ࡱ> [ Ubjbj ,pjjQl.......BBBB8zDB9 "$  .v..vvv..vvvD..D P*hBB@DDt 09 D h DvBB.... THEORIES RELEVANT TO EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT VERSUS A THEORY OF EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT* Thomas E. Drabek John Evans Professor, Emeritus Department of Sociology and Criminology University of Denver Denver, Colorado 80208-2948  HYPERLINK "mailto:ZTED@DD-DO.COM" ZTED@DD-DO.COM *A paper presented at the annual Emergency Management Higher Education Conference, National Emergency Training Center, Emmitsburg, Maryland, June, 2004. Theories Relevant to Emergency Management Versus A Theory of Emergency Management In this paper I will focus briefly on six points: 1) some distinctions that should be made between theories that can be helpful to emergency managers in the practice of their profession and general theories of disaster or hazards, disaster or hazards responses, emergency management, and homeland security; 2) there are numerous normative theories that are relevant to all of the above listed areas that can be useful to emergency managers; 3) there are numerous broad perspectives within the social sciences that can help emergency managers make more informed decisions; 4) there are several specific micro theories that have been empirically verified that can provide guidance to emergency managers; 5) there are a few embryonic theories of disaster responses to natural disasters that offer promise and potential for the future; and 6) some personal assessments. Some Distinctions At the outset, I suggest that several distinctions should be made that may assist in clarifying positions and understanding the many ways in which theories of various types and content are relevant to emergency management. These can be most helpful to emergency managers as they practice their profession. Most important among these distinctions are concepts and perspectives that are relevant to the profession of emergency management and frameworks designed to be empirically validated that can guide predictions about the behavior of emergency managers. Hence, I suggest that a theory of emergency management differs from theories relevant to emergency management. Similarly, a theory of disaster response may overlap with, but may not be the same as a theory of emergency management or a theory of homeland security. The range and types of behavior that are the objects of study differ. Normative Theories There are numerous normative theories that are very useful to emergency managers. These frameworks have been designed to specify actions that emergency managers ought to take. It is assumed that their effectiveness will be enhanced if they abide by these prescriptive lessons. Most important among these is the collection of ideas commonly referred to as comprehensive emergency management (National Governors Association 1978). Through a series of common managerial functions, i.e., mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery, emergency managers can organize their programs for an all-hazard approach through implementing a series of broad strategies and specific tactics (for elaboration see Lindell and Perry 1992 and Drabek 2004). Multiyear planning can be guided by the integrated emergency management framework proposed by McLoughlin (1985) and numerous other guidance documents prepared by FEMA staff over the years, e.g., FEMA 1987, 1996, 2002. Specific steps in building a community risk reduction program have been formulated (e.g., American Red Cross 1992) as have tactical management models such as the incident command system (ICS) (National Interagency Fire Center 1994) and the National Incident Management System (NIMS). Components of and exercising strategies have been developed for key community structures like emergency operations centers (EOCs). All of these normative theories are relevant to emergency management and provide emergency managers with important theoretical foundations. Broad Perspectives Within the social sciences there are numerous broad theoretical perspectives that reflect substantive theory, i.e., theory formulated to explain and predict human behavior. Among those most useful to emergency managers would include the ideas and concepts from such scholars as these (not exhaustive, only illustrative): Stallings (1995; social constructionism used to interpret the manufacturing of the earthquake threat; Jenkins (2003; social constructionism use to interpret the manufacturing of the terrorist threat); Dynes (1970; application of structural-functional theory to interpret community responses to disaster events); Quarantelli (1960, application of symbolic interactionsim to interpretations of disaster images held by the public); Aguirre et al. (1998, a test of aspects of emergent norm theory using the 1993 terrorist bombing of the World Trade Center); Barton (1969, interpretation of the rise of the post-disaster altruistic community using collective stress theory); Denis (1997, applications of organizational theory to disaster response agencies); Arata, et al. (2000, predictions of psychological impacts following the Exon Valdez oil spill, i.e., the Conservation of