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America 2. Effect on humans nomadic hunters didnt move so much a. Settle near abundant plant life beginning of civilization b. Sedentary life w/ dependable food supply 3. milder conditions, warmer temperatures, higher ocean levels Demography: Major population changes resulting from human and environmental factors 2 million people during Ice Age allowed for growth big game gone more usable land available 50-100 million by 1000 CE Regional changes altered skin color, race type, quantity of body hair Time Periodization in early human history Early Hominids humans 3.5 million years ago Australopithecus Lucy found in Africa Bipedalism sizable brain Larynx voice box 2. 3 million homo habilis handy human crude stone tools 3. 1 million - homo erectus upright human a. First to migrate b. Clothed selves skins/furs 4. 100,000 to 250,000 homo sapiens wise human a. social groups b. permanent, semi-permanent buildings 5. 100,000 to 200,000 homo sapiens, sapiens a. Out of Africa started in Africa and migrated b. Multiregional thesis all developed independently Stone Age First period of prehistory - Tool use separates hominids from ancestors Paleolithic Old Stone Age 10,000 to 2.5 million years ago Crude tools clubs, axes, bones for shelter, protection, food, cloth Natural shelters cave/canyons Began tentlike structures/huts Wooden/stone structures by Mesolithic 1 million years ago fire Warfare rocks, clubs food preparation tools used for combat Weapons found in bones 5. Clothes from hides/furs and later plant fibers a. Dying cloth for color 6. Families, clans, tribes a. Select sexual partners not seasonal b. Long term sexual bonds emotions + child rearing c. Family units created clans Neolithic New Stone Age 5,000-10,000 years ago Nature and causes of changes associated with the time span Change due to Great Ice Age Pleistocene Ice Age Continuities and breaks within the time span Mesolithic Middle Stone Age 10,000-12,000 years ago transition Difficult to generalize Lack of information Regions developed at different times Diverse Interpretations What are the issues involved in using "civilization" as an organizing principle in world history? Westerncentric meaning 1. food producing w/ surplus 2. increase in population 3. specialization of labor 4. social hierarchy 5. growth of trade 6. centralization of religious/political authority 7. monumental buildings 8. written records 9. technical innovation the arts World historians more broad view importance of human creativity 1. Interaction of human beings in creative manner 2. Cultural and material build What is a civilization Food surplus Advanced cities Advanced technology Skilled workers Complex institutions government, religion System of writing/record keeping What is the most common source of change: connection or diffusion versus independent invention? Connection/diffusion due to interaction vs. invented something new or used it in a new way a. Diffusion ironwork Assyrians to Kushites b. Invention Nok people of Nigeria smelting iron 2. Farming of certain crops diffusion Middle East > India > Europe > Nile a. Others independent sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, China, Americas 3. After emergence, diffusion takes over exchange of techniques, seeds, crops Developing agriculture and technology Agricultural, pastoral, and foraging societies, and their demographic characteristics (Include Africa, the Americas, and Southeast Asia.) Foraging societies small groups of people traveled climate/food availability 1. Bad - climate, disease, famine, natural disasters 2. No permanent shelters 3. Limit to how much land can feed 4. Mammals, fished, gathered 5. Organization a. Some had chiefs, leaders, religious figures b. Coordination needed for hunting large game later used for warfare 6. Worshipped deities buried dead 100,000 years ago burial sites a. Sacrifices, ceremonies 7. Expression through art art 32,000 years old, flutes 30,000 years old 8. Gender division of labor a. Physical differences men hunted, made war, heavy labor b. Women gathered, prepared food, maintained home, children c. Roles not seen as superior, just different - debatable Pastoral societies domestication of animals Mountain regions, insufficient rainfall Small scale agriculture to add to milking Extended family important Women w/ few rights, men controlled food production Power based on size of herd Couldnt settle needed to look for food for herd Seasonal migration Difficult to become civilized * Began to experiment w/ plants/seeds Mix animal husbandry w/ plant domestication By accident latrines sprout veggies, yummy Women key role 3. Key points one didnt disappear a. In one area, could have shifting cultivation + migratory farmers + forage + hunt/fish + nomadic pastoralism 4. Polytheism a. afterlife matter neither created or destroyed b. energy > energy c. from animism spirits in anything d. anthropologists need control over fate petition gods Emergence of agriculture and technological change Neolithic Revolution/Agricultural Revolution 8000-3000 BCE Nomadic > agricultural > town > city W/ good soil, water source + cultivate plants could build homes Domesticated animals/simple tools 3. Was it a revolution? a. Long period of time b. At different times c. butno one can argue immense changes 2. Psychological Issues a. Shared land vs. ownership, people come on your land - intruders 3. Food Surplus a. Time to make tools, dig an irrigation ditch, philosopher, religious leader b. One farms for 100, you can individualize labor 1. Armies, towns, writing, art, experiment, technologies specialization c. Government and religion emerge to keep life orderly 1. Organize irrigation efforts which increases scope 4. Calendars, pottery containers, baskets, storehouses 5. Domestication dog first companionship, security hunting a. Later goat both during Paleolithic milk/meat b. Advantages of some societies on domestic options 6. Regional food a. Central Africa - plantains, bananas, yams b. Americas maize, beans, squash c. India millet, barley 7. Migratory vs. Slash and burn a. Ashes kept soil fertile b. Replaced with shifting planting, fallow 8. Changes irrigation, mixing crop types 9. Fermentation of alcoholic beverages end of Neolithic Nature of village settlements Must be near water commerce, barter Stay in same place Sense of unity, create cultural traditions People tied to land property as ownership 2. Role of