ࡱ> gif@ 3bjbj (juu+&.8 D.p+2 ( "!!!!6! B!*******$,R.+#!!##+!!*+&&&#p!!*&#*&&)*! xQ`$)*@+0p+),/<%H/*../*J!!|&t"d"J!J!J!++..DrD&d..rDRUG AND ALCOHOL USE Proposal: for medical use of marijuana for research on marijuana against the recreational use of marijuana against decriminalizing hard drugs ARGUMENT FOR MEDICAL USE OF MARIJUANA (HARM) Moral Principle: We have a duty to relieve suffering. Premise/Observation: There are several medical conditions that respond more favorably to the use of marijuana than to the use of other recommended and legal medications, conditions such as glaucoma, nausea, restless leg syndrome, and chronic pain (caused by cancer, degenerative disk disease, etc.). Because of this the AMA, in 1937, was against making marijuana illegal when the American Tax act was proposed. Over 90 published reports and studies have shown marijuana has medical efficacy. www.drugwarfacts.org/medicalm.htm Conclusion/Proposal: Doctors should be allowed to prescribe the use of marijuana for any conditions that seem to warrant it, that is, for conditions that studies have shown marijuana will relieve. The use of marijuana should be governed by the same body that governs the use of other medications, that is, the Food and Drug Administration. Users of medicinal marijuana should be allowed to grow their own, since self grown marijuana usually does not become trafficked. [studies] OBJECTION FROM ALTERNATIVES Premise/Observation: The government has already approved the medical use of a drug that contains the main active ingredient in marijuana. RESPONSE TO OBJECTION: Premise/Observation: The use of the approved drug is not as effective in relieving symptoms. It also provides an unnecessarily direct exposure to the main active ingredient in marijuana that smoking marijuana does not provide. [studies] OBJECTION FROM SLIPPERY SLOPE: Premise/Observation: If we allow the medicinal use of marijuana this will open the door to the recreational use of marijuana. Specifically, (1) everyone will claim their need is medical (2) there will be fake prescriptions and (3) the availability of marijuana for medical use will make it available for recreational use. RESPONSE TO OBJECTION FROM SLIPPERY SLOPE Premise/Observation: (1) If people are forced to get a prescription, they will be under the care of a physician, and this will reduce the potential for harm. (2) As for fake prescriptions, this is a problem that will have to be solved as it is for other substances. (3) If drug trafficking (including marijuana) continues to be illegal, that will inhibit many recreational users. ARGUMENT FOR ENCOURAGING MARIJUANA STUDIES Premise/Observation: The drug marijuana appears to have many beneficial medicinal uses, as well as recreational ones. Premise/Observation: Research on the drug is inhibited by the Controlled Substance act, passed in 1970. Moral Principle: We have a duty to minimize suffering and maximize happiness. Conclusion/Proposal: We should permit the cultivation of marijuana for research purposes. OBJECTION FROM SLIPPERY SLOPE: Premise/Observation: If we allow the cultivation of and research upon marijuana this will open the door to the recreational use of marijuana. Specifically, (1) the availability of marijuana for research will make it available for recreational use. RESPONSE TO OBJECTION FROM SLIPPERY SLOPE Premise/Value Judgement: The results we discover will outweigh the risks of illegal distribution and recreational use. Should the results be discovered to be negative, we will have more information for the war on drugs as well as for methods of prevention and treatment. In contrast, should the results be positive, we can take marijuana off the list of prohibited drugs and this will decrease the cost of the war on drugs. ARGUMENT VS. RECREATIONAL USE OF MARIJUANA: HARM Moral Principle: We have a duty to prevent harm. Premise/Observation: Despite the fact that it is claimed that no one has ever died of marijuana overdose, long term drug use of marijuana is associated with a decline in overall performance and motivation. [studies] Premise/Observation: People who start smoking nicotine early on have a very little chance of being able to stop. Conclusion: Probably beginning any drug use early makes it harder for the person not to become addicted. Conclusion/Proposal: We should protect children from early exposure to marijuana. Premise/Observation: Allowing the recreational use of marijuana will make marijuana more available to children. Premise/Observation: Allowing the recreational use of marijuana will send the message to children that such drug use is acceptable. Conclusion/Proposal: We should protect children from early exposure to marijuana and the best way to do that is to restrict the cultivation, distribution, and recreational use of marijuana in the United States. We cannot protect children if we decriminalize marijuana. Premise/Observation: Due to lack of studies, there is relatively little known about the long-term consequences of marijuana use. Conclusion: It is too risky to open the door to recreational marijuana use without knowing more about its long-term consequences. Conclusion/Proposal: We should keep the recreational use of marijuana illegal. ARGUMENT VS. DECRIMINALIZATION FROM ALASKA Premise/Observation: Legalization has been tried beforeand failed miserably. Alaskas experiment with Legalization in the 1970s led to the states teens using marijuana at more than twice the rate of other youths nationally. This led Alaskas residents to vote to re-criminalize marijuana in 