ࡱ> M bjbj== lWWlBBBBdb ~{Z !^h!h!h!h!#>## zzzzzzz$} d#{#m#"####{%BBh!h!8{%%%#<B8h!h!z%#z%%,s4zxh! 0߿X)%pu>x4N{0~{'v\%\x%BBBBCarnegie Mellon University 46-875 Corporate Telecommunications Networks Term Project Interactive TV Today By Chao-Chin Wang, Chih-Kung Wang, Yuzo Ishida Abstract Popular of the Internet and personal computer has leaded the digital market into a trend of convergence. The rise of interactive TV idea has then become more realistic and interesting. Think about sitting in front of your favorite armchair, with your remote control, search for a movie or an old television show, and watch it there and then without having to move? Or check your email, manage your investing portfolio and browse the web pages in your own television. This brilliant idea of interactive has failed in early 1995, but now it come back again. Millions of homes in the United Kingdom and Western Europe today enjoy interactive TV over digital satellite, cable or terrestrial broadcasting. Now U.S. will begin their similar interactive TV operations in 2000. 1. Introduction 1.1 Why is the idea of Interactive TV initiated? Television has become part of our lives. It has helped to shape the twentieth century, has become deeply entwined in commerce and politics and continues to shape our personal views of the world. Interactive television, this phrase brings together two of the most powerful ideas of the past century: the interactivity made possibly by the digital computer, and the most powerful communication medium in history. The name represents convergence in action.1 In the mid '90s, fruitcakes such as Oracle's Larry Ellison and TCI's John Malone convinced the gullible press that interactive TV was just around the corner. We'd soon be shopping, banking and emailing from our TV sets, they told us. Interactive television never materialized, of course, but like a mummy from a tomb, interactive television has arisen again. While we've all been focused on PCs and the Web, the television is contending as the mainstream access method of the future.2 Broadcasting vs. Two-way communication Flexibility and Interactive Interactive TV means allowing the viewer to interact with the television set in ways other than simply controlling the channel and the volume and handling videotapes. Typical interactive TV uses are selecting a video film to view from a central bank of films, playing games, voting or providing other immediate feedback through the television connection, banking from home, and shopping from home. Interactive TV involves adding a special "set-top unit" to the existing television set. In addition, other installation and infrastructure arrangements are required, depending on the particular approach. Most services involve offering special programming, news, and home shopping and a number offer video-on-demand and home banking. Since interactive TV still requires a considerable investment by both the service provider and the consumer and because interactive applications are still being explored, it is somewhat difficult to predict how soon it will become widely deployed. Interactive TV can be provided through a cable modem, which extends the TV cable bandwidth to your television set or PC. Satellite systems are going interactive. Millions of people get TV pictures via a satellite dish. Now satellite providers are building interactive services for them. The protocols have to be truly interactive. As of present, the Internet is not very interactive. We can use some Internet software some places, and not other places (IE: MSOutlook cannot be used to access AOL account info). E-mail protocols must be standardized, and made more user-coherent. Moreover, Cable companies, ISP's, the FCC, and Telephone Service providers must collectively agree to a format that encompasses the above details, while making the delivery affordable and available. Better Service Many television producers, technology, and media companies as well as "new media" enthusiasts today are turning their attention to an emerging medium, interactive television (ITV). ITV may transform mass media such as broadcast television and the Internet. For that to happen, changes must first come to the creative and production processes and business models supporting them. Specifically, TV uses certain technologies from the Internet to deliver graphical and informational elements on the same screen as a video program. Once transmitted over the air or via telephone wires and cables, these components are televised on top of video programming viewed on traditional TV sets, computers, and on other video-ready digital products. It