women pre-farming food gatherers first to plant/harvest crops a. Men were hunters b. Gender-related differences women lost status 1. Political, economic lives controlled by men a. Community leaders, warriors, priests, traders, crafts b. Patrilineal/patrilocal tracing decent based on male line/husbands home more important 3. Needed to work together formation of communities a. Defense against invaders b. A family alone cant create complex irrigation systems 4. Self-sufficient, but some trade occurred 5. Religious rituals become more complex greater variety of gods and goddesses a. Forces of nature + spirits of departed ancestors b. Built permanent sites of worship shrines, temples, megaliths 6. Creation of cities a. Offer protection for defense b. Centers for trading c. Different skills/talents live together d. Major cities 1. Jericho Jordan River 2. Catal Huyuk Turkey 3. Danpo China 7. No longer can rely on oral communication need writing a. Keep records b. Pass on information c. Transfer information d. Sumerians first 3500-3000 BCE, Incas civilized without Impact of agriculture on the environment Land land reconfigured to fit needs of humans Diverts water Clears land for farming Roads built Stones unearthed for buildings/monuments 2. Animal kingdom a. Animals as food, clothing, beast of burden oxen 1. Increase food production 3. Overfarmed depleted land of fertility a. Move on to new land sometimes called slash and burn Introduction of key stages of metal use Hard granite stones farming tools hoes, plows farm tools priority Plow key prerequisite of society? Allowed for food surplus Pottery for cooking Weaving for baskets/nets Complex/comfortable clothing Wheels for carts sails for boats Combine copper with tin to make bronze Weapons, tools Bronze Age Iron follows 7. Neolithic Age New Stone Age ends with metalworking a. 6600 BCE Copper used in Europe, Asia b. Metalurghy extracting from raw ore and metalwork crafting quite difficult 1. Jewelry predates 6400 BCE, but tools not efficient until later 8. 3500-3000 BCE Bronze from copper/tin discovered in Middle East, Balkans, Southeast Asia later part Neolithic Age Bronze Age a. Americas and Asia never had a bronze age tin scarce b. Scarcity of tin pushed need for international trade 9. 1500-1200 BCE Iron Age Hittites a. Spread to Europe in 1000 BCE, Africa in 500 BCE b. Possible to cultivate hard packed soil/more land c. Wave of invasions from outside Mesopotamia Basic features of early civilizations in different environments: culture, state, and social structure A. Mesopotamia 1. Culture a. Independent innovation that passed to Egypt/Indus b. 4000 BCE bronze, copper c. Wheel, irrigation canals d. 3500 Sumerians cuneiform first writing stylus objects > sounds e. Number system 60 movement of heavenly bodies 1. navigation 2. time f. Architecture ziggurats 1) glory of civilization, 2) many gods 1. Clay primary building material g. First epic Epic of Gilgamesh 1) great flood story 1. Kings quest to achieve immortality h. great traders 2. State a. Unpredictable flooding need for government irrigation b. City-states controlled city + surrounding area c. Geography lack of natural barriers invasion defensive walls d. Conflicts over water/property rights e. Akkadians/Babylonians spread Sumerian culture 1. Code of Hammurabi first written law code a. Different rules for gender/social classes b. Very harsh, favored upper class c. Systematic, consistent set of regulations, not arbitrary will of a ruler f. After 900 BCE Assyrians and Persians ruled g. king-like figure lugal big man 3. Social structure a. Ruled by elite, rulers, priests b. Farmed by slaves could purchase freedom c. Patriarchal men could sell wives/children to pay debts 1. 1600 BCE women wearing veils 2. Butwomen could gain power courts, priestesses, scribes, small business B. Egypt 1. Culture a. 3000 BCE Nile River b. pharaoh pyramids tombs for self/families 1. Decorated w/ colorful paintings c. polytheists afterlife > mummification 1. Egyptian Book of the Dead what happened to soul, how to reach happy 2. afterlife > mummification and tombs d. bronze tools weapons after Mesopotamia e. Kush independent innovation iron spread to Egypt f. some trade w/ Kush and Mesopotamia g. hieroglyphics from trade contacts Mesopotamia 1. papyrus paper making h. geography protected could create unique civilization i. less urban than Mesopotamians j. 365 day calendar, medicine, math, astronomy 2. State a. Nile overflowed annually predictable b. irrigation led to organization/government c. agricultural villages engaged in trade d. pharaoh king power 1. living incarnation of sun god e. geography protected from invading people f. beginning 3100 when Menes unites Upper and Lower Egypt g. 2040-1640 BCE Middle Kingdom culturally dynamic h. New Kingdom 1500 regained from foreign invaders Hyksos focused on military i. by 900 in control of foreign invaders internal disorder, invasions 3. Social structure a. Social classes, but commoners could enter government service rise in social status b. Patriarchal, but women had some privileges 1. Women sometimes acted as regents for young rulers, priestesses, scribes 2. managed household finances/education of children 3. right to divorce husbands/alimony 4. could own property 5. Queen Hatshepsut C. Indus 2500 BCE Indus River - Pakistan 1. Culture a. Streets laid out in precise grid houses had running water/sewage b. Harappan writing not deciphered much unclear c. active trade w/ Indus valley and Sumer ores from one place found in others d. blend of Aryans and Indus valley people affected future course of history e. quite large size of France/urbanized 2. State a. unpredictable flooding b. Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro 1. Because of similarities of cities, tightly unified, centrally controlled c. Overtaken by Indo-Europeans Aryans 1. Already dying out 1) river change or 2) earthquake, 3) erosion of soil 4) salt in wells d. whole societies all over Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro only tip, last 3. Social Structure a. little known Dravidians relatively egalitarian b. not as patriarchal c. Aryans based it on color Varnu d. Aryans eventually control politically, but Dravidians would win out culturally D. Shang most isolated Huange He valley Yellow River Chinas Sorrow 1. Culture a. Isolated by deserts, mountains, and seas unpredictable flooding 1. Still some trade w/ Southwest Asia and South Asia b. Shang Dynasty (1766-1122 left written records) 1. Knowledge of bronze metallurgy from Southwest Asia 2. Strengthened Shang war machine 3. 