ࡱ>  ybjbj %ccPq  D9L:4L6L6L6L6L6L6LkO R6L6L KL   4L 4L  NGKF3=*pH0L,aL0LHR R`K K :   AP Biology Syllabus Course Information Ms. Bergman Contact Email:  HYPERLINK "mailto:biowithoutwalls@gmail.com" biowithoutwalls@gmail.com School Phone: 202-645-9690 Cell Phone: 412-951-4222 Course website:  HYPERLINK "http://www.biowithoutwalls.com" www.biowithoutwalls.com. AP Biology Website:  HYPERLINK "http://www.collegeboard.com/student/testing/ap/sub_bio.html" http://www.collegeboard.com/student/testing/ap/sub_bio.html ALL STUDENTS WHO ENROLL IN AP BIOLOGY ARE EXPECTED TO TAKE THE AP BIOLOGY EXAM. Expectations The AP Biology course is designed to be the equivalent of a two-semester college introductory biology course usually taken by biology majors during their first year. The class is designed for students who have taken both biology and chemistry. In addition, it is strongly recommended that students in the course are taking or have taken physics. Students interested in pursuing science in college and/or as a career are encouraged to take the class. Students who do well on the AP biology exam (a 3 or better) may qualify for college credit and/or may be exempt from taking freshman-level biology courses as part of a degree in the sciences. What is expected of you: Doing biology can be incredibly challenging as well as incredibly rewarding. I say doing biology because science is something that is done not just a set of facts to be memorized and repeated. During this course, you will learn and do an incredible amount of science. This is a college-level course: As such, you will be required to be self-motivated, work independently and collaboratively, and to fulfill the course requirements. It will not always be easy, but with hard work, dedication and a bit of creativity, you can succeed. What you can expect from me: As part of this course, I will work with you as a teacher, supporter and guide. Although success in this course ultimately depends on your understanding and effort, I will do everything possible to offer the opportunity, motivation, and support to help you succeed. Goals of the Course: Themes and Concepts The Three Concepts Molecules and Cells Heredity and Evolution Organisms and Populations Eight Major Themes The eight major themes, as specified by the College Board, are: Science as a Process (Nature of Science) Evolution Energy Transfer Continuity and Change Relationship of Structure to Function Regulation Interdependence in Nature Science, Technology and Society (Nature of Science) Of these themes, evolution change in gene frequencies in populations over time represents a unifying theme in biology. Our modern understanding of the way in which the living world works makes sense only within the context of evolution. As such, evolution will be emphasized in each unit, whether through the study of chemical evolution, endosymbiosis, organ system structure and function, phylogeny, or population biology. Major Concepts (with approximate emphasis on the AP exam) Although the order in which we study these concepts is somewhat different from the order in which they are listed, the percentages given are equivalent to how much time we will spend on each concept. Molecules and Cells 25 percent Chemistry of Life 7 percent Water Organic molecules in organisms Free Energy Changes Enzymes Cells 10 percent Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Membranes Subcellular Organization Cell Cycle Cellular Energetics 8 percent Coupled Reactions Fermentation and Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis Heredity and Evolution 25 percent Heredity 8 percent Meiosis and Gametogenesis Eukaryotic Chromosomes Inheritance Patters Molecular Genetics 9 percent RNA and DNA Structure and Function Gene Regulation Nucleic Acid Technology and Application Evolutionary Biology 8 percent Early Evolution of Life Evidence for Evolution Mechanisms of Evolution Organisms and Populations 50 percent Diversity of Organisms 8 percent Evolutionary Patterns Survey of the Diversity of Life Phylogenetic Classification Evolutionary Relationships Structure and Function of Plants and Animals 32 percent Reproduction, Growth and Development Structural, Physiological, and Behavior Adaptations Response to the Environment Ecology 10 percent Population Dynamics Communities and Ecosystems Global Issues Required Materials Textbook (provided by the school): Biology, AP Edition Campbell, Neil A. and J. Reece 8th edition AP Biology Lab Manual for Students (2001) Five Steps to a 5: AP Biology by Mark Anestis Additional selected readings teacher-provided. Summer selection Moalem, Sharon. Survival of the Sickest. New York: HarperCollins, 2007. Entire book. 3-ring binder of at least 2 with the following 3 LABELED sections: graded materials; notes, class work and homework; labs and lab data. A rubric and layout