ࡱ> jli#` "bjbjmm 42" %%%%48%Dw:%%%%%%%%`wbwbwbwbwbwbw$yh{w%%%%%w%%w'''%^%%`w'%`w''g n%|% s%%"i:`ww0w0j|&|tnn|w`%%'%%%%%ww'%%%w%%%%d  Research in Psychology Psychology is defined as the scientific study of . Types of Research: Applied Research: Clinical Research: Basic Research: Why do we need research? (What factors prevent accurate explanations for human thoughts and behavior?) The Dangers of Common Sense Hindsight Bias or I-knew-it-all-along Intuition : False Consensus effect Overconfidence- Research requires Critical Thinking thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions Requires curiosity, skepticism, humility Fundamentals in Research Theory Hypothesis (If, then) Operational Definitions Correlational Studies (Part 1) Types of Correlational Studies Case Study In-depth study- one person / small group Strength: Weakness: Some exceptions(Phineas Gage) Survey Method Researches the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people Strength: Weakness: Random Samples Random Sample Ex. Computer generated list of every 5th person. Naturalistic Observation Observing subjects in natural habitats / no interaction between researcher and subjects Strength: Weakness: Bias in Naturalistic Observation Observer Effect: Observer Bias: Anthropomorphic Fallacy: Experimenter Effects: Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: Correlational Research : Analyzing Data Correlation Coefficient: A Positive correlation: A Negative correlation means the presence of one thing predicts the absence of the other thing. (one goes up, the other down: ---1= perfect negative 0 = Scatterplot (aka scattergram, scatter diagram) The more the data forms a line, the stronger the correlation, IOW: little scatter = extensive scatter = the slope of the line suggests a positive or negative correlation Illusionary Correlation False assumption of relationship between two things (tend to recall instances that confirm our belief.) Experimentation: Cause and Effect (Part 2) Experiment: the clearest way to isolate cause & effect Experiments manipulate variables to test the results Key Experimental Principles Experimental group Control group Each group must be from a random sample, and randomly assigned Variables (Anything that can vary) Independent Variable (IV) Dependent Variable (DV) Confounding Variables Examples: Time, place, frequency, amount etc. Controls (steps to avoid confounding variables) Placebos Single blind procedure: Studys participants dont know which group they are in Double-blind procedure Random sample and random assignment Recording data How do you record data when you are trying to measure levels of a specific behavior? Remember: Experiments aim to manipulate an independent variable, measure a dependent variable, and control all other variables. 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