1000 BCE Ironworking 4. Fortune telling and ancestor worship started here c. Palaces/tombs built for emperors d. Writing oracle bones 1. Oracle scratch persons question on bone/shell heat it 2. Resulting cracks read to learn message from gods a. Shoulder e. myth of Xia dynasty 2. State 1. Dynasties 2. Central rule to oversee irrigation/flood-control projects 3. Walled cities center of cultural, military, economic set precedent in villages 4. Zhou replaced Shang mandate of heaven if leader governed wisely and fairly, he could claim right to divine rule a. Warrior aristocracy b. fought northern/western neighbors barbarians expanded empire 5. Tradition of central authority 6. Began as small agricultural cities along Yellow River 3. Social Structure 1. Stratified ruling elites, artisans, peasants, slaves 2. Patriarchal father needs to know children are his a. Subservient b. multiple marriages c. preference for sons - infanticide 3. Ancestor worship 4. Matrilineal society before Shang E. Mesoamerica and Andean South America 1. Culture a. lacked knowledge of wheel b. Olmecs/Maya pyramids/temples c. Polytheistic d. Cultural diffusion maize, terraced pyramids 1. Calendars 2. Ball game on a court 3. Quetzalcoatl god who would return to rule world in peace e. Mayan reached height in 300 CE 1. system of writing pictographs 2. value of zero 3. astronomy predicted eclipses 4. length of year within a few seconds 2. State 1. small city-states ruled by kings fought against each other a. Prisoners of war slaves/sacrifices to gods 2. lack of pack animals/geography prevented communication 3. Inhabitants cooperated for irrigation systems 4. Rugged terrain of Andes prevented central govt from organizing 3. Social structure a. Elite class of rulers/priests vs. commoners and slaves 4. Geography not in valleys of major rivers 1. smaller rivers/streams near oceans 2. no large animals/beasts of burden llama biggest animal human labor (Students should be able to compare two of the early civilizations above.) Classical civilizations - China, India, and the Mediterranean Classical Civilizations those with lasting influence over vast numbers Political Developments Major themes Recurrent invasions from people from North Flooding a problem how to control rivers China Zhou 1027-771 BCE replaced Shang mandate of heaven rationalization Expanded territory added southern rice valley further centralized govt Feudal system Too large to control Developed bureaucracies bureaus - departments Worked for couple centuries But nobles build up wealth/power Split off into individual kingdoms Nobles given power over small regions King gave noble protection for loyalty Emperors lived lives of luxury Standardized language Classical age Hundreds Schools of Thought Philosophers practical and metaphysical Wanted to see political reform Longest lasting dynasty Mandate of Heaven Power as long as gods allowed Corruption/military defeat weakened a ruler > gods no longer in favor 8. Lasted until 500 BCE when internal conflict Era of Warring States Qin after Era of the Warring States 221-202 BCE Shi Huangdi First Emperor > dictatorial name applied to country Unified country by conquering warring feudal states Abolished feudalism Instituted centralized govt that would be model one of briefest dynasties Major precedents Strong emperor Large Bureaucracy Expanded territory to Vietnam Defensive wall Great Wall Shows empire well organized, centralized, brutal Weights, measures, coinage standardized Silk cloth encouraged Established uniform laws Legalism state sponsored alternative to Confucianism/Taoism People are basically evil must be kept in line w/ strict laws Rule cruel/autocratic Refused to tolerate any dissent Dissent in book > burned Dissent in scholar > killed Heavy taxes for peasants Overburdened peasants revolted and overthrew in 207 BCE Han 200 BCE 220 CE Governmental bureaucracy grew stronger Effective administration, postal service, tax-collecting Territory expanded to Central Asia, Korea, Indochina Under Emperor Wu (140-87 BCE) expanded furthest Wu Ti = Warrior Emperor Chinese civil service exam Excellent communicators/highly educated Test lasted for days Open to everyone, but only wealthy could afford to prepare Bureaucracy highly skilled Time of peace settled across China Threat of Huns not as significant as in Europe Government oversaw iron production Government sponsored and maintained canals, irrigation Name Han still used to refer to people Main goal unification of China Reestablished Confucian philosophy Two million ethnic Chinese moved to northwestern region to colonize imperial frontier Expanded territory west to Turkistan Internal struggles for power destabilized Taxes grew to high Peasant uprising 184 BCE Yellow Turbans secret society anti-Han support Ended dynasty led to Three Kingdoms Outside invaders made it tough to protect borders Similarities to Han and Roman empires Large and powerful Conquests plus effective administration Next 350 years state of chaos Three Kingdoms (220-265 CE) three domains Wei northeast Shu west Wu south and east Balance two kingdoms balance out third Wei grew more powerful reunited in 265 India Aryans (1500 BCE) Lighter skinned Aryans + Darker skinned Dravidians About 600 BCE divided into 16 states At first establish warrior aristocracy/enslaved Dravidians Maurya Empire (321-185 BCE) strong centralized Promoted trade and communication After brief period of rule Alexander the Great 330-321 BCE Regional lord Chandragupta Maurya Powerful military Greatest ruler Ashoka Successful warrior converted to Buddhism Turned away from military conquest Disgusted by bloody victory over Kalinga Preached nonviolence/moderation Building projects undertaken Admired for justice and attempts to create harmony between religions Rock and Pillar Edicts billboards Live generous and righteous lives Missionaries sent out to spread Buddhism Brahmins lost power angered e. w/ death Brahmins undermined i. Buddhism pushed to fringe of empire collapsed due to attacks from outsiders large, efficient bureaucracy maintain order, collect taxes, build infrastructure Gupta Empire (320 to 550 CE) ruled through central govt allowed village govts power Advantageous alliances and military conquests More decentralized/smaller golden age Firm supporters of Hinduism Brahmins restored to