ࡱ > < ? ; bjbj 40 ? 1 1 1 E E E 8 } , E r V " Z 1 " , 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 m ;|\ E v B 0 r , R# : R# R# 1 A 0 0 r R# : Medical Doctors Have to Sign up to a 'Hippocratic Oath. Should Scientists do Something Similar?
Traditionally, the Hippocratic Oath was taken by physicians practicing medicine, with the intention of them having to adhere to its principles. The oath gave basic ethical guidelines to practicing physicians asking them to never do harm to anyoneand preserve the purity of my life and my arts. These and other moral guidelines were put in place to limit doctors powers by making them consider the social and ethical implications of their practice.
In the modern world, science is at a stage where some believe that forms of this oath could be applied to the fields of research and development, thus limiting the bounds of scientists or engineers by making them to consider the social and ethical implications of their actions.
The idea that scientists should have the equivalent of a Hippocratic Oath was first announced by Sir Joseph Rotblat, who, on his acceptance speech for the Nobel Peace Prize, said that Scientists have a responsibility greater than that of the average citizen, and lead on to the idea that The time has come to formulate guidelines for the ethical conduct of scientists, perhaps in the form of a voluntary Hippocratic Oath There have since been various arguments both for and against this idea.
Firstly, many scientists have agreed with this argument. One such scientist is Sir David King, who set out an ethical code for scientists to follow all around the globe. He proclaimed that there were seven principles aimed at building trust between scientists and society. These principles included to act with skill and care, keeping skills up to datepreventing corrupt practicerespecting and acknowledging the work of other scientistsconducting justified and lawful researchminimising impacts on people, animals and the environmentnot knowingly misleading others about scientific matters and presenting scientific evidence, theory or interpretation honestly and accurately..
The principles stated above provide scientists with an ethical and moral way of conducting science. In modern day society, science is as political as it is scientific. Ethical concern is of a high priority in society, and science should shift its concerns accordingly. Some examples of where society has frowned upon science have included the Manhattan Project. This projects aim was to research in, and build nuclear weapons, and was set up by the U.S. government based on the fear of the opposition (Germany, at the time of World War II) having a similar project running. Justification for this project within moral groundings does not seem sufficient, and yet scientists were able to carry out such research leading to monstrous outcomes. An oath dictating principled responsibilities to scientists would surely stop such research and development from being carried out in the first place.
The oath would also encourage the government to think more ethically when dealing with armament of their countries, and research that is steered towards the development that may lead to horrific circumstances. If countries adopt a system where all research and development teams have to swear to an oath, it would actively cut down on the amount unethical research carried out as the progression of unethical development would be against a scientists moral code. This also means that harmful research would be more easily punishable as it would mean that scientists have not considered the moral implications of their actions. This would also be a deterrent for scientists and governments to condone these types of research that are against the publics views of morality.
On the other hand many have argued against a proposition for an oath for scientists and engineers. The practice of science is to deepen our knowledge of the world around us. Giving scientists limitations could be seen as taking away a scientists right to break boundaries to gain a deeper understanding of reality. Its like not letting a mathematician use numbers: breaking boundaries is fundamental to scientific research.
The main flaw in a proposition of an oath would arise when people or governments refuse to adopt the idea. If all of the major superpowers accepted the oath and a smaller country did not, then they would be able to develop more advanced weaponry and hence would be more of a global threat as other countries would not be able to compete with them. The oath would have to be universal amongst all scientists. This is highly improbable as scientists would not all agree with the oaths limitations, and even enforcement of the oath on scientists may not stop those who are determined to research in areas which are deemed unfit for study.
Overall, I believe that the idea of an oath for scientists is simply an ideology that was created for the general publics satisfaction. Other then it stopping unethical behaviour in research, an oath would restrict the progression of science and our understanding of the universe, by stopping certain research from being conducted. Most research performed by scientists is an attempt to deepen our understanding of phenomena: Einstein didnt intend to make a nuclear bomb, nor did he intend to use nuclear energy as a power source. He researched to require a higher understanding of nuclear phenomena. However, while I feel an oath is not necessary for scientists, I believe scientists should become more aware of the social impact of their studies, and work towards less harmful ways of compiling research.
Name: Rajiv Thakrar 08/12/2008 Tutor: V. Bartsch
The National Institute of Health Website - http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/greek/greek_oath.html
PhysicsWorld Website By The Institute of Physics - http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/3346
Wikipedia Website (HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocratic_Oath_for_Scientists" \l "cite_note-2"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocratic_Oath_for_Scientists#cite_note-2) who sourced the data from: Rotblat, J., "Remember your humanity", In Abrams I (1999) Nobel Lectures, Peace 19911995, World Scientific Publishing (1995).
BBC Website - http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6990868.stm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project
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