is well observed that many people go online while watching TV to chat in real-time or send email to others about the show. In an interactive TV context, people will certainly want to gossip, talk about their own interpretations, communicate directly with the show's characters or producers, engage in group-forming for loyalty clubs, collaborate with others on games, and much more. Ultimately, this may encourage and eventually require television producers to create shows, which consider the group and not the individual or the mass audience as a viewer unit. Trend of Convergence 1.3.1 PC vs. Television Convergence, as the word suggests, is generally defined as the merging of home entertainment with computers and computing. With about 40% of American homes with some kind of home computer and about 90% of homes with at least one television, major manufacturers see those functions coming together into one seamless process.5 The idea is simple: create one piece of equipment (that is comprised of many parts) that serves as your TV, stereo, and home computer. You can sit on the couch with your family and monitor your favorite TV show, or simultaneously watch your favorite football team while checking their season statistics online. There is no need to work alone in your home office when everything happens in the living room. On the entertainment side, the products currently available bring the best in home theater. All of them have the technology for the highest quality picture and sound, just like you get in your local movie theater. Sales for home theater-related components, like A/V receivers and big screen televisions, have been growing. 10% of people who have televisions in their homes have transformed their entertainment centers into Home Theaters. Convergence products give you the best in home theater and also the best in home computing. When it comes right down to it, convergence is the logical next step in home entertainment. Ever since the advent of the laser disc player, and now with the introduction of the DVD Player, consumer electronics companies have been working with the movie studios and computer hardware and software companies to bring the highest quality entertainment experience into the home. It is not surprising that these companies have added all computing functions to the same machine for use in the living room. They enable you to combine the easy controls of your home electronics products with the interactivity of the personal computer TV+PC?? or PC+TV?? Today a huge battle is raising and many from each side are claiming their side will prevail. Intel and Microsoft want the PC to be the integrator of the TV and PC. Television manufacturers and cable companies want the TV to be the integrator of the PC and the TV. As you read this both is happening and as new products are developed and improved we should see the differentiation fading. As early as 1992, WinTV, a card for the PC allowed us to use Windows 3.1 to view television broadcasts through my PC. I could change channels and even cut and paste pictures from the television window. Today, WEBTV has made an impact, albeit minor so far. But Microsoft was so impressed that it bought the company. A new version of WEBTV will allow the viewer to concurrently access the WEB and watch TV at the same time, a capability only available to those with PC TV cards.4 2. System Architecture and Current Player Transforming Historically, the television industry has grown up around a key set of tools that have driven the overall structure of the industry. Examples include satellites, which provide an efficient means of broadcast signal distribution, cable plant, which effectively passes broadcast signals from satellites to homes and set-tops that began as simple frequency tuners. This set of tools provided the basis for the emergence of the cable industry a few decades ago. In the main, the principles of this architecture persisted for over 20 years. As we enter the broadband era, new tools are emerging and as they do so, the architecture will change - as well as the underlying market dynamics. Terrestrial distribution of broadcast quality content over public and private networks is quickly becoming an important option that restructures the very nature of media distribution. Cable plant is evolving to handle broadcast, narrowcast and point-to-point media and services simultaneously. In the home, what was once a tuner is quickly emerging as an advanced processing platform. 