traditional role advisors/gurus Control based on local lords Paid tribute for local autonomy One of the more peaceful/prosperous eras Around 450 CE Northern invaders brought Gupta empire to slow end iii. much order from caste system/Hinduism Mediterranean Persian Empire Cyrus the Great system of provinces w/ governors Single code of laws ii. Greece not single political system/city-states 1. Prevented from being united terrain/islands 2. Independent and competing a. Needed to be militarily powerful b. Civil wars plus expansion to new colonies c. Constant conflict between self and outsiders 3. polis city-state politics 4. Most oligarchies narrow, elite families a. Transition to democracy gradual 1. Monarchy > aristocracy > democracy 2. Draco and Solon fair, equal, firm laws 5. Key city-states a. Athens democracy others dictatorship, oligarchy 1. Direct democracy male citizens lot general assembly a. Height under Pericles 462-429 2. even with restrictions, most representative government in ancient world b. Sparta rigid, slave-holding dictatorship 1. most effective/feared army 6. Persian Wars (492-479) led to Athenian dominance a. Golden Age of Pericles Delian League 7. Followed by Peloponnesian War a. Led to Greek weakening 1. Open to Persian influence 2. Invasion from North Macedon Philip II 8. Philip II son Alexander the Great a. 33 exhaustion, alcoholism, fever b. campaign 40,000 troops, 20,000 miles, 3600 days iii. Roman Republic 1. Senate from patrician class, two consuls, tribunes protect interests 2. Most positions by aristocrats iv. Roman Empire 3. Bureaucrats civil servants a. Captured areas provinces, but a bit of self-government b. Single Roman Law Code throughout Major trading patterns within and among Classical civilizations; contacts with adjacent regions China Zhou Qin silk cloth encouraged Roads constructed Forced labor to build thousands of miles Han Trade along Silk Roads increased Economy strong monopoly of silk production Downturn in agricultural production hurt Trade thrived Helped spread Buddhism Carried far more luxury items than culture Government sponsored and maintained canals, irrigation India Aryans Mauryans Promoted trade and communication Ashoka creates roads with rest areas for travelers Roads connected with the Silk Roads Wealthy through trade Silk, cotton, elephants to Mesopotamia/Rome Buddhist missionaries sent out Angered Brahmins Guptas Traded ideas Arabic number system Mediterranean Greece Gained wealth and power through trade/strong navy Trade necessary because agriculture on large scale impossible Natural harbors, mild weather Trade and cultural diffusion by boat Had to develop sophisticated methods of communication, transportation, governance to regulate trade Wine and olive products for grain Replaced barter system with money system Money invented by Lydians Alexander the Great 20,000 miles conquered Persian Empire Opened traded to Hellenistic world Arts, sciences, and technology China Zhou Iron Age Xin Modernized army Iron weapons, crossbows, cavalry warfare Han Paper Accurate sundials/calendars Broaden use of metals Agriculture improves ox-drawn plow collar to prevent choking India Aryans Vedas part of Hindu scripture First transmitted orally later recorded in Sanskrit Sanskrit elite language Epic Age (1000-600 BCE) Ramayana Mahabharata greatest epic poem of India Upanishads collection of religious epic poems Mauryans Guptas Classical Age of India Supported Hinduism led to revival in Hindu art, literature, music Great temples built Fashioning iron for many uses/weapons Guptas enthusiastic patrons of Hindu culture High towered temples Lavish wall paintings Caves of Ajanta Growth of Sanskrit as language of educated Inoculation of smallpox Sterilization during surgery/cleaning wounds Plastic surgery/setting of bones Astronomy eclipses identification of planets Classic Hindu temple courtyards, paintings, sculptures Scientific/mathematic breakthroughs Pi, zero, decimal system numerical system called Arabic due to traders Mediterranean Overview celebration of life, human experience Served as inspiration for Renaissance and Enlightenment Greek Golden Age 500-350 BCE Periclean Age Philosophy Truth through rational thought and deliberate observation Many findings proved erroneous Process, not findings that are key Precedent seeking knowledge for its own sake pure science Nature became focus more orderly than gods Truth through human examination not religious ritual Socrates, Plato, Aristotle Rational inquiry Socrates seek answers by asking questions Be rational with moral issues Skeptical about conventional methods of thinking Tried and convicted for corrupting the youth Committed forced suicide Plato student of Socrates wrote down his teachings Perfect forms were basis of nature Wrote of perfect government philosopher kings Academy 387 BCE first higher learning institution Aristotle logic, observation, experimentation led to scientific method Need for moderation and self-knowledge Knowledge of physical world through observing phenomenon and drawing conclusions Sculpture/Architecture among ancient worlds finest Classical architecture Pillars and cupolas copied around the world Geometric shapes triangles and cylinders US impact seen from Capitol buildings Realistic human statues Students of human body Statuary survived to this day Math and science Pythagoras Built on knowledge of Babylonians/Egyptians Hippocrates diseases have only natural causes Father of Medicine First to say medicine different science than religion Created field of medicine Hippocratic Oath Greek idealism Body has four humors yellow bile, black bile, phlegm and blood Literature Homer Wests first literary masterpieces Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripedes Vernacular Herculean, read horoscopes Comedies and tragedies First practitioners of theater Social and Gender Relations China Zhou Xin Han Traditions reinforced through strengthened patriarchal system Society further stratified Elite class educated governmental bureaucracy Peasants Artisans Unskilled laborers, small number of slaves mean people Themes Few live in cities less than 10% Social hierarchy Confucius five basic levels of relationships ruler/subject father/son elder brother/younger brother husband/wife friend/friend each relationship has set of duties/responsibilities between superior/subordinate harmony the result of right conduct North wheat, south rice Fishing, hunting, forestry, tea