ࡱ> g cbjbjVV 8r<r<[%$$~~~~~8?r"#?%?%?%?%?%?%?$DFI?~O"OOI?~~^?$$$O~~#?$O#?$$9;pkPxw:?t?0?:\JG@JG0;JG~;$>!,$M$qI?I? :?OOOOJG$ D: Chapter Ten Personality Study Guide Focusing on Three Theories of Personality: Psychodynamic Humanistic Cognitive --All emphasize the interplay between internal mental processes and external social interactions (See core concept) Psychodynamic An approach to psychology based on Freuds ascertains which emphasize the unconscious process. Psychoanalysiss see behavior springing from unconscious drives and conflicts. Humanistic: A clinical viewpoint emphasizing human ability, growth, potential, and free will. Belief in the idea that people have the capacity to choose their own pattern of life and are not just be driven by unconscious forces or shaped by environment. People have some control over who they are. Cognitive: The psychological perspective emphasizing the mental processes, such as learning, memory, perception, and thinking. How humans process, store, and retrieve information. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Key Question: Core Concept: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Personality:  The Psychodynamic Theory Psychoanalysis: Feud believed we go about our daily business without knowing the real motives behind our behavior When the thread of personality breaks, we see certain mental disorders involving inconsistencies in personality: bipolar, schizophrenia, etc Experience and innate factors shape the personality: Nature and Nurture Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) The Conscious Mind The conscious mind is what you are aware of at any particular moment, your present perceptions, memories, thoughts, fantasies, feelings, what have you. The Preconscious Mind Working closely with the conscious mind is what Freud called the preconscious, what we might today call "available memory:" anything that can easily be made conscious, the memories you are not at the moment thinking about but can readily bring to mind. The Unconscious Mind Freuds center of the personality This includes all the things that are not easily available to awareness, including many things that have their origins there, such as our drives or instincts, and things that are put there because we can't bear to look at them, such as the memories and emotions associated with trauma. Drives and Instincts> Actions of the unconscious mind are powered by motives, drives, instincts Energy comes from TWO SOURCES 1. Eros guided by the libido Libido: Fuels not only sexual behavior, but work play, leisure activities, drawing writing, readingnearly everything people do But does not explain acts of human aggression 2. Thanatos Drives aggression and destructive acts that humans commit against each other and themselves ID EGO - SUPEREGO Id: What a person wants to doregardless Unconscious storehouse of basic motives and instinct drives Follows the pleasure principle.. if it feels good, do it! Only part of the personality present at birth..innate Ego: what person can do Has to satisfy demands of id without offending the superego Guided by the reality principle Ego Ideal: persons view of the kind of person they should strive to become Superego: What a person should do..the minds police force Guided by moral principle EXAMPLE Lets say you are sexually attracted to an acquaintance. The id clamors for immediate satisfaction of sexual desires, but is opposed by the superego (which finds the very thought of sex shocking). The id says, Go for it! The superego icily replies, Never even think that again! The ego says, I have a plan! Freuds Personality Development Freud developed the first compressive theory of personality, mental disorders, and psychotherapy Forgotten experiences in infancy and early childhood have the strongest impact on personality development "personality forms during the first few years of life, rooted in unresolved conflicts of early childhood" Saw difficulties in early life leading to fixations or arrested psychological development Why do boys develop a masculine identity even though most are raised primarily by their mother? Oedipus complex & Electra complex: A childs sexual attachment to parent of the opposite sex and jealousy toward the parent of the same sex. Fixation: Occurs when psychosexual development is arrested at an immature stage Anal retentive: term is often used to describe a person deemed to be overly obsessed with minor details. Identification,: the mental process by which a person tries to become like another person.especially a same sex parent Freudian Slip: occurs when accidental speech or behavior belies and unconscious desire or conflict Freuds Psychosexual Stages Oral Stage (birth - 1 year) * Mouth, lips, tongue are associated with sexual pleasure * Weaning a child can lead to fixation if not handled correctly Problems if Unresolved * Fixation can lead to oral activities (including "biting" humor) in adulthood , smoking, nail biting, chewing gum, gluttony, obesity, talkativeness, dependency, gullibility Anal Stage (1 - 3 years) * Anus is associated with pleasure * Toilet training can lead to fixation if not handled correctly Problems if Unresolved * Fixation can lead to anal retentive or expulsive behaviors