2.2 Architecture and Components While we focus on the major media and content provider in the home PC and television, the trend of convergence leads the television to be more interactive. Think about when you sit down in front of your television and you could search for a movie or an old television show without switching around the channels or force to watch those programs you dont like. Moreover, you can even browse the web pages, check your email or deal with your bank portfolio with just simple click on your own television. In order to provide any of the services mentioned above the following components are required: Content Any form of source material the content provider would like to transfer and present to the user such as movies, games, news, advertisement, sounds, images, etc. Compression Capabilities Digital signal could be compressed to increase the efficiency of transferring the data and signal could be enhanced with computers. Digital signal has much more benefits than traditional analog broadcast signals. Digital signal is possible to have nearly perfect replication of the data and it is very easy to do the error correcting, that is, end user could usually get a perfect image signal. Storage Hierarchy and Control System Even videos and image data are stored with compressed form; billions of records still require enormous amounts of storage space. In order to let control system be able to service all the requests quickly, hierarchy storage or better algorithm to store this large amount of data is needed. Transmission System Of course, the birth of the interactive TV idea is due to the coming of the broadband era. High-speed links are required to deliver the vast amounts of information in a timely manner. Return Path In order to achieve a fully interactive system there needs to be a signal going from the user to the Control System carrying the users requests. Set Top Box An addressable communications box is needed to decode the digital signals from the content provider and also it should provide the functions for user to interactive with the Control System. Remote Control and Navigation Compared with traditional television, interactive TV has more complex functions, so a user-friendly navigation system is needed. That includes the inputs devices and navigation interfaces. Subscriber Management - Trend of convergences facilitate the end user, but it is the very convergences make the management system become extremely complicated. Sophisticated systems for administration, billing system and encryption will be the first problem that aroused.  EMBED Visio.Drawing.5 Figure 1 Current Player A small U.S. sampling: Company NameLocationTechnologyServices Bell Atlantic AT&T FutureVision Tele TVDover Toms River, NJPhillips set-tops nCUBE servers Switch Digital Video Near VOD Pay-per-view Shopping Bell Atlantic AT&TStargazer Fairfax, VA Stellar One set-tops nCUBE servers AT&T ADSL VOD Internet Time Warner Full Service Network (FSN)Orlando, FL Fiber to curbVOD, games, shopping, postal TCI Microsoft MS NetworkRedmond, WA General Instrument Hewlett Packard NEC VOD, games Cox Cable no name Omaha, NE Zenith set-tops an  HYPERLINK "http://www.itvt.com/glossary.html" Hybrid Fiber Coaxial VOD, an  HYPERLINK "http://www.itvt.com/glossary.html" NVOD transaction Southwest Bell Little Richard Richardson, TX Fiber to curbVOD, games, 60 channels  3. Industry Impact of Interactive TV 3.1 Impact Interactive TV will ultimately be a very powerful, pervasive way of accessing Net services. Article predicts interactive TV will transform television into a "utilivision" -- an always-on service that provides easy access to the Internet's most valuable activities. Moreover, interactive TV will dramatically impact the consumer economy. Expert predicts its ubiquity and ease-of-use will: Expand online shopping and financial services Upend the portal and markets Create new consumer communications behavior (such as instant messaging during sports events) 3.2 Trial and Error During 1990s, several companies tried create the interactive television business. In the mid 1990s, Time Warner Inc. poured millions to provide the movies on demand service in Orlando, Florida. Microsoft bought startup WebTV in 1997, but the company currently just has 1 million subscribers. AT&T corp (known as TCI in the past), Cox Communication Inc, Comcast corp did the same things. Generally, the investment of the interactive television service failed because this service just took little portion of the whole revenue. The most important reason of the failure of interactive television in the early trials is expensive. For the service providers, for example, they may need to replace the existing one-way cable links with the two-way links and change