Resources stress model); Mileti (1999, sustainability perspective); Enarson, et al. (2003, social vulnerability approach). Many other examples could be cited, of course. But this listing illustrates two points. First, there is an abundance of perspectives, frameworks, and broad theoretical orientations that have aided researchers to frame their research questions, make linkages to aspects of their discipline, and provide important and useful insights about human behavior to emergency managers (for elaboration see Dynes, et al. 1987 and Dynes and Drabek 1994). Second, selected aspects of these broad perspectives may provide the basis for true theories of emergency management and/or disaster responses. Collectively, they offer a foundation, but the house, so to speak, has yet to be built. Micro Theories Past research studies in selected areas have provided useful micro theories. In these we have numerous specific concepts that have been organized into multivariate theoretical models that appear to have relatively good predictive power for very narrow ranges of behavior. Although several examples might be cited, two of the best developed pertain to risk communication and disaster warning responses. Thus, we have a pretty good handle on the range of social factors that guide sectors of the public in differential, but predictable, ways when they encounter information about risks as numerous researchers have reported, e.g., Lindell and Perry 2004; Rottman 2000; Lindell and Prater 2000. Similarly, when disaster warnings are issued, the social factors that constrain some people to respond in one way, while others behave differently, have been documented carefully during hurricanes (e.g., Dow and Cutter 1998), floods (e.g., Drabek 2000), and a variety of other types of disasters (e.g., Sorensen 2001). All of these micro theories can be useful to emergency managers. Eventually they may be blended together with others to provide a comprehensive view of human response to disaster within its full life cycle. Embryonic Theories Early comparative analyses of disaster case studies underscored the central role of emergent systems in disaster responses (e.g., Dynes 1970, Barton 1969). Drabek and McEntire (2002, 2003) summarized additional studies completed during the past decade and highlighted the relevance of key findings to emergency managers. We also noted that one set of investigations had resulted in a preliminary model of disaster response (Drabek and McEntire 2003, p. 104). By focusing on elaborations of the DRC typology of groups responding to disasters (Dynes 1970), Kreps et al. (1994) reanalyzed extensive interview data collected after numerous disasters by DRC staff. They conceptualized disaster response systems by identifying four elements of social structure. Thus, domains and tasks are the structural ends of the organizations while resources and activities are the structural means of the organization. Their data analysis indicated that combinations of these four elements (D,R,A,T) could be used successfully to identify different types of emergent systems. They concluded their work with the specification of an expanded theory, of disaster, organization, and role (Kreps et al. 1994, p. 190). In their framework, pre and post disaster processes are interrelated so that individual and structural outcomes can be explained and predicted. They included such exogenous factors as: event and community characteristics and attributes of both the enacting unit (i.e., the emergent system) and the individual participants. While very sketchy at present, the basic thrust of this approach and the type of goal envisioned clearly points toward a significant research agenda. I followed the work of the Kreps team for several years and tried to relate it to my own field experiences and efforts to conceptualize post-disaster emergent multiorganizational networks (EMONS) (see Drabek 1985, 1987). Most recently I integrated interviews with 62 local emergency managers following their date with disaster (Drabek 2003). These events occurred during the later part of 1999 (e.g., tornado in Moore, Oklahoma), the year 2000 (e.g., Hurricane Floyd) or the first two months of 2001 (e.g, Nisqually earthquake in the Seattle, Washington area). After documenting 26 coordination strategies many of these emergency managers described, I created a series of multivariate models that documented the social factors that most constrained response effectiveness. These analyses influenced my eventual conceptualization of a theoretical model of disaster response effectiveness (Drabek 2003, pp. 147-152). The elements of the model are specified in Figure 2.1 (Drabek 2003, p. 149). This model is not a theory of emergency management, but it may provide another useful starting point for the creation of one. The bottom two outcome boxes represent the goal of the theory, i.e., the explanation and prediction of alternative types of EMONS structures that are formed after a disaster event occurs. By expanding the model in a variety of ways, such as inclusion of the activity sets that reflect mitigation and preparedness actions, the desired comprehensiveness