growing main industries in mountain Tenant farmers bulk of rural population for landlords Power from court of emperor implemented by scholar-gentry Hierarchy in Provinces Scholar-gentry landlords Military Artisans Landed peasants Landless tenant peasants Hierarchy in Capital Emperor, Officials, Eunuchs, Military, Artisans When crops failed Higher starvation, infanticide, lawlessness, peasant revolts Extended family Call on spirits of dead ancestors advocates with gods Extended family most influential feature Multi-generational homes respect to elders Patrilineal wealth passed down to son Female identity extension of father/husband Family to family network of connections Business, social life, marriage Patriarchal voice of authority for family to government Taoist yin/yang Assertive masculinity vs. gentle/submissive female Women could get power in court Favored concubine/wife Daughters not valued as much female infanticide Sold as servants/slaves for debts India Caste system introduced by Aryans migrated 1500 BCE 3000 BCE Varna four classes where is soul Brahma priests Warrior class Farmer/merchant class Laborers Scheduled class/untouchables outside class structure Assigned menial jobs 2. Birth determines occupation, traditions, social strata for spouse Tenets of Hinduism/caste maintained order Aryans Village organization patriarchal control Customs devalued role of women Not allowed to own property Bound them to fathers and husbands Sati women killed selves on husbands funeral pyres Honor and purity to wife More isolated/segregated purdah Contact w/ family members only, no public Used skin color to separate classes New elites had darker skin than conquered people First three classes Aryans final dark-skinned During Epic Age warriors and priests reversed authority Mauryans Guptas Women saw rights diminished Declared minors in need of supervision by male Daughters neglected, infanticide Couldnt participate in sacred rituals/study religion Couldnt own property Child marriage became norm girls six/seven Due to property issues in urban area Because of strict caste division, slavery not widespread Return of Guptas solidified caste system Proliferated and evolved Brahmin priestly class Kshatriya warrior Vaishya producing caste Shudra servant caste Harijans untouchables Not even a caste Do tasks that might pollute Hindu culture Waste products, butchering, carrying dead Further castes jatil subcastes Mediterranean Slavery Sumerians survivors of opponents into labor Egypt Hebrews, Sumerians, Romans Nubia 1000 CE Islamic East Coast trans-Saharan slave trade children of slave could convert and be freed female slave marries owner, freed Muslims took slaves from conquered territory ii. Serfdom Middle Ages Western/eastern Europe 1. peasant can use plot of land in exchange for protection a. worked lords land iii. Greece 1. Overall three groups a. citizens adult males engaged in commerce b. free people with no political rights c. non-citizens/slaves had no rights 33% 2. Slavery common - excluded from political life a. enabled democracy 1. Greek citizens time to meet, vote, create works of art and philosophy b. potential to move up 1. skilled jobs, partially owned businesses, maybe buy freedom 2. women treated as inferior excluded from political life a. In Sparta, some girls received military training 1. Greatest female equality of all city-states, maybe nations c. Married to men in their teens 1. Father choose husband, power switched to new hus 2. Virginity prized until marriage 3. Childbirth expected after wedding 4. Could not own property, participate in political life d. Divorce only initiated by man e. butdid have significant roles in religious festivals and rituals Major belief systems Basic features of major world belief systems prior to 600 C.E. and where each belief system applied by 600 C.E. Polytheism Belief in many gods/goddesses Early peoples in awe of nature blessing/curse Relationship with land/weather Totemism identification of self with various animal symbols shamanism identification with unseen spirit worlds dreamtime Aboriginals Shinto Japan Animism belief that gods and goddesses inhabited natural features Africa, islands of Polynesia Worship of ancestors and fertility Fertility soil/women Class of people emerged to oversee rituals/guide people priests/shamans held important positions Space dedicated for early rituals temples first buildings Some regional, some transplanted Nomadic as well as early river civilizations Greeks/Romans represented natural human phenomenon, but appeared like humans Pantheons elaborate groups positions for each Sumerian-Babylonian deities set of rituals Olympian deities celestial bureaucracy China Aesir and Vanir northern Europe Transition to Monotheism Zoroastrianism Polytheism faded as myth or legend Zoroastrianism partial commitment to monotheism Founded by priest Zoroaster in 500 B.C. Based teaching on Avestas Worship of one god Ahura Mazda wise lord Son Mithra venerated as well Ahriman god of darkness Belief that Ahura Mazda and Ahriman in cosmic struggle Mazdas followers go to heaven Ahrimans go to hell Not monotheism dual gods of equal power Flourished in Persia until 600s CE w/ Islam Remains in India Parsis Historians say played a role in shaping Jewish/Christian thought Judaism Overview Hebrews Jews/Jewish not until 900s BCE Religion and societal custom Key part of the Western worlds ethical, cultural, intellectual foundation Worlds first monotheistic faith Devoted exclusively to worship of one deity Founding Abrahams Covenant Patriarch lived in Sumerian city of Ur, clan leader Covenant with god YHWH (Yahweh/Jehovah) Forcomplete religious allegiance GetHebrews chosen people led to promised land Canaan - Israel Between 2000 > 1850 BCE left Ur faith created Son Isaac carried on faith and then grandson Jacob Took name Israel twelve sons founders of the Twelve Tribes of Israel Slavery in Egypt 1700 BCE during time of famine Hebrews migrated to Egypt Freed by Moses returned to Promised Land Set up kingdom of Israel led by monarchy Hebrew Kingdoms Ruled by judges, then kings King David and son Solomon height 1000 BCE First temple built David military leader united Skilled musician psalms Made prosperous central to trade routes After Solomons death, split into Israel and Judah Assyrians invaded, destroyed temple, scattered Babylonians finished the job Nebuchadnezzar Babylonian Captivity Forced the writing of the Torah Temple