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Davis Foundation “Gross Morbid Pathology of Animals” March 19-23, 2007, A.F.I.P., Bethesda, MD Rob Porter, D.V.M., Ph.D., Diplomate American College of Veterinary Pathologists, Diplomate American College of Poultry VeterinariansWisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, 6101 Mineral Point Road, Madison, WI 53705 Tel: (608) 262-5432 Fax: (608) 262-5005 HYPERLINK "mailto:rob.porter@wvdl.wisc.edu" rob.porter@wvdl.wisc.edu Intro Slide: “Not all avian pathology is enlarged liver and spleens and fibrin-covered air sacs…only about 40% is!” Acknowledgements for contribution of photographs. John Barnes, North Carolina State University John King, Cornell University Purdue University, ADDL University of Wisconsin, Department of Pathobiological Sciences Poultry Industry Broiler: Progeny of broiler breeders, indoor confinement/litter bedding, marketed at 5-7 weeks of age; feed efficiency <2.0. Turkey: progeny of turkey breeders; poult = young turkey; indoor confinement or range rearing, hens marketed at 15 weeks and toms at 24-30 weeks (30-45 pounds) Layer: Mostly cage layers; pullet = immature laying hen; lay for approximately 40 weeks, then molted at 60+ weeks of age, used for second cycle for another 30 weeks. Hen produces 250+ eggs in a lifetime (2 years). Duck: White Pekin duck; raised on litter or plastic grating; feed efficiency <2.0, processed at 6 weeks of age (4.5 lbs). Oultine: systemic, Lymphohematopoietic, Musculoskeletal, Respiratory, Integumentary, Nervous, Cardiovascular, Digestive, Urogenital, Neoplasia. Virus Taxonomy, Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses. C.M. Fauquet et al., eds. Elsevier Press, 2005. Attendees receive interpretative summaries of significant avian pathology articles from Avian Diseases (2002-2006), Avian Pathology (2002-2006), Veterinary Pathology (2000-2006) __________________________________________________________________________ SYSTEMIC DISEASES Tissue/bird Morphologic/Etiologic Diagnosis Etiology/Disease __________________________________________________________________________ Head, chicken Cyanosis/ edema wattle and comb Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) Ventral neck, chicken Edema HPAI Legs, chicken Mf cutaneous hemorrhage HPAI Proventriculus, chicken Mf hemorrhagic proventriculitis HPAI Peritoneum, chicken Mf peritoneal hemorrhage HPAI Trachea, chicken Hemorrhagic tracheitis HPAI Family Orthomyxoviridae, Genus Influenzavirus A, Species Influenza A virus: negative stranded ssRNA virus AI viruses have total of 15 HA and 9 NA. Pathogenicity determined by chick inoculation or by amino acid sequence at HA cleavage site. Most HPAI has been H5 or H7. Italy H5N2 and H7N1. Hong Kong H5N1 = “bird flu” with potential to directly infect humans. Virus replicates in endothelium, myofibers, renal tubules, pancreatic acinar cells. Lesions of coagulative necrosis and vascular thrombosis/ischemia. DDX: END, ILT, IBV, END, bacterial sepsis Eggs, turkey Shell thinning, wrinkling and depigmentation Low path AI DDX: NDV, avian pneumovirus __________________________________________________________________________ Yolk sac/heart, chick Fibrinous pericarditis/yolk sacculitis Escherichia coli Heart, chicken Fibrinous pericarditis E. coli Liver, chick Fibrinous perihepatitis E. coli Peritoneum, chicken Fibrinous peritonitis, “egg yolk” E coli Oviduct, hen Fibrinous salpingitis/peritonitis E. coli Liver, intestine, hen MF granulomatous (coligranuloma) E. coli Most common poultry serotypes are O1, O2, O35, O78, and many are untypeable. DDX, pericarditis: E coli, Chlamydophila, MG, P. multocida DDX, granulomas: Mycobacteriosis, LL, Leukosis/sarcoma complex DDX, egg yolk peritonitis: P. multocida, HPAI, Salmonella __________________________________________________________________________ Head, chicken Facial edema Exotic Newcastle Disease Proventriculus, chicken Annular mucosal hemorrhage END Ovary, hen Mf hemorrhagic oophoritis END Intestine, chicken Necrohemorrhagic enterotyphlitis/tonsillar necrosis END Esophagus, rooster Mf necrohemorrhagic esophagitis/pharyngitis END Trachea, chicken Hemorrhagic tracheitis END Family Paramyxoviridae, Subfam Paramyxovirinae, Genus Avulavirus, Species Newcastle disease virus, negative stranded ssRNA virus Exotic (Velogenic) Newcastle disease (END); also lentogenic (mild) and mesogenic (moderate) pathogenicity. Usu. lentogens in U.S. END usually introduced by birds that are more resistant to disease. DDX, tracheitis: HPAI, ILT, IBV DDX, enteritis: HPAI, erysipelas, DVE, acute FC DDX, esophagitis: Trichomoniasis, HPAI, DVE __________________________________________________________________________ Head, turkey Cutaneous infarction Erysipelas rhusiopathiae Causes swine erysipelas and erysipeloid of humans. Lesions of sepsis with bacterial emboli, thrombosis, necrosis and hemorrhage (closely resembles colibacillosis of broiler chickens). Hemorrhagic hepatitis/myocarditis, Necrohemorrhagic splenitis DDX: P. multocida, Salmonella, E. coli, HPAI and END.__________________________________________________________________________ Oviduct, turkey Fibrinoheterophilic salpingitis Pasteurella multocida Wattle, rooster BB Fibrinoheterophilic cellulitis P. multocida Lung, turkey Necr. fibrinohet. pleuropneumonia P. multocida Spleen air sac, turkey Fibrinous airsacculitis and necr. splenitis P. multocida Heart, turkey Fibrinoheterophilic pericarditis P. multocida “Fowl cholera,” Sepsis of both domestic and wild birds. Sixteen serotypes- 1, 3 and 4 are most common isolates. Lesions of bacterial embolism, thrombosis, necrosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. DDX: Ornithobacterium, E. coli, chlamydiosis, Staph.aureus __________________________________________________________________________ Spleen, air sac, duckling Fibrinous airsacculitis/necr. splenitis Riemerella anatipestifer Brain, duckling Purulent meningoencephalitis R. anatipestifer Heart, liver, duckling Fibrinous pericarditis/perihepatitis R. anatipestifer Oviduct, duckling Fibrinoheterophilic salpingitis R. anatipestifer “New duck disease.” Closely related to Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale. Lesions of septicemia closely resemble colibacillosis of broiler chickens. DDX: E. coli, chlamydiosis, P. multocida __________________________________________________________________________ Liver, poult Mf necrotizing hepatitis Salmonella pullorum Heart, broilers Mf granulomatous myocarditis Salmonella pullorum Heart, spleen, chick Mf necrohemorrhagic splenitis Salmonella pullorum Cecum, poult Fibrinonecrotic typhlitis Salmonella pullorum New designation of “Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Gallinarum-Pullorum” represents combination of S. pullorum and S. gallinarum. S.gallinarum causes ovarian degeneration and sepsis in adult birds in contrast to S. pullorum. Nonmotile Salmonella: possess few flagella. DDX: E. coli, Mycoplasma synoviae, viral arthritis-reovirus, paratyphoid salmonellae __________________________________________________________________________ Eye, poult Hypopyon Salmonella arizona Brain, poult Purulent meningoencephalitis Salmonella arizona Air sac, poult Fibrinous airsacculitis Salmonella arizona Cecum, chick Necrohemorrhagic typhlitis Paratyphoid Sal. Liver, pigeon Mf necrotizing hepatitis Paratyphoid Sal. Salmonella arizona; biochemically distinct from paratyphoid Salmonella but cause similar clinical disease and lesions. Paratyphoid salmonellae refers to the motile serotypes (approximately 2400), and does not include S. pullorum and S. gallinarum. DDX: paratyphoid Salmonella, E. coli, pullorum-typhoid __________________________________________________________________________ Head, hen Fibrinoheterophilic cellulitis Staphylococcus aureus Tibiotarsus, hen Fibrinoheterophilic osteomyelitis Staphylococcus aureus Leg, turkey Fibrinoheterophilic arthritis Staphylococcus aureus Foot, duck Plantar pododermatitis Staphylococcus aureus Liver, hen Mf to coalesc. necrotizing hepatitis Staphylococcus aureus S. aureus requires skin penetration. Coagulase positive strains are the most pathogenic. DDX: other systemic bacteria, esp. P. multocida and E. coli __________________________________________________________________________ LYMPHOHEMATOPOIETIC Tissue/bird Morphologic/Etiologic Diagnosis Etiology/Disease __________________________________________________________________________ Wing, chick Necrohemorrhagic dermatitis Necrotic dermatitis Bursa of Fabricius, broiler Cloacal bursal atrophy Chicken infectious anemia Thymus. chick Thymic atrophy Chicken infectious anemia Femur, chick Bone marrow aplasia Chicken infectious anemia Family Circoviridae, Genus Circovirus, Species Chicken anemia virus, ssDNA virus Chicken infectious anemia virus: circovirus replicates in hematopoietic cells and T lymphocytes ( anemia and immunosuppression. Circovirus immunosupression promotes Staphylococcus aureus/Clostridium infection in skin. Had been referred to as “blue wing disease,” but is actually necrotic dermatitis. DDX: exudative diathesis DDX: IBDV, trichothecene mycotoxins __________________________________________________________________________ Cloacal bursa, broiler Necrohemorrhagic cloacal bursitis Infectious bursal disease Leg, broiler Intramuscular hemorrhage Infectious bursal disease Family Birnaviridae, Genus Avibirnavirus, Species Infectious bursal disease virus; dsRNA virus Replicates in bursa of Fabricius lymphocytes of young chickens, followed by spread to other lymphoid sites ( cytolysis and immunosuppression. Classic serotype 1, variant serotype 1 and serotype 2 viruses. DDX: ionophore toxicosis, chicken infectious anemia, trichothecene mycotoxins, exudative diathesis (vitamin E deficiency) __________________________________________________________________________ Liver, bursa, WL hen Hepatic/bursal lymphoma Lymphoid leukosis Liver, WL hen Mf hepatic lymphoma Lymphoid leukosis Liver, WL hen Diffuse hepatic lymphoma Lymphoid leukosis Family Retroviridae, Subfamily Orthoretrovirinae, Genus Alpharetrovirus, Species Avian leukosis virus; DNA/RNA Reverse Transcribing virus Retrovirus of leukosis/sarcoma complex. Chicken genome contains endogenous viral loci (ev). Exogenous virus subgroup A transmitted vertically and horizontally. Exogenous virus induces neoplastic transformation of B lymphocytes. Subgroups A-D avian leukosis viruses can produce lymphoid leukosis. ALV Subgroup J produces myelocytomatosis. __________________________________________________________________________ Lung, spleen, pheasant Splenomegaly/pulmonary edema Marble spleen disease Family Adenoviridae, Genus Siadenovirus, Species Turkey adenovirus A (Marble spleen disease virus), ds DNA virus Type II adenovirus (old terminology) related to hemorrhagic enteritis virus of turkeys; pheasants 3 – 12 months, IgM-positive B cells and macrophages are primary viral targets. Death from pulmonary edema/hemorrhage (uncertain pathogenesis) or secondary infection. DDX: Salmonella, erysipelas __________________________________________________________________________ Body, pullet Marek’s disease paralysis Marek’s disease Pelvic nerves, broiler Neural lymphoma Marek’s disease Liver, spleen Hepatic/splenic lymphoma Marek’s disease Pectoral muscle, broiler Muscular lymphoma Marek’s disease Kidney, pullet Renal lymphoma Marek’s disease Eye, broiler Ocular/iridial lymphoma Marek’s disease Body, processed broiler Cutaneous lymphoma Marek’s disease Family Herpesviridae, Subfamily Alphaherpesvirnae, Genus Mardivirus, Species Gallid herpesvirus 2 (Marek’s Disease virus type 1) MD serotype 1 (oncogenic) strain. Productive infection (viral replication) in feather follicle epithelium and transmitted in dander. Neoplastic transforming infection and latent infection in T lymphocytes. Lesions observed as early as 4 weeks. DDX: Mycobacteriosis, coligranuloma, lymphoid leukosis in older birds __________________________________________________________________________ Subcutis, Macaw Mf subcutaneous hemorrhage Avian polyomavirus Heart, liver, Macaw Anemia, epicardial hemorrhage, hepatomegaly Avian polyomavirus Family Polyomaviridae, Genus Polyomavirus, Species Budgerigar fledgling disease polyomavirus (Avian polyomavirus), dsDNA virus Originally identified as budgerigar fledgling disease/French molt. Papovaviridae contains papillomavirus and polyomavirus families. I have diagnosed in Macaw, Electus parrot, Budgerigar, Lovebird and Conure. Intranuclear inclusion bodies in spleen, kidney mesangial cells and liver Kupffer cells. __________________________________________________________________________ MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM Tissue/bird Morphologic/Etiologic Diagnosis Etiology/Disease __________________________________________________________________________ Foot, parakeet Articular gout Leg, chicken Articular gout Mostly males, occurs with or without visceral/renal gout; high protein in diet promotes hyperuricemia, possible genetic predisposition; occurs with or without renal disease or renal gout. Not as common as visceral gout. __________________________________________________________________________ Body, turkey Nonambulatory poult Ionophore toxicosis Leg, turkey Muscular necrosis/degeneration Ionophore toxicosis: Polyether ionophores: Promote movement of mono and divalent cations across cell membrane. Toxicosis causes cellular loss of K+ and gain of Ca+2 into mitochrondria ( cell death. Myocytolysis with proliferation of satellite and myocyte nuclei. DDX: Infectious bursal disease, chicken infectious anemia, exudative diathesis, injection site myopathy __________________________________________________________________________ Hock joint, broiler Serofibrinous arthritis Mycoplasma synoviae Leg, broiler Tenosynovitis Mycoplasma synoviae “Infectious tenosynovitis.” Chicken, turkey and guinea fowl. Usu. colonizes subclinical upper respiratory tract, but can invade synovial membranes to cause tenosynovitis and sternal bursitis. Vertical and horizontal transmission. Lameness is primary sign with occasional airsacculitis. DDX: Staph. aureus, viral arthritis, salmonellae __________________________________________________________________________ Pectoral muscle, turkey Deep pectoral m. infarction Deep pectoral myopathy “Green muscle disease,” turkeys (esp. breeder hens during artificial insemination) and meat-type chickens with vigorous exercise ( swelling of deep pectoral muscle within fascial sheath ( ischemic necrosis of muscle. Usually found at processing. DDX: ionophore toxicosis, injection site myopathy __________________________________________________________________________ Skull, crested polish chicken Open fontanelle, skull Common in crested polish Skull, crested polish chicken Open fontanelle, melanosis __________________________________________________________________________ Vert. column, turkey Fibrinoheteophilic osteomyelitis Staph., P. multocida and E. coli __________________________________________________________________________ Leg, Rooster Osteopetrosis/periosteal hyperostosis Leukosis/sarcoma virus Leg, rooster Osteopetrosis ALV Retrovirus: many of the avian leukosis viruses causing lymphoid leukosis can also induce osteopetrosis. Infected osteoblasts proliferate and produce periosteal and some endosteal bone. Lesions begin in tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus, but can