in adulthood When there is excessive gratification in this stage, it leads to the development of extremely generous, unorganized personalities. When gratification does not occur, the individual becomes extremely organized. Messiness, temper tantrums, destructiveness, cruelty, excessive cleanliness, stinginess, coldness, distance Phallic Stage (3 - 5 years) * Focus of pleasure shifts to the genitals (masturbation) Oedipus complex: boys attraction for mom.. requires them to displace this attraction to females their own age Electra complex: Girls attraction/identification, to father Penis Envy: Females dont have one, so are attracted to those that do Problems if Unresolved * Fixation can lead to excessive masculinity in males and the need for attention or domination in females Jealousy, egocentric sex, sexual conquests, problems with parents Latency Stage (5 - puberty) * Sexuality is repressed * Children participate in hobbies, school and same-sex friendships Problems if Unresolved * Excessive modesty, preference of same sex company, homosexuality (Freud considered this a disorder) Genital Stage (puberty on) * Sexual feelings re-emerge and are oriented toward others - usually marked by mature sexualityestablish new relationships with parents * Healthy adults find pleasure in love and work, fixated adults have their energy tied up in earlier stages FREUDIAN EGO DEFENSE MECHANISMS ---The purpose of the mechanisms is to protect the mind/self/ego from anxiety, social sanctions or to provide a refuge from situations with which one cannot cope. ---If demands of the id and superego cant be resolved, it may be necessary to distort reality ---They can be categorized as occurring when the 1) id impulses are in conflict with each other 2) when the id impulses conflict with super-ego values and beliefs 3)when an external threat is posed to the ego. Denial: Denying there is any problem Rationalization: Give socially acceptable reasons for behavioreverybody cheats in class Repression: Forgetting painful memories, such as abuse Projection: Believes that impulses/feelings coming from within are really coming from other people Im not jealous, she is or person may feel others dislike them, when actually they dislike themselves Reaction Formation: Replacing unacceptable feeling/urge with the opposite Divorced father may resent have his kids for the weekend, so he showers them with excess attention Regression: Going back to a earlier and less mature pattern of behavior Adult may pout or throw a fit like a little child Sublimation:: Gratifying sexual or aggressive desires in acceptable waysacting, sports Displacement: Shifting from source of anxiety to another source Hitting your brother when you are mad at your father....too scared to hit father Somatization: The transformation of negative feelings towards others into negative feelings toward self, pain, illness and anxietyhypochondria Passive Aggression: Aggression towards others expressed indirectly or passively Acting Out: Direct expression of an unconscious wish or impulse without conscious awareness of the emotion that drives that expressive behavior. Idealization: Subconsciously choosing to perceive another individual as having more positive qualities than they may actually have. Projective Tests: Rorschach Inkblot Technique/Test: Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): Psychic Determinism: Evaluating Freud Critics: --Many Freudian views are vaguelibido, repression --Because the views lack clear operational definitions, it is impossible to evaluate the scientifically --His theories may be good for past but a poor predictor of future responses Diverts attention away from current events that may influence behavior --Women seen as minor playersa common attitude at that time --The unconscious mind is not as smart or purposeful as Freud believed Freud Ignored: --influence of vastly different forms of socialization for boys/girls --possibility of differences in genetic programmingwhich little was known then Influenced: future psychologists, marketing (sex, social rejection, fearEx: mouthwash, antibacterial soap) Neo-Freudians Neo-Freudian: The NEW Freudians Those that broke from or improved on Freud while retaining the psychodynamic aspect, especially the focus that motivation is the source of energy for the personality Carl Jung --Believed Freud focused too much on sexuality at the expense of other unconscious needs --Believed spirituality to be a fundamental human motive, coequal to sexuality --Disputed the very structure of Freuds unconscious --Believed the Psyche develops by middle age --Jung first developed the theory that individuals each had a psychological type. Jungs Principal Of Opposites Personality Types Portrayed each personality as a balance between opposing pairs of tendencies or dispositions. Believed most people favored one of the pair. Extravert - Introvert Conscious - Unconscious Rational Irrational Thinking - Feeling Intuition - Sensation Good - Bad Masculine Feminine Jung's theory divides the psyche into three parts. 1. Ego 2. Personal unconscious But it does not include the instincts that Freud would have it include. 