rebuilt, kingdom swallowed by Romans Region renamed Judea Jews Under Roman rule gave birth to new religion - Christianity Revolted against Greeks and gained autonomy, but later 70 and 132 CE suppressed by Roman campaigns Jews killed, temple leveled Jews transplanted through Africa, Europe, Middle East, Americas Diaspora exile - linked not by geography, but cultural identity From then on set up synagogues where they could worship as a community Led by rabbis - cleris Beliefs One creator who made the world/all life differed itself from hundreds of nature gods Created world for humans to enjoy and practice free will Destiny of world is paradise, reached with divine help Task of human beings Serve and Honor God follow Ten Commandments Promote the ethics of the prophets Maintain the identity of the people Beliefs Afterlife Set of traditions/doctrines philosophy Personal salvation Five Books of Moses Torah Story of Abraham and descendants Increased in number became slaves in Egypt Egypt Moses became leader brought them back to land promised by God Return called the Exodus Central event on 40-year trek Mt. Sinai Ten Commandments Only one God No idol worship Honor parents Murder forbidden Stealing forbidden Moses author of Torah teaching first five books in Hebrew scripture Tanakh Christian Bible first five books of Old Testament Messiah Annointed One would someday appear to free them from oppression Talmud Instruction strict code of conduct/righteous behavior ethical monotheism Dietary restrictions charity, social responsibility, concern for the poor Restrictions on sexual practices Women respected in home, but extremely patriarchal retributive principle eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth common to Middle East Practice slavery like many Middle Eastern religions Spread Not a missionary religion Did little to attempt to convert non-Jews even 70 years in Babylon Impact Christianity First monotheistic religion Hinduism Locations - Belief System Applied Principal religion of India Spread through waters of Indian Ocean Southeast Asia Malay peninsula, islands of Indian Ocean Vietnam/Cambodia some adopted Sanskrit During Mauryan Buddhism gained more power Reestablished during Gupta Today Bangladesh Pakistan Sri Lanka Basic Features Originated Aryan invaders Vedic roots no precise date of birth Indus River people + Aryan invaders 1500 BC Vedism core four Aryan scriptures Vedas knowledge Focus on obedience to gods Complex rituals/sacrifices for priests Oral form back to 4500 BCE Oldest/largest Rig-Veda hymns/stories Gods/goddesses Agni fire god Mitra patron of humankind Surya sun god Indra god of war/storms Early Hindu scriptures Upanishads 900-500 BCE Essays and poems to outline Hindu spirituality Emphasize simplicity Inner development of individual methods for spiritual improvement Yoga meditative practices physical/mental discipline Puranas popular tales about gods and heroes Sutras moral teachings Laws of Manu 200 BCE > 200 CE support of caste system Texts that were religious and literary Mahabharata grand epic of 90,000 stanzas longest poem in the world? Great war between two royal houses Bhagavad-Gita Song of the Lord Poetic dialogue between Arjuna/Krishna Lectures on moral duty Ramayana 350 BCE adventures of Rama Seventh incarnation of Vishnu Hinduism Muslim invaders non-religious practices Beyond the Sindhu River Roots further back than any other religion still practiced Not a single faith Founded by single group/person Single deity/set of gods single body of scripture synthesis of many religious traditions Combined polytheistic gods of nature of Brahmins and made them represent concepts Everything part of divine essence Brahman Ultimate Reality One Brahma enters gods or different forms of one god Deities Vishnu preserver, Shiva - destroyer Meaningful life has found union with divine soul Every living creature has atman individual soul World is an illusion maya causes suffering Prevents union with Brahman Union achieved through reincarnation after death new soul/animal Cycle of life, death, rebirth samsara Spiritual perfection < incarnation and reincarnation Karma persons good or evil deeds law of deeds Evil actions, spiritual laxity > karmic debt trapped in samsara Good actions, spiritual discipline > greater understanding of moral duty dharma Need to eliminate karmic debt gains release - Moksha Change castes or go to an animal Methods of achieving moksha Veda obedience to gods, ritual practices Requires reliance on Brahmin Upanishads, later scriptures proper conduct/spiritual exercises prayer, meditation, ritual, worship, good actions Eventually reaches moksha United with the soul of Brahma No longer experiences worldly sufferings Does not have single founder Developed gradually Embraced variety of forms of worship Deities Brahman, but recognizes hundreds of gods/goddesses including older Vedic deities All gods avatars incarnations of the Brahman 200 BCE three gods largest following Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva Vishnu the Preserver began as minor Vedic sun god Became Savior figure, friend to humanity In incarnations, appears as a hero 7th - Rama In Ramayana 8th Krishna teaches Arjuna Shiva the Destoyer Vedic healing, disease, fertility God of creation/destruction Duality of life and death Sexual energy/cosmic regeneration Dancer in art Most important, least popular Brahma Masculine personification of Brahman Goddesses incarnations of mother goddess Mahadevi Shakti Parvati wife of Shiva Durga warrior goddess Lakshmi Vishnus wife Kali venerated, feared goddess of death Reinforced caste system social, political and religious concept Moral justification through Vedic thought/Hindu theology Offered hope to those of lower castes Upper class might achieve moksha Acceptance of ones status considered virtuous Dharma performance of ones duties Social position in life secondary only illusion maya spiritual development the key Affect on women considered legal minors as adults treated with respect Married in childhood, divorce rare Sati suttee funeral pyres of dead husbands Discouraged by British, outlawed by Indians Aryan custom venerating cattle, no beef Affects daily life Moral law dharma guides actions in world Human actions produce consequences Obligations to family and community Aryans introduced own array of gods/goddesses Veneration of some animals especially cattle Empires Lost authority under Mauryans regained w/ Guptas