spread to other long bones, pelvis and ribs. __________________________________________________________________________ Pectoral muscle, layer breeder Granulomatous myositis/cellulitis Killed vaccine injection __________________________________________________________________________ Body, Chicken Gastroc. Tendon rupture, bilateral Viral arthritis Leg, chicken Gastroc. Tendon rupture with hemorrhage Viral arthritis Leg, chicken Gastroc. Tendon rupture with hemorrhage Viral arthritis Family Reoviridae, Genus Orthoreovirus, Species Avian orthoreovirus, dsRNA virus Avian reovirus is transmitted both vertically and horizontally. Cause tenosynovitis + rupture and hemorrhage of gastrocnemius tendon (tendon tensile strength pullet > broiler). Often associated with heterophilic infiltrates in the myocardium. DDX tenosynovitis: Staph.aureus, Mycoplasma synoviae, trauma __________________________________________________________________________ Leg, WL hen Acute femoral fracture Osteomalacia Keelbone, WL hen Osteomalacia Osteomalacia Thorax, WL hen Osteomalacia Osteomalacia Ribs, chick Medial deviation ribs, rickets Rickets Head, chick Pliable beak, rickets Rickets Ribs, chick Rib fractures, Rickets Rickets Laying hen mobilizes 10% of skeletal calcium into egg shell each day. Deficiencies of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) can promote osteoclastic resorption of bone without sufficient osteoblast activity. __________________________________________________________________________ Body, broiler Spondylolisthesis Spondylolisthesis Vertebral column, broiler Dorsal deviation T6, S/C compression Spondylolisthesis=“kinky back” of 3-6 week broilers. Deviation of T6 vertebral body resulting in spinal cord compression. Conformation defect (genetic trait) complicated by rapid growth rate of broiler. __________________________________________________________________________ Tibia, broiler Tibial dyschondroplasia Tibia, turkey Osteochondrosis/ Tibial dyschondroplasia Core of avascular cartilage in proximal tibiotarsus (metaphysic) or tarsometatarsus + bowing of bone and lameness. Failure of blood vessels to invade zone of cartilage hypertrophy in growth plate. Promoted by genetic line of broiler and marginal deficiency of calcium or a Ca/P imbalance. Experimentally induced by Fusarium roseum toxin. __________________________________________________________________________ Leg, turkey Curvature of tibiotarsus Mycoplasma meleagridis Turkey syndrome 65 chondrodystrophy: inadequate linear bone growth at physis while appositional growth remains normal; associated with MM infection (impaired vascular invasion) and genetic predisposition (autosomal recessive inheritance). DDX: tibial dyschondroplasia, rickets; Chickens, turkeys, ratites: lateral rotation of 90-180 degrees is multifactorial; rapid growth rate with early nutritional deficiency (Ca, P, Vit D3, protein) complicated by poor traction. __________________________________________________________________________ RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Tissue/bird Morphologic/Etiologic Diagnosis Etiology/Disease __________________________________________________________________________ Body, chick Chick-respiratory distress Tracheal obstruction Trachea, chick Focal granulomatous bronchitisAspergillus fumigatus/flavus Lung, poult Mf granulomatous pneumonia/airsacculitis Aspergillosis Lung, chicken Granulomatous airsacculitis Aspergillosis __________________________________________________________________________ Spleen, air sac, parrot Necrotizing splenitis Chlamydophila psittaci Genus Chlamydophila includes C. psittaci, C. abortus, C. felis, C. caviae, C. pneumoniae and C. pecorum. Obligate intracellular parasite. Systemic inflammation characterized by necrosis and fibrinous exudates, hepatosplenomegaly. Turkeys, pigeons, ducks and psittacine birds. Eight serovars (A-H): A = psittacine, B/E = pigeons, B/D = turkey. Obligate intracellular parasite. DDX: P. multocida, Erysipelothrix, Pacheco’s disease, Staphylococcus, Salmonella _________________________________________________________________________ Oral cavity, poult Catarrhal rhinitis/blepharitis Cryptosporidium baileyi Cryptosporidium baileyi: chicken, turkey, duck- respiratory epithelium, bursa of Fabricius, cloaca; C. meleagridis- turkey and quail small intestine. Host specific and do not infect mammals. DDX: Bordetella avium __________________________________________________________________________ Lung, poult Mf granulomatous pneumonia Dactylaria gallopava; Air sac, poult Focal granulomatous airsacculitis Dactylaria gallopava Contaminant in hard wood shavings; translucent to grey lesions in tissue compared to Aspergillus. Dematiaceous fungus with hyphae observed in H&E. Neurologic disease is most common clinical sign in chicks and poults. Lesions in eye, brain, lung and air sac. DDX: Aspergillosis __________________________________________________________________________ Body, pullet Respiratory distress Infectious laryngotracheitis Trachea, pullet Fibrinohemorrhagic tracheitis ILT Trachea, WL hen Fibrinonecrotic tracheitis with occlusion ILT Trachea, WL hen Fibrinonecrotic tracheitis with glottis occlusion ILT Family Herpesviridae, Subfamily Alphaherpesvirnae, Genus Iltovirus, Species Gallid herpesvirus 1, (infectious laryngotracheitis virus), dsDNA virus Propagated on chorioallantoic membrane of embryonated eggs. Cytolytic for respiratory epithelium of nasal sinus, conjunctiva, air sacs and trachea. No evidence of viremia. Trigeminal ganglion is site of viral latency. DDX: fowl pox, infectious bronchitis, END, HPAI __________________________________________________________________________ Air sac, chick Serous airsacculitis Infectious bronchitis Kidney, broiler Urolithiasis/hydroureter IB, nephrotropic strain Family Coronaviridae, Genus Coronavirus, Species Infectious bronchitis virus (Group 3 species), Positive sense ssRNA virus Coronavirus of chickens that causes respiratory signs, decreased egg production and wrinkled egg shells in layers. Nephrotropic strains can cause urolithiasis and visceral gout. __________________________________________________________________________ Head, WL hen Marked exudative sinusitis/conjunctivitis Haemophilus paragallinarum “Infectious coryza,” Chickens are the natural hosts of H. paragallinarum. Usually begins as catarrhal infection with facial edema later complicated by other bacteria ( fibrinous to caseous inflammation. DDX: P.multocida, E. coli, Staph. aureus, vitamin A deficiency, pox. __________________________________________________________________________ Head, turkey Serous/catarrhal infraorbital sinusitis Avian pneumovirus Family Paramyxoviridae, Genus Metapneumovirus, Species Avian Metapneumovirus, negative sense ssRNA virus Can also cause malformation of oviduct with misshapen eggs/poor shell quality. Associated with “swollen head syndrome” in chickens- fibrinpurulent exudates in subcutis of head, neck and wattles. DDX: Mycoplasma gallisepticum, respiratory cryptosporidiosis (C. baileyi). __________________________________________________________________________ Head, turkey Infraorbital sinusitis Mycoplasma gallisepticum Head, turkey Serous/catarrhal infraorbital sinusitis MG Air sac, poult Mild acute serofibrinous airsacculitis MG Lung, liver, chicken Fibrinous pericarditis and perihepatitis MG/E. coli “Chronic respiratory disease of chickens” and “infectious sinusitis of turkeys;” usually young birds. Can cause decreased egg production in adults. MG occurs naturally in galliformes, especially chicken and turkey, but also isolated from gamebirds. Transmitted both vertically and horizontally. Infected birds remain carriers. Mycoplasma is