ࡱ> DFC }#bjbj =4xx}||4[]]]]]]$l    "[ [07*b+G0+`(0&"Hd    | : Chapter 1-Environmental Science, Earth Capital, Sustainability, & Worldviews Whats the use of a house if you dont have a decent planet to put it on? - Henry David Thoreau The Environment Environment: The external conditions and factors that affect living organisms Ecology: The study of the relationships between living organisms and their environment Environmental Science: The role humans have on the earth Exponential Growth Exponential Growth: a quantity increases by a fixed percentage of the whole in a given time. Can be deceiving because it starts off slowly and grows to be enormous. Each doubling is more than the total of earlier growth. Capitals Solar Capital energy from the sun Earth Capital air, water, soil, wildlife, minerals, recycling, and pest control processes Sustainability Sustainable Resource Harvest: certain quantity of that resource can be harvested each year over a specified period Sustainable Earth: The earths supplies of resources and the processes that make up earth capital. Sustainable Society: Manages its economy and population size without exceeding all of the planets supplies Carrying Capacity The maximum number of organisms an environment can support Varies with location time (seasonal changes and long term global changes such as climate) types of technology used to extract and process resources Rule of 70 A formula derived from the basic mathematics of exponential growth 70/percentage growth rate = the doubling time in years Percentages 48% of the earths total land area has been partially modified by human activities 73% including areas that have rock or ice Economic Indicators: Gross National Product: market value in current dollars of all goods and services produced in and outside of a country by the countrys business for final use during a year Gross Domestic Product: The market value in current dollars of all goods produced in a country during a year Per Capita: GNP/total population Developed Countries 20% of the earths total population 85% of the worlds total wealth 75% of pollution and wastes 88% of the natural resources USA, Japan, Germany account for more than 1/2 of the worlds economic output Developing Countries Low GNPs mostly Africa, Asia, Latin America 80% of total population (4.7 billion) 15% wealth and income 12% natural resources Facts 1 in 5 live in luxury 3 in 5 have enough to get by 1 in 5 struggles to get by on less than $1 a day 1 in 6 are malnourished 1 in 3 lack enough fuel to keep warm and cook Renewable Resources Potentially inexhaustible Potentially renewable resource: can be replenished fairly rapidly through natural processes, (forest trees, grasslands grasses, and wild animals.) Biological Diversity: different life forms that can best survive the variety of conditions currently found of earth Different Kinds Include Genetic diversity Species diversity Ecological diversity The Tragedy of the Commons Common property resources: available to all users free of charge #1 cause of environmental degradation The cumulative effects of many people trying to exploit a common property eventually exhausts it Nonrenewable Resources Resources that exist in a fixed quantity energy resources metallic mineral resources (iron, copper, aluminum) nonmetallic mineral resources (salt, clay, sand, phosphates) Pollution Non degradable pollutants: cannot be broken down by natural process Point sources Non point sources chemical nature (how harmful it is to living organisms) concentration persistence (how long it stays in a place) Solutions to Pollution Input pollution control: eliminates production of pollutants by switching to a less harmful chemical process Output pollution control: cleaning up pollutants after they have been produced Key Environmental Problems 1. Rapid Population growth 2. Rapid & Wasteful use of resources 3. Simplification & degradation of earths life-support systems 4. Poverty 5. Failure of the government to encourage economic & political systems that prevent degradation 6. Failure to include environmental costs 7. Ignorance of nature Environmental Impacts of Populations Population x Affluence x Technology= Environmental Impact P x A x T= I Human Cultural Changes Hunter Gatherers (Agricultural Revolution(Industrial Revolution Hunting-and-Gathering Societies For 60,000 yr. Humans survived as hunter-gatherers. Survived by having earth-wisdom knew how to use their sources sparingly, but beneficially 3 Energy Sources for Hunter-Gatherers 1. Sunlight captured by plants 2. Fire 3. Their own muscle power Advanced Hunter-Gatherers Created more environmental harm improved tools used fire to hunt hunted in huge groups caused extinction of some animals relied on potentially renewable resources Agricultural Revolution 10,000 to 12, 000 years ago used agroforestry, slash-and-burn cultivation, shifting cultivation, and subsistence farming Agricultural Revolution Effects Used domesticated animals to plow Birth rates rose larger area of land was cleared Conflict between societies Urbanization Accumulation of material goods Excess food Industrial Revolution Began in England in the mid 1700s and moved to the United States in the 1800s Commerce, trade, and distribution expanded rapidly Dependence on nonrenewable resources Information Revolution New technologies are enabling people to deal with information rapidly 1. Automated information collection 2. Databases store information 3. Instantaneous transmission of data 4. Information processing Are we living sustainably? Opinions vary on whether or not things are getting better or worse. Economists and analysts basically say we are fine Environmentalists say we are degrading and depleting resources too quickly November 18, 1992 1,680 scientists signed and sent an urgent warning to government leaders of all nations The letter basically stated that if nothing was done to save the environment, then there could be serious consequences 1992 The United States National Academy of Sciences and the Royal Society of London issued a report saying that science and technology may not be able to prevent the degradation of poverty in the world Who Should We Side With? Depends mostly on each individuals opinion There is no clear answer Environmental Worldviews Planetary Management Worldview 1. We are the planets most important species. 2. There is always more. 3. All economic growth is good. 4. Success is a directly related to how we understand, control, and manage the earth. Earth Wisdom Worldview 1. Nature exists for all species 2. There are limited supplies. 3. Economic growth is not always beneficial. 4. Success depends on cooperation with one another. Living More Sustainably 1. Leave the earth as good or better than we found it. 2. Take no more than what we need. 3. Try not to harm life, air, water or soil. 4. Sustain biodiversity. 5. Maintain earths capacity to self repair. 6. Dont use potentially renewable resources faster than they are replenished. 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