could be obtained. While I focused only on natural disasters, terrorist attacks like other conflict based events, cold be added easily as the agencies that comprise the emergent networks change, just as they do during the various phases of the disaster life cycle, i.e., from warning to recovery. While this big picture look at the changing patterns of constraint within which emergency managers operate may appear to be complex at first glance, I am convinced that it can provide a useful starting point although additional concepts will be required. Most important among these would be the injection of the concept of community vulnerability which is a reflection of prior events and community social trends such as population changes including both size and physical location. Personal Assessments In conclusion, I offer four observations. First, the goal of constructing a general theory of emergency management should be a top priority within the disaster research community. We are not there yet although many promising leads can be identified. In the meantime, there are numerous streams of theory, both normative and substantive, both macro and micro, that can assist emergency managers in the practice of their profession. Second, variety in approach and perspective should be encouraged. We do need to listen to wise men like Quarantelli (1998) who urge us to confront fundamental questions like, What is a disaster? Such matters are of real importance as we seek to understand the social processes whereby some events are defined as disasters and others are not. Progress will best be made through expanded dialog and focused work. Temptation for premature closure must be resisted. Third, we should seek to expand our horizon beyond the provincialisms of the past. The emergency management practitioner community wisely renamed its association several years ago to reflect a new vision, i.e., the International Association of Emergency Managers. Dynes (2004) emphasized this theme recently when he pointed out that most disaster events, depending of course on your definition of disaster, have not been the focus of the research community. The existing research tradition is predominately Western, community-based, urban, and deals with sudden onset agents from natural causes (Dynes 2004, p. 2). My model reflects this criticism and hence it may have limited utility, if any, in places where most humans are dying or being displaced. Places like Somalia, Rwanda, Afghanistan and Iraq must be brought within our boundary of discourse in addition to Moore, Okalahoma or Pitt County, North Carolina. Fourth, and finally, we must be very careful not to oversimplify our analyses. For example, in his plea to illustrate the centrality and usefulness of the concept of vulnerability, a position with which I am in full agreement, McEntire (2004) proposed that from a homeland security view this means that vulnerability is due to cultural misunderstandings, permeable borders, fragile infrastructure, and weak disaster management institutions. (p. 12). No problem so far. But then he proposed that the implicit recommendations include to correct domestic and foreign policy mistakes. About such matters I suggest there may be dissensus as to which actions were mistakes and what would constitute correction. My own view is that emergency managers always will work within arenas of conflict and disagreement. Their contributions reflect their skills in negotiating temporary areas of consensus so that portions of the public can be safer in a world of increased risk and instability. Greed, economic injustice, ethnic based hatreds, and other such conditions will not suddenly disappear despite the best efforts of the best emergency managers. Vulnerability and risk must be broadly conceptualized as must proposed ameliorative actions. Furthermore, all such actions must be evaluated within the context of other social problems confronting communities (Kreps and Drabek 1996). Protecting children from an assumed earthquake risk at the expense of the quality of their schools will prove to be self-defeating in the long run, both for the public and the emergency management profession. As Dynes (2004) put it: Indeed, the lack of research attention to disaster events that result in enormous human costs in developing countries perhaps makes our current research an example of trivial pursuits (p. 2). Let us not continue the pursuit of the trivial! On the other hand, lets remember that we must walk before we can run. We are just now taking our first steps toward a long term, but worthwhile goal. References Aguirre, Benigno E., Dennis Wenger and Gabriela Rico. 1998. A Test of the Emergent Norm Theory of Collective Behavior. Sociological Forum 13:301-320. American Red Cross. 1992. Community Disaster Education Guide. Washington, D.C.: American National Red Cross. Arata, Catalina M., J. Steven Picou, G. David Johnson and T. Scott McNally. 2000. Coping with Technological Disaster: An Application of the Conservation of Resources Model to the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill. Journal of Traumatic Stress 13:23-39. Barton, Allen H. 1969. Communities in Disaster: A Sociological Analysis of Collective Stress Situations. Garden City, New York: Doubleday and Company, Inc. Denis, Hlne. 1997. Technology, Structure, and Culture in Disaster Management. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 15:293-308. Dow, Kirstin and Susan L. Cutter. 1998. Crying Wolf: Repeat Responses to Hurricane Evacuation Orders. Coastal Management 26:237-252. Drabek, Thomas E. 1985. Managing the Emergency Response. Public Administration Review 45:8592. _______. 1987. The Professional Emergency Manager: Structures and Strategies for Success. Boulder, Colorado: Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado. _______. 2000. The Social Factors that Constrain Human Responses to Flood Warnings. Pp. 361-376 in Floods, (Vol. 1) Dennis J. Parked (ed.). London and New York: Routledge. _______. 2003. Strategies For Coordinating Disaster Responses. Boulder, Colorado: Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado. _______. 2004. Social Dimensions of Disaster, 2nd edition. Emmitsburg, Maryland: Emergency Management Institute, Federal Emergency Management Agency. Drabek, Thomas E. and David A. McEntire. 2002. Emergent Phenomena and Multiorganizational Coordination in Disasters: Lessons from the Research Literature. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 20:197-224. _______. 2003. Emergent Phenomena and the Sociology of Disaster: Lessons, Trends and Opportunities from the Research Literature. Disaster Prevention and Management 12:97-112. Dynes, Russell R. 1970. Organized Behavior in Disaster. Lexington, Mass.: Heath Lexington Books. _______. 2004. Expanding the Horizons of Disaster Research. Natural Hazards Observer 28 (Number 4):1-2. Dynes, Russell R., Bruna De Marchi and Carlo Pelanda (eds.). 1987. Sociology of Disasters: Contribution of Sociology to Disaster Research. Milano, Italy: Franco Angeli. Dynes, Russell R. and Thomas E. Drabek. 1994. The Structure of Disaster Research: Its Policy and Disciplinary Implications. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 12:523. Enarson, Elaine, Cheryl Childers, Betty Hearn Morrow, Deborah Thomas, and Ben Wisner. 2003. A Social Vulnerability Approach to Disasters. Emmitsburg, Maryland: Emergency Management Institute, Federal Emergency Management Agency. (http://www.training.fema.gov/emiweb/edu/completeCourses.asp). Federal Emergency Management Agency. 1987. Guide for the Development of a State and Local Continuity of Government Capability. (CPG 1-10). Washington, D.C.: Federal Emergency Management Agency. _______. 1996. Guide For All-Hazard Emergency Operations Planning. Washington, D.C.: Federal Emergency Management Agency. _______. 2002. Managing the Emergency Consequences of Terrorist Incidents. Washington, D.C.: Federal Emergency Management Agency. Jenkins, Philip. 2003. Image of Terror: What We Can and Cannot Know about Terrorism. New York: Aldine deGruyter. Kreps, Gary A. and Susan Lovegren Bosworth with Jennifer A. Mooney, Stephen T. Russell, and Kristen A. Myers. 1994. Organizing, Role Enactment, and Disaster: A Structural Theory. Newark, Delaware: University of Delaware Press. Kreps, Gary A. and Thomas E. Drabek. 1996. Disasters Are NonRoutine Social Problems. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 14:129-153. Lindell, Michael K. and Ronald W. Perry. 1992. Behavioral Foundations of Community Emergency Planning. Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishing Company. _______. 2004. Communicating Environmental Risk in Multiethnic Communities. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. Lindell, Michael K. and Carla S. Prater. 2000. Household Adoption of Seismic Hazard Adjustments: A Comparison of Residents in Two States. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 18:317-338. McEntire, David A. 2004. The Status of Emergency Management Theory: Issues, Barriers, and Recommendations for Improved Scholarship. A paper presented at the annual Emergency Management Higher Education Conference, National Emergency Training Center, Emmitsburg, Maryland, June. McLoughlin, David. 1985. A Framework for Integrated Emergency Management. Public Administration Review 45:165172. Mileti, Dennis S. 1999. Disasters by Design: A Reassessment of Natural Hazards in the United States. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press. National Governors Association. 1978. Emergency Preparedness Project: Final Report. Washington, D.C.: National Governors Association. Quarantelli, E.L. 1960. Images of Withdrawal Behavior in Disasters: Some Basic Misconceptions. Social Problems 8:68-79. _______. 1998. What Is a Disaster?: Perspectives on the Question. London and New York: Routledge. Rottman, Steven J. 2000. Individual and Community Disaster Education Course. Emmitsburg, Maryland: Emergency Management Institute, Federal Emergency Management Agency. Sorensen, John H. 2001. Hazard Warning Systems: Review of 20 Years of Progress. TsuInfo Alert 3:14-20. Stallings, Robert A. 1995. Promoting Risk: Constructing the Earthquake Threat. Hawthorne, New York: Aldine de Gruyter.  