`4O4 5:Indent-1 ^HOH 5:AnswerDistractor 80O0 5: AnswerLetterTOT5: AppendixTitle"5CJ(OJQJmHnHuJOJ 5: AutoCorrect#CJ_HaJmH sH tH 4O4 5: Body 0vert$8O8 5: Body 1vert %@O@ 5:Body 1vert above&@O@ 5:Body 3vert below'<O< 5: Body centered($a$@O@ 5:Body text-right)$a$$O$ 5:Bold5>O> 5: BOY_MCStats + HOH 5: BOY_MCTopic,^`5\8O8 5: Bullet-(1) - & F4O4 5:Bullet-1 . & F4O4 5:Bullet-a / & FFOF 5:CaseHead 0@&5;CJ OJQJDOD 5: CaseTitle 1x@&56OJQJTOT5:ChapNum2&;CJ$OJQJ_HmHnHsH tH u:O:5:ChapOutlineHead3:O:5:ChapSummaryHead4XOX5: ChapTitle5&5CJ(OJQJ_HmHnHsH tH u>O> 5: Copyright 6POJQJNON 5:Copyright nonsale 7xOJQJHOH 5:Copyright sale 8xOJQJBOB 5:Edition 98;CJ OJQJ:O: 5: EssayAnswer : DOD 5:EssayQuestionNumList;2O2 5:Extract<xCJ6O6 5: FillinNumList=< @< 5:Footer > $ CJOJQJ4O4 5:Footnote?OJQJHOH 5: Table title@$a$5CJOJQJ6O6 5: Graphic TitleAF@"F 5:HeaderB 0!$5CJOJQJ0_@10 5: HTML Acronym8O8 5: Indent-(1) D^8O8 5: Indent-(i) E^4O4 5:Indent-5 F ^ 8O8 5:Indent-6Gz ^z 4O4 5:Indent-a H^4O4 5: InstructionsI4O4 5:ISBN JOJQJ(O( 5:Italic6.O. 5:KeyTermL5,O, 5: KeyTermDef4O45: KeyTermsHeadN:O: 5:KeyTermsNumListO:O!:5:KeyTermsSubheadP<O< 5: KeyTermsText Q^*O* 5:LabelR5DOD5:LearningObjctiveHeadSLOL 5:LearningObjectiveNumListTFOF 5:LearningObjectiveTextUDOD 5: Madeintheusa VOJQJDOD 5: Main authorsW CJ OJQJ:O: 5: Main subtitleXCJ08O8 5:MastheadYOJQJ@O@ 5: MastheadName6CJOJQJ4O4 5:NL-a[^`2O2 5: MatchAnswer\VOV 5:MatchQuestionNL] `^``>O> 5:Table cell body^DOD 5:Metadata_ -^`-~O~ 5:MultipartQ_FirstAnswer_ByRef'`$$ -x^`-@ZOZ 5:MultipartQ_NextAnswer_ByRefax@POP 5:MultipleChoiceAnswersRuninb`O` 5:MultipleChoiceNumListc$$<^`lOl 5:MultipleChoicePossibleAnswerd$^`8O8 5:NL-(1)e^`DOD 5: NL-1 tablef%x^`% Oq 5:None2O2 5: Outline-Ih6O6 5: Outline-A i^:O: 5: Outline-(1) j ^ :O: 5: Outline-(i) kz ^z 6O6 5: Outline-1 l^6O6 5: Outline-a m^2)@2 5: Page NumberCJPOP 5: PageBreakParao$d CJ OJQJTOT 5: PartTitlep$#$*$./5CJ4OJQJHOH 5: Printer code q CJOJQJLO!L 5: Processed"ehfH`q r2O25: SampleHeadAs2O!25: SampleHeadBt2O125: SampleHeadCu4O45: SectionHeadAv4O!45: SectionHeadBw4O145: SectionHeadCxO 5: SidebarBull_y & F j$d%d&d'dNOPQ^~O~ 5: SidebarHeadIz$d%d&d'd@&NOPQ5JOJ 5:SidebarCaseHead{5CJOJQJvOv 5: SidebarTextF|$d%d&d'dNOPQJOJ 5:SidebarIndent-1}^`|O| 5:SidebarNumListF~$d%d&d'dNOPQ0O0 5: Small caps:JOJ 5:StageDirections $xa$568O85:SupplementHeadLOL 5:Table cell body 10 CJOJQJRO2R 5:Table cell body centered$a$XO!X 5:Table cell body centered 10$a$BOB 5: Table heading 5OJQJ@OQ@ 5:Table heading 10CJNOQN 5:Table heading centered$a$XOQX 5:Table heading centered 10$a$CJ O 5:Term4O4 5:TOC Base # 6O6 5: TransText5CJ8BOB 5: TransBullet & F pJOJ 5: TransHead$X@&a$ 5;CJ8<O< 5:TransTextSmallCJZOZ 5:TrueFalseNumList $ ``^``<O< 5:Volume x CJ(OJQJO  5:WOL>O!