ࡱ> fhe] =bjbjzqzq l/\/\s5%4,,,h,l,D6t,,"NNN)))5555555$7n:`5))5NN5$$$NN5$5$$x1 [5N`$feN j4560D64: :$[5:[5T)r$;\)))55#F)))D6:)))))))))> : Motivation List 1 goal that you want to accomplish by the end of the day. List 3 goals that you would like to accomplish by June 2015. List 3 goals that you would like to accomplish by 2025. Are you satisfied with your body? Why or why not? Are you satisfied with your performance in THIS class so far? Why or why not? Motivation A need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it toward a goal. It is a hypothetical concept, we infer motivation from the behaviors we observe. Psychology after Darwin Just after Darwins works, psychologists figured most behaviors were instinctual. As many as 6,000 human instincts were identified. (If you boasted= self-assertion instinct) Today psychologist do not believe in many human instincts. Name a few human instincts if you can Instinct To qualify as an instinct, a complex behavior must have a fixed pattern throughout a species and be unlearned. Think imprinting in birds, the return of salmon to their birthplace, robins need to nest, a bear hibernating. In humans rooting and sucking Drive-Reduction replaces Instinct A physiological need creates an aroused state that drives the organism to reduce the need by maybe eating or drinking When the physiological need increases, so does the psychological drive an aroused, motivated state. Homeostasis The maintenance of a steady internal state Homeostasis means staying the same An example is the bodys temperature-regulation system. If our body temperature cools, blood vessels constrict to conserve warmth and we feel driven to put on a blanket or warm clothes. If the water level in our cells drop, sensors detect our need for water and we feel thirsty. If you are ever stranded in a lifeboat on the open waterHow would you maintain homeostasis? Body Temperature Fluid level Circulation Needs versus Drives Need A physiological state that usually triggers a state of motivational arousal Examples: need for sufficient oxygen, lack of enough body fluid Drive An psychological aroused or activated state that is often triggered by a physiological need Example: thirst, hunger Need is to Drive as Lack of food is to hunger as lack of body fluid is to _____. Needs are ______ correlated with ____. Positively; drives Negatively; drives Negatively; instincts Positively; instincts Incentives Environmental stimulus that motivates behavior Positive or negative stimuli that lures or repels us The smell of pizza, the aroma of hot chocolate, someone we find attractive, the threat of disapproval, a crossword puzzle, a pornographic movie Have you ever: stayed up late surfing the web when you needed a good night of sleep, watched a scary movie when you knew it would scare you, eat junk food at a party when you were full? Incentives A lack of bodily fluids is to cold water as _______ is to _____. Need; incentive Drive; incentive Need; drive Incentive; need Clark Hulls Drive Reduction Theory A physiological need creates an aroused state that drives the organism to reduce the need by doing something maybe eating, drinking, or rocking. When a physiological need increases, so does a psychological drive- an aroused, motivated state. When an animal has been deprived of food for many hours, a state of hunger is aroused that motivates food-seeking and eating behavior Optimum Arousal Some motivated behaviors increase arousal. Well-fed animals leave their shelter to explore. Babies investigate every inch of the house. People climb mountains Just Homeostasis??? We work on more than just homeostasis. How many want to have a high paying career that will afford them the ability to reduce hunger and thirst? Maslows Hierarchy of Needs The need for physical safety must be met before city dwellers will be motivated to form close relationships with fellow citizens. The need for food must be met before we can satisfy our need for love. Go back to your original goals Where do your goals fall on Maslows Hierarchy? Recap the what weve learned Instinct Theory now the evolutionary perspective Drive-Reduction Theory emphasizing the interaction between inner pushes and external pulls Arousal Theory emphasizing the urge for an optimum level of stimulation Hierarchy of Needs pyramid of human needs, must satisfy lower tiered needs first. Hunger Ancel Keys Starvation Studies after WWII 36 men (volunteers) were fed just enough food to keep them at their initial weight, then for six months their food level was cut in half. (150lb men went down to 112 lbs) The men began conserving energy, appeared listless, and became obsessed with food. They talked and day dreamed food and lost interest in sex and social activities. They were preoccupied with their unfulfilled basic need. How do we know we are hungry? The bell rings? Dinner is on the table? Your date takes you to an All-You-Can-Eat Buffet? The Physiology of Hunger A stomach contracts when it feels hunger Diet pills fill your stomach with fiber and water, but no calories Ghrelin- a hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach Have you heard of stomach stapling? If appetites lessen after a portion of the stomach is sealed off, would hunger disappear if the entire stomach were removed? NO! Why? Body Chemistry and the Brain 101 Glucose- a form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When glucose is low we feel hungry. Insulin- diminishes glucose, by converting it to stored fat. Increases in insulin we feel hungry If glucose is low, it triggers hunger but we dont consciously feel the change in the blood chemistry. The brain automatically monitors the info Signals from the stomach, intestines, and the liver (depending on whether glucose is being deposited or withdrawn) all signal the brain to motivate eating or not. Hypothalamus and the Fat Rat Hunger controls are located in the hypothalamus. Lateral Hypothalamus- stimulates hunger Ventromedial Hypothalamus- depresses hunger The Appetite Hormones Insulin- hormone secreted by pancreas; controls blood sugar Leptin- Protein secreted by fat cells, when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger Orexin- Hunger-triggering hormones secreted by hypothalamus Ghrelin- Hormone secreted by empty stomach; sends Im hungry signals to the brain PYY: Digestive tract hormone; sends Im not hungry signals to the brain Little quiz A Increases in insulin increase hunger indirectly by Increasing leptin levels Decreasing blood glucose levels Increasing PYY levels Decreasing orexin levels Little quiz B Increases in__ increase hunger, whereas increases in __ decrease hunger Insulin; blood glucose Blood glucose; leptin