ࡱ> IKH &bjbj 0F__hA---8e<D-@"t"!!!!!!!$#j&!!!NNN^!N!NNV@ ;J;]@# !"0@"/ x'\' ' N!!2@"' :  The Nature of a Scientific Paper The nature of a scientific paper depends upon its purpose, the type of data to be presented, and the journals editorial requirements. Each journal adopts a particular format and style and places different demands upon the author. An author must, therefore, discipline himself or herself to write each paper in an acceptable form. In this course, you are required to follow the format and style of the journal Ecology in the preparation of your laboratory exercises. These exercises are regarded as important parts of your training in biology. The practices adopted by this journal are representative of most scientific publications. The objective of this exercise is to investigate and analyze the nature of a scientific paper. Materials and Methods Each individual in the class was instructed to examine the journal article that was provided. This article, taken from the journal Ecology, was reviewed and specific questions were answered. Information on each section of a scientific paper was recorded in the appropriate blanks or spaces provided. The form was submitted, evaluated by the course instructor, returned, and subsequently referred to as laboratory reports were prepared. Results Data recorded for these exercises were submitted to the course instructor at the beginning of lecture on August 30th, 2019, and were summarized in a series of answers presented below. Yes, No, or other single word responses sufficed in some instances, while phrases and complete sentences were needed in others. General Questions A scientific paper typically has six sections. (Acknowledgements is not one of the six sections.) They are: _________________ _________________ __________________ _________________ _________________ __________________ The purpose of the Abstract is to ___________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Introduction Is the Introduction given a section heading? __________________ The Introduction normally contains TWO elements. They are: ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ Is the information contained within the Introduction organized from the general to the specific or from the specific to the general? _______________________________ Materials & Methods The Materials and Methods section is written in which tense? __________________ What is the reason for writing such complete, detailed descriptions within the Materials and Methods section? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Results Which information is recorded in the Results section? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ The Results section is written in which tense? ___________________ Is information generated by other researchers included in the Results section?_________________ Does the Results section interpret data or draw conclusions? ___________________ Does each figure appearing in the paper have a reference to it in the text? ___________________ Does each figure have a legend/title accompanying it? ___________________ Is the legend/title for each figure at the top or bottom? ___________________ Examine the graph(s). Is the independent variable plotted on the X-axis or the Y-axis? _________ Is the dependent variable plotted on the X-axis or the Y-axis? _______ Specific data points on a figure or graph are designated by means of symbols. Which type of symbol(s) is/are used on the graph(s) in this paper? __________________ What is the advantage of using tables and figures? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Discussion or Conclusion In the Discussion, what does the author attempt to do? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ Are results obtained by other investigators incorporated into the Discussion? _______________ Is the information contained within the Discussion organized from the general to the specific or from the specific to the general? _______________________________ Literature Cited ** The bibliographic information of each journal article cited includes the: (A) Article Title, (B) Author(s) Name(s), (C) Journal Title, (D) Journal Volume, (E) Page Numbers, and (F) Publication Year. Please place the letters on the lines below in the order in which these elements appear in a journal article literature citation (see Churchill, 1919). __________ ___________ __________ ___________ ____________ ____________ The punctuation separating each part of a journal reference, except between the volume number and pagination, is the ________________ The bibliographic information of each chapter in a book cited includes the: (A) Author(s) Name(s), (B) Book Chapter Title, (C) Book Title, (D) Book Volume, (E) City in Which the Publisher is Located, (F) Editor(s) Name(s), (G) Name of the Publisher, (H) Page Numbers, and (I) Publication Year. Please place the letters on the lines below in the order in which these elements appear in a book chapter literature citation (see Schne, 1969). __________ ___________ __________ ___________ ____________ ____________ __________ ___________ __________ The arrangement of references in the Literature Cited section is _________________ In the Literature Cited section, are the authors first names written out or are initials used? _________________ Examine a journal article title in the Literature Cited section. Are all the words in the title capitalized? _________________ Does each reference listed in the Literature Cited section appear in the text? _________________ Does each reference cited in the text appear in the Literature Cited section? _________________ Are footnotes used to indicate references in the text? _________________ References are normally cited two ways in the text, either: (author date) or author (date). Write two COMPLETE sentences extracted from the paper that illustrate these two ways of citing references. ____________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Does the phrase et al. appear in any of the references cited in the text? _________________ What does et al. mean? _________________ Why is et al. used in reference citations in the text of some journal articles? _________________ Does et al. appear in the Literature Cited listing of references? _________________ ** NOTE: the arrangement and content of bibliographic information (including author citations) varies from publication to publication. These differences are in part due to journalistic style and editorial preference, but may also be due to measures aimed at reducing publication costs. Be aware that while variations exist, we will follow a standard format throughout the semester (as presented in Ecology.)     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