ࡱ> OQNq` R-bjbjqPqP .F::R%@@@@@@@t :%:%:%:%V%DV/%%%%%%%%D/F/F/F/F/F/F/$0h3\j/@%%%%%j/@@%%/v)v)v)%*@%@%D/v)%D/v)v) -@@.%% Ez3]:%&.(//0/.{3'{34.{3@.P%%v)%%%%%j/j/(%%%/%%%%VVV:%VVV:%TT6@@@@@@ What Are Emotional Attachments? (Taken from various Developmental textbooks) Attachments are reciprocal relationships. Establishment of interactional synchrony Coordinated interactions between infant and caregiver occur several times a day. Important to establishing emotional attachments What Is Attachment? Attachment is a close emotional bond between the infant and the caregiver. Characterized by: Mutual affection Frequent interaction and close proximity Selectivitypreference for one or more persons. The Growth of Primary Attachments Four stages characterize the gradual development attachment between infant and caregiver: Phase 1 Asocial (0-6 weeks): Infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures. Begin to prefer smiling faces. React favorably to social and non social stimuli Phase 2 Indiscriminate (6 wk-7 months): Attachment becomes focused on the primary caregiversmall tendency to discriminate familiar from strangers. Enjoy social stimulation. Phase 3 Specific attachment (7-9 months): Protest separation from particular personusually mother, some wariness of strangers. Use caregiver as secure base for exploration Phase 4 Multiple attachments (shortly after stage 4): form attachements with multiple others. A goal-directed partnership is formed. . Specific attachments form and the infant is able to actively seek contact from regular caregivers. Theories of Attachment Psychoanalytic theory Freud: I love you because you feed me. Erikson: Overall responsiveness to child's needs is most important. Freud believed that infants become attached to the person that provides oral satisfaction. Harlow and Zimmermans classic study demonstrated that feeding is not the crucial element in the attachment process: contact comfort is more important. Learning theory: Rewardingness leads to love. Cognitive-developmental theory: To love you, I must know you will always be there. Ethological theory: Perhaps I was born to love. Origins of the ethological viewpoint: Animal research with Konrad Lorenz Attachment in humans does not follow imprinting, but perhaps human infants have inherited a number of attributes that help them to maintain contact with others and to elicit caregiving. Bowlby explained from an ethological perspective that the newborn is biologically equipped to elicit attachment behaviors from the caregiver. Two Attachment-Related Fears of Infancy Stranger anxiety Separation anxiety Why do infants fear strangers and separations? The ethological viewpoint states that a fear or avoidance response has become biologically programmed. The cognitive-developmental viewpoint states that infants have developed stable schemes concerning their caregivers. Individual Differences in Attachment Quality Assessing attachment security through the strange situation test Secure attachment: explore in mothers presence; distressed when separated from mother; warly greets and contact mo when returns; outgoing to stranger when mo present Insecure: Resistant attachment: anxious, explores little when mo present; very distressed when separated; ambivalent when mo returnsmay resist mo contact; wary of strangers even with mother Insecure: Avoidant attachment: uninterested in exploring when alone with mo; little distress when separated from mo; avoids contact when mo returns; now wary of stranger, but may avoid or ignore. Disorganized/disoriented attachment: mixture of other 2 types of insecure; show approach/avoidance conflict when mo returns or act confused or dazed. Cultural variations in attachment classifications reflect cultural variations in child rearing. Factors That Influence Attachment Security Quality of caregiving: Mothers of securely attached infants are sensitive, responsive caregivers from the beginning. Sensitive to babys signals, consistently available to respond to infants needs Mutual interaction; stimulation; a positive attitude; warmth; and acceptance Caregiver characteristics hindering attachment: Maternal depression---unresponsiveness to infant signals Caregivers who felt unloved, neglected, or abused as children; interprets normal infant irritability as rejection Mother does not want baby Mother unable to take lead in establishing synchronous interactions Mother insensitive to infant cues, may under-or over-stimulate infant. Insecure/Resistant: inconsistent caregiving; lack of synchronization; overzealous caregiving. if mother is slow or inconsistent in responding to her infants cries or if she regularly intrudes on the infants desired activities, she is likely to produce an infant who cries more than