ࡱ> qsp <*bjbjVV =D<<<"LftCCCCC t t t t t t t vx| t tCC tCC t tkIsC`C~TQ p>s6t0ftWp2>y[>y|ss>ysXDbLLG t t ft>y : World War II and the Holocaust Holocaust: The state-sponsored, systematic persecution and annihilation of European Jewry by Nazi Germany and its collaborators between 1933 and 1945. United States Holocaust Museum The Road to War Germanys defeat in WWI brought about the formation of a new government: The Weimar Republic ________________________-ended WWI Germany had to ____________________________________________ Forced to make reparations to ____________________________________________ Total bill was equivalent to ________________________ German army was dramatically limited in size The Road to War Many Germans protested not only the loss of the war, but ______________________________________________________________________ Extremists blamed ____________________________________________and blamed the German Foreign Minister, a Jewish man, for reaching a settlement Ultimately, many aspects of the treaty were violated or ignored, with little enforcement from the rest of Europe Despite the flouting of the treaty, ____________________________________________ The German marks value plummeted, causing hyperinflation Nearly 6 million Germans were ____________________________________________ Rise of the Nazi Party Weakened economy and ineffective Weimar Republic led to ____________________________________________ Hitler voted chancellor _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Totalitarianism The total control of a country and its culture by the government _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Anti-Semitism Prior to 1933, Jews were living in every country in Europe (approx. 9 million total) Poland and the Soviet Union had the largest Jewish populations The long history of Anti-Semitism and persecution of Jews dates back _______________ Germans used propaganda to ______________________________________. This included _____________________________ used in schools The Nuremberg Laws During the first few years of Nazi rule, laws were passed __________________________ Nuremberg Laws of 1935 Stripped Jews of ___________________________ Prohibited them from ______________________________________ with persons of German or related blood. Jews were deprived of _______________________ and were ________________ from economic and educational spheres Forced to carry identity cards with red J stamp, to allow for _____________________________________________________________ Persecution The Nazi plan for dealing with the Jewish problem evolved in three steps: Expulsion-____________________________________________ Containment-___________________________________________________ Final Solution-___________________________ Other groups targeted included Gypsies, Homosexual men, Jehovahs Witnesses, Physically and mentally handicapped Germans (Euthanasia Program), Poles, and Political dissidents Kristallnacht Night of the Broken Glass November 9-10, 1938 Germans attacked _____________________________________________________________ 91 murdered, 30,000 deported and sent to concentration camps By 1939, half of Germanys 500,000 Jews had emigrated to escape Nazi persecution Invasion and War 1939-Germany invaded Poland, beginning World War II Pop. 3 million Polish Jews 1941-Germany invaded Russia Pop. 5 million Russian Jews Einsatzgruppen Specially trained SS units-essentially mobile killing squads Sent by Heinrich Himmler into German occupied territory to ______________________ __________________________________________________________ Estimated to have killed 1.3 million Jews between 1941 and 1945 Victims were taken to deserted areas where they were ______________________ __________________________________________________________ Final Solution January 1942-Himmler called conference to discuss tactics against _________________ _______________________________________________________ Existing methods were deemed inefficient-________________________________________ Jews would be rounded up and moved to ghettos, for used as cheap labor Other Jews sent to resettlement areas where they would go through selection ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ Ghettos were established across occupied Europe, usually in areas with a large Jewish population Life was very difficult-________________________________________________________ Conditions designed so ___________________________________________________________ ________________________________________ How were people determined to be Jewish? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ Concentration Camps Three types of camps: ___________________________________________________________ First camp (Dachau) opened in 1933 for political dissidents and prisoners There were six death camps, all located in Poland: Auschwitz-Birkenau (also a labor camp), Treblinka, Chelmno, Sobibor, Majdanek, and Belzec Treblinka had a staff of 80 guards, 20-30 SS, ______________________________________ Great Deception Deception __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Starvation __________________________________________________________________ Terror __________________________________________________________________ Gas Chambers Designed for efficient mass execution Those selected would be given soap and sent to gas chambers sometimes disguised as showers Nazis would force large groups of prisoners into small cement rooms and __________________________________________________________________ Nazis would try to pack as many as _________ into a gas chamber like the one pictured Jews selected as sonderkommando were ordered to ___________________ and ________ of victims and __________________________________________. About ____________________ pairs of shoes-one days collection at the peak of gassing Resistance Movements Despite extremely high risk, some individuals and groups attempted to resist Nazism and Nazi policies _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ Still, less than 1% of non-Jewish European population helped in rescue operation Denmark and Bulgaria demonstrated most successful national resistance movements against attempts to deport their Jewish citizens Liberation July 23, 1944Soviet soldiers liberated first camp prisoners at Majdanek British, Canadian, American, and French troops also liberated camp prisoners Troops were shocked at what they saw _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ Aftermath The Nazis killed at least 6 million Jews 2-3 million Soviet P.O.W.s About 1.9 million non-Jewish Poles 220,000-500,000 Roma Gypsies 200,000 physically/mentally handicapped _____________________________________________ Many stayed in camps in Germany run by the Allies Jewish DPs pushed for the founding of a Jewish state in British-controlled Palestine Jewish refugees allowed to enter U.S. _________________________________________ Nuremberg Trials _____________________________________________ 22 Nazi war criminals tried by the Allies in the International Military Tribunal 12 prominent Nazis were sentenced to death Most claimed they were only following orders; this was judged to be an insufficient defense _____________________________________________ Art Spiegelman Celebrated cartoonist Work published in numerous journals and other media (The New York Times, The Village Voice) _____________________________________________ He lives in NYC with wife and daughter He has won numerous awards for his work, including the 1992 Pulitzer Prize for Maus Maus Maus: A Survivors Tale is a graphic memoir It recounts Spiegelmans fathers struggle to survive the Holocaust as a Polish Jew It draws largely on his fathers recollections of events he personally experienced It also follows the authors troubled relationship with his father and the way the effects of war continue to reverberate through generations of a family D \ v # R b  1  4 L /pBP)9U{!Je{{HUft*lhDx>*CJaJh2!Eh|CCJaJh2!Eh(ACJaJh2!E>*CJaJh2!EhLCJaJh2!EhL>*CJaJLD g $ Q R b p 2 l & F dhgdpNc & FdhgdpNc & FdhgdpNcdhgdpNc $ & Fa$gdpNc$a$gdpNc 4 L /pBP:}"9 & F dhgdpNc & F dhgd|C & F dhgdpNc & F dhgdpNcdhgdpNc & F dhgdpNc & F dhgdpNc9f;Ieft0 & F pdh^gdpNc & FdhgdpNc & F pdh^gdpNcdhgdpNc & F dhgdpNc*i7#[hhdh^h`hgd|C & FdhgdpNc dh^gd|C & F pdh^gd|C & F pdh^gdpNcdhgdpNc & FdhgdpNc & FdhgdpNc"#[D#sEGWa*5x d w | !!,!!!!x"J#K#V#Dzh2!EhYuCJaJh2!EhnECJaJh2!E>*CJaJh2!Eh +>*CJaJh2!EhTsCJaJh2!Eh +CJaJh2!Eh|CCJaJh2!EhLCJaJh2!EhL>*CJaJ=[D#tfd & F pdh^gdpNcdhgdpNc & FdhgdpNc dh^gd + & Fdhgd + & F pdh^gdpNc & Fdhgd|C & FdhgdpNc & FdhgdpNcdFGWa*5xS4 & FdhgdTs & F pdh^gdpNc & FdhgdTs & FdhgdpNc & FdhgdpNcdhgdpNc & F pdh^gdpNc4 !!,!!!!"J"x""J#K#V###$?$m$$ & Fdhgd4w & FdhgdpNc & FdhgdTs & FdhgdpNc & FdhgdpNcdhgdpNc & F pdh^gdpNcV#$$$$S%%.&W&X&Y&j&&p'''''( (N(((((((;*<*ȽӯhDxhrk6CJ]aJh2!EhL6CJ]aJh2!Eh4CJaJh2!Eh2!ECJaJh2!EhL>*CJaJh2!EhwCJaJh2!Eh4wCJaJh2!EhLCJaJ$$$$$%+%S%%%&X&Y&j&&&'p' & FdhgdpNc & F! pdh^gdpNc & F!dhgd2!E & Fdhgd4w & F dhgdpNc & F pdh^gdpNcdhgdpNcp''''' (N(u(((((O))<* & F"dhgdpNc & Fdhgd2!E & F pdh^gdpNcdhgdpNc & Fdhgd2!E;0P:p2!E/ =!"#$% Dp^ 2 0@P`p2( 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p8XV~_HmH nH sH tH H`H Normal CJOJQJ_HaJmH sH tH DA D Default Paragraph FontRiR  Table Normal4 l4a (k (No List PK![Content_Types].xmlj0Eжr(΢Iw},-j4 wP-t#bΙ{UTU^hd}㨫)*1P' ^W0)T9<l#$yi};~@(Hu* Dנz/0ǰ $ X3aZ,D0j~3߶b~i>3\`?/[G\!-Rk.sԻ..a濭?PK!֧6 _rels/.relsj0 }Q%v/C/}(h"O = C?hv=Ʌ%[xp{۵_Pѣ<1H0ORBdJE4b$q_6LR7`0̞O,En7Lib/SeеPK!kytheme/theme/themeManager.xml M @}w7c(EbˮCAǠҟ7՛K Y, e.|,H,lxɴIsQ}#Ր ֵ+!,^$j=GW)E+& 8PK!Ptheme/theme/theme1.xmlYOo6w toc'vuر-MniP@I}úama[إ4:lЯGRX^6؊>$ !)O^rC$y@/yH*񄴽)޵߻UDb`}"qۋJחX^)I`nEp)liV[]1M<OP6r=zgbIguSebORD۫qu gZo~ٺlAplxpT0+[}`jzAV2Fi@qv֬5\|ʜ̭NleXdsjcs7f W+Ն7`g ȘJj|h(KD- dXiJ؇(x$( :;˹! 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