>5:Heading 2 Core56,O, 5:Source6HOH5: Box Start$dN;TOA T5:Box End,($d&dNPXOX 5:Chapter Opening Start-DM JOa J 5:Chapter Opening End (FOa F 5:Chapter Closing StartJO J 5:Chapter Closing End (HOH 5: TextBoxType-DM CJ>O> 5:KeyTermDefinition6O 6 5: KeyTermInLine5>O> 5:Graphic Caption5*O*5:TitleHM0O! 05: SubtitleHM<O< 5:Graphic Source5<O< 5:Graphic Number5^O^ 5:Sample Citation@xx^@` @OJQJBOB 5: Bullet-(3) ^BOB 5: Bullet-(5) z z ^z BOB 5: Bullet-(6) c d ^d BOB 5: Bullet-(4)   ^ FOq F 5:Emph Smallcaps7:>*H*S*Y(rOr5:Workbook-FillinNumListdx^`@mHnHuLOL 5:WorkbookHeader x#CJaJTOT 5:Workbook-Indent-1dx^@TOT 5:Workbook-Indent-adx^@FOF 5: HintsBelowd(<6CJ(O( 5:NL_Num(O( 5:NL_1.1*O* 5:NL_Even(O( 5:NL_OddNON 5: MC-Answer-1 8@@8^8`XOX 5:MultipartQ_Lead$$x^`@ZOZ 5:MultipartQ_Questionx^`@jOj 5:MultipartQ_FirstAnswer#$$ -^`-^O^ 5:MultipartQ_NextAnswerx^`@DT@b D 5: Block Textx]^6U@q 6 5: Hyperlink >*B*phNO N 5:LearningObjectiveBull & FF<Gh} j8 ^3 5 ) X 8 xpo&8xY#:S\JyS ^7OJjS# N B!! "\""#O##$X$$7%%%&v&& 'a'' (Q(()X))'*****+#,,1--Q../0r011122m3n334H4445Y555!6e66637v777778[999K::;o;;;<<<+===>>>>>N???@@ ApAAVBBCCCpDDKEE[FFG[G"HjHHInIII9JJJ:KKLLLEMM,NtN3O{OO?PPQQRRRR_STDTTTJUU%VVVWWvXXYOZZ%[[\i\\2]]]K^&__`z``Sa bXbbb6c~c+d{dd eUeeHfffgLgghAh}hhh6iii%j]jjjokllmm&nnoSooo+ppqqrrsstuuvSvTvveww6xxGyyzJzzz{{e||L}}-~~9mB<S$|M΅_xZ@k9p ZĎ U&1mB6yH˔ P&'nŗ-ژF6ٛ"ʟޠOV S:@eԨChک&Lr&B3ChAưF?f6] 3Z-Rw 0V|ȶ:`ҷDjܸ(NO¹#$_`ab2050S0000000000030h0i0l0l0l0l0l0i0l0 l0i0l08l0h0i0l0l0l0l0i0l0l0l0l0h0i0l0m0m0l0i0l0l0i0l0l0m0m0m0m0h0i0l0l0l0i0i0h0i0 l0l0l0l0i0l0l0i0l0l0xi0l0l0h0i0l0l0i0 h0i0 l0 l0l0 i0 l0l0 l0 l0l0 i0 l0l0 l0 l0i0 l0 l0h0 i0 l0 l0 i0(l0l0(i0(l0(l0(o00(I0(]08]08]08]08]08]08]08]08]08]08]08]08]08]08]08]08^08 \08\08\08\08\08\08\08\08\08\08\08\08\08\08\08\08^08 0< 0I0x;0x0x0x0x;0x0x0x0x;0x00x0x;0x0x0x0o0";0x0x0x0x;0x0x0x00xI0x0xD0x0D0x0xD0x0xD0x0D0x0xD00xD0x0D00D0o00xD0x0xD0x0xD0x0D00xD0x0D00xD0x0xD0x0xD0x0xD0x0xD0x0I0c0xd0xd0d0xd0xd0xc0xd0 d0Pd0xd0xd0xc0xd0xd0xd0xd0d0xc0xd0d0xd0xd0xd0xc0d0xd0d0d0xd0xc0d0xd0xd0d0xd0xc0xd0 d0xd0d0 d0xc0d0 d0d0d0xd0c0 