1990. DEA Less annual use Conclusion/Proposal: We should keep the recreational use of marijuana illegal. OBJECTION FROM LACK OF HARM Premise/Observation: It seems possible to integrate marijuana use into a lifestyle in which the users are functional. Premise/Observation: Marijuana does not seem to be harmful. No one has ever died of an overdose of marijuana. In contrast, many people have died from alcohol poisoning. According to the prestigious European medical journal,  HYPERLINK "http://thelancet.com/" \t "_blank" The Lancet, "The smoking of cannabis, even long-term, is not harmful to health. It would be reasonable to judge cannabis as less of a threat than alcohol or tobacco." NORML FAQs,  HYPERLINK "http://www.norml.org" www.norml.org Premise/Observation: Marijuana is not a gateway drug. Studies have shown that very few marijuana users then attempt hard drugs. Conclusion: We should decriminalize marijuana. RESPONSE TO OBJECTION FROM LACK OF HARM Premise/Observation: Drug use that becomes chronic does cause harm to those who are involved with the drug user. If that person operates heavy machinery, injury or death can ensue. If that person has a family, neglect to the family can occur. If that person smokes in front of the family such that they inhale second hand smoke, the same lung damage that occurs from cigarettes can occur. Smoking in front of children sends them the message that such an action is OK for them as well. OBJECTION FROM AUTONOMY Moral Principle: We have a right to autonomy. Premise/Observation: Criminalizing drugs infringes upon the autonomy of those who are able to integrate drug use into their lives and remain functional. Conclusion/Proposal: Adults, if not children, should be allowed to smoke marijuana. RESPONSE TO OBJECTION FROM AUTONOMY Premise/Observation: Drug use that becomes chronic actually robs people of their autonomy, thus harming them. Premise/Observation: Most people cannot use drugs without losing some degree of autonomy. Conclusion/Proposal: The use of marijuana should remain illegal. OBJECTION FROM OTHER COUNTRIES Premise/Observation: Decriminalizing drugs in other countries (such as the Netherlands) has resulted in no increase in the number of drug users. Premise/Observation: Decriminalizing drugs in other countries (such as the Netherlands) has resulted in no increase in the number of children who started drug use in comparison to the number of children who started drug use in the United States in which the same drug use is criminalized. [studies] Conclusion: Criminalizing drug use does not prevent children or new users from using drugs. Conclusion/Proposal: We should decriminalize the use of drugs and use the money that is saved for drug education programs that emphasize drug prevention and responsible use. RESPONSE TO OBJECTION FROM OTHER COUNTRIES Premise/Observation: Other countries have different circumstances with different social problems. In our situation, without the kind of social support that countries like the Netherlands has we cannot support drug users adequately once use has begun. Conclusion/Proposal: It is incumbent upon us to prevent new users. Premise/Observation: The best way to prevent new users is through criminalization of drugs. Conclusion/Proposal: We should keep drugs illegal and maintain a war on drugs. ARGUMENT FOR CRIMINALIZING DRUGS (SELF-IMPROVEMENT) Moral Principle: We have a duty to improve ourselves. Premise/Observation: We cannot improve ourselves while indulging in substances that are psychotropic and potentially addictive. Conclusion/Proposal: We should keep marijuana illegal and maintain a war on drugs. OBJECTION Premise/Observation: Many people testify that they are able to integrate marijuana use into a lifestyle in which they are functional and that drugs improve their lives. Premise/Observation: What counts as self-improvement is subjective. For many, relieving anxiety, which the use of marijuana has been shown to do, is an improvement. RESPONSE TO OBJECTION Premise/Observation: The benefit of relieving anxiety comes with an apparent cost of decreasing motivation and incurring unknown medical risks. Conclusion/Proposal: The risks and costs of marijuana use outweigh the benefit of reducing anxiety. ARGUMENT VS. RECREATIONAL USE OF HARD DRUGS (Harm) Moral Principle: We have a duty to prevent harm. Premise/Observation: Chronic hard drug use causes major harm to the user, in terms of medical conditions. Premise/Observation: Chronic hard drug use causes major harm to those who associate with the user (violence, neglect, etc.). Conclusion/Proposal: We should keep the hard drugs illegal. ARGUMENT VS. RECREATIONAL USE OF HARD DRUGS (Autonomy) Moral Principle: We have a duty to protect autonomy. Premise/Observation: Chronic hard drug use robs people of their autonomy. Conclusion/Proposal: We should keep the hard drugs illegal. OBJECTION FROM FINANCIAL COST OF CRIMINALIZATION Premise/Observation: The war on drugs has proved to be tremendously expensive and drug use has not ceased. Conclusion: We should decriminalize drug use. RESPONSE TO OBJECTION FROM FINANCIAL COSTS Premise/Observation: The war on drugs has contained the number of heroin users. That is, it has probably prevented new users. In 1976 the average age of heroin users who appeared in the emergency rooms was 27. In 1986 it was 32. In 1990 more than 2/3 of the number of heroin users were over the age of 30. (Wilson, 1990, Boss, 319) Conclusion: The criminalization of drugs was worth it.     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