for your lab notebook will be provided. College-ruled notebook paper Scientific calculator/graphing calculator Blue or black pen AND No. 2 pencil A professional email account that you check at least once every 48 hours. Library card. A camera (or phone with camera capabilities) is highly suggested. A laptop computer is highly suggested. Class Scheduling and Class Time The AP biology class will be held first period from 8:45a - 9:30a, Mondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays and Fridays, with a longer class on Wednesdays. In addition, the lab section of the course will be held on Monday and Thursday during 4th period from 1:20p to 3:15p. Course time during the first-period section will be devoted to lecture and discussion, punctuated with activities related to the content. In addition to listening and taking notes, you are expected to actively participate in the lecture portion of the course, through asking and answering questions, and doing research to expand on the material. You will be asked to consider the social, ethical, environmental, and global consequences of the material and to synthesize that understanding into informed discussion. Lab Component During this course we will explore scientific methods and processes together and encourage each other to think critically about how science influences our daily lives. Approximately 50 percent of course time will be devoted to planning, completing, and analyzing lab procedures. As such, we will use scientific methods of inquiry, in particular designing, carrying out, and reporting about experiments, whether through conducting designed experiments in a thoughtful, reflective manner; through self-designed experiments; or through modifying or extending existing experiments. Over the course of the year, you will pose problems and design experiments; make predictions and see them tested; collect and analyze data; and draw conclusions that relate to your experiment and the world at large. This approach will demonstrate that science involves making and correcting mistakes, reconfiguring procedures, and identifying and investigating the sources of inaccuracies in data, as well as connecting lab experiences to real-life problems and dilemmas. Extra Help In addition, extra help sessions will be provided before any major tests and on weekends and weekday afternoons leading up to the AP exam. The sessions leading to the AP test will be scheduled at the beginning of the 3rd advisory. Forms of Assessment/Weighting Formal Assessments 30 percent. Formal assessments may include tests, essays, and completion of practice exams. MATERIAL NOT COVERED IN CLASS BUT COVERED IN THE ASSIGNED READING/RESEARCH MAY APPEAR ON THESE ASSESSMENTS! Quizzes 30 percent. Lab Work/Homework/Class Work/Readings/Etc. 40 percent. Students are expected to submit write-ups following each lab, including formal lab reports and/or summary questions. A rubric will be distributed prior to the first lab. Lab notebooks will be graded periodically as well. Completion of the summer assignment is required to take the course. If students do not complete the summer assignment in a satisfactory manner, they will be asked to transfer out of the course in the first two weeks of the fall semester. Expectations of Work This is an AP class. You will be expected to do work comparable to that of college freshman. As such, ALL work, unless otherwise specifically specified, MUST BE TYPED! (Reading guides and practice essays are the major exception analysis questions, lab reports, etc., need to be typed!) Work may be emailed, turned in hardcopy, or turned via memory key at the BEGINNING of class. Work will be uploaded to turnitin.com as needed as well. When work is turned into turnitin.com, you MUST include a hardcopy as well. Work is due on the assigned due date. In case of illness or emergency, it is the STUDENTS responsibility to obtain and complete missed work. Work should be typed, double-spaced, in 12 point Times New Roman Font with 1 margins on white paper in dark blue or black ink. Work should be checked for spelling and grammar. Incorrect spelling, grammar, or other factors that interfere with meaning may result in a reduced grade. Because you are in an AP class, however, GRAPHS MUST BE HAND-DRAWN, as you will not have access to graphing programs on the AP exam. Calculations during in-class tests will be done WITHOUT a calculator, as you will not have access to a calculator on the AP exam. You will need a calculator to complete labs expediently. The AP Biology Exam The AP biology exam is graded on a 0-5 scale. College credit, generally, is awarded for students who earn 3s, 4s, and 5s, if they do not become science majors and students who earn 4s and 5s if they do become science majors. However, the number of credits colleges will waive based on AP scores