ࡱ> '` /2bjbj 95jFLFLFLFLLd~BM N N N|NTXuV1W`8::::::$[hÒ^YRNTYY^ N|NSsp^p^p^Y Np|N8p^Y8p^p^D~J|N6M w]FLp[J&80pY\YL&YWvXTp^[XDXWWW^^|]WWWYYYY~~~""7$~~~"7T06f Theories of Development Web Quest COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT THEORISTS AND THEORIES Cognitive theories of development have important implications for childhood educators. Most theories are based on these principles: Adults help children learn. Children require a variety of experiences and opportunities to learn. Children learn best when their needs are met and they are in a safe and secure environment. Lets start by looking at three cognitive development theorists: Howard Gardner  HYPERLINK \l "Piaget" Jean Piaget  HYPERLINK \l "Vygotsky" Leo Vygotsky  SHAPE \* MERGEFORMAT  What two groups of people did Gardner begin his research in cognitive development on? What intelligence(s) do you use? Go to this link and take the test.  HYPERLINK "http://www2.bgfl.org/bgfl2/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/ks1/ict/mulitple_int/questions/questions.cfm" http://www2.bgfl.org/bgfl2/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/ks1/ict/mulitple_int/questions/questions.cfm What is the way you learn best, according to Gardners theory?___________________________ Give a real-life example that proves this for you:  1. What does this quote from the website mean? (Children)are little scientists who are constantly creating and testing their own theories of the world. 2. Go to this link to see the four stages in Piagets theory of how children learn:  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensorimotor" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensorimotor 3. List those stages, the ages in that stage and give a short description (in your own words) about that stage: 1. 2. Think about a child in the pre-operational stage. As you are playing with play dough, you take the same amount of play dough, divide it into two equal amounts, and put it in piles like this: Play dough #1 Play dough #2 Which pile of dough will the pre-operational child say has more?_________ What process in the pre-operational stage does this give an example of? When you give a pre-operational child money in coins, how will they decide which is more money? 3. 4. What level of operation would a child need to be at to solve a geometry problem? _______________________________ What level of operation would a child need to be at to solve an addition problem? _________________________  Follow this link for more information on Vygotsky:  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vygotsky" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vygotsky What is the difference between actual developmental level and potential developmental level? Define scaffolding: These are three important cognitive development theorists. Which theorist makes the most sense to you? Give an example of something youve seen in your life or observed in children that would support that theorist and his theories: Check your knowledge about these theorists at this site:  HYPERLINK "http://www.quia.com/pop/15436.html" http://www.quia.com/pop/15436.html SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT THEORISTS AND THEORIES Social development refers to the childs growing ability to form relationships with others. Emotional development includes feelings and behaviors and how children come to manage them. Social and emotional development is very closely related. One influences the other, and it is often hard to separate them. Lets look at three cognitive development theorists: Erik Erikson HYPERLINK \l "Maslow"Albert Maslow  HYPERLINK \l "Freud" Sigmund Freud Lets look at three social-emotional development theorists: Here is a short summary of the first four stages in Eriksons theory: 1st stage: "trust versus mistrust" (birth to 1 year) The child forms either a trusting or mistrusting relationship to the world around it, based on whether its needs are met. These needs, at this young age, generally have to do with satisfaction of physical needs (food, sleep, and comfort) and for feelings of attachment. 2nd stage: "autonomy versus shame and doubt (1 - 3 years) Here, young children learn to be independent they are encouraged to explore their world and given the freedom to do so. On the other hand, children with overly restrictive or anxious parents who stifle creativity and independent exploration feel ashamed and doubt themselves. 3rd stage: initiative vs. guilt (3-5 years) The child begins to explore his/her environment and initiate activities on their own. This is the stage at which a sense of purpose is developed. If parents criticize these efforts, children develop a sense of guilt, a feeling of having done something wrong. 4th stage: industry vs. inferiority (6-12 years) The child's ability to master new tasks and skills successfully depends on overcoming feelings of inadequacy. When parents and teachers are supportive of childrens work and play, children develop a sense of industry or competency. If these activities are not supported, children will develop a sense of inferiority to others. Successful progress though the first four stages of Erikson's theory creates a foundation for dealing with the following ones. Difficulty with any of the stages will hinder future development. If you follow Eriksons theory of social development (use the website above for helpful information) How would you teach an infant to trust you? How would you handle potty training accidents in your 2 year old You are fixing your 4 year olds bike. How can you help that child develop a sense of industry or competency? You are teaching a group of 6 year olds. How can you help those children develop a sense of industry?  