Source: Drabek, Thomas E. 2003. Strategies for Coordinating Disaster Responses. Boulder, Colorado: Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, p. 149. PAGE  PAGE 2 a-Sdgyx j ~  0 D W 2>+>]a% **..l////=1D1#35366Z>e>>>?*?7?8?R?t???]@i@w@6@@CJaJ560J5CJaJj5CJUaJj5CJUaJ 5CJaJ 5CJ aJ LVWXYZ[\]^_`ar !"#$%&'($a$UU()*+,-  0 +>l% &z*l/ $da$$da$$da$$a$$a$l//41 36>>>7?8???@@:A;AAA`B:$ V`|0 v p@P" %'*-`00368;p>@ADFI0*$^`0a$$a$ $0^`0a$$da$$da$w@@@@@A:A;AAAA@BRB`BBBBCCC D1D_DDDDDDDE#F1FFFFFGGGGAHHIIIJJJNJtJ{JJK'KYKKKKKL5LrLMEMMNCNyNNNN-OOOlQQQQQQR~RRRS*S5SFSxSSSS]TT0J@ 6@H*6@@CJaJ6[`BaBBBkClCD DDDJEKE0F1FFFHGIGGG`HaH I:$ V`|0 v p@P" %'*-`00368;p>@ADFI0*$^`0a$ I!I JMJNJKKKKLLLL$ 40^`0a$ $0^`0a$:$ V`|0 v p@P" %'*-`00368;p>@ADFI0*$^`0a$ LvMwMNNNN-O.OPPQ QQQ'R(RRR4S5SS $0^`0a$<$ Y`0>Z  p@P" %'*-`00368;p>@ADFI0*$^`0a$SSITJTTT0U2U3U5UUUUU|vh]h&`#$$a$9 Y`0>Z  p@P" %'*-`00368;p>@ADFI0*$^`0<$ Y`0>Z  p@P" %'*-`00368;p>@ADFI0*$^`0a$ TTTTTU3U4U5UXUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU0JmHnHu0J j0JUCJaJ6 j@U@6@UUUUUUU$a$h]h&`#$* 001hP/ =!"#$%DyK ZTED@DD-DO.COMyK ,mailto:ZTED@DD-DO.COMDd B(`3FF0  # Ab#y6wK'S#ny6wK'S#PNG  IHDRc gAMA|Q pHYs.#.#x?vIDATx$Ov؉ENNyQfcdD`b(ʦ ^0`>-ʰ6ųYY[-!:4t>;%)^Iڢ8QNwb2"GFfeUefefe~g*3+S/^",C.Ai4 )io)[){0eOÔ}K1eio)io)io)uÔ= S~{OÐ/io)iaM){[){0eOÔ}K1Ei {{gM)io)uÔeʞ)|QSVԔ5eOÔ= S4L0eOÔ= S4L0e0eRL0e?`= C-Ŕ}bʾo)S~uOÐ )lSVԔƛ4L@iKy?e+dL){iL){/Sa^7L){i1eoEMٷS4Lُ[)QbS=쭨){+jފaʾaM){Ôaʾ{XSa~oS-Ŕ}K1eOÔ0e= C)նI]1TKC :fj#|u0F;AC",]WXݸ$ɗLJJ,D8?FͦQ,:vGunlA#r^FIiJ~EB[I6,IMCQ5{Jݜ~$S;6%h\ٝ>`;3A=bИ#hpޣ ZG:l-6иRT.pxH#X0TǑ]Ѐ>jEʂ4ju'5!Wv$8|="Hأ2h<[AJQ+霆#WRxNCJ#[DiX;Ӻc}gᛇ7tKyK/tU h˞=~%Ж3%Aѷ ձ59ΎRקftKqh`݆Ҡ  tC$EHCζ4\Y:>mvg4iV884tCh. Ŧp}ʔ@#> NGS  +2:u6]/4dpr|ieaIvC82qh@Hkx 䔹Lh#?y0CikhieWW3647;BPrк/4h`Bm&(``"4ZtzGmnx͈ͣv@8ϔiSzU s5 i\0'!q8서.?Ү E'^?wd~q9x2!+mNH`NCvիc4};81m)#H?8܇M4:iC߁'+-j㖒H;QzW,\Y|Ahx<!У48Kb [ x7q44*]n3az˃C䔨m k6t#S<Eu4Q @0hGsfEv. m4,1T%IY!aUz\h@ٲ!#D|B&Ƞ_?glUD:t#\77?C pMcڴ kƌlC44ۧCMc /wS3vEAC!=Ȯi m4 *lBK$$г1Ę|g:!BEq 4Tt~L4BOVS2rϐ-%N#~w*i?Ydq骭%gFLgKEnp|/Xzsy^hÒٟ-ghʾߍ7+HSx wO_TrxݛRjJ< rg4JЍw?3A=.3ޥ}4frA\}Rܾh^x4?-?4^g5=4rF;!v巯iEkaSRH]A1= Sq;FSunؕOQ?U; -V.{aЍ=]|h)M_n9w6aJʵO={+O-2c q=StY/)zHr[;I?`>r&!,Z<%u#f g|'`<;";^UvÙn7:|H9!3=?J45i9-X43'o? G/q;1ݼD4Ezhز׫?7pFc)|oHxVAGtNr^Dco# K]if?7xN5 tGH^m`H]4(Z|(JT:A9L<56f1@yX}; '8Ubm_o.,p 2kvq[6hl!,i+iJl̷*g'a{2$h4"-sg{oD [_vnWј 1s ;?)}:O¥J}p[^HsT4NU,CG`$Ow)bQ[;S7cF<4pMtH8:K1.cEGz?Ǽ}Vz3NH?g47i\F!ocAGSwwg v_8aϣ 7["9ஏq/O+uޫKK2`i #I4>s<_8AzUMa~LiC_1|jJOit\a^C/ѻ#쀿!AQ->|];JhdF)_N%׮W/KC Z@C!/u4 q@V^ 1HB<@Ӱ9(7a6ApgҀJp BV4|%$<矦2F5 7[=V} 9ATӀ&:GHBAC) NHÎ zKQ45љn`<`=|HLiq~cO֜=[da#ݧ%@KQIiGoNG3McR>9iiG]:{Jw>Sf4ЎMJ4.bаа_ ,.&{*4? jp`CHCMi|4L i f-E EjХǦG 4 i@=2rNk)b762pJ ·4 1p#Uh8 )nd+j}8]&dCO} i*ƈh<”& C]H5nAasG=mQ1&RA{iPaw|NiAdu CDO4sޒ<MFX|8TXӉy;p >A`RR1-eJCTa!8'!vKj6>j=4 >k@} ozw՜Du'i `ay?w{;|z@KF9!u^ƜXlJÁtH巩wiA^D#ۯ1Ū?г =tkz$zr&mo7PGGIaF}_E'X,keȹǥaH@veԺaCi,$Ȼǥ13ʚXټ4XXVt\~4qo-@6tc8n; G4S՞F\v`76r>Lcgaʞ)aHٺAo!k۝w=4̵ 4Lcߜk!nhR}ZK+Xѣ`n) DFN?!4V AӐ`%i$|A3^o wOm, (gCZ*N#ƊRDA߶IC͖aU~ @}>SЊv>0tzM^h\tB:f(LixX뻈"G!NhH u&izA?j#4}DcHC 0?ľ _bN+oJ$4l/qupڔ{JGjaŁ gO-IJ>MK|= ??!\})H8^Nh=## ai83qx`Oi#@?e8%LLb; z\TG=o#TH 8r=ь㔩{  3wPoF Oe|qN7{YǼ~HvVȷlpnF+E!-%4 uAc9LqiT+ˑh|yOÐ=,D(MSp B=HSq BinAaJS[QSr+zwFn@I{^C4r/R??୕VFXJ-䤱48 yjOzy Pg<|B'j.QK(w#k{gQo}R ;?;n; οW\=|iM+o^~˿/)j<6"ꫯqWtc\*o0dRLI S?,I܉uu1k4Ve| uBÐ]W4"!B4{{3я{I}β;!7!I Cn^o<6I݈coNZ`;+?NהWx#i)cӗNK7(77-Ni$DܚRzuc´g#G-e|o=puc}:.42Ө-5ѸOfƿs^7*ў![Eci#9v#]"fưhR>n$Fz_|M`hpEC4xf|wZKZ 6y6wĸS4Fgg/LRMa#XF4Fӳu}`F/D._j.>m }ͧ94Ӎ`nЂJ=z`X}:G^ϊl#xx;IˆGQDTI%lV?Qs}VZሡʳ{GȭgŠА /Sh<@GM(/O;^ 0B1Ux_rނA&꓎ olc7BlAV(n,tC [WG/  _S'עM`$Z&xA_^! zHyDF`d2=rzFѐxZm\@CMihbaWAٓh -^ ɖo #+٭nhFt09 UX4[41 : o=?uK!4pD4E7#WF4v3?4)hxDJZǿ.WӘҺ$1 4taBGD3L> ucaK2_w}|*pnrsgh5 yDW 4*nR-*4PlhƁwY*Ԧ& @KƑ =9W>VL={@ķ,Fm1,Ś GZFZSs <붱;Tj/Wk%*'8ŒwGN9/qsţ_d-<08 C?Ss>#Jt!p)Lc2kYwBѥmg8$f@#&WO8%P1pY\ 4 #ѣ^VS6@hSHѧ\4wh4lpf:DCSn |~iHwҴ(E8 YO#!8 \_;C|Ƅ'F)ߐ}G¤A*`zም\A% <lOic8}p84>yA=B^pAS{ _\7Ѵj'/n9BH #~R[-ܘa iAύXDG4؂ vhDOZ)VS1 zAHc ha$hG.: r 4^%7N48 \̭hH*|mKIK&m~gAt =<hJ_J1;*omyHcjJc85yi,咯!=&g4|Q\9SI@JiHK1`) 񫠱^7ah)iH# L0oCh8ƻ3h<ň$΄"_tJ# Lјۺ#[|{BX3A{.h=F%G i#ZO#!B-7u}NH4 :XK}Yips^jnQ"7=4l[/n|T1Gцr%,RA3D1"и)|d-E1+Q\X4<4>FLH˕y4cXL4L0eOÔF= Cj L&zh(q4ܢw.7nyih\iIbOÐ4 )nd!OzYcWfeɤlBSiT7醦a7FusmZ 4QI* lA ^Qچ'ۡ48pߕ46{XFC4F}n E%1OMէifn42 V 3@?I;YG*8I$hdړFC 4&ڊ?`8,ICyF_+ըR: pV4i&_jQ|J h5X4 }NA# d,$ &J?4J LE4sGx /%]KQ܊Be40߂x/WNT"Pi/F4HI#nFR*A3=7MQ/ T_:N3 h)ҧKS+h) Q4p4m$٫6Min^\8_ Ө0W85_諒GZ[ЈIi-EqhRF46ٍ4`FY44%#4RJ4ʑFiWqǻAZ|74JXXz &/;=30$`FR}j aѣS"܃tO56ƖsM4d8lЈ4FuV-dXZopkam}*gF QAc;_D_K] Q/B/?,{V*Ѻ '캷hJ݆FVTl1yjs8mGeN7*g4Iiرˠ2 S-F{gig˛YFa2-$%e, ]P/4Z87[08%2if4xJstxX3-pGfEKeKsR"u4}ºڊ _o)ܐk߽EhdSJ5gɟ2]+d.dINC$<Ё2'-cgLM T%89p49Ftk+3iHlP7шBF3d^5-"ݯ66)4DÌJԍ3٧\b4pvCj7|47*Ǿt:0TR q}&R_NzM%ziZk€H4&\ݘ=^1¾hYM\bG(F׼ рbd]RRbXAϖ $Wni4֏b{-7çF@0ACڦR9J] 7i4cMK#">9mF}o)ѵYhh*q8qw)46~4@Ch`u FVߒb-h$>׾9K[]۪iM4XH4|87>zj酤z#d,zDۓª,)i|%#IX/fqѯ8=DaYay8!IX |pEM4~ 7^j',A"!_e={K chf{hxHGfqKn8I:^l`5z8 w3X gKRa%Bn"B]UP!(R '88p$! h#;7F=m~7+iC'a? E:w˧qFY0![@[Ich/G4RC.F!+p'GK##@|E-E X ^?DqL48)4L[e?14hy/Nh @ix/9i~s_D{ cb@(,v0!{dJCBP a=!j4VlFY|7[0@[6pX'WF#mͣ]/xB,H:P44LoX9SeZk)TMi+#Z sq9# 9VVp%(Jn}czS+f9_i\?:hȱw_m:V] Si ih iQf+: ٌT7$= i,rKm. |QMPOBwo+Ecvu4d4\̡=P@[ DjS KX~)~%W}At.9>m<m틶1/_̫4s<}zdF1$(R ?