Leptin; orexin Orexin; insulin Little quiz C After 2 days without eating, Myra is very hungry. At this time it is likely that her blood glucose level is _____ and her blood insulin level is _____. Low; low Low; high High; high High; low Little quiz D Mice are most likely to eat less when they experience __ levels of ___. elevated; leptin reduced; glucose elevated; orexin reduced; estrogen A few more words Set point- the specific body weight maintained automatically by most adults (not high school students) over long periods of time Basal metabolic rate- the bodys resting rate of energy expenditure- or how many daily calories it takes your body to maintain basic body functions Speaking of how could you gain or lose a few pounds in a healthy manner? Eating Disorders 222 studies of 141,000 people over 50 years revealed dramatic increases in the number of women who have poor body image. In another survey, nearly of U.S. women reported feeling negative about their appearance and preoccupied with being or becoming overweight. Which female body type is ideal? Females which body type most resembles your body? Fallon and Rozin (1985, U Penn) Findings: womens ideal body weight was less than their current weight The weight they thought men preferred was also lower than what men actually preferred. There were no discrepancies in the mens self-ratings. Men judged their current, their ideal weight, and the weight they thought women preferred as similar. Courtney Cox, Marylyn, & Barbie Courtney is size 0, weighting in at 100 lbs. Marylyn was a size 14, Barbie, when adjusted to a height of 5 7, her measurements would be 32-16-29. Anorexia Nervosa- easier to detect Disorder in which a person drops significantly below normal weight (more than 15%) yet feels fat and is obsessed with losing weight. Usually develops in adolescence 9 out of 10 cases are female Often come from families that are competitive, high achieving, and protective They set high standards, fall short of expectations and are concerned with how others perceive them Bulimia Nervosa- more common Repeated episodes of overeating followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise. Most are women in their late teens or early twenties, are fearful of becoming overweight, and are depressed or anxious. Weight is usually within or above the normal range (easy to hide) Families of bulimic patients report higher than usual incidences of alcoholism, obesity, and depression. Sexual Motivation Consider this Sexual motivation is natures way of making people procreate, (yes, have babies) thus enabling our species survival. Sexual Behavior Alfred Kinsey (1948, 1953) confidentially interviewed 18,000 people asking rapid fire questions about their sexual behaviors. Findingsmost of men and half of women have had premarital sex, most women and virtually all men reported masturbating. (these findings may be misleading nonrandom sample contained an overrepresentation of well-educated white urbanites) Can you imagine how people reacted to the study in 1953? The Sexual Response Cycle William Masters and Virginia Johnson (1966) conducted a famous study in which they monitored and filmed (in a laboratory) more than 10,000 sexual response cycles. Sex Hormones have 2 effects: direct the development of male and female sex characteristics activate sexual behavior Hormones and Sexual Behavior In most mammals, females become sexually receptive (in heat) when production of the female hormone estrogen peaks at ovulation. In humans, womens desire is only slightly higher during ovulation than at other times. Male hormone levels are constant Hormones influence sexual arousal via the hypothalamus, which both monitors variations in blood hormone levels and activates the appropriate neural circuits. The sexual hormones are essential, but so are the psychological stimuli The Psychology of Sex Hunger and sex are different motivations: we do not eat, we die. Not so with sex. Remember that if you are ever pressured! External Stimuli- read it for yourself Imagined Stimuli- read it for yourself (The Brain is our most significant sex organ) Adolescent Sexuality Sexual expression varies by culture In the US, about 50% of 9-12 graders reported having sex 42% of Canadian 16 year olds Much higher in Western Europe Much lower in Arab and Asian countries Only 2.5% of 4688 unmarried Chinese students reported having sex Time period or Era is also a factor Teen Pregnancy why? 1. Ignorance Most teens overestimate their peers sexual activity. Do you know the risky times of the menstrual cycle? Ask a doctor, not your friend. 2. Guilt related to sexual activityDo you want to be known as the person who carries a condom everywhere? 3. Minimal communication about birth controlmany are afraid to talk to their parents 4. ALCOHOL USE Sexually active teens are typically alcohol-using teens. Alcohol suppresses judgment 5. Mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity Motivation at Work Work is lifes biggest single waking activity. On average we will spend 90,000 hours working before we retire. (It is not about the money but at minimum wage =$472,500 over a lifetime versus my salary= $2,700,000) Better do something love and something you are good at doing! Motivation and Work must-knows Flow- a completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of ones skills Industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology- the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces Personnel psychology- a subfield of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development. Organizational psychology- a subfield of I/O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change. Human factors psychology- how machines and environments can be optimally designed to fit human abilities and expectations Managing Well Leaders must know the strengths and weaknesses of their employees. They should not spend time trying to instill talents that arent there and spend more time developing and drawing out what is there. Focus and reward the talents. Leadership Style Task leadership- goal oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals Social leadership- group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support Effective leaders will exhibit a high degree of both task and social leadership McGregor (1960) Theory X- managers assume that workers are basically lazy, error-prone and extrinsically motivated by money. Theory Y- managers assume that people are intrinsically motivated to work for reasons beyond money- to promote self-esteem, enjoy relations with others, and to fulfill their potential.     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