ࡱ> =?<#` -bjbj 4&-    4$Udddddddd$ hsdddddddllldjddldllldX $ l%0Ulvllhddldddddb dddUdddd  Social Reproduction: over time, people reproduce their social institutions and patterns of behavior American Dream and social mobility==anyone can make it if they are smart and motivatedthe rags to riches story Education as an alternate route to the American Dream Merit trumps background; talent rises to the top Fact: the majority of people end up in the same class as their parents Long range mobilitye.g., from working class to upper middle class, is rare. Key factors in social reproduction of the class system: a)regulation of aspirations b)structures of advantage/disadvantage c)acceptance of inequalities as legitimate Forms of Class Advantage Economic capitalwealth/savings available for investment Social Capital social networks that connect people to resources durable network of more or less institutionalized relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition.different types of networks in different social classes Cultural Capital forms of knowledge that are valued within institutions and social settings e.g.. ways of speaking; familiarity with unstated norms; skills(ability to write according to particular form); knowledge (e.g. street level economics vs. classroom economics) Educational System Reproduces Rather than Modifies Class Advantage Education and the legitimation of inequalities Manifest and Latent Functions of Education The Hidden curriculum Example: Grading manifest function provides students feedback to help them learn sorts students according to ability teachers grade on criteria that are measurable and public Education system guided by the rational-legal norms of modern bureaucracy (Max Weber) meritocratic system for sorting people into positions within a hierarchy latent function socialization to fundamental values and norms of the society students internalize the value of individual achievement students accept responsibility for their individual performance students accept the legitimacy of hierarchically ranking people students accept the system in which differential rewards go to individuals based on their rank in the hierarchy The system is fair because there is equality of opportunity not equality of result (life situation) Tracking and labeling: sorting students into low/slow; average; highcollege prep /talented and gifted programsteachers and administrators develop different expectations of students in each category; similar behaviors are interpreted differently, depending on how a student is labeled. Aint No Makin It Those who dont succeed in the educational system lack intelligence and motivation. Hallway Hangers appear to confirm this explanation Boudieus concept of habitus: habits or dispositions toward action Our everyday life experiences are primary determinants of habitus Aspirations develop through an individuals internalization of the objective probabilities for social mobility. The structure of the objective chance of social upgrading according to class of origin and, more precisely, the structure of the chances of upgrading through education, conditions agents dispositions towards education and towards upgrading through educationdispositions which in turn play a determining role in defining the likelihood of entering education, adhering to its norms and succeeding in it, hence the likelihood of social upgrading Regulation of aspirations MasLeod: what is the process through which objective chances are transformed into dispositions toward action? Intervening variable: the peer group Strength of the peer group a)preserve sense of self worth in face of negative judgments of peers, teachers, administrators b)express alternate values conflict between dominant societal valuesmiddle class and values of the working-class subculture: values that reflect social and economic realities of working class life f = > ? z { |   { | L R  9 d e 013N}KL#Ͼh~Rh?/hh hj{hj{h>* h1>* hT>*h-8Vh1hYbh6> h6>>*hVh6>>* h>* hVhhh Xh>*hVhT:ef > ? ) P { |     8 gdgd6>gdgdV-8 9 d e } ~ 23}"[KLgd?/gd=>rsmn-.HI\xgdGQgd] gd?/]gdYbpqs-.IP['()*-hh Vh<hGQh-8VhYbh] h] h] >*'()*+,-gdGQ21h:p?// =!"#$% @@@ NormalCJ_HaJmH sH tH DAD Default Paragraph FontRiR  Table Normal4 l4a (k(No List-&ef >? )P{|89de}~23}"[KL = > r s m n - . 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