varies significantly between colleges. If you are interesting in having your AP scores count as college credits and/or waive prerequisites, you should check with the counselors to ensure that your college will accept your scores. AP GRADE QUALIFICATION 5 Extremely well qualified 4 Well qualified 3 Qualified 2 Possibly qualified 1 No recommendation Course Planner Note: The following is a PRELIMINARY outline of the course. The course may change due to scheduled interruptions, weather, etc. Intro to AP Biology/Scientific Method The course begins with introducing students to the nature and process of science, in addition to the eight themes unifying the course. Students complete lab exercises that emphasize the need for controls in experiments as well as to identify and explain potential sources of error as part of the normal scientific process. Lecture/Discussion Topics: Intro to AP biology, the test, and how to study Defining the 8 major themes Scientific Method: Steps and controlled experiments. Activity: Theme-Teams: Students research and present scientists who represent each theme. Lab Safety activity. Lab: Student-designed: The effect of environmental factors on the metabolic rate of yeast. Lab 11: Animal Behavior with Termite Inquiry Extension (1 week) Ecology The ecology unit introduces the themes of energy transfer and interdependence and regulation in nature in an accessible way for students. Students complete a series of field trips examining aquatic and marine biomes to expand on their knowledge of less frequently studied biomes. Students also identify the conditions necessary for natural selection to take place heritable variation, overproduction, and competition during this unit, which allows a relatively seamless transition to the evolution unit. Students watch segments from Poisoned Waters, a documentary about pharmaceutical pollution and endocrine disrupters affecting the Potomac and Anacostia rivers. Students participate in water-quality testing on the Anacostia River, one of the most polluted river systems in the United States, demonstrating the effect pollution has on aquatic ecosystems. Lecture/Discussion Topics: Animal Behavior Biomes Population Ecology and Community Ecology Ecosystems Nutrient Cycles Human impact and environmental concerns AP Lab 12: Dissolved Oxygen and Primary Productivity (1 two-hour class, plus 1 two-hour after-school session for data analysis.) Field Trip: Cemetery Survivorship Curves Activity: Constructing Age Structure Diagrams Lab: Population growth and duckweed. Field Trip: Sant Ocean Hall and biomes Chesapeake Bay Foundation Field Trip: Water quality testing, benthic sampling, clam dissection, and fish/waterfowl survey (1 four-hour boat trip) Activity: Assessing Local Water Quality Data Video: Poisoned Waters Reading: The Tragedy of the Commons Reading: NY Times: Natural Selection Animals That Hide in Plain Sight. Evolution This unit represents the unifying theme in the course. Once students have the foundations for evolution by natural selection that were established in the ecology unit, they can better grasp the mechanisms for genetic and phenotypic change within populations over time. This unit also lays the foundation for the genetics unit, since students understand that evolution relies on the conservation and transmittance of successful traits, as well as the potential for change that such transmittance presents. Lecture/Discussion Topics: History of evolutionary theories Natural selection Evidence of evolution Mechanisms of evolution Speciation Population genetics Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Lab 8: Population Genetics and Evolution (1 45-minute period plus 1 two-hour class period) Video: An Evolution Story: Evolution and Sickle Cell Anemia Activity: Selection of Strawfish (1 45-minute period) Activity: Natural Selection and Butterflies (1 45-minute period) Field Trip: Natural History Museum Sant Ocean Hall History of Life on Earth; the Evolution of Evolution Video: Evolution and Great Transformations Reading: Evolution Gems from Nature Reading: In Ducks, War of the Sexes Plays Out in Evolution Video: The Meaning of Sex: Genes and Gender Reading: Wholly Virgin from Dr. Tatianas Sex Advice to All Creation Podcast: The Mystery of the Bdelloid Rotifer Taxonomy This unit extends the evolution unit and emphasizes commonalities in survival and reproductive strategies across all taxa of life. Students are asked to consider the ecological roles of organisms and the methods of classifying organisms into the presently accepted taxonomy. Students are also asked to consider how current classification schemes, particularly of protists do not fully reflect evolutionary relationships and explore the use of bioinformatics as a means of classifying organisms. Lecture/Discussion Topics: Classification