d0`d0xd0xd0xd0xc0xd0xd0xd0xd0d0xc0xd0d0xd0xd0d0xc0xd0d0xd0xd0d0c0xd0xd0xd0xd0xd0xc0xd0d0xd0xd0xd0xo0"c0xd0xd0xd0xd0xd0xc0xd0d0xd0xd0xd0xc0d0xd0xd0d0xd0xc0d0d0d0xd0xd0xc0xd0xd0xd0xd0xd0c0 d0d0xd0xd0xd0xc0xd0 d0 d0d0xd0xc0xd0 d0d0xd0xd0xc0xd0xd0xd0xd0d0xc0xd0d0d0xd0xd0xc0xd0d0xd0xd0xd0xc0xd0 d0d0xd0xd0xc0xd0xd0xd0xd0xd0xc0xd0xd0xd0xd0xd0xo0"c0xd0xd0xd0xd0xd0xc0xd0d0xd0xd0xd0x0I0x;0x;0;0x;0x;00x0x0x0x000x00x0x0x0x0x00xo0"0x0x0x0x0x0x0x0x0x00x0x00x0x00x0x0000x0x0x0x0x0x0x0x0x00x0x0x0x0x0x00x0x00x0x00x0x00x00x0x00x0x0x0x0x0x0x0x0x0x0x0x00x0x0x0x0x0x00x0x00x0x0x@B0@0@B0@0@>0@0@>0@0@B0@0X@>0@00> sORyo~"-&L),/ 3C8e<P?G|OV\jbAgk(o%rvz6B|mi"دM&`befhiklmopqstvwy{}~'1n;? I:S]jt݀Ė- &Ncgjnruxz|d68GYi{} )jtvw!#$78BDEX 3 1J\^vxy3 = ? @ S  5 ? A B U  ' ) 3 5 6 I    % D V X b d e x 8 K N O a p x  !poy{|&023F8BDEXx  Ycefy#-/0C:DFGZ&Slno  \ors$6HJTVWjySkmn  %'(:J\^hjk~7ACDW;MOY[\o6HJTVWj-VhjtvwSfij| # - / 0 C N f h i { !!!#!.!@!B!L!N!O!b!!!!!! """"+"\"t"v"w"""""""""# ###"#O#Y#[#\#o######$%$'$($;$X$p$r$s$$$$$$$$$7%A%C%D%W%%%%%%%%%%%&.&0&1&C&b&t&v&&&&&&&&&& ''"'#'5'M'_'a'y'{'|''''''''' ((((-(Q(i(k(l(~(((((((() )))")X)p)r)s)))))))))'*1*3*4*G*********++++++#,-,/,0,C,,,,,,1-;-=->-Q------Q.[.].^.q.....//////0$0'0(0;0r0|00001111011111112 2 22222222222 3n3333333333444424H4a4c4d4x444444444455/51525F5Y5r5t5u555555555556!6:6<6=6Q6e6~6666666666 7 77"737L7N7O7c7v777777788888K:U:W:X:k:;;;;;+=5=7=8=K=>>>>>????@BBTBVB`BbBcBvBC$C&C'C:CCCCCCDDDDDEEEEEFFFFF[GeGgGhG{GjHtHvHwHHIIII1IIIIIIJJJJJ:KDKGKHK[KLLLL/LLLLLLMMMMMtN~NNNN{OOOOO?PIPLPMP`PQ(Q+Q,Q?QRRRR/RKS]S_SiSkSlSSSTT!T#T$T8TDT]T_T`TtTTTTTTTTTTUJUcUeUfUzUUUUUUV#V%V>V@VAVUVVVVVWVWoWqWrWWWX X XXvXXXXXXXXXXYYYYYYZOZhZjZkZZZZZZZ%[>[@[A[U[[[[[[\ \\\#\i\\\\\\\\\]2]K]M]N]b]]]]]]]^^ ^^K^U^W^X^k^_$_&_?_A_B_V______` `"`#`7`z``````a a aaSa]a_a`asaa b b&b(b)b=bXbqbsbtbbbbbbbbcccc6cOcQcRcfc~cccccd)d+dDdFdGd[d{dddddddddd e&e(e)e=eUenepeqeeeeeee3fFfHfafcfdfxffffffffffgg(g*g+g?gLgeggghg|gggggghh h!h5hAhZh\h]hqh}hhhhhhhhhhhiii-i6i@iCiDiWiiiiiiijjjj%j>j@jAjUj]jvjxjyjjjjjjjjjjjjZkmkokkkkkllll0llllllm/m1m2mFmmmmmm&n0n3n4nGnnnnnnoooo2oSolonooooooooooooop+p5p8p9pLpwpppppppq q"q#q7qqqqqqr6r8r9rMrrrrrrssss0sssssssttttttuuuu3uuuuuuvvvv2vTv^vavbvuvvvvwww+wew~wwwwwwwww6xOxQxRxfxxxxx yGyQyTyUyhyyyyyyyyzz z!z5zJzczezfzzzzzzzzzzzz{{({+{,{?{{{{||||e|~||||||||}L}e}g}h}|}}}~~~-~7~:~;~N~~~~~~~9RTUi.mĀǀȀۀB[]^rفہ܁*<UWXl!#$8Slnoу$=?