Confucianism Overview Least religious in nature Main priority how to reestablish political/social order No object of worship, clergy, ritual practices Ethical code based on secular principles Believed in existence of gods, spirits, heaven, but irrelevant Morally concerned person most concerned about actions here in the material world What happens after death cant really be theorized in meaningful way so why waste time Founding Kung Fu-tzu Latinized Confucius 551-479 BCE Reaction to politically chaotic Zhou dynasty Minor aristocrat/govt official Prince of Lue strong-willed, thinking at odds with rulers Never could gain high position Became educator/political advisor After retiring pondered relationship individual/society Gathered followers Recorded thoughts Analects recordings of his conversations with students Meng-tzu Mencius (371-289 BCE) Commentaries on Analects Helped movement reach highest level Basic Principles Good society = benevolent leaders and good heavier from below Well being of group more important than that of individual Order/hierarchy key, but govt must be good No provision for possibility of female rulers Meng-tzu Mandate of Heaven moral justification Unjust rulers lose the Mandate of Heaven Society matches hierarchy of family juniors deference to seniors Home most important institution Blessed w/ filial piety love and respect for elders/ancestors Five relationships for social tranquility reciprocity/mutual respect just ruler and loyal subjects loving father and respectful son husband righteous and wife obedient Older brother genteel and younger brother humble older friend considerate and younger friend deferent Females as subservient Men ruled society, fought wars, acted as scholars Marry as many as they want, divorce any who fail male heir Women exclusively homemakers/mothers Laws prohibited from owning property Not provided security through dowry system howeverdid allow women limited education Children honor father and mother golden rule Never do to others what you would not like them to do to you Honorable behavior etiquette, grace, virtue, courtesy li Regardless of class, practice li and you are gentlemanly Higher status expected to show jen/ren sympathy human heartedness xiao filial piety respect/obligation for extended family Focus on creation of junzi superior individuals educated, conscientious, state more important than ambition Political system isnt as important as good people Spread Compatible with other religions philosophy Religions embraced Govt embraced led to order Spread primarily though Chinese culture Communities become tight-knit Members have duties to community from birth Impact on Society By 1000 CE coexisted with, competed with, gained, lost, regained status Neo-Confucianism 600 CE Even when not in official favor still very influential Chinas traditional emphasis on Filial piety social hierarchy respect for authority Persisted even under Communist regime Confucius trying to confront problems of the time Ethical philosophy Emphasized proper/harmonious relationships Respect for ones elders/authority Relationship between ruler/people 3. Decline during Three Kingdoms era due to Taoism/Buddhism Legalism Chinese Qin Dynasty most notable practitioners Peace and order only through centralized/tightly governed state People made to obey through harsh punishment, strong central government, unquestioned authority Focused on practical/benefits for society Two most worthy professions military/farming Effective for organization Great Wall mass projects build quickly Caused resentment among common people Led to wider acceptance of Daoism/Confucianism Differences from Confucianism Confucianism fundamental goodness of people vs. fundamentally evil Confucianism corresponding responsibilities vs. strict laws/harsh punishments Both social belief systems to lead to orderly society Daoism Overview Appeared around 500 BCE more philosophy than religion Founding father no claim to divinity like Buddhism initially way of nature, way of the cosmos Founding Lao Tzu (604 BCE) trying to confront problems of the time Old Master May or may not be actual historical figure Said to have written Tao-te Ching most scholars believe written 300/200 BCE Zhuangzi (Chuang-tzu) In response to Era of Warring States Following Dao Follow the way the path Book of the Way accomplishes everything, but does nothing Pot on the potters wheel Opening is nothing Pot would not be a pot without it Water soft and yielding, wears away rock Humans should be passive, yielding to Dao Metaphysical and instinctual Universe governed by natural force/invisible yet irresistible divine yet impersonal Ambition/activism only bring chaos to world wuwei disengagement from world affairs simple life in harmony with nature ButDaoist priests sometimes use magic to influence the spirits Can not be understood intellectually, but felt/sensed intuitively Deliberately antirational parables/paradox to train worshiper to look at world in nonlogical ways Attains wisdom and happiness by seeking dao Not concerned with worldly things politics, money, worldly poss. All illusory and meaningless Dao found in nature, poetry, spontaneous behavior Dont resist Dao, but realize you have no control over material world Individualism every person pursues Dao in own way Promoted scientific discovery Harmony with nature Great astronomers, chemists, botanists Daoist Ritual Associated with mystical/magical practices blend of folk religions Charm making Alchemy Fortune telling I-Ching Book of Changes daoist text reading the future Yin-yang most famous symbol nothing is absolute, even opposites flow into each other Male assertiveness, female submissiveness Most flexible of the worlds major religions Traditionally coexisted with other faiths Not uncommon to blend with Buddhism and Confucianism Governmental recognition Coexisted added to uniqueness of China Confucianism and Daoism closely linked, but sometimes uncomfortable Opposed to each other Spread Spread throughout China Small, self-sufficient communities counterbalances to Confucian activism Spread to areas where China had strong cultural influence Differences from Confucianism helping people live in harmony/internal peace not orderly society simple, passive existence, little govt interference not orderly government In time, natural balance of universe would resolve problems Confucianism used for relationships and Daoism for private meditations Blended later responsibility