their own delivery architecture. In the interactive environment, the more precise delivery system, the better accounting system and dynamic advertisement system are required. In the perspective of subscribers, it is necessary for them to buy the set-top boxes and afford more expensive monthly than the traditional cable service. While many of these trials ostensibly failed as commercial ventures, they have been a very important learning opportunity for all the companies involved. Failures as well as successes are important in the development of technology. They have made people reassess what they mean by interactive television, what the broader technological issues are, and give all the members of the value network a chance to experiment with how the technology could really be useful to them. Despite of the failed trials, many cable service providers still think they need to involve themselves aggressively. In December 1998. Leo Hindery, president of  HYPERLINK "http://www.tci.com/" Tele-Communications Incorporated(acquired by AT&T), one of the largest cable operators in the country, knows new digital services are the key to his company's future. Hindery said he envisions that after the year 2000, some 80 percent of his customers will subscribe to digital video services, 30 percent will sign on for IP telephony, and 20 percent will use a high-speed data-over-cable service. "In three to five years 60 percent of my revenue will come from services I don't do today," he said. 4. Analysis 4.1 Market size Interactive television revenues will grow to more than $32 billion by 2006, according to a new study published by Myers Reports in partnership with eMarketer. The report says that recent interactive TV initiatives by America Online, Microsoft and other big names have revived consumer interest. It forecasts more than 20 million interactive television users by 2005. "Interactive TV is still in its infancy, registering $665 million in revenues at year-end 1999," said Jack Myers, chief economist and & CEO. "As technology continues to improve and penetration increases, ITV revenues will soar." The report includes a survey of media company executives; almost 62 percent of who said the prospects for interactive TV has "increased significantly" in the last year.3 4.2 Online digital TV set-top boxes and related products/services By 2005, 91 percent of U.S. homes will be online. About 90 percent of them will use a PC, but 73 percent will also have interactive TV or other Net device. Sales of interactive TV appliances, such as online digital TV set-top boxes and advanced games consoles, will reach $2.4 billion in 2000, an increase of 107%. Sales will peak at $4.8 billion in 2003 but will decline to $4.2 billion in 2005. Shipments, however, will reach 7.4 million units in 2000, and rise at an average growth rate of 44per cent a year, reaching 26.4 million units a year by 2005. Currently about 43% of cable households have a set-top box: 31 million of 72 million cable homes in the U.S. and Canada. Assuming that the above-mentioned digital services becoming increasingly popular, set-top box penetration could increase to over 60% and the number of boxes per home could increase from a measly 1.65 to 2.5 over the next 5 years. That would imply a set-top box opportunity of 108 million units, and at $240 a unit, that's $25 billion in the U.S. market alone. These new set-top boxes need new back end infrastructure and different type of cable, which amounts to another $10 billion market. By 2005, 63% of US households will own digital set-top boxes, while only 6% will own an IDTV (Integrated Digital TV set).  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.ostech.com/images/clear.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET Market Forecast - US and Europe 199920002005US households with IDTV receivers0.1%0.3%6%US households with digital set-top boxes16%23%63%European households with IDTV receiversNegligibleNegligible<1%European households with digital set-top boxes8%13%49%By 2005 in worldwide, iTV will reach 35% of households.6 4.3 Customer Preference (Products, Service, Cost) Currently many people have Internet access as well as cable to watch television. To minimize installation cost, converge two boxes, PC and TV, and enjoy the interactive world, customers want to utilize current assets such as telephone line, cable, and Internet access environment fully. Lets take AOLTV as an example to think about customer preference more concretely. AOLTV brings some of the most popular AOL features and services to members' TV sets, enabling them to access their e-mail, send