@T|!"6Mfhi}΅+-.B_ilmІ҆ӆ689Mx.Zsuv҈+>@Y[\p*k9CFGZϋp( "$%9Zdgh{Ďݎߎ "$%9Unpqԏ&034G/1JLMam͑ϑБ)B[]^r'6OQRfy֓ؓٓ2HRUVi˔ "$%9PiklǕ'145Hݖ "nŗޗ-FHI]ژF_abv6OQRfěśכٛʜ̜͜",./B2ʟܟ 2oϦ 8\٧%'(;@JLM`eoqrϨԨި(*+>CMOPchruv©թک !&034GLVYZm&023Fȫʫ˫ޫBLNOb(3=?@S ./ACMOPchrtuԯ%'(;AKMNaưаҰӰFPRSf?ILM`fpst²òֲ6@CDW]gjk~ .3=@ATZdgh{δϴ(-79:MR\^_rw˵͵ε +0:=>QV`cdw|öȶҶնֶ!"5:DGH[`jmnͷҷܷ߷(+,?DNQRejtwxøĸ׸ܸ #(256IU4                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       XXXX                                                                                                                                                        BDGepR!tUU!t/ DOCM_LOG_1 DOCM_LOG_2 DOCM_LOG_3 DOCM_LOG_4 DOCM_LOG_5 DOCM_LOG_6 DOCM_LOG_7 DOCM_LOG_8 DOCM_LOG_9 DOCM_LOG_10 DOCM_LOG_11 DOCM_LOG_12 DOCM_LOG_13 DOCM_LOG_14 DOCM_LOG_15 DOCM_LOG_16 DOCM_LOG_17 DOCM_LOG_18 DOCM_LOG_19 DOCM_LOG_20 DOCM_LOG_21 DOCM_LOG_22 DOCM_LOG_23 DOCM_LOG_24 DOCM_LOG_25 DOCM_LOG_26 DOCM_LOG_27 DOCM_LOG_28 DOCM_LOG_29 DOCM_LOG_30 DOCM_LOG_31 DOCM_LOG_32 DOCM_LOG_33 DOCM_LOG_34 DOCM_LOG_35 DOCM_LOG_36 DOCM_LOG_37 DOCM_LOG_38 DOCM_LOG_39 DOCM_LOG_40 DOCM_LOG_41 DOCM_LOG_42 DOCM_LOG_43 DOCM_LOG_44 DOCM_LOG_45 DOCM_LOG_46 DOCM_LOG_47} j8[999:;o;;<<<==>>>N??@@ ABCpDKE[FG"HHnI9JJKLEM,N3OOPQR  !"#$%&'()*+,-. j899K:;o;;<<+==>>>N???@ ApACCDEF[GjHIIJ:KLLMtN{O?PQRRCT1 OAU1 TݠV1 OAW1 ܠX1 OAY1 TܠZ1 4[1 t\1 ܠ]1 ݠ^1 \OA_1 `1 ta1 Ab1 \PAc1 .Ad1 Ae1 tYf1 g1  Ah1 LAi1 Aj1 ̠Ak1 Al1 Am1 $An1 dAo1 Lp1 ,Lq1 lLr1 Ls1 t1 u1 $v1 dw1 Bx1 ,By1 lBz1 B{1 N|1 N}1 $O~1 dO1 @1 D@1 @1 @1 1 41 t1 1  m1 Lm1 m1 m1 1 1 <1 |1 1 l1 1 1 ,1 l1 ,@1 l@IhhW/W/u2u266K9K9O=O=>>BDDHRHRUUYYfYY^^ggCkCkddovv~vv99E      !"#$%&'()*+-,.0/132465798:;<>=?A@BRppd/d/2266X9X9V=V=>>BDDORORVV Y YrYY__ggKkKkmtt}""}}CII  !"#$%&'()*+-,.0/132465798:;<>=?A@B9C*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsplaceBB*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagscountry-region8>*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsCity9;*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsState=*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags PlaceName=*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags PlaceType CBCBC>CC;C;CBC;C;CBCBCBCC;CBCBCBCCCBCBC;C;C>C>;CC>;C>;C>;C>C>;C>;:; ( Z%%eehhooޠOWcdO<L c p$'g~ B%%%%'7'}BBDDEEFFGGIIbKeKNNOO;TBTwTzTTTUU}UUXVZVWWWW!X*XXXZ ZZZZZX[_[[[\\]]e]k]]] ^"^Y_____:`<```!a%aAbJbbbbbc#cjctc^dgddddd@eLeee{ffffg gBgJggg8h?hth|hhhhh0i5iiij$jXj\jjjjjkk3l7lllImPmmmnn5o>ooopp:q=qqqPrSrrrsst ttt6u9uuu5v8vyyyy8z@z}zzzz{{|!