usual, explores less than usual, and seems generally anxious. Insecure/Avoidant: impatient caregiving; unresponsive caregiving; negative feeling; rejection. Mother consistently rebuffs or rejects the infants attempt to establish physical contact, the infant may learn to avoid her Disorganized/Disoriented: Abusive caregiving Ecological constraints on caregiving sensitivity Health-related, legal, or financial problems Unhappy marriages Several children in family Interventions can assist insensitive caregivers in becoming sensitive to their infants. Characteristic of infants that promote attachment: kewpie doll appearance Rooting, sucking, grasping reflexes Smiling Cooing, babbling Crying (communicating distress) Synchronous movement, responsiveness to social overtures Characteristics of infants making attachments more difficult: Physically unattractive (prematurity) Weak reflexes Irritable, few smiles Little pleasant vocalization Irritating, shrill cry Easily overstimulated, resists or ignores social overtures Temperament can not explain attachment security. Style of caregiving better predictor of infant attachement classification than temperament. Most at risk sluggish or irritable infants end up securely attached, suggesting infants behavior not key factor: maternal responsiveness is. Critics of the Strange Situation highlight that the isolated, controlled events of the setting might not necessarily reflect the interactions that would happen in the babies natural environment. Researchers have found that early attachments seem to foreshadow later functioning and that consistency in caregiving is likely an important factor in connecting early attachment and later functioning. Attachment theorists argue that the type of attachment has a profound impact on the childs developing personality and is central to social functioning well beyond the childhood years. John Bowlby: the nature of this early relationship shapes beliefs about oneself and others that influence social competence and well-being throughout life. Attachment and Later Development Long-term correlates of secure attachments. Securely attached toddlers and preschoolers tend to be: Better problem solvers age 2 More complexity and creativity in symbolic play More attractive to toddlers as playmates More likely to initiate play activities Sensitive to needs and feelings of others Curious Self-directed Eager to learn Long-term correlates of insecure attachments Hostile and aggressive preschool and grade school children Peers likely to reject Social and emotional withdrawal Why might attachment quality forecast later outcomes? Attachments as working models of self and others Parents working models influence attachment patterns formed with their infants. Attachment history is not destiny. Hazan and Shaver used infant attachment theory as the basis for examining how adult love relationships are related to early parent-child interactions. Research findings have indicated that adults with different styles differed predictably in the way they experienced love. Secure lovers had relationships characterized by happiness, trust, and friendship. They emphasized being able to accept and support their partner despite their partners faults. Their relationships tended to endure longer. The avoidant lovers were marked by fear of intimacy, emotional highs and lows, and jealousy. Anxious/ambivalent lovers experienced love as involving obsession, desire for reciprocation and union, emotional highs and lows, and extreme sexual attraction and jealousy. Hazan and Shaver have found that adult attachment style is also related to feelings about work: Securely attached respondents had higher levels of work satisfaction in terms of job security, co-workers, income, and opportunities for challenge and advancement. Anxious/ambivalent attachment was associated with feelings of job insecurity, lack of appreciation and recognition by co-workers, and not getting deserved promotions. Avoidantly attached respondents reported dissatisfaction with co-workers but were similar to secure respondents in their satisfaction with job security and opportunities for learning. The Unattached Infant Effects of social deprivation in infancy and childhood By 6 months of age, infants no longer respond to environment or social contact. Over long term, unattached infants lag behind in development in every way. Reactive attachment disorder is possible. Infants need sustained interactions with responsive companions in order to develop normally. Infants need to believe that they have some control over the social environment. Children can recover from early deprivation effects if placed with highly responsive, affectionate caregivers. 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