instant messages using the Buddy list service, chat and even browse the Webfrom anywhere they watch TV All customers need is a television and phone. The AOLTV package includes everything else. In AOLTV package customer will receive: AOLTV set top box with 56K modem Wireless Keyboard and Remote with batteries Coaxial/RCA cables Phone cord/Phone splitter As you realize, customers needs to keep Internet access to use interactive service as well as cable communication. If they want to use telephone while enjoying interactive television service, they have to establish a new telephone line. Customers may prefer complete converged single line to have interactive service. AOL TV provides discount for current millions of AOL users for this new service. The new service will enable them use interactive access from next month, July 2000 by paying about twenty dollars. In summary, more technically accustomed users, who have already experienced Internet, can accept the new interactive service relatively easily compared to those who did not have much experience of network era around 1995, when Interactive TV was originally born. 4.4 Business Strategy and Trend 4.4.1 Environment As we mention in the previous section, several major factors cause the failure of the interactive TV in 1995. Those includes 1) High entrance barrier, 2) Poor technology environment (Internet is not popular and the price of personal computer is relatively high). Although the idea of interactive TV is fascinate, however, it couldnt dominate the market at that time. Recently, several major telecommunication company mergers made the environment even more mature and start to brew the interactive TV idea. The merger has several benefits. As we know, interactive TV is a product of technology convergence. Therefore, it needs to combine many current industries vertically or horizontally. The merger could not only provide the better financial support, but also facilitate the technology integration. Moreover, it makes the process of decision making faster and accelerate the birth of the industrial standards. In the other hand, the popular of the Internet and personal computers also drives the interactive TV idea into an attractive position in the market. People became more familiar with the idea and believe it will be the future. Competitor Analysis Currently, the most prominent competitors in the field are American On Line and AT&T. We would like to give a brief analysis for theses two companies. AOL with Time Warner In the largest merger ever, leading Internet provider AOL has bought Time Warner, the worlds largest media company, for about $166 billions stock. By combining their forces, the two conglomerates will create an empire that spans magazines, movies, cyberspace and the cable industry. As Steve Case (chairman of AOL) said, The merger will launch the next Internet revolution, adding Time Warner will offer an "incomparable portfolio," including the Internet, broadcasting, cable, film, music, magazines and books. While AOL is thinking to provide better services to customers, the nature of the company will make interactive TV even more popular. With the importance of Internet and improvement of the technology, the idea of interactive television is knocking again. Recently, America On Line (AOL) merged Time Warner Inc and launched its own interactive television service, AOLTV. Why AOL is so brave to enter the business where others have flopped? AOL has 22 million subscribers who surf the Internet, read/send emails, trade stocks, and zap off instant message. AOL thinks they would like to do the same things from their TVs if the same functions and features can be provided in television. There are the people the most primed to do interactive things on their TVs, said Barry Schuler, AOLs president of Interactive Services Group. AOL probably realizes the trend of free Internet dial-up services mainly brought by NetZero. Thus, with its pending $183 billion merger with Timer Warner Inc., AOL bets its future on the combination of the data carrier and the content provider. AOL starts to use content as lock-in mechanism to sustain the number of subscribers. AT&T and TCI In June 1998, AT&T announced a definitive merger agreement with Tele-Communications, Inc. (TCI). The agreement calls for the formation of a new subsidiary, called AT&T Consumer Services, which will be comprised of AT&T's current consumer long distance, wireless, and Internet services, as well as TCI's cable, telecommunications, and high-speed Internet businesses. Just few days ago (June 21, 2000), it has lunched enhanced TV Guide in Pittsburgh