# NZCZmS7޳{AH䡃W^R>d4S&:,Ѝ'bhh)a7%Z s4%x慳KF5f2 ˲2hDɑ鴠|+j7 јpmKYdNc'Amch(|4Kˤ\AXl@Yn?e+Ýј׹.Il< QsИDb- k6OȺF1+:a)C!7lWiD~ûg.Lc]K[nh=4醠KO(ي@6AKgFL(N84Պ6E91dMY;ڳ &.wIѾIKqJz9ڳ|hp&N[p4.5BfY"%b'p-4 7ts?c&akð{t GnM4*K6ƈDZtK L^x Qp\ W= iLbgem᪕!,y\]1H7N޳4s+-Ɔўhf, \ >{:0>18kF84If1H8I 4 E5v'e(@#O:hNZ8?zic2tc= ^SFK ʆm,09Z ! XuА6YhSfM/91߈;sk.4RMַIF w aKY/XFmlwhVKc'4p%^|R}zYHa9.l 8 þ i\ z'|Qbq-hxB|Ñ8@%q7a;i|GDӘwlnҠkp,RfsױCH,!XWM4!qJZ% a ^Zg{kA%ё9(%ϧnf4ڻ!6z/lYRFGzҝ\Mୋ+ᬽ{[twpG Ff4 S7Ѫў-i!l\h+i{[ٲ."[ ԓ 梑3.UDm̗hnSAdQBkvٳ40앏@  3pҨiR`MODhŶN2(.%lx l4H ,D[ e߸C4p* IK0ܚFƋW4B ;Jh̺Ȋ?]..Ncܞh4ElU4?h]!JAHaW$9e^4X~;d1<1zzUC|ZCQFۈs*)[F꘹>6:@Ϸ:? =NRF ?uuv% Bof>X=?f}Ӑa]Kc9^z7% V َx+/wGJii os<>检Kߝ2Fc r+Ŋ4ǂ[G'WFBoS.Fm C7N;? {?ttNVOOXe:Xugr-4xD%ICwFc磉iVIV5a;_}MQSy4*h).Fp{w6(y>e;!H=M 7uXv4I Q @,$+ziTR(ڎFV43EQBSQ=!(m"Ȳiwi4x4p64ʷEmJEwODfaW;FuV;DTaKonZ7eU _,'eiֱdyQ.} -%w+h|TnGSi(\-zk'3B_㪍a4d4_AhkQa [Fa<Ѝk]esfFic_я KNobzioEMtùa3N% Fhg4X£F؝np C|e[G4FS[Z_q&(3L(;WA{XFOl tg~Yg[7K7~|Y. mj74R֙tU6^)!E|գqQٍR! D5OC`@cnE6m+/NCyvht;:682)q4k)2{X' ڒ4&5Fu!LDqix>dcf=!c5 i6 gE#u?sc[oB4BFKQa/5%JeЩ$h8q4Rang/~D}]4S1b'U(a7ې' mҀ"&ihFǥ<1Q{VȤ!#X4X`=5b_͌àbUN%Sr {h2 ďnH4 ٯ@c\'Act,~̨a7i\3VoX4 VjrI_twH#_KY)2Iw aU@jn__yw)NKUѠЧq__Ѝu ~j4P7hi\l9N8~N#-4!}Jno&$Mbqz 4Ɩi<+] OSi$ Կɽui ALhODLgQ7ѐ(6f`2E6J#!o/x^@7ML$(bY$FH#.AK\tSG{ʡg/ ^gqĠaܝB d&&yhR RHzL(<l(,JhpgMm@cQF 4K49tzw/'}Ј33b,To~)+F4Rt㋕ x&s{.?m)$F\y1XG4his?ƤaG4& ӊi V ۵E|URhtݸj8/nIøӐ3xcxF -yjc SgKKXh ]N6 `h EiIƼogAG4y~.X04FPs|N4\F^F46 QED_~_K42FK4EcI(Y7  s*Ҙ;L+IL4ܬ4\U~[.H7<"m v٧TR^ јTQF{*ҍq;BG)`E|7 l@fiq ̗ʑiL|k©5i]-ѡ~}CGEҫp=%M<7FC/nT^Ʀ>şm4KZ||zb7diX؀l$:W}e/}YK WD{麱F`F_\0{F"ފ"&)Ȳ؋ MyZS>84t c9=nNC:s:}8zqNcCR#'!Γc˃N<7_L44IXA6:]1`I34y?._E(rD?пj\f $IX3h#{zJ/mD[a]Z1KmS@5Z7}^U t[7ҸiLG.@cFD(g0Q2L$F-Ӿ9-[m)_XGF(M4ƚ 4! kFN kHe_ &*ړ|^74$44IHc8hPOM" 4khvc cOI,po)bAt4i8 h '0)wV)@c0°8ppFr$toMe!:ҽi p0q1 >D4ࢸkitsC>5c2bfY iP8oiJ:w*\͒H8%=@z|Úb~/MND#ј}DfL Nd 4Fli["'@h>hVn$_)KM[8)4u i|zNc 41ۜyS^8 Oi51mHCDC4lM+ƪI٠│pJ?4f4q 4^ycKqԊb%i /x4jxz1 #l&yk W(Ou{6ӄ-[@4e+gJC}NCh)ȥenadv ޗv3n瀅}iX4;n$׍4Ixt8vi+A8^;Ѻ`JôoR,϶|T (gN4:hl5 g̩?s3ҐT4pF}V x!>{ yg{8 ia.g Q6i0h %" {;k֛f}G ۳_yvB<9/||Q}fq1su%hx : {i[2h݉wJUYf .Q%.pHA("#F9s(a̼*Y4XQ)̧lZGҍ2iT:Uխ[RatCs&⴨"@CmmE$ ] 7lj0uk*3ܖRK/q 1N#ȸ>Rbii}J+2ʠ1}4#̟Qb6haeaZѭeiM% DP1#e̛Ecy+Wl1όeEvupb6 4 o[A7EcyO'*0X79qt1<ڳ^)屯؆v:Lf! q>z^F4F l宣FJxvHC-GXblFoh@\>ŬejKD~S=4"q)-07+0 4j 4(j!G9XTp&|Y*|>eiLF~ ;/4yhx4'I( ߌu F<FWW*`薲F$ ONtIg||%HyCK"tW^6֪x4fpXqЁА]M.Z44,ԔcATAcI7}1סg.O\|5KxƔOnFMr:S+P/Acw$' ٻѨOI8Џ|q'#јf-9DŽ4f1DHsB'9ދ!xAc$Q_8PC(#2]j\IP#%CgҶN0-ٳȒfEs>tR) :h< 0);#q̚C4}t˵^M`AnkqmKڒsmmCkQ>%UQ]Ic)O& `Iݘh, i؉WMKIr6m [2}|cI"SktoB*ijPs+ߩG'Ia%i}ep{ i\MiikTPR7V[>\(:-% B;1?~jzT4f 3wj8x:иi< fyl!iUE+`7,Gmh45:H]M5;fFlnC14R{_T)Vm">OFu;e+LCh$\{ByZݴF컑4qZ!ly\y "8jix!4} o%pzXK_3/dJ9}baa Yi,vc͊:K^7N`C#O j @~PQm7;a+/FC-6o4-FF@\VK=l#JyB8%BGDٍk҈y}J{{_+ǧ:vS,:['# ܞkN;n)q&z%2u-Y|m3  4|ZrcFFK+Hr|zt2%U 6K.۪ΰ(M&ldbiNM48ΰ`L&+_ 5o 2qaMqM4HY4( +fIܼeTmJFݹ#4FF#}-4~JfNiq h[@btnOPs_o )4ަ0F#Y417 P _eI;lOvrG|J=Eh >*a$;!{t24&*G{K U$3 ,eQ@.2Y6haCI.1mvjKѻ( X\8aFHK)D3 ҵyH`]VnV@OFGq"ޡFTLkoS/mA3tJZU!lPlnX8KdYbz!hK.]Z!/n$~_O^C6zQZ H#PCohLGE' 㾯W &idr෥!4 W礼L@}pZ$_H2.׻'O1}84Wcq-Gx|;@]< -a}`jtRiۚ]}Q蝧[@ /H\]B4 =%H@$@>HɆ_@=8$CKC7̢i{5~OfjE7APc_\GTW @zN#ŊN4>*Bc*`YǾ6X !>Bz_EC)OlOʕg. wWx4ݸε>Ez՛4<*{+e!0 dDߣrni|1 d4;L^ NDUC}d@ ȗVe NɒNiDHh4>6w]Co2i4Yi䲢4O@#i+gw}o1 ^0Fh\4V]iarn+d5 #> c9 Na뒥v1F<-jf!V54"ނ>w2(qqWrmCCarhJ3khk@ ݂(,,}-frшmT늌Hm17zv$ Ј-F,ͤj4;&b]ʊ~^QRo"7՟3h5eu4Mc\4MwXd˵4["ߎZ3G[`+VtݬH#=g+̦rݡ[5eݗI8FC%iԻv3?[bŷ%iv B+ QU>\GSCN )Fz*$9ʠQ|qs6K4Vp%FYso o}_,4:8(o2 CAcnȋ7F=vJea4|INᣌr;njVиl6UOgE|)5[rz[64xܷJ\Y+'o ;Fyeu4"<yi-%_#t/ {}NhMv%74fb:Mэv#a),^][L[(xՆno=cҭFU1J]1kSFRxɠgtcK/_zw_ 4hRWk7njl lv MeKa?dmopIg72Ә~vZ'YO`_Ec!K=zG)n: ́Q]GS俽RaغCTR7C76ٍH-zZJu4$-|g#hS6}vinL}JSh4(n4of$ښHcu4jS":2 qAm -^|<./*qњƾ5Fm{wF=o=Et? :1^jzX~nl`i h tc{qjQ|՚ƾHŬ0xqFM440 C7FvЍAТMi4eVzȯiLiLF?j zXD= MQnxf'.:@VDi"bhn4!{h(2#N#}s$c=5f,\*t~[GKw1_4EgNYj9lRS{KhTkEmD{ݨmӍZJHcnUѐƺ-כ8*1ղ4m) 3KB yu0/G#2$hHt[>ٸ)vcC%E-%BXUid74\R)OkAYYA8ʯv]hcэߧN~kO]HT0l5q1ϿSDQ+h4O ѷ8o3}VpJ[3!w]CM0?TEQs~$J NP Yd!æHՍ}k4"_tzWKI82T! EtLta$+_y49ؤэDC|zZ#j{؈S4{kt.=8ihjӍ2h8 ()WK4\Z^ugGIcaʛK{Flz{bjaˣRrmO @mϥ#bTBWE$s!?4hUW.ߺj-/_.͛iT*N K67k*~ &vEc{(LCqfCy54} "f<Ҭ>nͧ% N`lI:?zhLuc}ֽʳ4wZW9pht崔I74/F#ܜyήc} ip칖A-p Y& F~4ԃ]zh geb*L8_Q +24,f1w| @b>1F,4r}Hzc|46q]AmLҐˇgЍCҚv4deZO#yq hl4Ri0䮸(7B7/f4i4fNJ\!SJS#z9?Ja][Shڧa/k|ǔ i|]s۳EKɃ>6ŁFڷ4RIk t8%~{֔J,ߜCm#bcS41Q Ł;utA3!GPk4`X+̬Lu]\1XN4if-46C7}& \i4ŚƨϺd,umIwԤa F.ѣX}qpи4J03RkиnhF2҉y_.' ֤QA<&'ʱ:!l AGI4g4H46<(@'Rix0uGΏ3\GlҍF׶u#3`#ktkҀq4M/qwԤ4&a:.hQ(nh#C0w4 lMqT&I8Uso>qIC=4+ MDmdm0b?HM hq>64^;W: ]+j) 4 {A|t7% J !ؕ>66.:sK)gN54dstȦ-$cskdX̕O֧рcӤI9iV#!zď 7Ӹ ;Rn5(7 bz_.x^&# f./cIΦ̗nN/^iF1,hS!vně wxu&CݠjtcYF)SYF5z)Si;qz-RMCư"d 4@c 4Lti/b-6iP|5 |C'MO/ֵf` 3=[VƐO hkuQymZz96:8H\k4N$ ylAtN7-I⬖lq4hlǗ:9A+Ơ(Ŋfcvp4Q4ũ=C2fK K©כuI^"FÖܦ=a;!Ȕ8yƢrǟp=De4jэO^z%j*21u9:XG|J42)+&_&L ]@ F-4mW=uYiD{ʘuvCg O(yhop(%_Ԕ d.5r4.\4ՔF#c IA4}ԍXgEHRhPHF|Y_5 =/|Yҍ⻅At)ӫ"/7qq94;8\hP j03{ة;J6Z9yoE4¼i d`Nͼi$+NCؠS Qe4L.u HW]rz$: 156zfq"L=:0gQ2 e恦Kj]4t[-Ƿ6;>蹠*2 C7fRSDrAEC@ρ=Kt,*|% [*j\) =~oF>[ӸZKcZ~׾{CKU;߫)oG4u#/XGr3CeC1 ¥;!:=*d!@ӸXltB|Z! ,!L q# DHC*[Wcug}T:OԚhqQ&qhk*@C/wIq̏*n/8xt=׾˕A 4m7=y%l| Z+:n[>]|>оh0vP#K89$l!pNj[MuD)KN[sm-yXh84T[Dflׅ<+hj![uNl hܛ'MCtAijɕP*yilM+F\QM#YgsFՐxMnQ\^繸 \-&7hAuB}އHy2ɱ}W.cA#4ڬhN5`D~Q- @x=$h|xVґN0Z:KC! Zŗ7.(cK'ɡFɸ1v4<:FkH/ HCX)dK4jk/..%嬕+453fFm qtvvcW4>4jhܒ>ʹ/d]4rEYJ#<7O+jvU~ǓpZ_zq_@ÐO=Q0nIlT-.яvF) 9gQ#?2%ƿ@. 㭡Q7n BQaK9x!30ĽT UGUH4N e4 !