ࡱ> 5@ 0qKbjbj22 +tXXaC JJJJR)))8R),~)tR}t))))):+:+:+$RC"^82+6+^8^8"JJ))47R<R<R<^8J)J8)R<^8R<R<d<fԆpJx)) >D)0:RDDЍ,M0}=:=xd@JJJJ=xX:+.h/R<d2d4:+:+:+""RR#<<RR# The Restoration and the Eighteenth Century (16601800) by CF Main notes for p468484 Introduction There are seven groups in English society The Great, who live profusely. The Rich, who live very plentifully. The Middle Sort, who live well. The Working Trades, who labor hard, but feel no want. The Country People, Farmers, etc., who fare indifferently. The Poor, that fare hard. The Miserable, that really pinch and suffer want. ~Daniel Defoe What conclusions can you draw about English society based on Defoes quotation? Timeline Historical Events 16601689 (the struggle between Catholics and Protestants) Charles II proclaimed king of England, 1660 (crowned 1661) Plague claims more than 68,000 Londoners, 1665 Great Fire destroys much of London, 1666 English Test Act bans Roman Catholics from public office, 1673 King James II tries to re-establish Catholic Church, 16851688 Newton publishes Mathematical Principals of Natural Philosophy, 1687 Glorious Revolution: James II succeeded by Protestants William and Mary, 1688 16901739 (focusing on what it means to be English) John Locke publishes philosophical essay Concerning Human Understanding, 1690 Parliament enacts Penal Laws, depriving Irish Catholics of civil rights, 1695 England, Wales, and Scotland politically unified as Great Britain, 1707 German (and non-English speaking) George I becomes king, 1714 Lady Mary Wortley Montagu introduces Turkish practice of inoculation against smallpox, 1718 17401779 (the age of Revolution) George III crowned in 1760, becomes the king who lost the American Colonies Stamp Act for taxing Colonies, 1765 Boston Tea Party, 1773 American Revolution begins, 1775 James Watt develops steam engine, 1780s Frech Revolution begins with storming of Bastille, 1789 British crush Irish nationalist rebellion led by Theobald Wolfe Tone, 1789 Napoleon heads revolutionary government in France, 1799 Literary events London theaters reopened; actresses appear on stage for the first time in England, 1660s Samuel Pepys begins his diary, 1660 John Drydens All for Love or the World Well Lost, 1678 John Bunyans Pilgrims Progress, Part 1: 1678, Part 2: 1684 Aphra Behn publishes Oroonoko, an early anti-slavery novel, 1688 First issue of Addison and Steeles The Tatler, 1709 The Speculator, 1711 Alexander Pops The Rape of the Lock, 1712 Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe, 1719 Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels, 1726 Jonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal, 1729 Thomas Grays Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, 1751 Samuel Johnsons Dictionary of the English Language, 1755 Phillis Wheatley publishes Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral in London, 1773 Olaudah Equiano, once held in slavery in Colonial America, publishes his autobiography in Britain, 1789 James Boswells The Life of Samuel Johnson, 1791 Wordsworth and Coleridge publish Lyrical Ballads, 1789 Rising Into the Modern Eras England moving on up and off the island. From 1660 to 1800, England pours into Europe and North America, building the British Empire sought freedom from religious and political persecution money to be made overseas racial slave trade of Africans (1690 to 1807) Revolution in American Colonies (1775) Road to Empire Building England exhausted by nearly 20yrs of civil war (1660) Plague and London Fire (by 1700) Calm and order in the upper classes (mid-1700s) British military established new global settlements despite loss of American Colonies Growth of the middle class despite hardships The Many Labels Augustan Age Neoclassical period Enlightenment Age of Reason Each label describes some characteristic of period but not all of it Augustan and Neoclassical: Comparisons with Rome Roman emperor Octavian aka Augustus Augustus restored peace after Caesars assassination Stuarts in England restored peace after the civil was that led to the execution of King Charles I in 1649 Both Rome and England were like middle-aged people: weary of war, suspicious of revolutionaries and radicals, and ready to settle down, make money, and enjoy life Augustus was hailed second founder or Rome; the son of shamed Charles I was returned to England, crowned Charles II, and hailed as Englands savior As a warning to revolutionaries, they dug up the corpse of Oliver Cromwell and decapitated him English writers modeled their works to the old Latin classics, which they studied in school ( neoclassical or new classical Classics were valuable because they represented permanency and universality of human experience All educated knew Latin classics better than their own British literature Italian Influence on England Reason and Enlightenment: Asking How? Times of changing views of humanity and the world During Renaissance, writers like Shakespeare wrote how nature warned of social and political disasters; earthquakes, comets, babies born with birth defects possessed meaning, sent as punishment for past misdoings or warnings for future troubles They didnt ask How? these events occurred but Why? and for what meaning Enlightenment ( Why turned to How ( birth of science ( less frightening and superstitious Middle Ages and Renaissance peoples believed demons were the cause of human illness; Enlightened peoples learned the workings of the human body and were able to give the proper names of the so-called demons Edmond Halley calculated when celestial phenomena