ࡱ> [ 0W5bjbj .:ΐΐE 99<,g_!!!!!^^^^^^^$Iacl^Q^99!!!_rrr9!!^r^rrVW Z]!abY:^7_0g_YWdWdtZ]WdZ]<r^^ Rg_Wd : IT351 - Mobile & Wireless Computing Tutorial_3 What is the main physical reason for the failure of many MAC schemes known from wired networks when applied to wireless networks? How does the near/far terminal effect influence TDMA systems? What happens in CDMA systems? What are countermeasures in TDMA systems, what about CDMA systems? Considering duplex channels, what are alternatives for implementation in wireless networks? What about typical wired networks? Explain the term interference in the space, time, frequency, and code domain. What are countermeasures in SDMA, TDMA, FDMA, and CDMA systems? What are benefits of reservation schemes? How are collisions avoided during data transmission, why is the probability of collisions lower compared to classical Aloha? What are disadvantages of reservation schemes? Which of the TDM-based MAC schemes can give hard guarantees related to bandwidth and access delay? Assume all stations can hear all other stations. One station wants to transmit and senses the carrier idle. Why can a collision still occur after the start of transmission? Devise a frequency division duplex scheme that allocated the frequency band 500 600 MHz to 200 users. What will be the bandwidth available for each user? Assume a guard of 20 MHz is required between the uplink and downlink connections Homework What are the advantages of a fixed TDM pattern compared to random, demand driven TDM? Compare the efficiency in the case of several connections with fixed data rates or in the case of varying data rates. Now explain why traditional mobile phone systems use fixed patterns, while computer networks generally use random patterns. In the future, the main data being transmitted will be computer-generated data. How will this fact change mobile phone systems? Answers Stations in a wired network hear each other. I.e., the length of wires is limited in a way that attenuation is not strong enough to cancel the signal. Thus, if one station transmits a signal all other stations connected to the wire receive the signal. In wireless networks, attenuation and obstacles affect the signal, so the signal at the receiver is different from the signal at the sender, so carrier sense and collision detection are difficult. As long as a station can receive a signal and the signal arrives at the right time to hit the right time-slot it does not matter in TDMA systems if terminals are far or near. In TDMA systems terminals measure the signal strength and the distance between sender and receiver. The terminals then adapt transmission power and send signals in advance depending on the distance to the receiver. Terminals in CDMA systems have to adapt their transmission power very often (e.g., 1500 times per second in UMTS) so that all signals received, e.g., at a base station, have almost the same strength. Without this one signal could drown others as the signals are not separated in time. Wireless networks can use different frequencies, different time slots or even different codes to implement duplex channels. Typical wired networks simply use different wires. Interference and countermeasures in: - SDMA: Interference happens if senders are too close to each other. Terminals or base stations have to keep a minimum distance. - TDMA: Interference happens if senders transmit data at the same time. Countermeasures are tight synchronisation and guard spaces (time gap between transmissions). - FDMA: Interference happens if senders transmit data at the same frequency. Thus, different frequencies have to be assigned to senders by organisations, algorithms in base stations, common frequency hopping schemes etc. Furthermore, guard bands between used frequency bands try to avoid interference. - CDMA: Interference happens if senders transmit data using non-orthogonal codes, i.e., the correlation is not zero. Thus, senders should use orthogonal or quasi-orthogonal codes. After reservation of the medium succeeded no more collisions can occur (if the system is error free). Reservation schemes can also guarantee bandwidth, delay, and maximum jitter. Thus, during the transmission nothing can happen. Compared to classical Aloha the collision probability is lower because the contention period is kept short compared to the contention-free period where transmission takes place. A disadvantage of reservation schemes is the latency for data transmission. Before terminals can start transmission they have to reserve the medium. This wastes time in case of a very lightly loaded medium. Fixed TDMA schemes can give hard guarantees thats why they are used in classical phone systems (ISDN, SDH, GSM/CSD, ). Also implicit reservations can give guarantees after the reservation succeeded. Furthermore, all centralistic systems, i.e., systems with a base station or access point controlling data transfer, can give guarantees. All non-deterministic schemes, such as CSMA/CA, MACA, cannot give any hard guarantees. Even in vacuum radio waves have limited velocity: the speed of light. As soon as matter is in the way waves travel even slower. Thus, it can happen that a sender senses the medium idle, starts the transmission and just in a moment before the waves reach another sender this second sender senses the medium idle and starts another transmission. 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