߫7VSݰEbR!8Hn;X +̥RnEШE)UK]Vh]uԥshԥ\Dˊu]3&ɉnhn]ux)k*ʖGmkVd/A3֫[0. Sn \ K%84$0eʤ862i;k [~)zg}4ܚ>VXG5[( CF)y=-IYn5J4+ zzfj['/~{y늧JBv]v$p- wu_ui4=jhնs^ŸN?HFSv(uF$(t_ҢwN7nUTNZ:+amw.|羥eמ)M4ъia]ښ:++lݴyMK)>SҚjL,4bRmrhűRX~4ZKMQSKh.Y{,òEOpbX|rizhDUQSR/ \/A%gVoe6Vs%kAJS_w|pW]XQAn1 SϾ :>qi|FLP-?9eFf<\פ9`hgd8֭7iL$p|hy zQ#2/:7V4#:<źJh=Ic:Fɹ=2c4#h|Kih7mCxR38O!䢑jS>>Jq6vgh,/6}5["4H7 ߲QyFK!ӫ2īhp7Ψ_rD 1h7˿i" FGKc3E O|v¼~e4RZ: Yhhĵ-M.kЍJh %0.F-CDOݢQQ) ;^ޝF{ؚFo vMK- hK{\]GJ,1R !G/˨FaDCaQQ'"ɶ leFMKn@y9"a<:8NBh:2֤۠bD7~ۏڮntWEs|PtMf hW!-OVhJH#5'tcAP"d'$Jt#+48x@7l~3.ITX\ iitiD8!6Ic`G7sGo4Dj>!ӈrڠxOm}ag#*C2tx€"vQRanf`F4huhanD? McJðj EYh\M)AHC(l}^IhDch>I^XTtFT,VyMÏ,ƚ%$iL4Ngat&5@&@'&hx774FꕆD#6SFfQG4& C*/ j)@=6iXo)%}xE~:h%i4bqJD.h NiL'H=hWnn W8 K&D]l4n ҠW3ݘ;.TU÷'I#O\ihWlfEii() 1a|V :&UGy4!-f4BbZVF: N֔90D 1R@291L!Z3&! F#~lbqo!hA<\^sh?0[(D7r;IhĀS|zA]J)sm+h8.$uƬiqq+IBgh3Li miΩ8/m!9!hNfxĤߝH7Nӫ$-Aѐx: m!v1ǭV@nFF/Nm i@fA'i$2i(;ǏlqdB#4lXQiDzF}40D_BA ?!z\&COƑɡ ~qvl|AؾE+?Đi4aM{XqiCZѐT]g '3рդqDXfs9 9ر(!t.r}tX c m׭ bDb-eNodI#l)r'Uh,@Cu}C'Y #rƎ9J Unl\0Ys p#ż()HȍѠ3w8a'hcQ?6"S4,)f&S!zpݧ@LC*"[@uX(>94EqC}6q +I#Xar'i46f c>fp|.ž~1m~.MD!A ÿ~e?>x~HGb@ǰt4paM_:_<]1ז34a+|FiDs; r҈>hx4$032d4 PM4bkwp@#^+{Kb~|i8O.4dI7La[9=f/ψhj9W>4A#(FTt5tEhqFbyZJVEr͖-͵H2$qrv4Jn,l- R*3RG{fZYVpvn)%9sP@#ind- 9q xҠͣn' rwg4Fpk V +:wew4 6u|F}+O]70 SlƆyXm@pt--xD ,k!H>FF9Cr|= , H5iy9솠^YfX88;,sȞ@CEy_>ѦUgYh$u.0UKC׍a;hD#?_FQ?"7<9hHHl b CQ!36ڠy>%+@cQcY)׎4Qu%:)@8v/ 3)=RxJC4!Iu1 t\pf忿A4ᣨ>qO}]iED/D8ԍB$%b|aFRnj`Ke50,X>承9"z Fo- +̻EilZ8P_r ѱ+i Ԗ-JCaEc:% _o^FW(~8UzqMC4h4d 4*{LVi zXK)4)`EF+6ʪb.K}}5Ѽ+eE4 \;X$2 mFZSъ GtegrѐD{_"n)+iEKAпy~p y8YwmE3Ӑ ŏB48 ybvD({3 &M4^h@c:hYhJl{t*\>=-@#k{A-QYVea ŞaN^7VG uan/s=bsLØnXЙS{r{NY7jEٍ&b%}ǂ (?Nu=%P|`\uYp)iaEXR sOcNrn!Yh}Lֶw~iy}fb"(/N16eEch)D8CPݶ)FKi7j4*:ţRhlq[J4X'd 4"~ynIc7+NjR*xjUg,4m-gaȃ金7ĊyJ"H^iWolA#Uh垑FQm2K4R3b2~?}Z;MHÐ<4}׉M<a& v!&T+ZT204h\+LK@!?;͘$]R[Ja|N_ zz/GK6o2(>Q4bd|grЈ z}I |ROY%&5]dcԡƒRrX+iRRhhcӨފ1󳷽_aFw?4 Z/\#Kg;n,,>jy7KL(K$h4 T^Oڧ@sZjyhdq.y Kz}цrG7ȕ]p7]nTN\ ǾJ7b7(4+)5o4O)7;4nnd!-j_vU7n=2i4FqY +7OcsѸqh4mnIr(wbƭ\7rb[-QyKiXvYuhne &kF+ǛN.F.nQ[DLrMwU&hh@2~ĭ-V/xh8YiFL?xKRǰ5Fў:iDy\H>$c}&LJѧZ˴(Nټ,ަ"3(>{hL}m rJi|xY4 gOIp7? u6ugbaU0|Ǚi,z׻1?L5dZ\R66%co?3oY WXqhεM? 'innS\{&W67gF$_}fqA[6GPL9kNiLo`[7dݙ\KR,iGo(Ici}>sOZN5ͣaʷgKL4r$.>ۧKKhh1QP(Fi3W7*V4 ˞)De!0tÜNN̆nEC54_6.X>b37˶aS&EF`*iM}tV$ٽD#SϦ@AddI[8s)lAJ&Nc(o4\aF{܁-ѐ 檳ں@CwFz |y&vwjF}s:vwm& VA7tNh-E@;Aϐc\1+HK]Yn _?|5 \1,9[ 4ȈwHGN_4]Jy4_[ʌIg4bvcnDlU$1t8]LL̋q]e4DjgDM4&3XӸ(2h0Mk31hu4pi42q.p zn>e=uZqB*8 4Ʀ9`JCۍРk!,AWWGc=_X+NN A9 SŬ svNC<0 / 3nu4I C,Ty &+ !1zX s+L$sгhp0O=!1BY]hǰ#<69r"cj,P8Ʀ^: IO{@/:ԼxitƲM.ɵ}?4f1%h' Hw9z9X~H#/8 m-h l5 @7 K1ɳC'C]0q7~Ζ4ȅ8WEccs.-t?> }4FSݘH^]# IGk-I Pi ٢\`<r{+*_'TLӖR11ih>BtqFףi2anp&j[ ƦҌ"N򨚆$#1HQ^ [H7bF7T(#6#  ў!LXDYHdl ̡1Y44 #ЏnuA!@2%8r,jC@ Xז5S!׳_߿UWo/E&+_2MVHиHwbh8(N.KhvlҨ' \_t4@CiU=k+i)eok/?Iܸn_^ݛGc`tC"D4Zziaݰ 4p/֑<2?l"R,i?4Z%3tA$/ 4͉^h%b=Q0딜'hHף>LM ԤqV)WnCy4vc]D[H+u zh$ ~9gQS6" 4|025τ&s4>YOn?:QH-[S 4pFL[pn ZBqmq&iu,&r4i'a4 b$i`7Df_3I$!zH qDx_OS"чcnx+>' h8 kJGOTD#oN?u:S*L. @ϝh3$ [/9ҵ=lq>Ct^ϤA5­F: q@x |NUQs.q' +6@z0?9xxQhq'>tB:!K}KC,^3   u2"qi4 ' [ko=(FaEW~u4fi8brc؊F5O<~*v89HUѐir|[iŸǏܧo3gu4ei4,_DQƒz1=4l ?z%XO ЈWc{hD z|ƪn4WQ C|:qw1lVkd{_Ov R_+OyZ}AŸ=QşoS$ŋD4 h(/8jc&aۭFV4'g@O^u:0v6ΞWOc1z@^pzq+^*ZfUٍ9Ģ >@Py*N6=谉8 jSӋ+k8n_|1 i!P(Fb4F(:(AC$!s^ ؞2h4i4PF@4с|,Za=jh437$ߍ4`WLxKABd2NU4F1h1^DCo𒩾}_!?k(Gرg8l(;yzϼ75,tUE4iDWg: wbF~~,+ipͧWf7Fp-%mCQ4!FJ!vOڤ+hn>}% Rީb|2_<ǀZUM,٥ɞR^H`v'hG!wa[XXjiit;ANq3|豠1g{SJl)^S Whz]ѨЫMGnnl*RJF0_>NLcq߷\,S& 64SZXdE/шwJ74Zl8ʊN~b?vE#gy\<7X#.N%R?1Wyw6 7~f4Nㅥ 4#>fAG#nLSgkЗ//7ۤ+vHC񰯓oaya54R k. þ!#8c4<[7v#ON`4uO5h`L1l6X'8kf0zQ 44P4 Kx@I1iP<^9o}]d-eG4\~4(W.h}N3jS@Vo ?u4iA A 波3FѾwB?~t=bA㩋Iн4c} Y=ALUlRR_m(?q;ٺӰW9Ɏt C|dɑzz-my4XœXԦi0i@2XFV1yxA$a^_!6)Ls2X%TB#j+:䚆h(bb=l! *ɻϊ[TACHi1@c8fi7ȷ X~\ւWa7c_+j_tw@kX;Kecfc2@}ߑG!2'u#M+ϝҨg6|\M4GnnqyZ.;FܯFvCb$h0G >1(Bc1f^&XotK{a" #wo J~z_+"2n 3PO5]o'Ͳ+9Y>ЍWM D!4d,\l jF{n+}K1qѼl]ihcaF.P*rWd﫰ir'Y6k7YnhnTBc`zo;7F%- TᇧVljF݈>^6ya`l^xiŜJS5!pl鑱:) U*k^K[yc"o6U4wĜy ixӴl;4dNhDޗ4)?N ;qNxx454 .d*5hOJiD~ͣqFL? OI#KWN4ޱN|Q)#! Li<BEo]AþVn4 K%vC?ԠA iH5m)i4T4eoh|J#T`;ԍhШD7Xl+ ! }]HCRЍ5QЧk*Б!C"@ Q/ZXWӠ Z6YL6eK2GYDMipZ,C/haix+g1膊>VczV@DSUD_X*F )L7 '^^tM oTb\GtcUBy@éFDmj /hJR@j6FykCd|+y..Y7 Ө&[= SR*Sv>I+ZRtiy.n ZʭadRƝS4LۍRw'Ӣ7VRvfhʸl)eOÔf85ɨ4} sqSh4-e+2m)ey[ilR݆?G_[Cc>e5 c{}T4ߗ8 C?lG7F _d֎E˕ i{F/GOh\q-٦/<.ȅЧqP wӈQg34ҽ4׍rR!C/?x#O4RJ'~n#i~Zd8 "v@c'ERڍ]onQ/]Vw1UK Sa4ySܲYf0.(idfz_bʾEc[~7QxGU` /*V?RngP'+@x]6Fe@Q%ðB]ӆ(OIYZeΔz!!}04 i9Wп( 2h$=y^zZ BA4N+\=w3hg:[͢QYnGdFcp\@ۤ#WC:Ūƪ ,F {'P9{bŪW ?$#p\ԀA'|"bÂAeK]Z] :ce9jhJg@VcŠ #Aut?'gC3A;Fqhlo7VD 4_W\(:-QўRB†}W;͑OxԗQhT6+]79e(KV[趗y]ѸՅwekdK4v=[>7f^wiR  n0nh0vF{Wdaʞ){k[:Ͳir{=Dum[ɾO1eW=7i4qYT`΅N΂Um 4 y=vV-IK4D&$+h|4uJ#n7 Ş-:W_yahji?Nc*(i H%M{e4ʝOV7ks]9^nԶnR Tt6jvi[0O4'yyfUH7a$n<2Ť%C]"rG{aZqUƒ$tƀ?FVM4V J\:,јh n-?/k)WUDАN$5P3za?}yHׅhpKG:@`]\>k%ՂKcYރ9v4dJJAGP! #Q>=rjKO(v4a'lC(:6$4wEG>}Ê9szhn陏`:lm!M=ÃFX>jjc;c4rU 2j {8mM #@փhcЍ<ǷE*j)[ZQh8Ñ<y Fs_ttwZqfv#pñl) gx:`a% DPG pij+N#|ˍ׭h$-HEt$B^!&,+#x([ q yLq42^jIsvcAxF~544(k X>z+*2=2ǽti w({Ds 4@ Ǡ)xC*!_x- V4jp.QL&!CpF!QП`yr+d44hbORx 4蔆Au'TmѠI< FyrxHc4 @]) X4.!4;5ėΠϤ ODxM? dXt)9*NS#dYlN%lP5A*.l Q>t\X}n bXЛ߷AAch 4/WoXT?A.SL?{$lAn)8W˳wDoX,!KX; KHvkqY2Xp1D-Z{~xYY+'?ՙYzEċи:< yCmY, JcyܗQf a&GShd>e.zkIAd([ 7и\i}|vf?#`@ce]i,[_Hї8iX#ym(͋R2ٛA aF |WR4>GcitЏO)3Nq^Ʋ\ojK517[p-$uQ.olQ 5ris\̉{44I4̚#d,wVRfهHhL dd7qgmSk\!