Is self-actualization the same as fame and fortune? Why or why not? What might a teenager do to meet his/her need for love and belonging? Do you agree with Maslows statement: most people want more than they have. As one desire is satisfied, another pops up in its place.  Try out your knowledge about social-emotional theorists at this website:  HYPERLINK "http://www.quia.com/pop/15530.html" http://www.quia.com/pop/15530.html Youre finished! Follow this link back to  HYPERLINK "module_2_Less2.htm" Module 2, Lesson 2, #3 for final instructions.  HYPERLINK "http://www.pz.harvard.edu/PIs/HG.htm" Howard GardnerTheory of Multiple Intelligences Gardner, a child psychologist who teaches at Harvard, theorizes that children use a multiple of intelligences to learn about the world around them. All children have all of the intelligences, but everyone relies on some more than others. Use this link find out more about Howard Gardner:  HYPERLINK "http://www.pz.harvard.edu/PIs/HG.htm" http://www.pz.harvard.edu/PIs/HG.htm This has definite affect in the classroom, because if we can identify children's different strengths among these intelligences, we can help children be more successful in learning. So far Gardner has identified nine intelligences and thinks that there may be more yet to be identified. Take a look at these at  HYPERLINK "http://facultyweb.cortland.edu/andersmd/learning/MI%20Table.htm" http://facultyweb.cortland.edu/andersmd/learning/MI%20Table.htm Jean Piaget---Theory of Cognitive Development Piaget,a Swiss psychologist, studied the similarity between children of different cultures in how they see and understand the world Go to this website to learn more about his life and his theory:  HYPERLINK "http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/piaget.html" http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/piaget.html  Leo Vygotsky---Theory of Human Development and Learning Potential This Russian psychologist theorized that culture has a strong affect on childrens learning. Some of the main points of his theory include: The individuals development is a result of his or her culture. The term-Zone of Proximal Development -which relates to difference between what the child can learn alone and what he or she can learn with the help of an adult. Abilities were understood to develop through social interactions with others (especially parents) and represented the shared knowledge of the culture. These abilities are developed through a process called internalization.  Sigmund FreudPsycho-Sexual Theory of Emotional/Social Development Freud, an Austrian psychologist in the late 1800s, focused on understanding children by looking at the sexual challenges that occur at each state of development. He believed control of the human body was the focal point of emotional/social development. He theorized about 4 stages in childhood oral stage (birth to 1 yr)mouth is the focal point of exploration and gratification; anal stage (1-3 yrs)focus of self-control is mastering toilet training and the independence it brings phallic stage (3-6 yrs)focus on curiosity about genital area and how they are like and unlike other people latency (7-11 yrs)exploration and curiosity about their body goes into a dormant period, and children become more involved in the development of relationships and self concept. Freuds theory is hotly debated even today, and some of his interpretations of development have not held up to modern psychologists and developmental theorists, but he is one of the pioneers of social-emotional development theory. . Erik EriksonTheory of Social Development Erik Erikson was a German-born child development expert, who emigrated to the United States in the 1930s. Erikson suggests that social/emotional development occurs in eight stages- four of which deal with childhood. Erik Erikson is also the psychologist to develop the idea of identity crisis, during the adolescent years. Read more about Erik Erikson by following this link:  HYPERLINK "http://facultyweb.cortland.edu/~ANDERSMD/ERIK/welcome.HTML" http://facultyweb.cortland.edu/~ANDERSMD/ERIK/welcome.HTML  Abraham MaslowPyramid of Human Needs Abraham H. is considered an influential psychologist of the 20th century. He developed the theory of human needs forming a pyramid. People behave the way they do to meet those needs. The base was the physiological needs of food, shelter, and clothing. Next was the need for safety. Third was the need for love and belonging. Fourth was the need for esteem (the need to feel respected by others). Fifth was the need for self-actualization. This refers to the need to be all you can bedevelop your full potential as a human being. In order for children to develop healthy personalities, the basic needs must be met, so they will eventually be self-actualized. Take a look at Maslows pyramid and read more about his theory at this link:  HYPERLINK "http://www.mrdowling.com/602-maslow.html" http://www.mrdowling.com/602-maslow.html . 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