3. The collective unconscious. ====================================================================================. Karen Horney --Disputed the concepts of Oedipus complex and penis envy.Little girls do not feel inferior to little boys --Believed women want the same opportunities/rights that men have. many differences between men/women are due to social roles, not unconscious urges --Normal growth involved the full development of social relations and ones potential Social relations more important than unconscious sexual impulses Consistent love can alleviate the effects of a traumatic childhood Basic anxiety: an emotion that gives a sense of uncertainty, isolation, loneliness in a hostile world that can lead to adjustment problems and metal disorders Neurotic Needs: Horneys Patterns of Dealing with Basic Anxiety 1. Moving towards others These people have a pathological need for love and approval 2. Moving against others Earn power/respect by competing or attacking, but risk being feared and ending up lonely at the top 3. Moving away from others Protect themselves from imagined hurt and rejection Her theories also suffer from weak scientific foundations Horneys Ten Neurotic Needs 1. The Need for Affection and Approval The desires to be liked, to please other people, and meet the expectations of others. People with this type of need are extremely sensitive to rejection and criticism 2. The Need for a Partner and Dread of Being Alone People with this need suffer extreme fear of being abandoned by their partnerbelieve that having a partner will resolve all of lifes troubles. 3. The Neurotic Need to Restrict Ones Life and Remain Inconspicuous Individuals with this need prefer to remain unnoticed. They are undemanding and content with little.often making their own needs secondary and undervaluing their own talents and abilities. 4. The Need for Power and Control Over Others Individuals with this need seek power for its own sake. They usually praise strength, despise weakness, and will exploit or dominate other people. These people fear personal limitations, helplessness, and uncontrollable situations. 5. The Need to Exploit Others These individuals view others in terms of what can be gained through association with them. People with this need generally pride themselves in their ability to exploit others. 6. The Need for Recognition or Prestige Individuals with a need for prestige value themselves in terms of public recognition and acclaim. Material possessions, personality characteristics, professional accomplishments, and loved ones are evaluated based upon prestige value..often fear public embarrassment and loss of social status. 7. The Need for Personal Admiration Individuals that are narcissistic and have an exaggerated self-perception. They want to be admired based on this imagined self-view, not upon how they really are. 8. The Need for Personal Achievement These individuals fear failure and feel a constant need to accomplish more than other people According to Horney, people push themselves to achieve greater and greater things as a result of basic insecurity. 9. The Need for Self-Sufficiency and Independence These individuals exhibit a loner mentality, distancing themselves from others in order to avoid being tied down or dependent upon other people. 10. The Need for Perfection and Unassailability (accuracy) These individuals constantly strive for complete infallibility. Alfred Alder --Proposed theories dealing with birth order and lifestyles --Most known for the Inferiority Complex: believed people were motivated by it --His views have been called individual psychology Inferiority Complex: Compensation: ********** The Humanistic Theory ********** Personality not driven by unconscious conflicts and defense against anxiety but by the need to adapt, learn, grow, and excel Emphasize the POSITIVE in human nature Once people are free from negative situations (abusive relationships) and negative self-evaluations (Im stupid)they can make life-enhancing choices Gordon Allport Traits: Trait Theory: 1. Central Traits: 2. Secondary Traits: 3. Cardinal Traits: Carl Rogers Fully Functioning Person: Phenomenal field: Our psychological reality, composed of ones perceptions and feelings We respond to this subjective (biased) perception not to the objective reality Thats why a grade of a C will shock someone who always gets As but make someone who is failing happy both are reacting to their subjective phenomenal fields Everyone has the capacity for growth in a supportive and nurturing environment Problems With Humanists: Fuzzy areas in theories..cant be tested Positive Psychology: Abraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needs ********** The Social Cognitive Theory ********** Strength: Emphasis on solid research Not as comprehensive as psychodynamic or humanists Examine specific influences on personality Albert Bandu Personalities are shaped by the interaction with others Not just driven by inner forces or environment influences..but also by our expectations of how our actions might affect other people, the environment, and ourselves. A distinctive feature of the human personality is the ability to see the consequences of our behavior Ex: We dont have to yell fire in a crowded theater to know what would happen if we did Observational