ك w7Q&n3Ly( ` j ]d!'Tf=M#T-lc;=vCw G _ .waٓV$wZpnO#-ݾY-4H_\TƟ2rN4bl4I3m!WNkėJ#t 4HXV3 %m4 XRd4{/ XMА@$K{b[IQ:"4ϔtuMcG.4F )AP\zpWF<Fz|Hx5 ff! hFC]Qlz|O-hLg 6FeP94hsC &DyۓoKCei|0_'-ߞ6'h1Vg~4ɍG? ܿyu˛rߘ 9hhBcqthؙF eDI yD܀i^s2F  7̆#B)%RS|Oh #܇X %V|m,|k8И5aRG dKF$/.-FDžVbbQXN e^'4B|< ?{uz4B䊧 BGMCY/6WOd$8 |/4Zq#$Zsnm$ۍ 37D'(T^uЀ]50]zFqOW!5&2ڏݰ 4K3gqO{o'n=FƲF@ZM@I14rΥDBO F)6 ``hRI&xiCUDFd,̃ o+¡j~FQ4Jndh\.Khxcz]|ܞriVf1ohڞ64h5.Ӊ,~ݜ%v1QmmЉ @ Ja5װ`ꑫWw=A!V%|Cj0۾mxˬV1IVNؙ "$}!MG#L^'znEY&quoAVGoAhJMchLr mhz;םN{ 4 ~N}%2 4mFD ޢoIccSҝX&"۱NYzhblѐ?]Z+CcTRWwܳht_54Ȯa |X`FcdӘV;^9,}.ć@=ejY>;Ҹ騙yŌlaM:i@S$ĢވlSf)tv7n%4J'霭t J!` 蒆ʮXEœb8A O;ًIJsFIy!M _ x; 4[N2\161AK.)eXdKOi`>FM$z(lnᬻj3 4|\?YhhCc^A?FEoIcN ׬k %.Ȕo']8FxF,9w׷7詆gh#iԡ!ͧei4#bQŋ}H$48o73jfgS1EwiCI1+4 >cѩ4HӀWtЋvGB4܈_#Θ06SJbFg'H"ƺvʔFj".4ْÎ;}*I 133;=+)&] zsh`ACFFo6yfhBXעϡ@Mք+48ƎP43qKŴMS{L[@ jhh$O|/$sv'ڕRO " D!Lb8Ӻ.J7J#Ֆ<OG483*E fvѡ ESuoi.a%h 4bE5{oga>54n241otˈ61Od,hlyH"&Q{憗ј$4d 2k͡a>%߾hghH/%+V$~? ah.C25job|dbZ4;䜮Y\sCÀ|q)[Mmȣa˶d7P42프T-61Ds&J'~ۣ y T ?(39Mڳ'D54HBCvsidڰ`4{#04BϦ1:S(%Hf"?2{ڬ6\Nih.d>d)4)!74:e2kĦJٿ @8l‡0!f}2qy񫄭Ȼ/f&N&;SOhXUnhr=mNpyq-p~!WtYl>d bQeqhLfh' h#~zh؇/w' ISჁ}E^37;;@>Ggz!% 604X|b,fBZ~/X Cև6YxPA3#CId{ ]q,@Ӵ^[F󌎒Lj3 C882H8b4Nhl6CCN_~!^T*3p }O Ŵ"1=46FViP;`3 "f=GݤhdtH<~:#fҁ$9y뷧AHeZj}4T\y&|0%C#2UD3e52F#94716@.g&lZX/tgu>\52Dg4fyx:c'QW2oBZFD4v_@sEb# yՋE9nlSqhWbi7}XQM&"/Xt/`{Ctޥ (64L2S/J6ߌqj0{҈7OW\jR Lp}C)YbHC٘QD#wnf@ J&lq7]z111ζa7ȕ[^T,Rݚh#5f!CyMI/./Q& nb_vjHvP4 ۼ#D^cDYT0 !vw]~SFY:777`5m4z<=~w̆\A "O 4BP=dK4;UT?TDcv=*#!7#XDafm{L4D!塇X:{Tې2~Ah544g>*!yBc[MznL7Lx47_hzmOnGшIq4y+ZmBtzEcG'c/L.hZEEChAbZL3693}.hxX[}i 7Թ7T6MR۰>4Ɖ(BilEhK`3܋g^LvZm [ߴjB#(R4{/6Ұ4Ӫi"3jW*11^hƆܖK\6 OO/M9RJ 7{Ž&񳄆l>,{z[T5 T49MF:h5)yzR2*APX e{~Vw4\}(k4+ƶAX7=Q.iTIcۼ{MWMc3 ph64cf.n~YIѠloИhdN#T BCpաD&7o]i[ Р1BKaf1H)XA| 7]"e 3e!g}$0h`^S]r^34| }]-q%AݲI54 ()kLǾمr6[6&Jz__ӷQX~e=3#ڤǝ`ba>zW&;=’8sX Iƪ^<;qb(NIk/I$Y_PO=hH4Rzz,%Px0|ZTzA `ʆp; K=K)+z; φdwR"߽/i|t]t ИYeS ׾C;I==%}6yԇS%ָާ]NT(yNcKA|j"q7J4QE+!$!b;Yjʏ$rpblVm>QX³g QU4oK6 ](նJcmgH#v-9} R Jh,Z*R FJSte*H%0*QtEc\=Ҭ;.hu JGp/BKF%h_z>JEF=8D,|l4* oN"(釨uz44*hD\47FcuhT7|W(]!^40Zg,q6OWGj+QE,}v:r]a2TE1ҁ@#YP4az%14UXhT}qdF[3!L;YӀ+hf R F&wVGsꜭ.OR F}NѨMJL+TD5lnDP-<ȼGFKN6ssڤhho宀8@ԿQȣKbhh$4TI1A9^M_ШNlAGNJhT۳qZ3EŶ^O;eކ?VD|эkv4V2mUD|pykY 4l~MRmg9N)?8N %V=D#S*9w(rpjj:VMVM֑ҨkX[]FնaYj'Y=(3s 446w@"%԰+4خF ~#loj=.)9æ\~BKUUD1xѕF 3xz@>aeR>tؘ Dx)YyCB Q4? KO\tIGfF%Eo$Tm@a 3Mg]4:l4^0- +Q Ppt46NqmhSŰl^Z4RE4J3 Ӓ2SPp->* 6@#a[E4JhnLX I&:vcFTӋč#z{]4HuiрFdВq4$Wi< ah<!)z"VD=(FcыSPuX4"EM+ æ]qN(Ld4(ὖ]԰:o<#h 'tSH4i`X0 V"dhփs&r-b]DD_%3cmhrW-DK;^Og& 0@h,߃&@Z,O}/4|wE^xɂ\QQI7>LA[o"| 2+a] v'cU7\DyIu!mx} H'v Ď@ gnGQM{p‚v줼BTC@cLIliD_Ea* QRn -Ri|y׫dD`Q,#ۋD#aA$iتK#E"ёÈRM):Rue.)j۰Uۆ-rp ς+Ff*ah~CnLGC"Q]:ҒR&>7ޖDHmD# rp*@ m<D"ё98DGc9ňLTӰT@o-A$*_!{4 hâիwiV^( @t (ڮSen=A/v 2+DgWGJcXK3c{\4+hаNK-w@* Jpv%B2_:NUFw#q+N|z&$*\ofo/uiXռ߮iXמu\~c!r` 3ߨiD"Q]Rl~˝D"ёJ"ѫڋڪ/[mغiX?^nLuea.) [\a")@W^{ 'VDuB ]֢5=¿E+Iшhb(EbfTD܍IO~0Nh$Q\9+)z+jydS<j3hN]$d}H2!X]ŭ跆 1M&&[q(6)kM7Ӑ4}19MV2  c<ю1^1 &b&4|~4ZTe47|C:?7$'D>YG@̧L5o-*h)} 4DTލDJ WB='gP~L OLN|V)BA0NlcN \54Hz#ѥ?&}8gONn"x@E4 c=Sgtd*\oHN4 iJX *Qm#c$?R{24Ap aiF@x`˔jy4lAD@c44lhMG166-W iJi} >/uj% mhSAF1PM!jij4xpI?vx[ҠREƛ L4)1𔡁k~7` 4*Qz0^_xY4Ec=x Oۘui1 tOLi)ԋZ1>2hqLf4w1B 1XEy + 0::L'&| aPfBQ솱\ z̈́G ֚ӸA?BŒ`Z)KTFu#Iܦa19C١gxm4h\klJx Fau h:f"J 3$>g=ݡlA54ZݳnGL KǦH\aC 4&Zh@+ 9 W9hn@ Ih̷ЬFYp`fhm(1o $cjy8ozB qb΃1Ӈit)'6"N}/$'䌸@WyѩFq)8z.,ԜNi4@g6 |EϪ̐L& _/'NPy!C r6|EoEw'/?.3NiJiA.DxDh~V7l4l4l4l4l4l5:UӰU{Q[Ƈ2.zoi\q{KۨkX[xtoKJ)iتiتiتGmնa;5 KX:UOaSl=j۰UӰUӰUӰUG_j۰UӰUӰUӰUh,Wuتiت۰jbaa3UӰU[gTR|ψ=3Zy5 K;B}4U)jV7l4lmJ4,%V=d [ue [5 [Xb.)[u kjaaaaj۰5 Ku,jn٪ڋڪ[mb.)%[uIU{Q[uej۰U{Q[_ӰTۆNUÚoتzuw[mZL#PXӰT[uVh.)b [u;Vmj۰?րh5IENDB` i8@8 NormalCJ_HaJmH sH tH <A@< Default Paragraph Font.U@. Hyperlink >*B*ph, @, Footer  !&)@& Page NumberQp w@TU,16(l/`B ILSUU-/023457U.QX !!-/05 ~ w|5<05 ""4#G#$$$$--5(578::;;;;==@@@@AACCCCCCBDHDXD^D!E(EEEHHHHHHwI|IJJ.K5KM M M*MNNOOOOOOPP'Q.QQQQQQQX| QQQQQ33- 0 +>El%l++. /::;7;w<<=:=J=Q===@>`>t>z>>>>>?k?v?}?*@1@b@@A1BBBBBCCBD`DDEtF{FFG\GGGHuHHIJ=JCJ{JJJ-KKLMMN&NNNO5O?OFOOIP]PdPPPPPQ/QQQQThomas E. DrabekFEMAryuanED:\Development\EMIWeb\downloads\Thomas Drabek - Theories Revelant.doc:8;;<J=a>>?@uAICCNQ91i0ay6<@T+ Q`@UnknownGz Times New Roman5Symbol3& z Arial"0hb&b&*f C"8 E#!0dRQ3HRTHEORIES RELEVANT TO EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT VERSUS A THEORY OF EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT*Thomas E. DrabekryuanOh+'0$0<P `l    STHEORIES RELEVANT TO EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT VERSUS A THEORY OF EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT*HEOThomas E. Drabek TOhomhom Normal.dotrryuan.d2uaMicrosoft Word 9.0O@@D62@Fh@Fh C՜.+,D՜.+,P hp  /University of Denvera"R2 STHEORIES RELEVANT TO EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT VERSUS A THEORY OF EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT* Title@3;Sw _PID_HLINKS_AdHocReviewCycleID_EmailSubject _AuthorEmail_AuthorEmailDisplayNameAd|mailto:ZTED@DD-DO.COM=Hi Ed websitespBarbara.L.Johnson@fema.govMJohnson, Barbara Le  !"#$%&'()*+,-./012345678:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root Entry F?hData 9f1TableWordDocument,pSummaryInformation(DocumentSummaryInformation8CompObjjObjectPool?h?h  FMicrosoft Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q