for community & personal reflection Political reform precepts metaphysical The way Tao should be followed Seek union with natural order of universe Blend of Chinese folk religion and Lao Tzus teachings Buddhism Overview 1. Originated in India Similar to Judaism, Hinduism All are tied to culture, not evangelical movement trying to change civilizations Forms and denominations spread worldwide Challenge to social hierarchy of India Against Brhamins No caste system Appeals to lower rank Two main schools of thought: Theravada/Hinayana Mahayana Foundations go to one person, but variety of beliefs, gods, theologies is staggering History One of several religious movements in 500 BCE Transition from Vedism to Hinduism created debate/controversy Many philosophers experimented with how to reach World Soul Jainism Mahavira 540-468 BCE Nonviolence Asceticism Siddhartha Gautama Noble family in northern India 29 yrs old, goes outside, sees pain/poverty of common people Abandons life to seek answer to suffering holy seeker meditated, practiced yoga Born to one spiritual extreme sensuality/obsession w/ worldly Chose fasting/ascetism After 6 years realized its not working Follow middle way of moderation, peace, contentment Following middle way achieved enlightenment under bodhi tree took name Buddha enlightened one Began preaching what he learned 45 years Sangha monks, nuns from every caste Goal emulate Buddha follow the path Buddhist Doctrine Early form less a religion than a philosophy no claim to divinity or godhood wanted to correct worst features of Vedism and Hinduism modify doctrine purify concepts of karma/reincarnation take out rituals, ceremonies, brahmins Thoughts all related to Hinduism reaction or drawn from Samsara wheel of life, death, and reincarnation Rejected caste system Rejected idea that only Brahmin could be freed from samsara Any person could achieve liberation Realize Four Noble Truths and Follow Eightfold Path Four Noble Truths Human existence is inseparable from suffering The cause of suffering is desire. Suffering is extinguished by extinguishing desire desire may be extinguished by following the Eightfold Path Eightfold Path Know the truth Resist evil Do nothing to hurt others Respect all forms of life Work for the well-being of others before that of yourself. Free your mind of evil Control your thoughts Practice meditation Five Moral Rules Do not kill any living being Do not take what is not given to you Do not speak falsely Do not drink intoxicating drinks Do not be unchaste By following these, anyone can reach enlightenment Free himself from samsara > nirvana extinguish Goal not union of individual soul with World Soul Nirvana leads to state of superconsciousness Dissolved into the life spirit that transcends place/time Spread through Asia After death, 483 BCE Spread through Asia Split into various denominations Theravada Buddhism Way of the Elders Hinayana Lesser Vehicle Buddhism South and Southeast Asia Closer to spirit of Buddhas original teachings simplicity Meditation Nirvana renunciation of self/consciousness Gods/goddesses little place Buddha not a deity Mahayana Buddhism Greater Vehicle More elaborate, more complicated More ritual and symbology Buddhism blended w/ indigenous religions Original gives little spiritual comfort Gods/goddesses Buddha became a god Veneration of gods key Not just meditation Brings up new methods of salvation Resembles heaven Not suppression of self Concepts of hell/punishment Prayed to bodhisattvas Souls who had achieved nirvana Remained in human form to help others Needs priests/scriptures Irony many additions like the elements of Hinduism Buddha was trying to get rid of North and northeastern Asia Japan, Korea, Tibet, parts of China Why did it spread? Acceptance of men and women from all ranks of society Monks and nuns who set up religious communities Located along trade routes lodging for traders Merchants carried doctrines along Silk Roads Gained popularity under Ashoka Mauryan Always fighting against Hindu Brahmins Later Gupta emperors Blended with Confucianism in China stressed patriarchal families Belief of bodhisattvas ordinary people reach nirvana through meditation Gained popularity under Ashoka Missionaries around Asia Brahmins threatened once dead pushed out Buddhists Christianity Late Classical period (200 C.E.600 C.E.) Collapse of empires (Han China, loss of western portion of the Roman Empire, Gupta) Movements of peoples (Huns, Germans) Interregional networks by 600 C.E.: Trade and religious diffusion Major Comparisons and Snapshots 7. Comparisons of the major religious and philosophical systems including some underlying similarities in cementing a social hierarchy, e.g., Hinduism contrasted with Confucianism 8. Role of women in different belief systems -- Buddhism, Christianity, Confucianism, and Hinduism 9. Understanding of how and why the collapse of empire was more severe in western Europe than it was in the eastern Mediterranean or in China 10. Compare the caste system to other systems of social inequality devised by early and classical civilizations, including slavery 11. Compare societies and cultures that include cities with pastoral and nomadic societies 12. Compare the development of traditions and institutions in major civilizations, e.g., Indian, Chinese, and Greek 13. Describe interregional trading systems, e.g., the Indian Ocean trade Examples of What You Need to Know Below are examples of the types of information you are expected to know contrasted with examples of those things you are not expected to know for the multiple-choice section. 14. Nature of the Neolithic revolution, but not characteristics of previous stone ages, e.g., Paleolithic and Mesolithic 15. Economic and social results of the agricultural revolution, but not specific date of the introduction of agriculture to specific societies 16. Nature of patriarchal systems, but not changes in family structure within a single region 17. Nature of early civilizations, but not necessarily specific knowledge of more than two 18. Importance of the introduction of bronze and iron, but not specific inventions or implements 19. Political heritage of classical China (emperor, bureaucracy), but not specific knowledge of dynastic transitions, e.g., from Qin to Han 20. Greek approaches to science and philosophy, including Aristotle, but not details about other specific philosophers 21. 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