Systems Phylogenetic Classifications and Cladistics Bacteria Archaea Unpacking protista Fungi Activity: Building cladograms, including BLAST sequence analysis (2 two-hour sessions) Lab: Gram staining and cell wall simulations Lab: Making Yogurt (1 45-minute period) Lab: Protist Pondwater Identification and microscopy (1 45-minute period) Activity: Sequencing the life cycle of malaria. Lab: Mushroom Dissection and Life Cycle (1 45-minute period) Fungal Feast Friday! Reading: Animal Diversity This unit continues to examine animal diversity, extending on themes begun in the taxonomy unit. Students will examine animals from multiple phyla, looking for commonalities as well as differences in structure and physiological systems. Students will be tasked with designing an experiment to test the effect of stimuli on isopods, as well as the effect of pheromones on termites. Lecture/Discussion Topics: Evolution of multicellularity in animals Animal characteristics Splits in animal diversity Invertebrate diversity including comparative anatomy and physiology Study Guides: Invertebrates Study Guides: Vertebrates Virtual Lab: Histology Virtual Field Trip: Invertebrates at the National Zoo Virtual Field Trip: Hall of Mammals Activity: Modeling Embryological Development Lab: Dissecting Crickets Lab: Dissecting Sea Urchins Lab: Dissecting Crabs Lab: Dissecting Earthworms Listening: Podcast of Life Chemistry of Life This unit moves from the larger scale to the building blocks that make up living systems. Students relate the structure of atoms, molecules and macromolecules to their function within the cell. Because this topic requires more abstraction than previous units, students access the material through hands-on activities, in addition to laboratory work. Lecture/Discussion Topics: Structure of atoms Types of chemical bonding Properties of water Acids and bases Functional groups The central role of carbon Classification and formation of macromolecules Activity: Functional Groups Bee Lab: Buffers and pH Lab: Properties of Water Lab: Creating Coacervates (Inquiry-based) AP Biology Lab 12: Effect of Temperature on the Dissolved Oxygen Concentration of Water Activity: Building Macromolecules (4 45-minute periods) Activity: 15 Tacks Modeling Protein Folding Reading: Cells and Cell Membranes This unit expands on the structure-function relationship begun in the chemistry unit. Students relate the polarity of molecules to ease of transport through cell membranes. This unit also reemphasizes inquiry as key to the methods and processes of science. Students investigate how cell size and shape influences the rate of diffusion into and out of the cell and use methods learned in the AP lab 1 to determine the solute content of sweet potatoes. Lecture/Discussion Topics: Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells Organelle Structure and Function Membrane Structure and Function Membrane Transport in Depth Activity: Microscopy Activity: Modeling Organelle Systems Activity: Building Cell Membranes Lab: Cell Races with Inquiry Extension AP Lab 1: Diffusion and Osmosis (1 two-hour period plus 3 45-minute periods). Lab: How Sweet is a Sweet Potato? Inquiry extension of AP Lab 1. (1 two-hour period plus 1 45-minute period). Reading: Animal Structure and Function: Excretory System/Osmoregulation; Hormones and Regulatory System; Nervous System This unit addresses the structure-function relationship within and between body structures as well as how these processes are regulated. This unit reviews much of the material of the cells and cell membranes unit, placing it in an organismal context. This unit will continue to emphasize comparative anatomy and physiology between the organisms dissected in previous units and fetal pigs. Lecture/Discussion Topics: Excretory System: Evolution of animal excretory system, overview of mammalian excretory system. Structure and function of mammalian kidney. Regulatory System: Evolution of animal regulatory systems, overview of mammalian nervous and endocrine systems. Structure and function of human brain. Structure and function of neuron. Lab: Evolutionary Dissection of Fetal Pigs (adapted from Biology Inquiries) (1 week) Activity: Modeling Kidney Function Lab, Activity and Webquest Activity: Charting the Menstrual Cycle (1 45-minute period) Activity: Charting Hormone Interactions Activity: Lights, Camera, Action Potential With Nervous System Webquest Activity: How Cells Communicate During the Fight or Flight Response (1 45-minute period) Activity: Cell Signaling Cascade Play Activity: Anatomy of the Human Brain (1 45-minute period) Activity: Mouse Party This is Your Brain on Drugs! Reading: Animal Structure and Function: Immune System This unit continues to discuss the regulation and interdependence of body systems. Although much of this unit will be completed