extracellular parasite that causes degeneration of epithelial cells. DDX: Cryptosporidiosis, avian pneumovirus __________________________________________________________________________ Air sac, poult Mild, acute serofibrinous airsacculitis Mycoplasma meleagridis Specific pathogen of turkeys in which primary lesion is airsacculitis of 1-4-week-old poults. Referred to as veneral disease of Tom turkeys. DDX: Mycoplasma synoviae, gallisepticum or iowae, Newcastle disease. __________________________________________________________________________ Air sac; poult Serous airsacculitis Newcastle disease (lentogen). DDX: acute MG, MM, ORT, pneumovirus __________________________________________________________________________ Lung, heart, turkey Necrofibrinohet. pericarditis/pleuropneumonia Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale Affects turkeys, chickens and many other galliformes. Airsacculitis and unilateral pneumonia in chickens; pneumonia/hepatosplenomegaly in turkeys. Fibrinopurulent arthritis and osteomyelitis in older turkeys and chickens. DDX: P. multocida and E. coli. __________________________________________________________________________ Lung, pheasant Acute, diffuse hemorrhagic pneumonia Avian paramyxovirus-3 Family Paramyxoviridae, Genus Avulavirus, Species Avian Paramyxovirus 3, negative sense ssRNA virus Avian paramyxovirus-3; AMPV-1, 2, 3, 6 and 7 are known to cause disease in poultry. APMV-2 and 3 cause mild respiratory signs and decreased egg production in turkey breeders. APMV-3 is subclinical or causes neurologic signs in psittacine birds. __________________________________________________________________________ Trachea, bobwhite quail Fibrinonecrotic tracheitis Quail bronchitis Family Adenoviridae, Genus Aviadenovirus, Species Quail bronchitis virus, dsDNA virus Type 1 adenovirus causes high mortality in young bobwhite quail. Also causes multifocal necrotizing hepatitis, splenitis and pancreatitis. DDX: Aspergillosis, Salmonella, E. coli __________________________________________________________________________ Trachea, chicken Tracheal nematodiasis Syngamus trachea Trachea, peahen Mf granulomatous tracheitis with nematodes Syngamus trachea Direct or indirect (earthworms) life cycle. Affects most galliformes. Form granulomas at site of attachment to tracheal mucosa. DDX, tracheal nodules: granulomatous nodules can resemble Marek’s disease lymphoma, ALV-induced myelocytoma or aspergillosis. __________________________________________________________________________ Air sac, chicken Air sac acariasis Cytodites nudus Cytodites nudus = air sac mite of galliformes; lives in bronchi, lungs, air sac, and bone cavities Stenostoma tracheacolum: tracheal mite of passerines-finches, canaries __________________________________________________________________________ Head, poult Serous blepharitis, submand. edema Bordetella avium (acute) Body, poult Fibrinous blepharitis B. avium (subacute) Trachea, turkey Tracheitis w/chrondrolysis/ luminal collapse B. avium “Turkey coryza,” 2 to 6-week-old poults (and occasionally broilers) causing blepharitis and submandibular edema. Often concomitant infections. Colonizes apices of repiratory epithelium and produces cytotoxin that causes chondrolysis of tracheal rings. DDX: Respiratory cryptosporidiosis, mycoplasmosis, chlamydiosis can mimic or complicate infection. __________________________________________________________________________ INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Tissue/bird Morphologic/Etiologic Diagnosis Etiology/Disease __________________________________________________________________________ Head, Mollucan CockatooFeather alopecia and dystrophy Beak and Feather Dis Body, Mollucan Cockatoo Feather alopecia Beak and Feather Dis Circovirus causing feather dystrophy and immunosuppression. Necrosis, fracture, bending or hemorrhage, or dystrophic feathers that emerge from follicle and cease growing after each successive molt. Flank( contour feathers in most feather tracts ( primary and secondary feathers of wings, tail and crest. Occasionally see progressive distortion of beak. Death caused by secondary infections. __________________________________________________________________________ Beak, chicken Normal beak amputation Beak normal Beak, chicken Exuberant granulation tissue Beak inadequate trim __________________________________________________________________________ Body, processed turkey Sternal bursitis with hemorrhage “Breast blister “ Body, turkey Sternal bursitis Most common in heavy tom turkeys: Conformation and pressure effects; no cutaneous pterylae over sternal bursa ( friction of bursa against litter( bursal edema and hemorrhage ( fibrosis and occasional rupture. Sternal keel, processed turkey Multifocal ulcerative dermatitis “Breast button” Contact dermatitis; contact/friction of sternal skin (keel) with coarse, moist, contaminated litter. Breast buttons and breast blisters do not necessarily occur together. __________________________________________________________________________ Foot, chicken Chronic, granulomatous plantar pododermatitis Staph. aureus Usually. moist environment or constant pressure on foot. __________________________________________________________________________ Body, broiler Necrohemorrhagic dermatitis/alopecia Cannibalism Cloaca, Layer Multifocal ulcerative cloacitis Prolapse/cannibalism __________________________________________________________________________ Body, processed broiler Fibrinoheterophilic cellulitis E. coli cellulitis Referred to as “inflammatory process” at processing plant. Usu. caseous to fibrinous exudate in subcutis of abomen or flank initiated by skin trauma. Usu. found at processing to cause carcass downgrade. Management problem- incidence increased by poor feather coverage, crowding, coarse, most litter, aggressive strains of birds. __________________________________________________________________________ Body, pullet chick Hemorrhagic omphalitis Bacterial infection of navel often progresses to yolk sac infection. DDX: Salmonella, E. coli, Pseudomonas, Enterococcus __________________________________________________________________________ Feet, pullet chicks Cutaneous dehydration Dehydration/water deprivation DDX: Frostbite, contact dermatitis with disinfectant (quat, cresol, phenol) __________________________________________________________________________ Cloaca, layer Cloaca normal Cloaca, layer Cloaca after egg lay Cloaca, layer Necrohemorrhagic cloacitis with prolapse Cloacal prolapse complicated by trauma/cannibalism. DDX: HPAI, END __________________________________________________________________________ Head, chick Serous blepharitis with edema Conjunctivitis vaccine rxn DDX: field challenge with respiratory virus- ILT, IBV, NDV, ammonia toxicosis __________________________________________________________________________ Head, chick Granulomatous cellulitis Contaminated MD vaccine __________________________________________________________________________ Head, turkey Serous blepharitis Cryptosporidium baileyi DDX: avian pneumovirus, NDV, acute Bordetella infection. __________________________________________________________________________ Foot, turkey hen Digit amputation turkey Normal in turkey hens __________________________________________________________________________ Body, cockatiel nestling Emphysema Secondary to primary respiratory disease __________________________________________________________________________ Wing, Broiler chick Hemorrhagic dermatitis Vitamin E deficiency Exudative diathesis = vitamin E and selenium-responsive dermal hemorrhage; oxidative damage to endothelial cells( extravasation of blood and edema fluid through capillaries