ࡱ>  $bjbjR|R| 000|>>fff**** *=5v6$+6<<<<<<<$>@B<f?615?6?6<>><777?6">f<7?6<77: <,TK<&ӑ$a67< s<<0=A< @O7(@K<@fK<(7?6?6?6<<w7(?6?6?6=?6?6?6?6@?6?6?6?6?6?6?6?6?6 : Name Date Class  LESSON 2 Rocks Directions: Use your textbook to complete the table. If there is no information about how the rock is used, put an X through that square in the table. Some squares are filled in for you. Rock NameType of RockHow It FormsHow It Is Used1. basalta.b.2. gneiss a.b.c.3. graniteigneousa.b.4. marblea.b.c.5. rock salta.b.c.6. sandstonea.b.building stone7. shalea.Sediment is compacted and cemented to form rock.b. Minerals and Rocks 33 Name Date Class  LESSON 2 Rocks Key Concept What characteristics can be used to classify rocks? Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Each term is used only once. 1. a naturally occurring solid mixture made of minerals, rock fragments, organic matter, or glass 2. the individual particles in rocks 3. type of rock that forms when magma or lava cools and hardens 4. molten rock found inside Earth 5. molten rock that erupts onto Earths surface 6. type of rock made of layers that are pressed or cemented together 7. process through which sediment turns into rock 8. type of rock that results from changes that occur in existing rocks 9. name for the original rocks that are changed into metamorphic rocks 10. Metamorphic rock sometimes has this layered appearance. A. foliation B. grains C. igneous rock D. lava E. lithification F. magma G. metamorphic H. parent rock i. rock J. sedimentary 34 Minerals and Rocks Name Date Class  LESSON 2 Rocks Key Concept What characteristics can be used to classify rocks? Directions: Circle the term in parentheses that correctly completes each sentence. 1. Rocks are classified into three major types. The rocks are classified based on the way they (melt, form). 2. The texture of rock describes the (size, shape) and arrangement of the grains. 3. Igneous rock that forms near Earths surface has (small grains, few minerals). 4. The source material for sedimentary rock is rock and (ice, mineral) fragments. The fragments can be loose or suspended in water. 5. The (grains, layers) in sedimentary rock often have a rounded texture. 6. Metamorphism (creates, changes) the texture or mineral composition of rock. 7. A foliated metamorphic rock has a (layered, smooth) appearance. 8. A metamorphic rock that is not foliated (has, does not have) flattened grains. Minerals and Rocks 35 Name Date Class   LESSON 2 Rocks Key Concept How do the different types of rocks form? Directions: Answer each question or respond to each statement on the lines provided. How Igneous Rocks Form1. Where do igneous rocks form? 2. What is molten rock called when it is inside Earth? What is it called when it erupts onto Earths surface? 3. Explain how crystallization forms igneous rock. How Sedimentary Rocks Form4. What is the name of the process in which sediments turn into rock? 5. How is sediment formed?  6. What causes the lower layers of sediment to compact? 7. How do dissolved minerals help in the formation of sedimentary rock? How Metamorphic Rocks Form8. What changes as a parent rock becomes a metamorphic rock? 9. What forces create metamorphic rock?  36 Minerals and Rocks Name Date Class   LESSON 2 Rocks Key Concept What are some uses of rocks in everyday life? Directions: Complete the chart with the correct terms in the space provided. Not all terms are used. granite limestone marble pumice sandstone slate Type of RockExampleEveryday Useigneous1.fountains2.polishing and cleaning productssedimentary3.cement, roadsmetamorphic4.carved sculpturesDirections: Answer each question on the lines provided. 5. Why is slate a good type of rock to use for roofing shingles? 6. Why does sedimentary rock make a good stone for building? Minerals and Rocks 37 Name Date Class   LESSON 2 Diamond: Mineral and Stardust A diamond is a gemstone, a beautiful mineral formed by metamorphosis. For centuries diamonds were so rare that they were owned only by royalty. A diamond is also an industrial tool; because of its hardness, it is used to cut, grind, and polish other substances. Today, some diamonds are mined in the United States, but the main producers are in Africa, Siberia, Russia, and Australia. Where do diamonds come from? Diamonds crystallize at very high pressures. In nature, this means they are formed by geologic processes deep within Earth, usually more than 150 km down, within the mantle. The pressure at this level is around 50,000 times that of the atmospheric pressure at Earths surface. Also, diamonds are formed at temperatures between 900C and 1,300C. Diamonds rise to Earths surface in molten rock, or magma, that comes from great depths. As the magma rises, it carries diamonds from Earths mantle with it and erupts at Earths surface in small, violent volcanoes. Just beneath each volcano is a carrot-shaped pipe filled with volcanic rock, fragments of mantle, and some embedded diamonds. Structure and Properties of Diamonds The structural unit of a diamond consists of eight carbon atoms, fundamentally arranged in a cube. The most common crystal form is the eight-sided octahedron, or diamond shape. The arrangement of atoms in diamond is stable and rigid, which is why they are extremely hard and have enormous strength. A diamonds crystal structure will stand a force per square inch of more than three times the weight of the Empire State Building. The structure of a diamond also contributes to its beauty. The brilliance and rainbowlike color flashes of cut diamonds (called fire) are due to a high refractive index and strong dispersal of light. Diamonds Are Stardust Recently, scientists have found traces of diamond around meteor impacts. These impacts produce immense pressures, and diamonds can be formed and sprayed among the impact debris. In 1987, small fragments of diamond were recovered from meteors that are older than our solar system. New studies indicate that they were formed more than 5 billion years ago in flashes of radiation from dying red-giant stars. Applying Critical-Thinking Skills Directions: Respond to each statement. 1. Describe two different places in which diamond can be formed. 2. Explain why diamonds can be formed in two very different places. 38 Minerals and Rocks Name Date Class   LESSON 2 The Same and Yet Different Diamond and graphite are made entirely out of carbon, so they are identical chemically, but physically they are very different. Graphite is opaque and metallic-to-earthy looking, but diamond is transparent and brilliant. Investigate and Model Crystal Structure 1. Research the crystal structure and physical characteristics of diamond and graphite. 2. With toothpicks and small balls of clay or salt-dough, construct a model of a diamond crystal and a graphite crystal. 3. Conduct a demonstration showing how the structure of each of your models is related to its existence as diamond or graphite. 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