area. Although enhanced TV guide is not a fully interactive TV, but based on this, we can foresee its future according to the efforts made by these two companies. Problem Analysis Interactive TV just starts over again and has shown its promised future; however there is still ways to go. Here, we have addressed several factors. Since they are very complicated and broad, we will focus on billing and advertise System in the following section. Problem Factors: Wider distribution of enhanced TV software or enabled set-top boxes. More relationships with collaborators and business partners to build access and revenue. Continued improvement of the development of successful business models. More tools and services for advertisers, content producers, and broadcasters. Band width still a problem. Challenge to create billing system - too much focus on set top. Not enough people have all production skills necessary. People may still remain passive. Some platforms still require big facility upgrade. Overly complex enhancement programming may overwhelm the user and show. Size of video window and screen presentation always a challenge. Billing Policy In the traditional cable television service, there are three categories of signals on which the billing policies rely: Super stations local stations that are distributed nationally over satellite and became mini-networks Specialized channels for news, sports, weather, education, shopping, etc. Movie channels such as Home Box Office. Cable subscribers are offered a variety of video service. The fundamental service required for all subscribers are called basic. Off-air channels, some distant channels, and some satellite-delivered channels are included. Pay television consists of premium channels, usually with movies and some special events, that are offered as optional channels for the extra fee. Some cable system providers offer pay-per-view (PPV) programming which is marketed on the program-by-program basis. Movies and sports events are the mainstream of the PPV programming. The ordering mechanism of PPV programming usually involves the automated telephone line or the two-way cable. Because the emerging interactive television emphasizes the right to choose and customize content, the existing package-based billing policy is no longer suitable in the next-generation interactive environment. Because of customization, pay-per-view becomes more important. The interactive television environment can offer users the interactively and instantly customized content. For example, users can request movies they want at home and the signal will be delivered in the on-demand fashion. In the users point of view, the interaction television provides flexibility and convenience. Furthermore, subscribers just need to pay what they already watched whereas subscribers within the same package pay the same amount of monthly fees. Most of the existing interactive television systems adopt the hybrid billing policies which still require subscribers to choose packages as in the traditional cable systems and provide pay-per-view based content, e.g. recent movies and special sports events. Besides, other digital services complicate the billing policies. For example, how to bill or bundle the IP telephony, net access service with the primary cable service will be crucial to grab the market share and revenue. Advertisement Policy The revolutionary impact of the interactive television is advertising. Theoretically, TV commercials are an extremely effective form of advertising when they reach the right audience, but television has never before been able to deliver targeted commercial messages to specific groups of viewers. Interactive television offers advertisers pinpoint accuracy and maximum effectiveness when delivering commercials, based on the general demographic profile of a region or on the specific profile of an individual household, which is generated by the specific software within the digital set-top in the home. The interaction can provide the following, which never happens before: Allow advertisers to target messages to each addressable digital set-top terminal; Enable viewers to choose television spots of interest to them; Provisions for system-wide and local advertising insertion into digital cable channels; Give advertisers individualized tagging capability for each digital set-top; Enable true accountability of when a spot was shown in each home; Empower customers to receive additional information (video, audio and/or data) on products during or after commercials; and Air spots in the appropriate language for specific homes. What is emerging