DDX: necrotic dermatitis __________________________________________________________________________ Head, WL hen Chronic blepharitis with cleft formation Eyelid notch syndrome Probably primary eyelid trauma or bacterial infection with ulceration of lid and cleft formation. __________________________________________________________________________ Head, chicken Proliferative dermatitis (dermatophytosis) Favus Microsporum gallinae; chicken, turkey, duck, quail, canary __________________________________________________________________________ Vent, chicken Cutaneous acariasis Ornithonyssus sylviarium Ornithonyssus sylviarium = northern fowl mite; entire life cycle spent on chicken Dermanyssus gallinae = red chicken mite; feed on chickens at night and reside in litter, nests, crevices during the day __________________________________________________________________________ Head, pullet Proliferative blepharitis and dermatitis Fowl pox Uropygial gland, poult Proliferative dermatitis/adenitis of uropygial gland Fowl pox Family Poxviridae, Subfamily Chordopoxvirinae, Genus Avipoxvirus, Species Fowl pox virus, dsDNA virus Avian poxviruses are antigenically and immunologically distinguishable from one another: fowl, turkey, pigeon, canary, junco, mynah, psittacine, quail, sparrow, crow, peacock, penguin, alala, apapane, condor, starling. Mechanical transmission through injured skin; can be spread by mites and mosquitoes to skin, conjunctiva and mouth. DDX: Pecking trauma/cannibalism, squamous cell carcinoma, bacterial/fungal conjunctivitis __________________________________________________________________________ Head, budgerigar Proliferative dermatitis Knemidocoptes pilae Feet, chicken Proliferative pododermatitis Knemidocoptes mutans Scaley-leg mite, inhabits nonfeathered sites- beak, legs. DDX: Vitamin B6, Zn deficiency, biotin deficiency Body, chicken Cutaneous pediculosis Various chewing lice- Order Mallophaga Chicken: Cuclogaster (head louse), Goniocotes (fluff louse), Menacanthus (body louse) Turkey: Menacanthus, Chelopistes, Oxylipeurus Duck and goose: Anaticola, Trinoton Pigeon: Columbicola, Campanulotes__________________________________________________________________________ Body, broiler Fibrinous sternal bursitis Staph. aureus, Mycoplasma synoviae __________________________________________________________________________ Body, broiler Necrohemorrhagic dermatitis Necrotic dermatitis Body, processed broiler Focally extensive necrohemorrhagic dermatitis Usu. sudden death in 4-8-week-old broilers, but also turkeys. Caused by Clostridium perfringens type A, Clostridium septicum and Staphylococcus aureus, often complicated by immunosuppression from infectious bursal disease, chicken infectious anemia, reticuloendotheliosis virus. Associated with edema, hemorrhage and gas-production in subcutis of breast, wings, flank. DDX: Cutaneous aspergillosis, candidiasis, E. coli cellulitis (inflammatory process). __________________________________________________________________________ Body, Macaw Acute, Mf subcutaneous hemorrhage Polyomavirus DDX: bacterial sepsis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, coagulopathy secondary to liver disease, anticoagulant rodenticides __________________________________________________________________________ Body, chicken Xanthomatosis Idiopathic Yellow, subcutaneous nodules (granulomatous inflammation of fat) in galliformes and psittacine birds. Sometimes associated with obesity and lipomas. Classic poultry lesion described in 1950’s. __________________________________________________________________________ NERVOUS SYSTEM Tissue/bird Morphologic/Etiologic Diagnosis Etiology/Disease __________________________________________________________________________ Eye, BB hen Ulcerative keratitis Ammonia toxicosis Aerosolized ammonia above 25ppm impairs ciliary apparatus of trachea/sinus and direct toxic effect on corneal epithelium. __________________________________________________________________________ Body, chicks Ataxia Avian encephalomyelitis Proventriculus, chick Mf lymphocytic proventriculitis AE Eye, chicken Cataract AE Family Picornaviridae, Genus Hepatovirus, Species Avian encephalomyelitis(-like) virus, Positive sense ssRNA virus Infects chicken, turkey, quail, pheasant; enterotropic virus with both horizontal and vertical transmission. Sudden decrease in egg production in adults. DDX, proventricular lesion: Marek’s disease, vitamin E deficiency DDX, cataracts: congenital cataracts, nutritional deficiency, induced by artificial light, old age. __________________________________________________________________________ Body, mallard duck Flaccid paralysis Clostridium botulinum type C toxin Prevents release of acetylcholine from neuronal presynaptic vesicles ( “limberneck.” = flaccid paralysis of wings, neck, legs and eyelids. Wide variety of birds affected. DDX: organophosphate, lead toxicosis __________________________________________________________________________ Eye, poult Hypopyon Dactylaria gallopava Brain, poult Necrotizing encephalitis Dactylaria gallopava DDX: Aspergillus, coliforms, Salmonella, Vitamin E deficiency (brain lesion) __________________________________________________________________________ Eye, chick Fibrinous panophthalmitis E. coli DDX: Aspergillus, Staph. aureus __________________________________________________________________________ Brain, Black australorp Melanosis Increased melanin accumulation in variety of tissues is a breed trait. __________________________________________________________________________ Body, pigeon Ataxia Avian paramyxovirus-1 Family Paramyxoviridae, Genus Avulavirus, Species Avian Paramyxovirus-1/Newcastle disease virus, negative sense ssRNA virus APMV-1 virtually identical to Newcastle disease virus; primarily nonsuppurative encephalitis in pigeons. There are no diagnostic gross lesions. DDX: head trauma, lead toxicosis, vitamin E deficiency. __________________________________________________________________________ Body, broiler Ataxia Vitamin E deficiency Brain, Turkey Encephalomalacia and hemorrhage Vitamin E deficiency Brain lesions are not responsive to selenium supplementation, unlike muscle and skin lesions. DDX: aspergillosis, dactylariosis, avian encephalomyelitis (body position) __________________________________________________________________________ CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Tissue/bird Morphologic/Etiologic Diagnosis Etiology/Disease __________________________________________________________________________ Heart, parrot Aortic atherosclerosis Most often observed in aged blue-front Amazon, African grey parrots and macaws. Accumulation of lipid/macrophages/fibrous connective tissue in media of aorta ( subclinical or decreased blood supply to brain and pectoral muscle ( death __________________________________________________________________________ Head, turkey Hematochezia Aortic rupture Peritoneal cavity, turkey Hemoperitoneum Aortic rupture Peritoneal cavity, turkey Aortic rupture: 12-16 weeks, M>F, rupture between external iliac and ischiatic arteries Peritoneum, turkey Perirenal hemorrhage Males, 8-14 weeks, probably a variant of aortic rupture of turkeys DDX: trauma, cannibalism, anticoagulant rodenticides __________________________________________________________________________ Body, broiler Ascites Peritoneum, broiler Ascites Peritoneum, broiler Ascites Heart, broiler Right ventricular dilatation Heart, broiler Left atrioventricular endocardiosis Ascites syndrome of broilers and ducklings: right-sided congestive heart failure promoted by rapid growth rate (hypoxemia ( polycythemia, increased blood viscosity, decreased erythrocyte deformability ( pulmonary