|||}}}}~~ lu1:u}-:ox;DԃۃW\9DŅEOPU18sxĉ-0+0<@<J׏ߏdk,/u~*-io59<Fʕە%+`gØyÙipǚݠAau 8ϤФ>?cdҨӨABfgة٩$%JKpq+,PQuv ./TUz{ƶǶ89^_зѷBChiڸ۸&'LMNOZcڹ3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333< X x@:yNOĹڹ9;OcIkJyF@,tTtX_vZ4f!~O()X/A, u2FXl4>/fJU78i/9voR _VZ-f\Y.JjH n,opJhZXnxޫ37{4 )|2:|XBL~8JSjj^j`B*OJQJo(ph   ^ `OJQJo(o ^`OJ QJ o( !!^!`OJQJo( $$^$`OJQJo(o `'`'^`'`OJ QJ o( 0*0*^0*`OJQJo( --^-`OJQJo(o //^/`OJ QJ o(^`B*OJQJo(ph ^`OJQJo(o pp^p`OJ QJ o( @ @ ^@ `OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o ^`OJ QJ o( ^`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o PP^P`OJ QJ o( hh^h`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o pp^p`OJ QJ o( @ @ ^@ `OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o ^`OJ QJ o( ^`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o PP^P`OJ QJ o(^`o(.^`.pLp^p`L.@ @ ^@ `.^`.L^`L.^`.^`.PLP^P`L. ^`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o pp^p`OJ QJ o( @ @ ^@ `OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o ^`OJ QJ o( ^`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o PP^P`OJ QJ o(h ^`OJQJo(h ^`OJQJo(oh pp^p`OJ QJ o(h @ @ ^@ `OJQJo(h ^`OJQJo(oh ^`OJ QJ o(h ^`OJQJo(h ^`OJQJo(oh PP^P`OJ QJ o(^`B*OJQJo(ph ^`OJQJo(o Z Z ^Z `OJ QJ o( * * ^* `OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o ^`OJ QJ o( ^`OJQJo( jj^j`OJQJo(o ::^:`OJ QJ o(^`B*OJQJo(ph ^`OJQJo(o pp^p`OJ QJ o( @ @ ^@ `OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o ^`OJ QJ o( ^`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o PP^P`OJ QJ o(jj^j`B*OJQJo(ph   ^ `OJQJo(o ^`OJ QJ o( !!^!`OJQJo( $$^$`OJQJo(o `'`'^`'`OJ QJ o( 0*0*^0*`OJQJo( --^-`OJQJo(o //^/`OJ QJ o(h ^`OJQJo(h ^`OJQJo(oh   ^ `OJ QJ o(h   ^ `OJQJo(h xx^x`OJQJo(oh HH^H`OJ QJ o(h ^`OJQJo(h ^`OJQJo(oh ^`OJ QJ o(h v v ^v `OJQJo(h F F ^F `OJQJo(oh ^`OJ QJ o(h ^`OJQJo(h ^`OJQJo(oh ^`OJ QJ o(h VV^V`OJQJo(h &&^&`OJQJo(oh   ^ `OJ QJ o( ^`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o pp^p`OJ QJ o( @ @ ^@ `OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o ^`OJ QJ o( ^`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o PP^P`OJ QJ o(h ^`OJQJo(h ^`OJQJo(oh pp^p`OJ QJ o(h @ @ ^@ `OJQJo(h ^`OJQJo(oh ^`OJ QJ o(h ^`OJQJo(h ^`OJQJo(oh PP^P`OJ QJ o(^`B*OJQJo(ph s s ^s `OJQJo(o C C ^C `OJ QJ o( ^`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o ^`OJ QJ o( ^`OJQJo( SS^S`OJQJo(o ##^#`OJ QJ o(^`B*OJQJo(ph ^`OJQJo(o pp^p`OJ QJ o( @ @ ^@ `OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o ^`OJ QJ o( ^`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o PP^P`OJ QJ o(^`B*OJQJo(ph s s ^s `OJQJo(o C C ^C `OJ QJ o( ^`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o ^`OJ QJ o( ^`OJQJo( SS^S`OJQJo(o ##^#`OJ QJ o(T^`.