as an important touch point in the company's business strategy is a participation in advertising revenues. Through technology, code is embedded in the TV set top boxes, which stores viewer choices made with the TV remote control. Content including the advertising message can be tailored to the profile created by those choices. The seamless switching of separate real-time feeds enables a selection among four messages to be broadcast to that profile. This targeted approach offers greater accountability to advertisers while also offering greater cost efficiencies. Targeted addressable advertising will therefore generate incremental ad spending. Another potential revenues from advertising are digital ad insertion. Roughly 30% of TV advertising is local. Inserting a local advertisement is going to take the significant portion of the advertising revenue. 4.5 Future The future of interactive television looks bright. This technology will be just as exciting and even more powerful then the invention of the TV or radio. We are at the threshold of a new era. Not only will users be able to access over 100 channels of television broadcasting, they will be given the power of a new sense of service and convenience that will enable consumers to retrieve information, shop from home, participate in governmental forums, play the latest games with partners around the world, and order video-on-demand through simple interactions with their television set. The interactive TV marketplace holds great promise for the future of communications, information, and entertainment. Currently there are three separate domains that interactive television will seek to bring together. These domains are that of computers, communications, and entertainment. As you will see by the following mentioned features of interactive TV, these three separate domains are eventually going to merge and become one. 4.5.1 Information/shopping The next thing that interactive TV will allow its customers to do is to actually shop for anything that you can think of right through your TV. Instead of having to pick up the phone and dial "The Home Shopping Network" or physically go out to the mall, you will be able to point and click at which items you would like on your TV screen. You will even be able to see what they look like on you through the creation of a virtual person that will look exactly like you. You will not only be able to try on clothes, but you will be able to try on make-up, or see what you would look like with a different hairstyle. Just think how much easier it is going to be to do just about all of your shopping, and in addition you will not be limited to geographical area. The possibilities here are truly endless. 4.5.2 Communication Another service that interactive TV will eventually offer is the ability to be able to talk with anyone in the world through your television. Thats right, video and data conferencing will be done right through your TV. Of course both parties will need a video camera to be able to see one another, but that will be the standard at that time. When you place a call in the future you will not only be able to hear them, but you will also be able to see them as well. 4.5.3 Entertainment With more advanced technology, such as digital broadcast, viewers can exercise more control, even selecting different camera angles in a sports broadcast. Kids will no longer be interested in Play Station or Nintendo; they will be able to play their video games interactively with each other. Not only will they be able to play with their friends, but also they will be able to make "web buddies" by playing their games with other kids all over the world. Along with video games being shared interactively, their parents will be able to participate to group forums where they will be able to voice their opinions on issues that would in the past have been unfeasible. 5. Conclusion Interactive TV has already experienced its failure in mid 90s mainly due to its high implementation cost. Now it has arisen again with more advantages than it had before. Not to mention about more advanced technologies and affordable infrastructure, the biggest difference of environment compared to that in mid 90s is a type or preference of customers in this market. Until the emergence of Internet, majority of people only had a long history of broadcast media, such as radio and TV. With the experience of Internet, they realized the power, value and needs of interactive communication through e-mail, web posting, Internet shopping, etc. At the same time, people want more convenient and easy devices in their households for