hypertension, increased cardiac workload ( right-sided cardiac failure and ascites. DDX: Cardiomyopathy, salt toxicosis, liver disease __________________________________________________________________________ Heart, broiler Vegetative valvular endocarditis, RV Enterococcus DDX: Erysipelothrix, E. coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus __________________________________________________________________________ Heart, Macaw Anemia, Mf myocardial hemorrhage Avian polyomavirus Heart, parrot Hydropericardium Avian polyomavirus DDX, hydropericardium: salt toxicosis, avian viral serositis; EEE, West Nile virus __________________________________________________________________________ Heart, poult Cardiomegaly Dilated cardiomyopathy Heart, turkey Left and right ventricular dilatation Dilated cardiomyopathy Dilated cardiomyopathy (Round heart disease), poults 2-3 weeks old, cause unknown, but possible genetic predisposition complicated by hypoxia in incubator with pathogenesis similar to ascites syndrome of broilers. DDX: salt/sodium toxicosis if ascites present __________________________________________________________________________ DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Tissue/bird Morphologic/Etiologic Diagnosis Etiology/Disease __________________________________________________________________________ Intestine, chicken Intestinal ascariasis Ascaridia galli (chicken, turkey); A. dissimilis (turkey); A. columbae (pigeon) __________________________________________________________________________ Crop, pullet Beak trim injury Crop, pullet Choanal and ingluvial hemorrhage Beak trim injury- hemorrhage __________________________________________________________________________ Crop, turkey poult Proliferative ingluvitis Candida albicans Oral cavity, chicken Proliferative stomatitis Candida albicans Candida albicans = crop mycosis; ubiquitous yeast colonizes mucosal surfaces when normal bacterial microflora is altered by or antibiotics or other diseases. DDX: capilliariasis, poxvirus, trichomoniasis __________________________________________________________________________ Crop, Bobwhite quail Proliferative ingluvitis Capillariasis Capillaria contorta (direct), C. annulata (earthworm intermediate host). Eggs shed in feces and larvae develop in 10-15 days, consumed by bird or earthworm. Larvae hatch and burrow into wall of crop and upper esophagus. Mature after additional 15-25 days. Capillaria obsignata (direct life cycle) resides in small intestine of birds and can cause decreased egg production in layer and broiler breeders. DDX: candidiasis, vitamin A deficiency, trichomoniasis __________________________________________________________________________ Yolk sac, chick Chick normal yolk sac Yolk sac, chick Hemorrhagic yolk sacculitis Peritoneum, chick Fibrinous peritonitis Coliforms, Salmonella, Enterococcus. Peritonitis often secondary to yolk sac infection and rupture __________________________________________________________________________ Liver, chick Gall bladder distension Inanition, Gizzard, poult Foreign body- litter impaction Litter impaction Gall bladder enlarges with inanition (“starve out”). Litter consumption indicative of discomfort of digestive tract (e.g., viral enteritis) or poor adaptation to brooder. __________________________________________________________________________ Duodenum, broiler Mf necrotizing enteritis Eimeria acervulina: schizogony and gametogony in prox. small intestine Jejunum, broiler Mf necrotizing enteritis E necatrix: schizogony in intestine and gametogony in cecum Cecum, chicken Necrohemorrhagic typhlitis E. tenella: schizogony and gametogony in cecum Ileum, broiler Necrotizing enteritis Eimeria brunetti: schizogony in prox. small intestine and gametogony in distal S.I. Cecum, turkey Catarrhal typhlitis/coccidiosis Eimeria adenoeides Turkey: Eimeria adenoeides-cecum, E. dispersa-small intestine, E. gallopavonis- ileum and colon; E. meleagrimitis- duodenum/jejunum __________________________________________________________________________ Cecum, pheasant Fibrinonecrotic typhlitis Eimeria cholchici Coccidia in pheasants are Eimeria colchici (cecal cores); E. duodenalis and E. phasiani. DDX: Salmonella _________________________________________________________________________ Intestine, duck Necrohemorrhagic enteritis Duck viral enteritis (DVE) Esophagus, duck Fibrinonecrotic esophagitis Duck viral enteritis Family Herpesviridae, Subfamily Alphaherpesvirus, Species Anatid herpesvirus 1 (duck plague herpesvirus), dsDNA virus DVE =“Duck plague.” Susceptibility limited to family anatidae-ducks, geese and swans. Transmitted by secretions/direct contact with rapid, high mortality. Probable carrier state in wild ducks. Lesions of vasculitis and necrosis: petechial hemorrhage and multifocal necrosis of heart, liver, pancreas, kidney. Intestines and gizzard filled with blood. Necrohemorrhagic to fibrinonecrotic membranes in esophagus DDX: END, P. multocida, necrotic enteritis __________________________________________________________________________ Liver, WL hen Hepatic lipidosis/hemorrhage Fatty liver disease Most common in caged layers due to high calorie rations and minimal exercise. Also occurs in turkey breeder hens early in egg production. Liver, cockatiel Hepatic lipidosis Fatty liver DDX: bacterial sepsis, Pacheco’s disease, chlamydiosis __________________________________________________________________________ Gizzard, duckling Ventricular (gizzard) myodegeneration Vitamin E deficiency Vitamin E is natural antioxidant in alcoholic form. Selenium (co-factor for glutathione peroxidase) supplementation can reduce lesions in duck, turkey and chicken. Breast muscle similarly affected. Muscle lesions of Vit E deficiency are partially selenium responsive. DDX: furazolidone toxicosis, lymphoma __________________________________________________________________________ Liver, Mynah bird Hepatic hemochromatosis and pulmonary edema Excessive iron storage is disease of mynahs, toucans, birds of paradise. Hemochromatosis; enhanced intestinal iron absorption compared to other birds and mammals, with inability to down-regulate iron absorption when fed iron rich ration. Ascites often occurs from hepatic disease or heart failure. Hepatomegaly, golden brown with scattered dark foci (Kupffer cells packed with hemosiderin). __________________________________________________________________________ Body, turkey Cloacal hemorrhage HE of turkeys Intestine, spleen, turkey Hemorrhagic enteritis/necrotizing splenitis HE of turkeys Family Adenoviridae, Genus Siadenovirus, Species Turkey adenovirus 3 (Turkey hemorrhagic enteritis virus), dsDNA virus Hemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys = subgroup II adenovirus infecting turkeys 4 weeks of age or older; causes immunosuppression of turkeys by cytopathic effects on IgM-positive B cells and macrophages. Serologically related to marble spleen disease virus of pheasants and avian adenovirus splenomegaly virus of broiler breeders. DDX: Cannibalism; END, HPAI __________________________________________________________________________ Cecum, pheasant Cecal nematodiasis Heterakis gallinarum H. gallinarum infects variety of galliformes. Severe infections can form granulomas in cecal wall. Paratenic host (ova) for Histomonas meleagridis protozoa. __________________________________________________________________________ Cecum, liver, turkey Mf necr. hepatitis/fibrinonecr. typhlitis Histomonas meleagridis DDX: Salmonella __________________________________________________________________________ Oral cavity, WL hen Focal ulcerative stomatitis DDX: Idiopathic, trichothecene mycotoxin, disinfectant contact necrosis Oral