would occur, computing the orbit of the comet that bears his name, predicting it would appear in 1758, 1834, 1910, and 1986and it did The Birth of Modern English Prose: Stripping Down King Charles II chartered philosophers, the Royal Society of London for the Promotion of Natural Knowledge, to answer questions about the universe Called for writing that was precise, exact, and not decorated with elaborate metaphors or odd allusions of the long-winded sentences of predecessors ( modern English prose Founder and first true master of modern English prose John Dryden ( age of Dryden Essay of Dramatic Poesy (1668) Dryden sought to vindicate the honor ofEnglish writers All for Love (1677) Drydens neoclassical tragedy of Shakespeares Anthony and Cleopatra Perfected poetic technique, regularized meter, gave diction precision Master of explaining ideas through reason in verse; set the standards that most poets of the next century aspired to Changes in Religion: More Questions Enlightenment affected peoples religious views If comets werent sent by God to warn us, then possibly God didnt interfere at all in human affairs Rise of deism ( maybe the universe was like a clockwork, wound up by a Creator who withdrew from this perfect mechanism and let it run on its own Deism could make people feel self-satisfied and complacent Alexander Popes Essay of Man: Whatever is, is right. In this best of all possible worlds,all is for the best ( ridiculed by French writer Voltaire in Candide Most great philosophers and scientists of this time, like Sir Isaac Newton and John Locke remained religious; a tiny minority were pure rationalists and materialists Christianity, in its many forms, remained dominant worldview Religion and Politics: Repression of Minority Sects Religion determined politics Charles II reestablished Anglican Church as official church of England (In USA, its equivalent denomination is the Episcopal Church) With approval of Parliament, Charles II attempted to outlaw Puritan and Independent Protestant sects ( persecution continued through 18th century Bloodless Revolution: Protestants from Now On Charles II had many illegitimate children, but no legal heir ( succeeded by brother James II, a practicing Roman Catholic ( most English opposed James because it was widely believed Roman Catholics set fire to London, caused other disasters, and actively plotting to hand over country to the pope (a belief that traveled to Colonies and led to the persecution of American Catholics in early America) James and queen produced a Catholic heir ( pressure mounted, ending with them fleeing to France in 1688 ( Glorious (bloodless) Revolution ( Jamess Protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband William rose to throne ( Anglicans (at least in name) ever since Addicted to the Theater Under Puritan rule, theaters were closed for over 20yrs starting in 1642 In French court, Charles became addicted to theatergoing ( one of the first actions as King Charles II: repealing the ban on play performances Charles and James patronized actor companies Boys and men no longer acted female roles ( real actresses like Nell Gwyn; new plays emphasized sexual relations of men and women in very unsentimental and unromantic ways Great, witty comedies, like William Wycherlys The Country Wife and William Congreves The Way of the World reflected life of rich and leisuredFrenchified, pleasure-loving upper-classand their servants and hangers-on Many dramatists, prose and verse writers, who were Dissenters, did not cater to sophisticated people but wrote solely for ordinary readers The Age of Satire: Attacks on Immorality and Bad Taste Alexander Pope and Jonathan Swift are regarded as the most accomplished literary artists of the early 18th century ( age of Pope, but both men had a profound influence on succeeding writers During Pope and Swifts lifetimes, both were out of sync with the values of the age, criticizing it severely Alexander Pope Pope addressed his works exclusively to educated and leisured classes, but also attacked them for their immorality and bad taste Pope loved order, discipline, and craftsmanship Appalled by squalor and shoddinessin art, manners, and moralsthat underlay Augustan life ( depicted in William Hogarths paintings and engravings Jonathan Swift Shared many of Popes attitudes and ideals, and in his exposure of the mean and sordid in human behavior, his work resembling Hogarths art never felt smug or satisfied with world, as many English people did deplored corrupt politics and growing commercialism and materialism of English people Journalism: A New Profession Daniel Defoe Stood for values of middle class: thrift, prudence, industry, and respectability No interest in polished manners and social poise Swift and Pope looked down their noses at him Defoe has written a vast many things, and none bad, though none excellent. ~Pope Like essayists Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele, followed the new profession of journalism 18th century journalists did not merely describe contemporary political and social matters; they saw themselves as reformers of public manners and morals Journalists today in print, video, and digital media, still see themselves in reformer roles Public Poetry: Conceived in Wit When we think of great poetry, we think of poets that expose the depths of their souls Restoration/18th century poets are often criticized for composing verse in their witstheir mindrather than their soul But they had no desire to expose their souls ( poetry had a public not private function