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Content outline Prehistory History before written records Homo sapiens (ca. 100,000 BCE) Homo sapiens sapiens (ca. 40,000 BCE) Early development moving toward civilization Paleolithic Age Nomadic hunters and gatherers Cave art (northern Africa, ca. 5000 BCE) Ritual burials and objects (Otzi) Neolithic Age Advances in stone tool production in the Middle East 10,000 years ago Shift to agriculture and domestication of sheep and goats Ritual art Permanent dwellings in large communities of several thousand inhabitants Most prominent are Jericho and Catal Hyk Developments that led to the progression from prehistory Emergence of the Bronze Age Beginning of Western civilization near Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and Nile Valley (between 3100 and 1200 BCE) Stone Age ended with introduction of bronze tools Early Civilizations Mesopotamia Cultural developments First cities in Sumeria (southern half of Babylonia) Uruk was first Sumerian urban center with up to 40,000 inhabitants Epic of Gilgamesh (before 2000 BCE)Earliest known fully-developed literary character First written language on cuneiform clay tablets Elaborate art work, mosaics (Standard of Ur) First systematic polytheistic religion Ishtar: goddess of love, fertility, and wars Elaborate temple rituals in ziggurats Religion in Sumeria Sacred literature Influence on Hebrew Bible Babylon under reign of Hammurabi (17921750 BCE) powerful cultural and political center Code of Hammurabi Collection of laws Earliest evidence of legal system Guarantees protection of slaves, women, and children Governs complex Babylonian commerce system Principle of justice is retribution Advancements in mathematics and astronomy Sargon, king of Akkad Most important figure in Mesopotamian history Political and economic developments of Mesopotamia Several dynasties develop concept of monarchy Assyria (northern district of Sumeria)kings are chief priests Babyloniakings and priests have separate offices In later stages, influx and intermingling of various cultures, such as Hittites and Assyrians Expansion into Asia Minor, Syria, Persia, Palestine, and Egypt under Assyrian rule Developments leading to the decline of Mesopotamia Agricultural failures Invasions from neighboring empires Babylon falls to Persia (539 BCE) Sumerian peoples absorbed by the Hittite Empire and later by the Assyrian Empire. Sumerian language survivedlanguage of priests and scholars Ancient Egypt Cultural developments First truly national state Ancient worlds first homogenous society One language One people Women of ancient Egypt More independent and involved in public life than in Mesopotamia Not granted formal education. Slavery was common since Middle KingdomNubian and Asian prisoners of war Advances in mathematics, medicine, art, and technology influenced Greeks Complex hieroglyphic writing system Complex, polytheistic religious world views Preoccupation with afterlife Pyramids as eternal temples for deceased royalty Highly evolved embalming techniques Egyptian Book of the Dead details rituals to ensure passage to afterlife Political and economic developments Four major periods Pre- and early dynastic Egypt (31502770 BCE) The Old Kingdom (ca. 27702200 BCE) The Middle Kingdom (ca. 20501786 BCE) The New Kingdom (ca. 16301075 BCE) Theocracy Pharaohs seen as divine incarnations Pharaohs word as law Akhenaten, leader of religious and Royal Consolidation Developments that led to the decline of Egypt Internal conflict and cultural decay Hittite expansion into Egypt Raids on Egyptian centers lead by Greeks, Israelites, and other groups Geopolitical reconfiguration of power     Content Outline HIS/112 Version 3 PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 3 Copyright 2014 by University of Phoenix. 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