cavity, chicken Granulomatous stomatitis/cellulitis with impacted feed __________________________________________________________________________ Liver, chicken Multifocal necrohemorrhagic hepatitis Inclusion body hepatitis Described in a variety of birds and often associated with adenovirus infection. Generic term for necrotizing hepatitis with basophilic to eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions in hepatocytes; occurs with every serotype of adenovirus and infection often predisposed by immunosuppression from infectious bursal disease or chicken infectious anemia. Aplastic anemia may also be present. __________________________________________________________________________ Esophagus, goose Focal esophageal dilatation/impaction Lead toxicosis Gizzard, vulture Erosive ventriculitis with bile staining Lead toxicosis Chickens and turkeys more resistant than waterfowl. Acid-fast intranuclear inclusions in renal tubule epithelium, basophilic stippling of erythrocytes and myonecrosis of heart. __________________________________________________________________________ Body, chicken Pectoral muscle atrophy, emaciation Mycobacteriosis Viscera, chicken Mf granulomatous enteritis, hepatitis and splenitis Mycobacteriosis Mycobacterium avium subspecies avium, serovars 1, 2, 3. Observed most often in psittacine birds rather than galliformes, usually adult poultry. DDX: Coligranuloma; Marek’s disease, lymphoid leukosis, carcinomatosis __________________________________________________________________________ Intestine, broiler Fibinonecrotic enteritis Necrotic enteritis Clostridium perfringens toxin types A and C. Overgrowth often preceded by coccidiosis or ascariasis, immunosuppression (IBD), wheat products in ration. DDX: coccidiosis, ulcerative enteritis (C. colinum) __________________________________________________________________________ Peritoneum, parrot Splenomegaly and mesenteric edema Pacheco’s herpesvirus Liver, parrot Necrotizing hepatitis Pacheco’s herpesvirus Family Herpesviridae, Subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, Unassigned Genus, Species Psittacid herpesvirus 1, (Parrot herpesvirus), dsDNA virus DDX: Chlamydiosis, polyomavirus; Salmonella __________________________________________________________________________ Cloaca, parrot Cloacal papilloma Idiopathic No virus consistently isolated. Can be associated with hepatic or biliary carcinoma. __________________________________________________________________________ Proventriculus, Af. Grey Normal Proventriculus, Af. Grey Proventricular dilatation disease Myenteric ganglioneuritis, Macaw wasting disease. Diagnosis: lymphoplasmacytic inflammation of myenteric plexus of tunica muscularis of ventriculus and proventriculus, as well as small intestine and crop. Nonsuppurative encephalitis present in some instances. Viral particles associated with the disease (Gough RE, et al., Vet Rec, 139:24, 1996), but remain unidentified. DDX: Gastric foreign body or other obstruction __________________________________________________________________________ Intestine, cecum, poult Poult enteritis/mortality syndrome (PEMS) Intestine, poult Peritoneal distension, intestinal dilatation PEMS Multifactorial transmissible disease 1-3 week-old poults with diarrhea, growth depression or death. Complex of enteric viruses (astrovirus, coronavirus), Cryptosporidium meleagridis and bacteria (enteropathogenic E. coli). __________________________________________________________________________ Body, poult Crop dilatation/Pendulous crop Cause uncertain in turkey and chicken; often rapid water consumption in hot weather, other dietary influences such as high fat or starch in ration DDX: Impaction, foreign body __________________________________________________________________________ Oral cavity, WL hen Fibrinonecrotic stomatitis Quaternary ammonium Quaternary ammonium disinfectants: direct toxic insult to mucosa DDX: pox, vitamin A deficiency, trichothecene mycotoxins __________________________________________________________________________ Peritoneum, poult Ascites Salt toxicosis: Greater than 2% sodium in ration or 4g/kg body weight ( visceral hemorrhages and ascites __________________________________________________________________________ Cecum, rhea Fibrinonecrotic typhlitis Intestinal spirochetosis Brachyspira hyodysenteriae: Four pathotypes; inhabit the cecum, ileum and rectum or rheas. Spirochetes not identified in ostrich and emu. Necrotizing typhlitis with high mortality in rheas. Brachyspira intermedia: chickens- typhlitis and diarrhea, no mortality; Brachyspira alvinipulli: chickens-typhlitis, reduced growth rate and reduced egg production; Brachyspira pilosicoli: chickens- diarrhea and decreased egg production. __________________________________________________________________________ Intestine, chicken Intestinal cestodiasis Chicken: Genus: Raillietina, Davainea, Amoebotania, Choanotaenia and Hymenolepsis; Turkey: Raillietina, Metroliasthes; Ducks/geese: Hymenolepsis, Fimbrairia __________________________________________________________________________ Proventriculus, pigeon Proventricular parasitism Tetrameres americana T. americana, a proventricular nematode, has grasshopper/cockroach intermediate host. Adult female embeds in proventricular glands. Often subclinical, but can lead to emaciation and anemia. T. crami- wild and domestic ducks T. fissispina- wild and domestic ducks __________________________________________________________________________ Macaw chick Fibrinous cellulitis Trauma: crop tube injury DDX: esophageal thermal burn, injection granuloma __________________________________________________________________________ Oral cavity, dove Fibrinonecrotic stomatitis Trichomonas gallinae Esophagus, pigeon Fibrinonecrotic esophagitis Trichomonas gallinae Pigeons (canker), falcons (frounce), flagellated protozoan that colonizes upper digestive tract mucosa to form multifocal to coalescing, punctate fibronecrotic lesions. Lesions can extend to crop/proventriculus and flagellates can occasionally invade liver (multifocal necrosis). DDX: vitamin A deficiency, candidiasis, poxvirus __________________________________________________________________________ Oral cavity, broiler Mf ulcerative stomatitis and glossitis Trichothecene mycotoxicosis Fusarium mold toxins: T-2, diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) and deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin), and nivalenol. Promote feed refusal and necrosis of oral mucosa and skin in contact with mold toxins., rapid necrosis/depletion of lymphoid and hematopoietic tissues. DDX: quaternary ammonium exposure, wet pox, trichomoniasis. __________________________________________________________________________ Liver, duodenum, poult Mf necrotizing hepatitis and pancreatitis Turkey viral hepatitis (TVH) Virus causing TVH has not yet been identified, suspect picornavirus. Affects only turkeys; under 6 weeks; usu. sudden death with causing multifocal hepatic and pancreatic necrosis. __________________________________________________________________________ Int, Liver, Bobwhite quail Mf fibrinonecr enteritis, necr. hepatitis Ulcerative enteritis UE = “Quail disease.” Clostridium colinum: acute infection resulting in sudden death; quail most susceptible, but also turkey, chicken, pheasant, grouse, partridge, pigeon. Bird ingests feces, litter, water or feed contaminated with spores( hemorrhagic to fibrinonecrotic enteritis + peritonitis and pale, necrotic foci in liver. Splenomegaly and hemorrhage also observed. DDX: necrotic enteritis, coccidiosis, histomoniasis __________________________________________________________________________ Esophagus, chicken Proliferative