learning: Reciprocal Determinism: Example: If you like psychology in music, your interest (a cognition) might lead you to spend time at concerts (environment) interacting with other music fans (behavior) Julian Rotter Behavior functions is related to our sense of personal poweror locus of control Critics of Cognitive: Puts too much emphasis on rational information processingignore emotions and unconscious Recent cognitive psychologists have included these areas -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Key Question: Core Concept: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Temperaments, Traits, and Types. Temperaments: Traits: Types: Historically Hippocratess Four Temperaments: A persons temperament resulted from the balance of four humors (fluids) secreted by the body A sanguine/cheerful temperament characterized by strong, warm blood A choleric (angry) temperament came from yellow bile from the liver Melancholic temperament came from black bile from the liver Phlegmatic temperament, cool, slow, unemotional, came from phlegm/mucus &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Temperament Theories Temperament: --Inherited personality disposition --Apparent in early childhood --Establish tempo and mood of the individuals behavior Temperament does NOT determine personalitybut contributes to it Trait Theories Trait theorists believe we can describe peoples personalities by specifying their main characteristics or traits. Traits: more specific characteristics of personality, such as cautious Nomothetic approach. Theorists that believe that the same basic set of traits can be used to describe all peoples personalities Hans Eyesenck- believed could classify all people along introversion-extraversion scale and a stable- unstable scale Raymond Cattell- 16PF (personality factor) 16 basic traits in all people in varying degrees Five-Factor Theory: Trait perspective that suggests that personality is composed of fundamental personality dimensions Seems to be valid across culturesthe same five factors stand out in many cultures Big Five Personality Factors (Five Factor Theory) 1. Extraversion: energy, positive emotions, tendency to seek stimulation and the company of others. 2. Conscientiousness: tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement; planned rather than spontaneous behavior. 3. Agreeableness: tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and hostile towards others. 4. Openness to Experience: appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, imagination, and curiosity. 5. Neuroticism: tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily, such as anger, anxiety, depression, or vulnerability; sometimes called emotional instability. Trait Theory Tests MMPI-2: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Used to measure serious mental problems (depression, schizophrenia) and not enduring personality traits The test has four lie scales that signal to deter faking a good or bad score Reliability: Validity: Person-situation Controversy: Walter Mischel: proposed the theorysaid people behave far less consistently from one situation to the other than they believe Sees behavior as 1. a function of the situation 2. the individuals interpretation of the situation, and 3. personality Type Theories Types: clusters of traits.. that are found in essentially the same pattern in many people Myers-Briggs Type Indicator: Used in college, career centers, businesses, relationship counseling The only objective measure of personality based on Jungs type theory One of the most widely used psychological instruments Cons: Research shows that the test may be unreliableone study showed fewer than half of those tested had exactly the same type when retested five weeks later Pros: May revel new avenues to explore, such as new career possibilities that may never have come to the individuals attention -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Key Question: Core Concept: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Implicit Personality theories: Ex: If you were romantically hurt by someone you considered attractive but who could not make a commitment, you may judge other attractive people to be untrustworthy Fundamental Attribution Error: How does culture impact personality? Personality is a Western invention Many differences are related to the difference between individualistic and collective cultures Cultural differences: Status of age groups: the elderly are more respected in non-western cultures Romantic love: Assumption that romantic love should be the basis for marriage is a fairly recent European invention Stoicism: Asian cultures teach people to suppress the expression of intense feelingsEuro-Americans more expressive ..an ancient Greek school of philosophy that asserted that happiness can only be achieved by accepting lifes ups and downs as the products of unalterable destiny. Locus of Control: People in industrialized nations have more of an internal locus of control than those in developing nations Distinction between thinking and feeling: Many cultures do not make a strong distinction between thoughts and emotions ..Americans do Think about this.. 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