Augustan poets constructed public poems, inheriting kinds from classical antiquity Elegies celebrated the death of great people; did not seek to tell truth of person but whatever best things the poet could think of saying Satire does not make a just and balanced judgment of people and their behavior but rather says the worst things about them that the poet can think of saying Ode an ambitious, often pompous, poetic utterance expressing public emotion, like jubilation felt after a great naval victory First English Novels By mid-18th century, people were writingand others, including women (women still remain as top reading consumer and audience), were buying or borrowinglong fictional narratives called novels (something new) Development of middle class Broad and comical; adventures of a handsome neer-do-well or lower-class beauty Frequently recounted in endless episodes or through a series of letters Henry Fieldings Tom Jones Crammed with rough and rowdy incidents Manages to make characters seem good, but never soft or sentimental Became an Oscar-winning movie in 20th century ( still fresh and funny today Mixed plot with textbookish material on how to write a novel Samuel Richardsons Pamela and Clarissa First novelist to explore emotional life of characters Laurence Sterne Experimental and whimsicalstill unique despite imitators trying to copy them These novels tell us something of Augustan age, while helping us understand the humor and disappointments of universal human experience Commanding Figure of Johnson Last part of 18th century, age of Johnson Samuel Johnson was conservative and traditional Criticized popular belief in progress (the belief that things are getting better and better) and the assumption that men and women are naturally good (that if society is reformed, then people will automatically do what is right) Searching for the Simple Life By 1784, the world was changing in disturbing and profound ways Industrial Revolution turned English cities and towns into filthy, smoke slums France was about to murder a king and set their whole society on a different course The 18th century was coming to an end, and people sensed the coming of a new era ( the age of elegance, taste, philosophy, and reason was over Appalled at industrial blight ( turn towards external nature, writing about the effect of natural landscape on human psyche Disgusted with excessive focus on upper classes and good taste ( looking back at past and searching out the simple poems and songs composed by nameless, uneducated folk poets Interest in the literary possibilities of the humble life and were trying to enter into the consciousness of poor and simple folk Nothing is less Augustan ( the rise of Romanticism Consider this During the 18th century, there was a great shift in the way most people thought about the world. Natural phenomena were more and more being explained by the new method of rational, scientific observation. The Renaissance love of the pastoral was abandoned, in favor of 18th century tastes in fashion and art that ran to the artificial and highly formal. What are the prevailing philosophies and tastes in your world? What changes in peoples thingabout religion, science, fashion, art, politics, the environment, or anything elsehave you seen during your lifetime? Women Writers of the Restoration and the 18th Century Aphra Behn (1640 1689) Born Aphra Johnson to working-class parents in Kent First English woman to earn her living by writing A free spirit aka an adventuress Wrote in the era when women were at last permitted to work in theater as actresses, playwrights, and produces Very well known in her lifetime, but during 200yrs after her death, her works were regarded as outrageous and were forgotten Might have spent most of her early years in Guiana, married Mr. Behn (bane) who died in 1666 (a possible casualty of Great Plague), was a spy against Dutch Left an impressive literary legacy The Rover (16771681) her best known play: 3 young Spanish women, curious about sex, encounter three young traveling Englishmen during carnival time in pain Oroonoko (1688) an African prince of noble mind and body is tricked into slavery and transported to the island of Surinam Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (16891762) More privileged upbringing than Behn; educated herself Clever and daring; at 23, she eloped on horseback with Edward Wortley Montagu, disobeying her familys wish to marry for money After surviving smallpox, introduced smallpox vaccine to England Refused the romantic attentions of Alexander Pope, who unsuccessfully tried to destroy her in his satires While a talented poet, her fame is from her letters, which were published in four volumes immediately after her death; they chronicle 18th century England, France, and Turkey Spent last 20yrs of her life in a villa in Italy, curious of the world, proud of her granddaughters scholarship, and deeply self-reliant Fanny Burney (17521840) Fictionalized letters ( epistolary novels (novels composed as letters) One of the first and most important epistolary novels Fanny Burneys Evelina (1778) a beautiful, intelligent girl who must overcome many obstacles in order to win the man she loves, a good man whose wealth and social position are well beyond her own; abandoned by her father due to a misunderstanding, she also has eccentric and socially awkward relatives Had a keen eye and ear for hypocrisy and humor of social relations Praised by notable writers Samuel Johnson and David Garrick; 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