esophagitis (hyperkeratosis) Vitamin A deficiency Vitamin maintains epithelial structure/function and mucus production . Deficiency: decreased egg production, ocular discharge with eyelid pasting, hyperkeratosis caused by squamous metaplasia of mucous glands; renal tubular degeneration results in visceral gout. Signs in wide variety of birds. DDX: candiasis, wet pox, trichomoniasis, capillariasis __________________________________________________________________________ UROGENITAL SYSTEM Tissue/bird Morphologic/Etiologic Diagnosis Etiology/Disease __________________________________________________________________________Egg, chicken Egg membrane mycosis, Aspergillosis Aspergillus fumigatus Common contaminant of ducts, vents of incubators. __________________________________________________________________________ Body, pullet chick Ureteral/cloacal urate accumulation Dehydration Kidney, pullet chick Visceral gout Dehydration DDX: high calcium or vitamin D3 in ration, avian nephritis virus (astrovirus in Japan; affects only chicks). __________________________________________________________________________ Eggs, WL chicken Soft shell and shell-less eggs Egg drop syndrome Family Adenoviridae, Genus Atadenovirus, Species Duck adenovirus A (Duck adenovirus 1 = egg drop syndrome virus) Subgroup III adenovirus (old terminology); not documented in U.S., but in Europe an Asia causes egg production losses in otherwise laying hens. Histology: Lymphoplasmacytic inflammation of shell gland of oviduct. DDX: low calcium in ration, NDV, IBV, incomplete molt __________________________________________________________________________ Oviduct, Bantam hen Egg-impacted oviduct Most common in small breeds __________________________________________________________________________ Kidney, WL hen Renal/visceral gout Water deprivation Peritoneum, WL hen Visceral gout Liver, heart, WL hen Visceral gout Kidney, chicken Urolithiasis with hydroureter and contralateral renomegaly IBV DDX: Water deprivation, primary renal disease, nephrotropic IBV, high Ca or Vit D3 in ration, citrinin/ochratoxin/oosporein mycotoxins; vitamin A deficiency __________________________________________________________________________ Egg, WL chicken Malformed/wrinkled egg shells Infectious bronchitis (coronavirus) DDX: Newcastle disease virus, abnormal calcium/phosphorus in ration __________________________________________________________________________ Egg, WL chicken Thinning of thin albumen layer Infectious bronchitis DDX: Newcastle disease, nicarbazine (anticoccidial) __________________________________________________________________________ Peritoneum, WL hen Internal oviposition Oviduct obstruction/tumor /infection Often idiopathic and may not affect long term productivity of hen __________________________________________________________________________ Oviduct, WL hen Cystic right oviduct Persistence of right Mullerian duct __________________________________________________________________________ Oviduct, chicken Fibrinoheterophilic salpingitis DDX: E. coli, P. multocida, Riemerella anatipestifer (duck) __________________________________________________________________________ NEOPLASIA Tissue/bird Morphologic/Etiologic Diagnosis Etiology/Disease __________________________________________________________________________ Chicken neoplasms associated with infection by the leukosis/sarcoma group of retroviruses: Lymphoid leukosis, erythroblastosis, myeloblastosis, myelocytomatosis, fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, histiocytic sarcoma, chondroma, osteosarcoma, nephroblastoma, renal carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, hepatic carcinoma, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, hemangiosarcoma, mesothelioma, meningioma, glioma and benign counterparts. Family Retroviridae, Subfamily Orthoretrovirinae, Genus Alpharetrovirus, Species Avian leukosis virus; DNA/RNA Reverse Transcribing virus Retrovirus of leukosis/sarcoma complex. Chicken genome contains endogenous viral loci (ev). Exogenous virus subgroup A transmitted vertically and horizontally. Exogenous virus induces neoplastic transformation of B lymphocytes. Subgroups A-D avian leukosis viruses can produce lymphoid leukosis. ALV Subgroup J produces myelocytomatosis. __________________________________________________________________________ Pancreas, chicken Pancreatic adenocarcinoma __________________________________________________________________________ Ovary, WL hen Ovarian adenocarcinoma __________________________________________________________________________ Peritoneum, WL hen Metastatic carcinoma (Carcinomatosis) __________________________________________________________________________ Peritoneum, BB hen Metastatic carcinoma (Carcinomatosis) __________________________________________________________________________ Kidney, rooster Embryonal nephroma __________________________________________________________________________ Lung, chicken Hemangiosarcoma __________________________________________________________________________ Peritoneum, rooster Mesothelioma __________________________________________________________________________ Head, chicken Cranial myelocytoma ALV-J virus Liver, spine, chicken Hepatic/vertebral myelocytomas ALV-J virus Liver, chicken Mf hepatic myelocytomas ALV-J virus Myelocytoma (myelocytic myeloid leukosis) develops from periosteum on flat bones of skull, ribs, pelvis, trachea, sternum __________________________________________________________________________ Body, processed broiler Squamous cell carcinoma Usu. seen at processing and histologically resemble keratoacanthoma rather than carcinoma. Arise in feather follicle epithelium and can regress. __________________________________________________________________________ Liver, turkey Mf hepatic lymphoma Reticuloendotheliosis Retrovirus structurally distinct from leukosis/sarcoma complex. Natural hosts are turkey, chicken, ducks, geese, pheasants, quail, peafowl. Both vertical and horizontal transmission. __________________________________________________________________________ Wing, lovebird Cutaneous fibroma DDX: feather follicle cyst, poxvirus, squamous cell carcinoma __________________________________________________________________________ Kidney, budgerigar Renal adenocarcinoma __________________________________________________________________________ Beak, budgerigar Hemangiosarcoma __________________________________________________________________________ Subcutis, cockatiel Lipoma, subcutis __________________________________________________________________________ Liver, parrot Biliary carcinoma REFERENCES 1. Diseases of Poultry. M. Saif (ed.); Iowa State University Press, 2003 2. Poultry Production (13th Edition). R. Austic and C. Neshem, Lea & Febiger Publishers, 1990 Avian Disease Manual (4th Edition). C. Whiteman and A. Bickford (eds.), Kendall Hunt Publishing, 1990 3. Isolation and Identification of Avian Pathogens, 4th Edition. Swayne et al. (eds). American Association of Avian Pathologists, 1998. 4. Commercial Chicken Meat and Egg Production, 5th Edition. D. Bell and W.D. Weaver, Jr. (eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002. 5. Avian Histopathology, 2nd Edition. C. Riddell (ed). American Association of Avian Pathologists, 1996. 6. Pathology of Pet and Aviary Birds. R.E. Schmidt, et al. (eds.), Iowa State Press, 2003. 7. Pigeon Health and Disease. D. C. Tudor. Iowa State University Press, 1991. 8. Ratite Management, Medicine and Surgery. T.N. Tully and S.M. Shane (eds.). Krieger Publishing Company, 1996. 9. Poultry Metabolic Disorders and Mycotoxins. S. Leeson, G. Diaz and J.D. 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