online, including a virtual Elisa Assay and participation in a National Academies of Science study, students will also examine the relevant anatomy in a fetal pig. This unit will continue to emphasize comparative anatomy and physiology between the organisms dissected in previous units and fetal pigs. Lecture/Discussion Topics: Immune System: Evolution of animal immune system, overview of mammalian immune system. Structure and function of mammalian humoral and cell-mediated immune response. Lab: Evolutionary Dissection of Fetal Pigs (adapted from Biology Inquiries) Activity: Elisa Assay (Online) Activity: Immune System Play Reading: Cell Energetics This unit continues the discussion of energy transfer begun in the ecology unit and emphasizes the conservation of matter and transformation of energy in living systems. Students model various conditions that affect enzyme activity as well as the action of inhibitors and activators on enzyme function. Students also examine the conserved features of cell respiration, particularly glycolysis, and the relationship between structure and function in the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. This unit also revisits the theory of endosymbiosis that was introduced in the evolution unit. Lecture/Discussion Topics: Free energy changes Coupled reactions Enzymes Metabolism and energy Cellular respiration Fermentation Lab: Toothpickase and extensions (3.5 45-minute periods) AP Lab 2 Alternative: The Effect of Enzyme Concentration and Substrate Concentration on the Activity of Catalase Activity: ATP Modeling (1 one-hour period) Activity: Modeling Cell Respiration AP Lab 5: Cell Respiration with Cricket Science Inquiry extension Lab: Analyzing Winogradsky columns Reading: Animal Structure and Function: Nutrition/Digestion; Circulatory System/Gas Exchange; Motor and Skeletal System This unit continues the discussion of transport across cell membranes and the role of energy transfer in biological systems discussed in the cell membrane and cell energetics units. Students will once again to see the connection between structure and function and the interdependence between body systems. This unit will continue to emphasize comparative anatomy and physiology between the organisms dissected in previous units and fetal pigs. Lecture/Discussion Topics: Digestive System: Evolution of vertebrate digestion, comparisons of animal digestive systems, overview of mammalian digestive system. Circulatory System: Evolution of vertebrate circulation, comparisons of animal circulatory systems, overview of mammalian circulatory system, structure and function of mammalian heart. Respiratory System: Evolution of vertebrate respiratory system, comparisons of animal respiratory systems, overview of mammalian respiratory system, structure and function of mammalian lung. Motor/skeletal system: Evolution of vertebrate skeletal and motor systems; comparison of animal body plans, overview of mammalian skeletal/motor systems, structure and function Lab: Digestion of Nutrients (1 1-hour period) Activity: Assembling the Digestive System Lab: Evolutionary Dissection of Fetal Pigs (adapted from Biology Inquiries) Lab 10: Blood Physiology and the Circulatory System Activity: Paper Plate Hearts Field Trip: Buried in Bone Forensic Anthropology Lab Activity: Modeling Muscle Movement Lab: Dissection of Chicken Wing Reading: Photosynthesis This unit continues to discuss energy transfer and transformation and places photosynthesis within the context of plant systems. This unit also revisits the theory of endosymbiosis that was introduced in the evolution unit. Students also explore the use of solvents in separating plant pigments and design their own experiments to determine the effect of environmental conditions and varieties of light on the rate of photosynthesis. Lecture/Discussion Topics: Photosynthesis and its variations Activity: Modeling Photosynthesis Activity: Graphing Photosynthesis AP Lab 4 Alternative: Chromatography of Spinach and Chard with Inquiry Extension AP Lab 4 Alternative: Leaf Disk Assay with Inquiry Extension Lab Demo: Bloody Chlorophyll Plant Structure and Function This unit introduces students to plant systems and the regulation of those systems. The relationship between structure and function is once again emphasized, as well as the evolution of land plants from ancestral algae. Students also revisit water chemistry and the regulation of water uptake begun in discussing cell membranes. Students also examine plant reproduction and development and how these processes are regulated internally and by the plants environment. In addition to numerous labs and field trips, students are tasked with designing a lab to determine if bags that claim to reduce the build up of ethylene gas do in fact slow fruits from ripening. Lecture/Discussion Topics: History of plants. Types of plant tissue. Asexual and sexual reproduction in plants: pollination, fertilization, fruiting, seeds Plant physiology Water movement in plants: Transpiration Sugar movement in plants: Translocation Hormones and Regulation of Plant Growth Plant responses to internal and external signals Field Trip: U.S. Botanic Gardens Examining Plant Evolution Virtual Field Trip: Plants in Motion Interactive from Slow Life Lab: Flower and Fruit Dissection Lab: Examining Plant Behavior Lab: Leaf and Stem Structure (1 45-minute period) AP Lab 9 Alternative: Examining Transpiration in Radish Plants Lab: Pollen Tube Growth (1 45-minute period) Lab: Student Designed: Do GreenBags Slow Fruit Ripening? Activity: The Plant Game from CIBT (1 45-minute period) Activity: Designing the Worlds Best Artificial Flower from CIBT (1 45-minute period) Lab: Comparing Monocots and Dicots Lab: The Effect of Germination Inhibitors on Tomatoes Reading: Molecular Genetics This unit focuses on the continuity of life, as well as mechanisms of change that provide raw material for evolution by natural selection. This unit explores the Central Dogma of molecular genetics and expands on gene regulation and epigenetics, which students were introduced to in the summer reading. This unit also presents students the opportunity to discuss and debate issues of identity ownership, DNA and privacy, and ethical uses of biotechnology. Lecture/Discussion Topics: DNA and RNA structure and function Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosomes Function of DNA and RNA in viruses DNA replication Protein synthesis Mutation DNA and RNA technology Genomics and epigenomics Control of gene expression, Lac Operon Activity: Restriction Enzyme Digest Simulation AP Lab 6: Molecular Genetics (1 week) Virtual and In-Class Lab: DNA Extraction (1 one-hour period) Activity: Replication, Transcription and Splicing, and Translation Modeling (4 45-minute periods) Activity: Paper Plasmid Lab (1 one-hour period) Activity: Lac Operon Modeling (1 45-minute period) Activity: Regulating Eukaryotic Gene Expression Reading: Principles of Heredity: Cell Reproduction This unit focuses on the continuity of life, as well as mechanisms of change that provide raw material for evolution by natural selection. The unit revisits the evolutionary advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction and reviews the life cycles of fungi, algae, and various plants. Lecture/Discussion Topics: Cell cycle Cancer Meiosis Alternation of generations Spermatogenesis and oogenensis Activity: Control of the Cell Cycle Game (1 45-minute period) AP Lab 3: Mitosis AP Lab 3 Alternative: Modeling Meiosis Activity: Sex Determination in Multiple Species Reading: Principles of Heredity: Mendelian Genetics This unit focuses on the chromosomal basis of inheritance, focusing on inheritance principals and patterns. We model these both using an online simulation of fruit flies and through Wisconsin Fast Plants. This unit will also emphasize mechanisms of change that provide the material for evolution by natural selection. Lecture/Discussion Topics: Mendelian genetics, probability, segregation, independent assortment Drosophila genetics, setting up a cross Non-Mendelian patterns, codominance, pleiotropy, epitasis, polygeny Human genetics, pedigree analysis Sex linkage, autosomal linkage, linkage maps Genetic Disorders Chi-square AP Lab 7: Drosophilia Genetics (online) AP Lab 7 Alternative: Fast Plants (2 weeks) Activity: Finding A Gene on a Chromosome Map (1 45-minute period) Activity: Pennies and Chi-Square (1 45-minute period) Activity: Punnett Squares and Pedigree Analysis Lab: Blood Typing Activity: Assembling Human Karyotypes Reading: Animal Structure and Function: Animal Reproduction and Development This unit focuses on the continuity of life and the regulation of embryological development. Students will visit the zebrafish laboratory at the National Institutes of Health, as well as having a guest lecture on mouse development. This unit will continue to emphasize comparative anatomy and physiology between the organisms dissected in previous units and fetal pigs. Lecture/Discussion Topics: Reproductive System: Evolution of animal reproductive systems, overview of mammalian reproductive systems. Development: Role of genetics in embryological development. Comparative embryology of amphibian, bird and human embryo. Activity: Story of A Stem Cell Lab: Evolutionary Dissection of Fetal Pigs (adapted from Biology Inquiries) (Completed earlier) Lab: Development of the Sea Urchin (done with sea urchin dissection) Guest Lecture: Vertebrate Development Reading:  Students should contact me via cell phone only in case of emergency. Abuse of cell phone privileges will lead to disciplinary action. 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