^`.^`..^`... ^` .... ^` ..... ^` ...... ^`....... ^`........^`B*OJQJo(ph ^`OJQJo(o pp^p`OJ QJ o( @ @ ^@ `OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o ^`OJ QJ o( ^`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o PP^P`OJ QJ o(h pp^p`OJQJo(h @ @ ^@ `OJQJo(oh ^`OJ QJ o(h ^`OJQJo(h ^`OJQJo(oh ^`OJ QJ o(h PP^P`OJQJo(h   ^ `OJQJo(oh ^`OJ QJ o(h 88^8`OJQJo(h ^`OJQJo(oh   ^ `OJ QJ o(h   ^ `OJQJo(h xx^x`OJQJo(oh HH^H`OJ QJ o(h ^`OJQJo(h ^`OJQJo(oh ^`OJ QJ o(^`B*OJQJo(ph ^`OJQJo(o pp^p`OJ QJ o( @ @ ^@ `OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o ^`OJ QJ o( ^`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o PP^P`OJ QJ o(jj^j`B*OJQJo(ph   ^ `OJQJo(o ^`OJ QJ o( !!^!`OJQJo( $$^$`OJQJo(o `'`'^`'`OJ QJ o( 0*0*^0*`OJQJo( --^-`OJQJo(o //^/`OJ QJ o(h 88^8`OJQJo(h ^`OJQJo(oh   ^ `OJ QJ o(h   ^ `OJQJo(h xx^x`OJQJo(oh HH^H`OJ QJ o(h ^`OJQJo(h ^`OJQJo(oh ^`OJ QJ o(h 88^8`OJQJo(h ^`OJQJo(oh   ^ `OJ QJ o(h   ^ `OJQJo(h xx^x`OJQJo(oh HH^H`OJ QJ o(h ^`OJQJo(h ^`OJQJo(oh ^`OJ QJ o(Vf\()/9I@TtJU7_v nJZXnxop37{|f\  0()  0VX 0@ 0I 0/9< 0oRf!l4L~ )|JjA,Fu2 50 50 5010Օוؕ 50 p[        (.                 r        Ơ        *ܷ        ָ[                _x        (        4        /k        x(2        n        @3                p9        7h        :x        5:ugYS\<Gh} j8 ^3 5 ) X 8 xpo&8xY#:S\JyS ^7OJjS# N B!! "\""#O##$X$$7%%%&v&& 'a'' (Q(()X))'****n377O¹ʹٹb C@;;L} zz;;`@Unknown Gz Times New Roman5Symbol3& z ArialA& Arial NarrowI"Helvetica-Narrow3z Times;& z Helvetica7Century?5 z Courier New;Wingdings"qh{fOf+$)+$)!4 2qH ?5: CHAPTER 5christzchristzl                   Oh+'0p  , 8 DPX`h CHAPTER 5 HAPchristzhrihri Normal.dotchristz4riMicrosoft Word 10.0@^в@RHQy@Bly+$՜.+,D՜.+,H hp  Hougton Mifflin Company)  CHAPTER 5 Title 8@ _PID_HLINKSAk,Vhttp://www.nga.org/'Shttp://www.csg.org/ZSP-http://www.findlaw.com/casecode.supreme.html"<Mhttp://www.statelocal.gov/  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./012345689:;<=>@ABCDEFKRoot Entry FP lyMData 1TableQWordDocument0FSummaryInformation(7DocumentSummaryInformation8?CompObjj  FMicrosoft Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q