everybody including elderly people and little kids. People will find more value on interactive TV than the total value on PC and TV because of convenience and user friendliness. If Interactive TV providers successfully educate customers about the value of convergence and characters of their products, the market will grow up much faster than we might expect. Reference: [1] Geoff Vincent & Franni Vincent, The Future for Interactive Television [2] Jesse Berst, How Interactive TV Is Sneaking Into Your Living Room [3] allNetDevices Staff, Study: Interactive TV Revenues To Soar by 2006 [4] H. L. Siddons, Jr, The future Chronicles Volume 3, # 1 June 1999, convergence: PC/TV/Radio/Phone [5] Students, Oakland University (w3.sba.oakland.edu) [6] Forrest research, Strategy Analytics, Dataquest, Market Statistics [7] Enhanced Television: A Historical and Critical Perspective, by Tracy Swedlow [8] Interactive TV, Overview Timeline, by Ruel [9] The New World of Convergence: Technical White Paper, by OpenTV [10] Introduction to Interactive TV, by IBM corp Bibliography: [1] http://www.mediation.co.uk/iTV.html [2] http://www.zdnet.com/anchordesk/story/story_3368.html [3] http://www.allnetdevices.com/wired/news/2000/06/12/study_interactive.html [4] http://www.futurecast.com/futurechronicles/1999_convergence.htm [5] http://w3.sba.oakland.edu/netmgt/13ec_future/pctv_convergence.html#Tell [6] http://www.ostech.com/tvexpert/n_statistics.html [7] http://www.itvt.com/research.html [8] http://ruel.net/top/box.itv.timeline.htm [9] http://www.opentv.com/docs/wp_convergence.pdf [10] http://www.itvnews.com/whatis/index.htm [11] http://www.ictv.com [12] http://www.opentv.com [13] http://www.actv.com [14] http://www.opencable.com [15] http://www.tivo.com [16] http://www.mediametrix.com/usa/press/releases/19990712.jsp GUV7=CQ5Hjxehy * h | ļH*OJQJ^JnHtHH*OJQJ^JnHtHOJQJ^JnHo(tH6OJQJ]^J OJQJ^J 5CJ\o(56\]o(6B*CJ]o(ph6B*CJ]ph6B*CJ]aJ0ph6B*CJ]aJ0o(pho(5\ 5\o(2Hl o p ^^^ & F & F`$a$ o p Z[Cw"""##&#'#>%A%V'W'X'x'y'ڲڪڟڊڲ|xuxqkdq 5\aJo( CJaJo(aJo(CJCJo(CJo(6OJQJ]^J0J6OJQJ]^JCJOJQJ^JCJOJQJ^JaJOJQJ^Jo(H*OJQJ^J 5CJ\o(o( 5\o(5\CJOJQJ^JnHo(tH OJQJ^JCJaJCJPJaJnHtH5CJ\aJo( 5CJ\'\w!!!"##&#'#@%A%W'X'x'y' & F [$\$$a$ & F & Fy'''(()))****** +!++,),*,+,,,P,Q,R,,,,,t-v------D.E.F.G.R.S.T......../////|00000001'11111111111111111 5\o(j?O= UV jUo(CJCJo(5CJ\aJ5CJ\aJo(CJaJ CJaJo(Oy't)u)))***,+,,,u-v-E.F.G...//00011111$h^ha$h^h & F11112 222(2$If & F1222 2 22222'2(2<2=2Q2R2f2g2222222222233%3&33343N3O3[3\3i3j333333333333333334444H4I4]4^4_4`4h4i444444444444444555 0JCJaJjCJUaJ B*PJphCJaJ 0JCJaJT(2)2=2R2g2222KXEEEEEK$If$$If,r ! 9AY0634ab22223&3'343E$$If,r ! 9AY0634ab$If43O3\3j33333Et$$If,r ! 9AY0634ab$If33333334E$$If,r ! 9AY0634ab$If4`4444444E`$$If,r ! 9AY0634ab$If4555+5-585B6ECCCCA$$If,r ! 9AY0634ab$If555'5-58555B6L6666677h7i7m7}7~7;A>B>c>d>>>W@X@d@i@o@u@AAqC㺭㞎}q`!5CJOJQJ\^JnHo(tH5CJOJQJ\^J!5CJOJQJ\^JnHo(tHCJOJPJQJ^JnHo(tH5OJQJ\^JnHo(tH0JB*OJQJ^JphjOJQJU^JCJ5\ CJaJo(CJaJOJQJ^JnHo(tH OJQJ^J 5\o( 5CJ\o(B*CJaJph$B666 7i7}7~799;=X@d@u@AAsCC0I2I7Ih.u\5q&qHRx/^4KfxתDvSjY¬@dȋ&f,ΟY;0zO4feFU-5$y=Yݠ/xgHKk*z[㢞ֲaڎN}[Sy_ўC ΐ.+ic*EJjsV~_y3Лc\˾.Gw%y뚀8zdgY9lڶ{l[%oI711!<A^+Ħ~b^!ƦgÚ[gԧ}Kx˯L٠¥Gbԍ] *Èrdɱپ='e&-gbNj[$:!AT4ȌhamuDp۞i&IqTPR^^,eVOZkkP2F(((?F!)Vm:Hֆh@( (((68rA@h?b(((()!9iWszv:${w` (($&4 }42X<"Dl!G2( (I\֋dU+-.Z%J;Z˿hypcnLt$DB) Lhښ''2Y?v#")dx4--MMhPyD, 2)Bx`?P|sdQetcJQD׌V\͈hUtV gm򜡏"EA8bDԏιH@7+I#(]|6?i31ZH+YૄQyWe5>#uYuAuUbcI0~S41ћN@)tY+3xşDy )&6V2\{˭*l{2Ŝ/bFsC1:#nB'l t[6M'66"6`uN=yHd4Evq\a|h%[e< 2R]Xqv?=r#Ћ FbL@WlvP31 y!쭰t4Bg]"DbXSc4>$d%8;d7N ` bf CO.k>:v/ xv|jR..wdr"0!VƈZ,*vInk"H%nIbg& ĚSey*$}1>p7{ 6T!s@ML4y`My;IOR<fA,3PƮf-݇(!z'7]J!.>a0~֊M4fL"~Mu:h]G!!lxjQC ??ŀR H-]ӌ;U]; fKFl=|k"wW9 3љ;FNzy]/QK㳒/eC]|'GM(2 GA1jb_lu9.8,"M Zwu  lHL)b;tK"7/e{vgl=_'87 p0y73h$Xݾ.gL)K]6sd8i3Z*+Uuti{j7+:ƺSA0]F+XVШpZ2khP,N4z\Evh.aMY[I>&bCD]2PÈ._QQ *+V+ZꞍ=sU|*rUUxUWʧ5UUx"׃q't>*:oAQ3'OP9_Gƪi⪮S+̝^NUMѹ\W2U3+YXV.]SFgW:rʩQZ]6]4CO[QV+Wʯ-W"* Ɯ*梵QZV} \$¼)ŠKez\ !~} s?gysQ{\r^_9S}膬OYU;lnJ*****{{?FQ=PW¯mVjʪUU^J2+UENVUUUr\Ɗjv檪\%_P^5x;{띓:wu7???reNţSyO?&[Xฬ]xU' e]0.4V/)[֌.1'hJiܐme U|V3\xvaoS6j8 nfщ*r.+WvS 7ćpyGn#[sAUl&=B{+bт\8 n#"HJsr$##~cg10`/maP @ DG"t3a mq!hc"#maOy5ְMQֿؿ,B-1- u}j\v>J99bkw~I 8"#;ԢɄsF=]~ӹF,f+%K .@鱴OopW22!yG0Ԉx!J3٫plYa7v'2Er9FꌻEʷ+AM((FpR?G1ѹG6]),Dh{GK'=q\;utȈgp6LNǃ8Ҿc>P!qoY eزaQVcRKY!i l 8Dj[Bzh!ҤjB""o8,ݎIc@ b6UuP=LF=t>Bbs`Fc=CGM1GQ(iاq݂ u܏nĸ8b 8t^$JF(LmfUU#+eF'LΥ#ѽU4V ;QٔZJ9gbPUvfmsg `3ҹiڡlԩ@~^9sHţFyK i+b@aM N֋_3jpl\~bMxd&GYdbk$KB+Y20#G8zvǰ *u=-sl>@UGċa_EĮrAw?rqCx,W!hꯘ\sAB'Y,Qgez\,UB$pOw6;QGTjd|=ތv@?`nr>ྜcá%5ꪪ+@K:w/m+w!31_xRP=g\HԐvz^$G!OnGqpsu<tMhqJJa2N5İ_ ^ĸG 4iLN+\ GpX\p̸e!P~#)POi\e#b+oV+jDkf5۶ȪFެ? 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